Tesi sul tema "Alteracions de la veu"
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Vila, Rovira Josep Maria. "Anàlisi de les relacions entre els trets de personalitat i la disfonia". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/52678.
Testo completoEn la experiencia clínica, los foniatras y logopedas especializados en trastornos de la voz han afirmado que las disfonías tienen relación con la personalidad del paciente. Estudios previos de Roy y Bless indican una relación entre los rasgos de personalidad neuroticismo y extroversión, definidos por Eysenck, y las disfonías funcionales y los nódulos vocales. Estos estudios proponen que las teorías de Gray pueden explicar esta relación. Gray propone la existencia de dos sistemas biológicos de activación y de inhibición conductual que responden a una mayor sensibilidad del sujeto a las recompensas y los castigos, respectivamente. En 2011, Torrubia et al. presentaron un cuestionario para la valoración de estos dos sistemas. Partiendo de los trabajos de Roy y Bless, el estudio que presentamos pretende aportar evidencias sobre la influencia de los rasgos de personalidad en la presencia de alteraciones de la voz. Se han administrado los cuestionarios EPQ-RS de Eysenck y SCSRQ de Torrubia a un grupo experimental de 141 pacientes atendidos por alteraciones de la voz y a un grupo control de 99 personas sin alteraciones vocales. A todos ellos se les administró también el cuestionario Voice Handicap Index-10 y se recogieron diversas muestras de su voz que fueron analizadas con el programa MDVP para la obtención del parámetro Dysphonia Severity Index descrito por Wuyts, y fueron valoradas con el parámetro Grade del GRBAS de Hirano por cinco logopedas expertos en alteraciones vocales. Los resultados han sido analizados con el paquete estadístico PASW 18. Los resultados muestran diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el grupo experimental y el grupo control en relación al rasgo neuroticismo en el test EPQ (z = 6.951; p< .01) y en relación a la sensibilidad al castigo en el test SCSRQ (z = 2.207; p< .05). Los datos muestran también diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los dos grupos con respecto a los valores del DSI (z = 9.320, p < .01). Para esta medida se ha establecido un valor de corte, con la curva ROC, en la puntuación 3.7. También se han obtenido diferencias significativas en las puntuaciones totales del VHI-10 (z = 10.351; p< .001) y un valor de corte de 7. El parámetro G ha presentado diferencias significativas (z = 10.959; p< .001) y un valor de corte en la puntuación 1. Las tres mediciones de la disfonía correlacionan con los resultados de los cuestionarios de personalidad para los rasgos neuroticismo (DSI rs = -.437, p>.001; VHI-10 rs = .416, p>0.001; parámetro G rs = .446, p>0.001) y sensibilidad al castigo (VHI-10 rs = .231, p>.01; parámetro G rs = .144, p>.05). Los resultados confirman las informaciones aportadas por investigaciones anteriores respecto a la influencia del neuroticismo en la disfonía. En el mismo sentido, podemos concluir que el rasgo introversión está más presente en la población con alteraciones de la voz. Los resultados de la escala de sensibilidad al castigo permiten pensar que las teorías de Gray pueden orientar sobre los factores emocionales en las alteraciones vocales. Asimismo, los resultados permiten concluir que los instrumentos de medida de la calidad vocal son fiables, complementarios y válidos para la discriminación de personas que sufren alteraciones de la voz.
In clinical experience, phoniatricians and speech therapists who specialize in voice disorders have argued that dysphonia is related to the patient's personality. Previous studies by Roy and Bless indicate a relationship between the personality traits neuroticism and extraversion, defined by Eysenck, and functional dysphonia and vocal nodules. These studies suggest that Gray's theories can explain this relationship. Gray proposes the existence of two biological systems of activation and behavioral inhibition, which respond to increased sensitivity of the subject to reward and punishment, respectively. In 2011, Torrubia et al. presented a questionnaire for the assessment of these two systems. Based on the work of Roy and Bless, the study presented aims to provide evidence on the influence of personality traits in the presence of voice disorders. Administered questionnaires were Eysenck's EPQ-RS and SCSRQ of Torrubia to an experimental group of 141 patients with voice disorders and a control group of 99 people with no vocal alterations. All of them answered the Voice Handicap Index-10 questionnaire and several samples of their voices were analyzed with the MDVP program so as to obtain Dysphonia Severity Index parameter described by Wuyts. These samples were evaluated with the parameter Grade of Hirano’s GRBAS by five speech pathologists specialized in voice disorders. The results were analyzed using the statistical package PASW 18. The results showed statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in relation to trait neuroticism on the EPQ test (z = 6951, p <.01) and in relation to sensitivity to punishment in SCSRQ test (z = 2207; p <.05). The data also showed statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding DSI values (z = 9320, p <.01). For this measure cutoff with ROC curve has been established in the score 3.7. Significant differences were also obtained in total scores of HIV-10 (z = 10,351, p <.001) and a cutoff value of 7. The parameter G has presented significant differences (z = 10,959, p <.001) and a cutoff in the score 1. All three measures of dysphonia correlated with the results of the questionnaires of personality traits neuroticism (r = -. 437 DSI, p> .001; VHI-10 r = .416, p> .001; parameter G r = .446, p <.001) and sensitivity to punishment (VHI-10 r = .231, p> 0.01; parameter G r = .144, p> .05). The results confirm the information provided by previous research on the influence of neuroticism in dysphonia. Also, we can conclude that introversion trait is more present in people with voice disorders. The relationship between the results of the sensitivity scale to punishment suggests that Gray's theories can shed some light on emotional factors in voice disorders. Finally, the results suggest that measurement instruments used for voice quality are reliable, complementary and valid for the discrimination of people with voice disorders.
Sanz, Cartagena Mª Pilar. "Diagnóstico, respuesta al tratamiento e implicaciones fisiopatológicas de la disfagia orofaríngea en la Enfermedad de Parkinson y su correlación con las alteraciones de la voz y la escritura". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457866.
Testo completoIntroduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disease. In the last years, interest has grown about non motor symptoms or motor symptoms without dopaminergic treatment response and a great effect in quality of life of PD patients, Oropharingeal dysphagia is very prevalent in neurodegenerative disorders and the mean cause of death in Parkinson’s patients. Its natural history and dopaminergic response is not completely understood. Deglutition implies sensitive oropharyngeal afference, Central nervous system structures and motor efferences, allowing a correct oropharingeal motor response (OMR), that means, the correct change from respiratory configuration to the digestive one. For diagnosis, we can use clinical exploration methods like Volumen-Viscosity Swallow Test or objective explorations as Videofluoroscopy, the gold-standard, that allows the detection of safety or efficacy impairment signs and the timing, velocity and forces of OMR. Speech impairment is present very early in the disease progression and shares with deglutition many central mecanisms and motor structures. Handwriting, also ivery early mpaired in the disease evolution has an excelent response to dopaminergic treatment. Objectives: Caracterization of clinical and videofluoroscopic signs of dysphagia in PD in early stages of the disease and its relation with progression, voice impairment and response of deglutition and voice impairment to dopaminergic treatment. Determining if some voice parameters can be related to dysphagia in PD. Determining if handwriting features can be good of dopaminergic treatment response. marcadores Methods: Epidemiologic and progression features of 40 PD patients, stages 1-3 of the Hoehn and Yahr score, were collected. V-VST, videofluoroscopy, voice recorders before and after swallowing and handwriting samples were also collected 12 ours after the last night dose of dopaminergic treatment and 90 minutes after the first dose in the morning. Results: V-VST and videofluoroscopy showed a very high prevalence of efficacy impairment and not so high of security without any significant dopaminergic effect. Acoustic parameters selected are frequently impaired in this patients, but also without any significant dopaminergic effect. Changes obeserved after swallowing don’t have any relation with dysphagia parameters Handwriting showed very significant changes under dopaminergic treatment effect. Conclusions: PD patients in 1-3 Hoehn and Yahr stage showed a very high prevalence of efficacy impairment and not so frequent of security without dopaminergic treatment effect, and also without progression features relation. Acoustic features studied showed changes in early phases of the disease without significant changes under dopaminergic treatment and without dysphagia relation. Some handwriting features showed a dramatic response to dopaminergic treatment .
Casas, Sanfeliu Joaquim. "La importància de la veu en la comunicació empresarial. Recerca de la veu més influent". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Abat Oliba, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/436900.
Testo completoEn esta tesis doctoral se describe inicialmente una base teórica de la anatomía respiratoria en la cual se detallan los diferentes órganos por donde circula el aire, tanto de las vías circulatorias externas (la boca, la nariz, la faringe y la laringe) como de las internas (la tráquea, los bronquios y ya finalmente los pulmones). Seguidamente se explica la fisiología respiratoria y ventilatoria, dondeel diafragma es el protagonista con los diferentes tipos de ventilación que existen: la clavicular, la diafragmática, la costoabdominal y la total, entre otros. Se sigue describiendo la anatomía de la voz. El aparato fonador humano se centra especialmente en la laringe y los pliegues vocales. Posteriormente se define la fisiología de la voz: la fonación. En ella se describen los mecanismos necesarios para que se produzca la voz y aquí definimos claramente la interrelación que tienen los aparatos respiratorio y fonador. Después se hace una descripción detallada de la voz y de todas sus cualidades y características (la intensidad, el tono, el timbre, la impostación, la proyección y la articulación).Seguimos con un análisis acústico y aerodinámico de la voz y una evaluación exhaustiva de las relaciones que pueda haber de la misma con el mundo emocional. En una segunda parte se explica y se justifica el proceso empírico basado en tres instrumentos: entrevistas a expertos que nos acercan a comprender las evidencias que existen en el tema, una encuesta a través de internet sobre los posibles impactos no verbales de la voz en el mundo empresarial y finalmente un tercer instrumento consistente en una encuesta basada en diez voces consideradas modelo que se pasa a diez personas de cinco años de edad, las cuales responden una prueba de Likert estudiándose posteriormente los resultados. Finalmente se extraen conclusiones y se determinan las voces con mayor impacto emocional así como sus posibles aplicaciones. Cerramos esta tesis concluyendo que sí existe un modelo de voz que puede mejorar el rendimiento comunicativo empresarial, evidenciado a través de los diferentes instrumentos que se han utilizado en el presente trabajo, antes mencionados. Nos decantamos, según estas evidencias, por un discurso con un tempo bastante ágil, sin demasiadas pausas y que incluye inflexiones tonales, con una prosodia rica en tonalidades, con un volumen bastante moderado y sin influencia por parte del género, aunque en este último caso puede tener excepciones ligadas al contexto.
This doctoral thesis initially describes a theoretical basis of the respiratory anatomy into the different organs through the air circulates, from the external circulatory pathways (the mouth, the nose, the pharynx and the larynx)and the internal ones (the trachea, the bronchus and finally the lungs). The respiratory and ventilatory physiology are explained below, where the diaphragm is the protagonist, with the different types of ventilation that exist: clavicular, diaphragmatic, cost-abdominal and total, among others. The anatomy of the voice is still described, the human vocal apparatus is especially focused on the larynx and vocal folds. Subsequently we define the physiology of the voice: the phonation. It describes the mechanisms necessary for the voice to occur and here we clearly define the interrelation of the respiratory and speech apparatus. Afterwards a detailed description of the voice and of all its qualities and characteristics (the intensity, the tone, the timbre, the imposition, the projection and the articulation). We proceed with an acoustic and aerodynamic analysis of the voice and an exhaustive evaluation of the relationships that may exist with the emotional world. A second part explains and justifies the empirical process based on three instruments: interviews with experts that bring us closer to the evidence that exists in the subject, an online survey on the possible non-verbal impacts of voice in the world Business and finally a third instrument consisting of a survey based on ten voices considered a model that is passed to ten people of five years of age, who answer to a Likert test and then study the results. Finally conclusions are drawn and the voices with the greatest emotional impact are determined, as well as their possible applications. We close this thesis by concluding that there is a voice model that can improve business communication performance, all evidenced through the different instruments that have been used in the present work, mentioned above. We chose, according to these evidences, for a discourse with a rather agile tempo, without too many pauses and that include tonal inflections, with a prosody rich in tonalities, with a rather moderate volume and without influence on the part of the genre, although in the latter case you may have context-related exceptions.
Frigola, Mas Jordi. "Alteracions epigenètiques en el càncer colorectoral". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/1867.
Testo completoThe main focus of this thesis is to better understand the role of genomic methylation changes in colorectal cancer. We approached it at two different levels: (1) global assessment and (2) analysis of specific recurrent changes. A new technique called Amplification of InterMethylated Sites (AIMS) was developed to obtain information at both levels. At global level we report the relative contribution of losses and gains of DNA methylation on the tumour progression. DNA methylation signatures associate with different tumour features, including physiological, genetic and clinical characteristics. Furthermore, we demonstrate that global genomic demethylation correlates with cumulated genomic damage and poor prognosis. At specific level we show the epigenetic silencing of the prostacyclin synthase gene (PTGIS) in 43% of colorectal cancers. PTGIS inactivation is associated with the aneuploid status of the tumour, suggesting a possible role of this gene in the maintenance of the genomic integrity. Finally, we have detected a new type of epigenetic alteration affecting a large proportion of colorectal cancers. It consists in a long range epigenetic silencing due DNA methylation and Histone modification changes and affects an entire cytogenetic band (2q14.2). All the genes and transcripts present in this region showed downregulation independently of the promoter methylation status suggesting that the regional condition prevails over the local status.
Gatius, Calderó Sònia. "Alteracions metabolòmiques en el càncer d'endometri". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668709.
Testo completoEl cáncer de endometrio es la neoplasia ginecológica más frecuente en los países desarrollados. A pesar de que la mayoría de los carcinomas son curables con un tratamiento adecuado, alrededor del 20% de los tumores se comportan de forma agresiva y suponen un reto terapéutico. Por este motivo surge la necesidad de identificar nuevos parámetros que permitan seleccionar pacientes con riesgo de recidiva o metástasis. La célula eucariota presenta cambios en su metabolismo como respuesta coordinada a diferentes situaciones fisiológicas y patológicas, entre ellas el cáncer. El análisis del metaboloma, mediante la metabolómica, puede ayudar a identificar metabolitos diferenciales que representan el producto final de las vías de señalización que están alteradas en el cáncer. Por esta razón hemos querido realizar un análisis metabolómico del cáncer de endometrio. Además, para la validación de los resultados y su translación a la práctica clínica se han evaluado los niveles de expresión de los metabolitos diferenciales más significativos en arrays de tejido (TMAs). En primer lugar, los resultados han mostrado que el proceso de carcinogénesis del cáncer de endometrio define un perfil metabolómico específico. Los resultados sugieren que la vía de los endocannabinoides puede estar implicada en la génesis y progresión del carcinoma endometrioide. Además, la alteración del metabolismo de las purinas puede estar implicada en fenómenos de invasión miometrial en el cáncer de endometrio. En segundo lugar, el estudio metabolómico ha mostrado un perfil diferencial entre carcinomas endometrioides y serosos. Además ha permitido identificar dos moléculas, ADI1 i BCAT1, que pueden estar implicadas en la génesis de las neoplasias endometrioides así como en la progresión tumoral. Asimismo, estos dos compuestos pueden ser útiles en el diagnóstico diferencial de estos dos subtipos histológicos con pronósticos tan distintos. Finalmente, partiendo de la base que la angiogénesis es un mecanismo esencial para el crecimiento, invasión y diseminación tumoral y que los carcinomas de endometrio con flujo sanguíneo intratumoral disminuido tienen peor pronóstico, se ha analizado el perfil metabolómico del cáncer de endometrio en función de su flujo sanguíneo. Los resultados muestran un perfil metabolómico específico de los tumores según su flujo sanguíneo y permiten identificar Resolvina D i fosfolípidos específicos diferenciales entre tumores de alto y bajo flujo sanguíneo. Estas moléculas pueden estar implicadas en la angiogénesis y progresión tumoral en el cáncer de endometrio.
Endometrial cancer is the most frequent gynecological malignancy in developed countries. Although most carcinomas are curable with adequate treatment, about 20% of tumors behave aggressively and pose a therapeutic challenge. For this reason, there is a need to identify new parameters that allow the selection of a patient with risk of recurrence or metastasis. The eukaryotic cell presents changes in its metabolism as a coordinated response to different physiological and pathological situations, including cancer. The analysis of the metabolome, through metabolomics, can help identify differential metabolites that represent the final product of the signaling pathways that are altered in cancer. For this reason we wanted to perform a metabolomic analysis of endometrial cancer. In addition, for the validation of the results and their translation to clinical practice, the expression levels of the most significant differential metabolites have been evaluated using tissue arrays (TMAs). First, the results have shown that the process of carcinogenesis of endometrial cancer defines a specific metabolomic profile. The results suggest that the endocannabinoid pathway may be involved in the genesis and progression of endometrioid carcinoma. In addition, the alteration of the purine metabolism may be involved in myometrial invasion phenomens in endometrial cancer. Second, the metabolomic study has shown a differential profile between endometrioid and serous carcinomas and has allowed the identification of two molecules, ADI1 and BCAT1, which may be involved in the genesis of endometrioid neoplasms as well as in tumor progression. Likewise, these two compounds can be useful in the differential diagnosis of these two histological subtypes with such different prognoses. Finally, starting from the basis that angiogenesis is an essential mechanism for tumor growth, invasion and dissemination and that endometrial carcinomas with decreased intratumoral blood flow have a worse prognosis, the metabolomic profile of endometrial carcinoma has been analysed according to its blood flow. The results show a specific metabolomic profile of the tumors according to their blood flow and allow identifying Resolvin D and specific phospholipids differentials between high and low blood flow tumors. These molecules may be involved in angiogenesis and tumor progression in endometrial cancer.
Grau, Armengol Matilde. "Alteracions. Noves significacions en recorreguts escultòrics recents". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/463078.
Testo completoMarsillach, López Judit. "Alteracions de la paraoxonasa-1 en l'hepatopatia crònica". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8742.
Testo completoObjectius de la Tesi: a) investigar la presència d'alteracions en l'activitat i expressió de PON1 en hepatopaties cròniques humanes i experimentals, i estudiar els mecanismes moleculars relacionats; b) avaluar un nou assaig enzimàtic utilitzant un substrat no tòxic que mesura l'activitat lactonasa de PON1; c) estudiar l'eficàcia diagnòstica de la determinació de l'activitat PON1 en l'avaluació clínica de la malaltia hepàtica.
Conclusions: 1) PON1 podria regular l'estrés oxidatiu mitjançant la degradació de lipoperòxids; la inflamació, actuant com una barrera contra la inflamació induïda per MCP-1; i l'apoptosi cel·lular, correlacionant-se amb un augment en la forma soluble del receptor FAS (sFAS) 2) L'activitat PON1 en sèrum de pacients hepatòpates podria disminuir a causa d'alteracions en la mida i composició de les HDL, i/o d'un augment en l'estrés oxidatiu 3) L'expressió hepàtica i sèrica de PON1 augmentarien a causa d'una disminució en la síntesi d'HDL, i d'una disminució de la proteòlisi cel·lular 4) La determinació de l'activitat lactonasa de PON1 en sèrum, utilitzant el substrat TBBL, és un mètode fiable, no tòxic i semi-automàtic, i està menys influenciada pels polimorfismes genètics que l'activitat esterasa utilitzant paraoxó 5) La determinació de l'actividad PON1 sèrica té una elevada eficàcia diagnòstica i pot ser un útil complement a les proves de valoració de la funció hepàtica que s'utilitzen en la pràctica clínica.
The family of serum paraoxonases (PON) consist of three enzymes: PON1 (the most investigated member), PON2 and PON3. In humans, PON1 expression is mainly found in the liver, and circulates tightly bound to HDL. PON1 is a polymorphic enzyme that is able to degradate organophosphates and different type of esters, lactones and xenobiotics, but its physiological function is to hydrolise lipid peroxides. It has also an antiinflamatoy role since it can attenuate MCP-1 (a proinflamatory chemokine) secretion. Oxidative stress and inflammation play key roles in the development of liver diseases. Since PON1 has a protective effect against oxidative stress, it could be plausible to find an association between PON1 and chronic hepatic diseases.
Aims of the Thesis: a) to investigate the presence of alterations in PON1 activity and expression in human and experimental chronic hepatic diseases, and to study the molecular mechanisms involved; b) to evaluate a new enzymatic assay using a non toxic substrate that measures PON1 lactonase activity; c) to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the measurement of serum PON1 activity in the clinic evaluation of liver diseases.
Conclusions: 1) PON1 could regulate oxidative stress by lipid peroxides degradation; inflammation, by acting as a barrier against MCP-1 induced inflammation; and cell apoptosis, by its relationship with the increase of sFAS, the soluble form of FAS receptor 2) Serum PON1 activity in patients with chronic liver disease could decreased as a consequence of alterations in the size and composition of HDL, and/or an increase of oxidative stress 3) Serum and hepatic PON1 expression would increase because of the decrease in HDL synthesis, and the decrease of cellular proteolysis 4) Serum PON1 lactonase activity measurement, using TBBL as a susbtrate, is a reliable, non-toxic, semi-automated assay, and is less influenced by genetic polymorphisms than PON1 esterase activity using paraoxon 5) Serum PON1 activity measurement has a high diagnostic accuracy and may contribute significantly to the evaluation of liver function in the clinical setting.
Pujol, Masana Aïda. "Anàlisi citogenètica preimplantacional: alteracions cromosòmiques numèriques i estructurals". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3769.
Testo completoL'objectiu general d'aquest treball és estudiar la incidència d'aneuploïdia en la línia germinal femenina i en els primers estadis del desenvolupament embrionari.
S'han utilitzat oòcits descartats de cicles de FIV per a desenvolupar una metodologia de hibridació in situ fluorescent (FISH) que permet detectar nou cromosomes en 1CPs i en MII. Fins ara, les absències de cromosomes o cromàtides en 1CP es consideraven artefactes però la valoració de la complementarietat 1CP- MII realitzada constata que només ho són una minoria (25,8%).
Tant la freqüència d'aneuploïdia obtinguda per als nou cromosomes estudiats (47,5%) com el risc estimat d'aneuploïdia per els 23 cromosomes (57,2%) són molt elevats. El risc estimat de segregació anòmala per cromosoma analitzat és del 0,89%.
S'han identificat diferents mecanismes de generació d'aneuploïdies en l'oòcit: separació precoç de cromàtides germanes (observada amb més freqüència al 1CP que a la MII) i no-disjunció de cromosomes homòlegs en la meiosi i segregació anòmala en la mitosi de l'etapa proliferativa de la línia germinal (mosaïcisme gonadal). Aquest fenomen s'ha detectat en un 25,7% de les pacients analitzades i fa recomanable el diagnòstic prenatal a les pacients que quedin gestants després d'un DGP-1CP.
Aplicant DGP-1CP a dones amb cariotip normal (dones d'edat avançada), la incidència d'aneuploïdia per als nou cromosomes ha estat del 60,4%, corroborant a aquest grup com a grup de risc per la presència d'aneuploïdies. Aplicant-lo a dues pacients portadores de translocacions robertsonianes s'ha trobat una taxa d'aneuploïdia molt alta per als cromosomes no implicats en la translocació (91,7% i 72,7%), independentment de les alteracions observades per als cromosomes de la translocació.
L'anàlisi d'aneuploïdies en blastòmers de pacients portadors i portadores de translocacions recíproques mostra un alt índex d'aneuploïdies de cromosomes no implicats en la translocació (60,3%) i també un alt percentatge de mosaïcisme (58,7%), tenint en compte tant els cromosomes implicats com els no implicats en la translocació. S'han trobat embrions normals o equilibrats per la translocació però aneuploides per altres cromosomes.
Sembla necessari l'estudi seqüencial de la segregació dels cromosomes implicats en la translocació i de les aneuploïdies per altres cromosomes, en pacients portadors de translocacions.
Per a validar la interpretació del resultat de la FISH en l'anàlisi d'aneuploïdia en cèl·lules proliferants, s'han estudiat cèl·lules en estadi de G0 (cèl·lules de Sertoli) i cèl·lules proliferants (limfòcits). En aplicar FISH en cèl·lules en proliferació s'estima que el 10,8% de dobles marques en excés trobades, en comparació amb les trobades en cèl·lules no proliferants, no són senyals partits, sinó deguts al procés de replicació. L'aplicació de FISH en cèl·lules en proliferació, com són els blastòmers, pot dificultar la interpretació dels resultats de FISH. Caldria incloure marcadors de l'inici o el final de la replicació per tal de ser usats simultàniament amb les sondes diagnòstiques de FISH en realitzar un DGP en blastòmers.
El DGP per a la detecció d'aneuploïdies és un procediment més del que es disposa per tal d'oferir als pacients amb risc tot i que s'ha de valorar, en cada cas, si la seva aplicació pot ser beneficiosa.
Cytogenetic analysis of the 1st polar body (1PB) allows an indirect characterisation of the oocyte in the metaphase II stage (MII) without compromising its reproductive capability. This allows, in an in vitro fertilisation treatment (IVF), the development of a variant of preimplantation genetic diagnosis in which the 1PB is analysed (PGD-1PB).
The aim of this study is to analyse the aneuploidy rate in the female germ-cell line and in its first embryo development stages.
We have used oocytes discarded from IVF cycles to develop a fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) method that allows for the detection of nine chromosomes in 1PBs and in MII. Until now, missing chromosomes or chromatids in the 1PB have been considered as artefacts but the evaluation of the 1PB-MII complement could proves that they are only a minority (25.8%).
Both the aneuploidy rate found for the nine chromosomes analysed (47.5%) and the estimated risk of aneuploidy for the 23 chromosomes (57.2%) are very high. The abnormal segregation percentage per analysed chromosome is 0.89%.
Different mechanisms for the generation of aneuploidies have been identified: predivision of sister chromatids (more frequently observed in 1PB than in MII) and non-disjunction of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I and altered segregation in mitosis during the proliferative stage in the germ-cell line (gonadal mosaicism). This phenomenon has been found in 25.7% of the analysed patients and makes the application of prenatal diagnosis in patients which become pregnant after a PGD-1PB advisable.
When applying PGD-1PB in females with a normal karyotype (advanced maternal age), the aneuploidy rate for the nine chromosomes is 60.4%, corroborating this group as a risk group for the presence of aneuploidies. Applying it to two female carriers of Robertsonian translocations, a high aneuploidy rate for the chromosomes not implicated in the translocation has been found (91.7% and 72.7%), independently of the alterations observed in the chromosomes of the translocation.
The analysis of aneuploidies in blastomeres of male and female reciprocal translocation carriers shows a high aneuploidy rate for the chromosomes not involved in translocations (60.3%) and also a high percentage of mosaicism (58.7%), including both the chromosomes implicated and not implicated in the translocation. Normal and balanced embryos for the translocation, but with aneuploidies for other chromosomes, have been found.
In translocation carriers, the sequential analysis of the segregation of the chromosomes involved in the translocation and the aneuploidy screening for other chromosomes seems necessary,
In order to validate the interpretation of FISH results in the aneuploidy screening of proliferating cells, G0 stage cells (Sertoli cells) and proliferating cells (lymphocytes) have been studied. When applying FISH in proliferating cells, 10.8% extra double-dots found, in comparison with the ones found in non-proliferating cells, are not splits but are due to the replicating process.
The use of FISH in proliferating cells as blastomeres could make the interpretation of FISH results difficult. It would be necessary to include markers of the beginning or the end of replication to be simultaneously used with other FISH probes in PGD-analysed blastomeres.
PGD for aneuploidy screening is another procedure which is available to be offered to patients at risk although it has to be evaluated, case by case, to determine if its application can be beneficial.
Gassull, Bustamente Cecília. "L'educació de la veu en la formació inicial dels mestres. Avaluació dels recursos adquirits per a una emissió eficient i sana de la veu". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5061.
Testo completoRos, Cerro Cristina. "Alteracions neurosensorials en dones adultes amb Síndrome de Turner". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/145247.
Testo completoHYPOTHESIS: Neurosensorial impairment related to Turner’s syndrome (TS) are due to chromosomic disorders characteristic of these patients and the degree of impariment is related with the degree of the karyotypic disorder. The consequences of hypoestrogenism are reversible with substitutive hormonal therapy. AIM: To define the origin of the hearing loss observed in TS women in adulthood; to assess whether there are olfactory and gustatory impairments related to this syndrome; and to demonstrate that patients with other congenital hypogonadism without karyotypic disorder do not show such comorbities. METHODS: Three cohort of women were studied; TS women; women with other congenital hypogonadisms, healthy women taking hormonal contraception, since hypogonadism were under substitutive hormonal therapy. Quality of life data was recorded using two questionnaires (SF-36 and FSFI). Clinical data was also gathered for each patient. Hearing impairment was assessed though a microotoscopy, standard audiometry and auditory evoked potentials. Using the BAST-24 test the test and smell sensitivity and sensibility was evaluated. RESULTS: Hearing impairment was observed among TS women, being the neurisensorial pattern the most frequent among them. The cause of this kind of impairment is diverse, being possible the age, genotype or even history of recurrent otitis during childhood. Impairment in smell was also observed in TS patients. Although sensitivity was not found impaired, it was observed that sexual hormones have a role in intensity and irritability of odours. It was not found any alteration in taste sense in any congenital hypogonadism. When it comes to quality of life, all patients with congenital hypogonadism show lower score in the physical domain than healthy controls. Only half of the TS patients mentioned to mantain sexual relationships. Sexual activity was not related to TS comorbidities but sexual active TS were taller than sexually inactive. Women with other congenital hypogonadism show low scores in sexual function, despite hormonal therapy. It was atempted to use urotelial cells to perform karyotype analysis, but its culture is tough and correlation with phenotype is worse than blood karyotyping. Therefore its use is discouraged.
Duran, Puig Assumpta. "Alteracions cromosòmiques radioinduïdes: Estudis en irradiacions parcials i retrospectius". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/48531.
Testo completoBiological dosimetry is is a field that has developed within the radioprotection to estimate the dose of ionizing radiation exposure in cases that physical dosimetry is not enough reliable or is unkown. In biological dosymetry, the more established methodology for estimating the dose of radiation exposure is based on extrapolate the frequency of a specific chromosomal alteration in a dose‐effect curve previously prepared. There are several factors that can vary the frequency of chromosome aberrations among these is the case of partial body irradiations, which occurs when radiation affects only a part of the body. In those cases the dose will be underestimated. In order to simulate partial body dose irradiations peripheral blood samples were irradiated at 2, 3, 4 and 5 Gy of X‐rays, and mixed with non‐irradiated blood to obtain the following percentages of irradiated blood: 87.5, 75, 50, 25 and 12.5. FISH painting was performed using whole chromosome painting probes for chromosomes 1, 4, and 11 in combination with a pancentromeric probe. Chromosome aberrations were recorded using the PAINT nomenclature, and later converted to the modified PAINT and conventional nomenclature. The u‐test was initially used to evaluate the expected overdispersion due to the presence of unexposed cells, but a test based on the zero‐inflated Poisson model (s‐test) is also proposed. Dose‐estimations for the different types of chromosome aberrations were calculated by Dolphin’s method and using the FISH dose‐effect curves previously obtained using the same whole‐chromosome probes. The expected overdispersion due to the presence of unirradiated cells was only detected at high doses and low percentages of irradiated blood. The two methods used to detect the deviation from the Poisson distribution showed a similar ability. Dose estimations for the irradiated fraction were closer to the real values for total apparently simple aberrations. In general, using FISH techniques similar results were obtained for dicentrics and translocations. In comparison to solid‐stain dicentric analysis, the use of FISH painting techniques is less suitable to detect partial irradiations, and for dose estimation assessment. Another factor in the estimation of a dose is the time elapsed after irradiation, as not all chromosome aberrations have the same stability over time. To evaluate which aberrations were more useful to estimate the dose for a retrospective exposure an irradiated cell line was studied. A follow‐up study on the persistence of the different types of chromosome aberrations was carried out. The lymphoblastoid cell line Jurkat was irradiated at 0.2, 2 and 4 Gy of X‐rays. After irradiation, the cultures were maintained for three weeks and samples were harvested at different times. Chromosome aberrations were detected using two FISH techniques: painting of chromosomes 1, 4 and 11, to assess the persistence of translocations and dicentrics, and mFISH to evaluate the frequency, the complexity, the chromosome involvement on the radiation‐induced chromosome aberrations and the preferential chromosome‐chromosome associations in the initial and final samples in the control and irradiated cultures at 2 and 4 Gy. In the study performed with painted technique, in all doses, the frequencies (x100) of dicentrics decreased clearly in the successive samples until values near zero. The frequencies (x100) of translocations, at 0.2 and 2Gy, were relatively constant until the last sample, whilst at 4Gy there was an initial steeped decrease in the first samples followed by a slight decrease in the last ones. The technique mFISH showed that simple incomplete aberrations disappear over time and the complexity of chromosome aberrations increases with dose and decreases with post‐irradiation time. The chromosome involvement was random for radiation‐induced exchange aberrations and non‐random for total aberrations. Preferential chromosome‐chromosome associations were observed in the initial and final samples in the Jurkat cell line.
Aguayo, Ortiz Rafael. "Caracterització de les alteracions moleculars dels carcinomes basocel·lulars esporàdics". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/123548.
Testo completoEl carcinoma basocelular (CBC) es la neoplasia más frecuente en el ser humano. La importancia de este tumor radica tanto en la gran morbilidad que produce como en el enorme gasto sanitario que ocasiona a los sistemas de salud de casi todo el mundo. A pesar de que su tratamiento es esencialmente quirúrgico, existen casos donde no está indicado este abordaje terapéutico y sería interesante el hecho de conocer las alteraciones moleculares que comportan la formación la neoplasia para establecer posibles dianas farmacológicas. Por estas razones hemos creído conveniente profundizar en el estudio de este tumor, centrándonos en la fisiopatología e intentando su cultivo “in vitro”. A través del estudio del síndrome de Gorlin-Goltz se ha establecido la importancia de la via Sonic hedgehog (Shh) en la fisiopatología del CBC. Nosotros, mediante técnicas como el inmunoblot y la inmunohistoquímica (midiendo los niveles de proteína Gli1) hemos determinado que esta vía está activada en aproximadamente la mitad de los casos de CBC esporádico, confirmando los datos que se conocían sobre este tema. Analizando vías alternativas, hemos encontrado muestras con alta actividad de b-catenina sin afectación de la vía Shh y esto nos hace pensar que la vía Wnt puede tener un papel fundamental en estos casos. Hemos detectado por inmunoblot la acumulación de b-catenina en la mitad de los casos estudiados, relacionándose de forma directa con la actividad proliferativa de la neoplasia.
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignancy in humans. The importance of this tumor lies both in the high morbidity produced as in the high costs caused to the health systems of whole world. Although its treatment is essentially surgical, there are cases where it is not indicated this therapeutic approach, then it would be interesting to know the molecular alterations that involve the formation of this neoplasm to establish potential drug targets.For these reasons we have decided to study this tumor, focusing on the physiopathology and their culture "in vitro". Through the study of Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, the importance of the Sonic hedgehog pathway (Shh) in the pathophysiology of BCC was well established. Using techniques such as immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry (measuring protein levels Gli1), we have determined that this pathway is activated in about half of cases of sporadic BCC, confirming the previously known data. Analyzing alternative pathways, we found samples with high activity of b-catenin pathway without affecting Shh. This fact makes us think that the Wnt pathway may have a important role in these cases. We detected by immunoblot the accumulation b-catenin in half of the cases studied, interacting directly with the proliferative activity of the neoplasm.
Montoya, Vilar Norminanda. "El uso de la voz en la publicidad audiovisual dirigida a los niños y su eficacia persuasiva". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4140.
Testo completoOria, Alonso Marc. "Alteracions funcionals de la via motora central en l’encefalopatia hepàtica experimental". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/51433.
Testo completoCirrhotic patients exhibit functional abnormalities in the corticospinal tract by transcartical magnetic stimulation, these patients show a decrease on the amplitude of the motor evoked potentials and an increase on the latency. These functional alterations are associated with an increase in the T2 signal by magnetic resonance, probably by an increase of the water content. The motor abnormalities return to normal after hepatic transplant. a) In the first study of the thesis, we demonstrate functional abnormalities of the motor tract in two animal models of hepatic disease: cirrhosis induced by carbon tetrachloride and portacaval anastomosis. These findings reproduce the human abnormalities and can be useful for the development of an animal model. However, this study was performed under anhestesia, since the hepatic failure can induce changes in the anesthetics metabolism; we are interested in the development of a model without anesthesia. b) In the second study we developed a new methodology to perform neurophysiological studies in awake animals, without any anesthesia, and in free movement. The new methodology is based on subcutaneous implantation of 6 electrodes to record the motor evoked potentials. It was demonstrated that the introduction of electrodes can keep at least 3 weeks for repeated studies. In addition, to validate the method, we show dose-dependent effect of three different anesthetics on motor evoked potentials. This new methodology can service the study in other diseases such as cord injury without the anesthesia play an important role. c) In the third study we applied the new methodology without anesthesia in different models of hepatic injury. It was demonstrated that alterations in portacaval anastomosis and cirrhosis were due to the effects of anesthetics. On the other hand has shown that the method is valid for measuring hepatic encephalopathy objectively in models of acute hepatic encephalopathy by acute liver failure and hepatic encephalopathy induced by blood in the digestive tract in rats with portacaval anastomosis. This new methodology has a scientific value, as hepatic encephalopathy could not be measured in any objective way, since all previous studies were based on changes in the circadian rhythms; changes in behavior or learning are measured with no objectives methods. In contrast with the neurophysiology, motor evoked potentials is an objective and a quantifiable way not affected by the investigator. d) The fourth study showed that it is possible to see the effect of a drug that lowers plasma ammonia in rats with portocaval anastomosis receiving blood in the digestive tract. This drug, called ornithine-phenylacetate (OP), has begun to be studied in patients with liver cirrhosis. The present results are very useful for opening a new line: studies of new drugs for hepatic encephalopathy in an experimental model. The thesis includes the development of a new methodology, the validation of a model study of the mechanisms of action of a drug for hepatic encephalopathy. The results have an immediate applicability: - The model has been incorporated into the service of Valle Hebron Hospital Research Institute. - The study drug will be used in patients with hepatic encephalopathy.
González, Sanvisens Laura. "Eficàcia d'un curs de prevenció dels trastorns de la veu en els docents". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/97167.
Testo completoEl objetivo de la presente investigación es conocer la eficacia de un curso de prevención de los trastornos de la voz, dirigido a docentes en activo. Para ello se ha realizado un estudio longitudinal con un diseño pre-test y post-test con grupo control y grupo experimental y, a su vez, un estudio transversal por comparativa de grupos. Se han realizado un total de 3 evaluaciones: la primera al iniciarse el curso (pre-test), una evaluación justo en finalizar el curso (para conocer la eficacia del curso a corto plazo) y una ultima evaluación seis meses mas tarde (largo plazo). Siguiendo las recomendaciones de la ELS, se ha realizado una evaluación multidimensional de la voz incluyendo: un análisis de la calidad vocal objetiva con el índice DSI (Wuyts et al., 2000), un análisis de la calidad vocal perceptiva valorada con el parámetro global del GRBAS (la G) (Hirano, 1981), una valoración de la percepción del hándicap vocal evaluada con el VHI-10 (Jacobson et al., 1997; Nuñet-Batalla et al., 2007) y una evaluación de los conocimientos relativos a la función vocal estimados con el cuestionario COFUVO, elaborada a propósito de esta investigación. También se han recogido algunos datos sociodemográficos de los sujetos y un cuestionario de opinión sobre la tarea docente del formador. Los resultados registrados han mostrado que la adquisición de conocimientos teóricos, estimados con el cuestionario COFUVO, se asumen rápidamente. Estos conocimientos parecen mantenerse a medio plazo, cuando también se observan cambios significativos en la calidad vocal objetiva de los docentes participantes al curso, mediante el DSI. Nos cuestionamos, sin embargo, si este índice valora la calidad vocal objetiva o las habilidades vocales de los participantes. Ni el VHI-10, ni el parámetro global del GRBAS muestran diferencias significativas entre los test y los grupos. Finalmente, las diferencias observadas en relación al formador responsable del curso plantean la necesidad de controlar esta variable. En consecuencia, podemos afirmar que el curso ha permitido mejorar las habilidades vocales de los docentes y sus conocimientos sobre el fenómeno vocal a medio plazo. Para conocer los beneficios sobre la calidad y la salud vocal de los docentes seria interesante plantear un estudio a más largo plazo.
The objective of this research is to find out how effective a voice disorder prevention course addressed to teachers is. In order to do so, a program has been designed with pre- test and post-test actions, and a control group and an experimental group, plus, at the same time, a comparative survey of the groups. There have been three assessments: the first one when the course started (pre-test), another one right at the end (to find out how effective the course is on a short term basis), and a last assessment six months later (medium-term). Following recommendations from the ELS, a multidimensional assessment of the voice has taken place including: analysis of voice objective quality through DSI, (Wuyts et al., 2000), an analysis of voice perceptive quality assessed with GRBAS global item (the G) (Hirano, 1981), an assessment of the perception of voice handicap valued with VHI-10 (Jacobson et al., 1997; Nuñet-Batalla et al., 2007) and an assessment of relative knowledge to voice function estimated with the COFUVO questionnaire, elaborated just for this test. Also, some sociodemographic data of the subjects has been gathered, including an opinion questionnaire about the teacher. The results have shown that theoretical knowledge, estimated with the COFUVO questionnaire, is achieved quickly. This knowledge seems to be retained at medium- term, when also significant changes can be observed in the vocal objective quality of the teachers taking the course, through the DSI index. However, we question whether this index is assessing the vocal objective quality or the vocal skills of the participants. Neither VHI-10 nor global parameters of the GRBAS show significant differences between tests or groups. Finally, the differences observed according to the teacher responsible for the course indicate the need to control this variable. Consequently, we can confirm that the course has meant an improvement in the vocal skills of the teachers as well as their knowledge of the voice phenomenon at medium- term. A longer term study would be recommended to learn more about the benefits of voice health and quality of teaching staff following the course.
Picornell, Belenguer C. Mercè. "Política i poètica de l'etnoficció. Escriptura testimonial i representació de la veu subalterna". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4867.
Testo completoTot prenent com a correlat el cas del testimonio, en aquesta tesi s'analitzen les implicacions teòriques i crítiques de la difusió i interpretació d'aquest tipus de literatura, creada amb una voluntat programàtica determinada a partir de formes de representació que se situen en l'espai ambigu que separa i uneix alhora la literatura i les ciències socials. Així, a partir de l'anàlisi dels discursos difosos com a testimonials, s'estudia el procés en què es configuren gèneres per a la representació cultural en un intercanvi de mètodes i formalitzacions entre l'antropologia i la literatura. Es parteix de la hipòtesi que aquests gèneres no són models buits sinó categories en la constitució de les quals intervenen tant la producció teòrica de justificacions disciplinàries com també una determinada voluntat política de condicionar les formes de representació que fan possibles.
Per desenvolupar aquesta hipòtesi, el treball s'inicia amb una anàlisi del context interdisciplinari en què es creen obres com a testimonios. És així que el primer capítol està dedicat íntegrament a presentar les polèmiques que ocasiona l'acostament de l'antropologia a la literatura. Aquest acostament està provocat per la necessitat dels etnògrafs de trobar noves formes de llegir les seves produccions textuals, així com també de crear nous tipus d'escriptura que els permetin mostrar-se conscients de les posicions d'enunciació que generen. En el segon i el tercer capítols, s'aprofundeix en la formació i recepció crítica del testimonio. Es fa esment especial als condicionaments polítics que afecten tant els testimonios com les tendències crítiques (postcolonials, grups d'estudi subaltern, etc.) que n'assumeixen la defensa. També s'analitza amb atenció la constitució problemàtica de les instàncies d'autor i d'informant en els testimonios, així com el tipus de representació política i poètica que pretenen els llibres publicats com a tals. Per acabar, el darrer capítol tanca la tesi amb un estudi de cas sobre les obres de tres autors, Oscar Lewis, Ricardo Pozas i Elena Poniatowska, des de l'avinentesa que aquestes se situen en un espai ambigu entre la literatura i l'antropologia i que, potser per aquesta mateixa ambigüitat, han estat llegides com a testimonios.
En definitiva, es tracta d'una tesi que ofereix una mirada interdisciplinària sobre el testimonio en particular i sobre l'escriptura identitària en general. Es planteja amb la voluntat de bastir una visió completa sobre un producte cultural híbrid com el testimonio però també sobre les implicacions teòriques del tractament crític de tot tipus d'objectes culturals creats en un context interdisciplinari o amb una voluntat política explícita.
This doctoral thesis presents a deep analysis of how a literary genre is created in order to assume a cultural and political representation. This genre is testimonio, a type of literature created during the 70s in Latin America and lately divulged by literary critics as a good example to illustrate some theories on postcolonial literature and the expression of new cultural identities. Testimonio has been defined as a hybrid genre, a type of literature created in the intersection between different models and disciplines in order to open a new space for the expression of subaltern voices. This pragmatic objective has been the most important argument in favor of the existence of this "new" genre. The theoretical side of this study reflects on the process of configuration of this kind of literary objects, created to represent cultures and constructed by an exchange of methods between literature and anthropology. These genres are not empty schemas, but categories that are determined by political and critical wills.
To expound this hypothesis, this study begins with an analysis of the interdisciplinary context in which testimonios are produced. The first chapter is focuses entirely on the polemics that the approach of anthropology to literary representations caused in the social science. This approach is induced by the ethnographers' need to find new ways to read their own textual productions and, at the same time, by the wish to invent new ways of writing that let the researcher show consciously the enunciation positions that are generated in the ethnographic encounter. The second and third chapters present a profound study of the formation and critical reception of testimonio. They refer specially to the political conditions that affect the diffusion of testimonios, as well as the critical groups (the ones devoted to postcolonial or subaltern studies, for example) that assume this subaltern genre defense. The problematical constitution of the informant and author positions in mediated testimonios are also analyzed. The fourth and last chapter closes the thesis with a case study about the works of three writers, Oscar Lewis, Ricardo Pozas and Elena Poniatowska, who produce books interpreted ambiguously as literary or ethnographical ones.
To sum up, this doctoral thesis offers an interdisciplinary sight on testimonio and identity writing in general. It aims to present a complete work on a hybrid genre but also on the theoretical problems of working with all kinds of cultural objects created in an interdisciplinary context or with an explicit political wish.
Lafuente, Garcia Meritxell. "Blai Bonet en prosa. Veu, cos i memòria en la novel·la "El mar"". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668989.
Testo completoTenint en compte que la poesia de Blai Bonet ha estat àmpliament estudiada, en el present estudi s’ha volgut donar èmfasi al Blai Bonet novel·lista a partir de l’anàlisi de la seva primera novel·la, El mar (1958). L’estudi es divideix en tres parts: “L’obra de Blai Bonet i la seva figura dins el panorama literari català de postguerra”, on s’aprofundeix en el context literari en què Blai Bonet comença a escriure i en la importància de l’aparició d’una novel·la com El mar dins la producció narrativa dels anys 50. La segona part, “La irrupció de la prosa en Blai Bonet”, consisteix en un estudi narratològic i interpreatiu de la novel·la, mentre que en la tercera, “L’exuberància d’El mar”, es relaciona la novel·la amb els corrents literaris i filosòfics de la segona meitat del segle XX. En conjunt, es pretén analitzar la novel·la en profunditat per situar-la dins del panorama literari català, espanyol i europeu de postguerra
Molero, Luis Marta. "Biomarcadors del metabolisme de la dopamina en alteracions neurològiques en la infància". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/145760.
Testo completoOur objective was to study the utility of three biomarkers related to dopamine metabolism (homovanillic acid (HVA), pterins and pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)) as a diagnostic and investigation tool of neurologic disorders in infancy. In the first study our objective was to determine and assess the HVA concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a large neuropediatric cohort as a biochemical tool to identify dopaminergic abnormalities. To achieve this aim, we studied biogenic amines in 1388 CSF samples from children with neurological disorders analysed by high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detector. This study allowed us to determine the prevalence of dopaminergic abnormalities, as well as we defined several neurologic diseases with CSF HVA abnormalities, besides from 21 primary dopaminergic defects. In the second study, our objective was to analyse the CSF pterins (neopterin and biopterin) concentrations in children with neurologic disorders to identify primary or secondary diseases about these coenzymes. We also evaluated the CSF neopterin utility as a biomarker in inflammatory-immune mediated processes establishing a new cut-off for it. After that, the next step was to assess data from 606 neuropediatric patients presenting CSF neopterin values above or below the new established cut-off value. Finally, our last study was to analyse the CSF PLP concentrations in neuropediatric patients without an aetiological diagnosis in order to identify primary or secondary diseases related to PLP metabolism. After the analyses of PLP in CSF of 147 patients, we detected our first PNPO gene defect. Moreover, we recruited a series of 10 patients who disclosed low-normal CSF PLP values, that the main clinical feature was epilepsy. Additionally we also assessed the response to PLP treatment in all of them. These different studies have been performed in patients from Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, as well as from other national and international hospitals, such as Portugal, Argentina, Greece, Turkey and India. Moreover, the collaboration with other services of our hospital has allowed this thesis to have a holistic component including clinical, radiological, biochemical and molecular data.
Prats, Rodríguez Jordi. "El règim tèrmic del tram inferior de l'Ebre i les seues alteracions". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/96154.
Testo completoEn aquesta tesi s’estudia el règim tèrmic del tram inferior del riu Ebre, entre Escatrón i Miravet, a diferents escales temporals, així com les alteracions causades pel sistema d’embassaments de Mequinensa, Riba-roja i Flix i per la central nuclear d’Ascó. L’anàlisi del comportament tèrmic del riu Ebre en l’àrea d’estudi es realitza a partir de l’examen de mesures de la temperatura i del nivell de l’aigua realitzades in situ, de la reconstrucció d’una sèrie de temperatura mitjana anual a partir de dades històriques de temperatura i mitjançant un model físic que té en compte els processos de transport i intercanvi de calor entre l’aigua del riu i el medi. Per la seua importància per a la modelització del comportament tèrmic del riu, també es realitza un estudi del comportament hidràulic del riu Ebre aigües avall del sistema d’embassaments. D’altra banda, a causa de la seua influència aigües avall, es dóna especial importància a l’estudi del comportament hidrodinàmic de l’embassament de Riba-roja, mitjançant el model DYRESM. Els resultats dels treballs mostren un augment de la temperatura mitjana anual a Escatrón de 2,3 ºC en el període 1955-2000, així com un efecte estacional del sistema d’embassaments i un augment de la temperatura de l’aigua causat per la central nuclear d’Ascó de 3 ºC en mitjana. Durant la primavera i estiu les alteracions de la nuclear i dels embassaments són de signe contrari i aproximadament s’anul•len; durant la tardor i hivern, ambdues alteracions se sumen. A més, els embassaments causen una disminució de la variabilitat tèrmica diària, mentre que la interacció entre el vessament tèrmic de la central nuclear i les oscil•lacions diàries del cabal produïdes pels embassaments dóna lloc a canvis bruscos de la temperatura de l’aigua. A mesura que l’aigua discorre riu avall la seua temperatura s’aproxima a la temperatura de l’estat estacionari, si bé la distància de recuperació pot ser de centenars de quilòmetres d’acord amb els resultats de la modelització depenent de la intensitat de l’alteració, del cabal i de les condicions meteorològiques.
Darbra, Marges Sònia. "Alteracions de l'eix tiroïdal: efectes conductuals i morfològics en la rata Wistar". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5456.
Testo completoRodríguez, Lumbiarres Jairo. "Alteracions epigenètiques en càncer colorectal: Canvis globals i identificació de noves dianes". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/1896.
Testo completoAlthough hypomethylation was the first tumor-associated DNA methylation alteration in tumors to be discovered, its role in tumorigenesis has remained basically unexplored, mainly due to the lack of specific methodologies of study.
In the first work, we performed a global analysis of DNA methylation and genetic alterations in a series of colorectal tumors. Results indicate that a positive correlation exists between the degree of DNA hypomethylation and the number of genetic alterations that a tumor cell accumulates.
In order to gain insight into the role that DNA hypomethylation might play in tumor development, we proposed to develop new methodologies that would allow performing both global and specific analyses of DNA hypomethylation, constituting the second work in this thesis. The new methodology mainly targets Alu repeats, which have been previously found to be heavily methylated in most somatic tissues, and has been therefore named Amplification of unMethylated Alu (AUMA). AUMA application to a series of primary colorectal tumors allowed the genome-wide identification of multiple unmethylated Alu elements in normal tissues, as well as Alu elements with altered methylation patterns in tumors. We also aimed to develop a quantification method, which was named Quantification of UnMethylated Alu (QUMA). Both AUMA and QUMA experimental results were complemented using a bioinformatic approach, which indicated that there is a stronger pressure to methylate younger Alu elements, among which there are elements able to retrotranspose. In a third work, we focused on the specific analysis of an AUMA target. A MIR element unmethylated in normal colorectal mucosa was found to undergo extensive hypermethylation in a large proportion of tumors. DNA methylation analysis of promoter CpG methylation of genes around the MIR element allowed the identification of 8 clustered genes whose CpG islands become hypermethylated in colorectal tumors and cell lines. Histone modification profiling across the promoters of the DNA methylated genes identified chromatin profiles that closely resemble those found in embryonic stem cells, therefore linking stem cells biology with cancer development.
Pallàs, i. Villaronga Josep Oriol. "Alteracions respiratòries durant el son: Inflamaciói canvis fenotípics al múscul intercostal extern". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/96706.
Testo completoEn los pacientes con Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica (EPOC) la disfunción muscular ha sido estudiada por múltiples grupos de investigación, tanto a nivel de los músculos periféricos como respiratorios, pero las alteraciones musculares en los trastornos respiratorios durante el sueño (Síndrome de las Apneas e Hipopneas del Sueño -SAHS- i Overlap Syndrome respiratorio -OS-) son poco conocidas. En la presente tesis doctoral se han estudiado los cambios inflamatorios y de la estructura muscular que se producen en uno de los principales músculos respiratorios en humanos, el músculo intercostal externo. Con esta finalidad se describen los hallazgos basales a nivel local, en el mencionado músculo, de 43 individuos distribuidos en cinco grupos diferentes a los que se les practicó una biopsia muscular intercostal: sujetos sanos, obesos sin comorbilidad y pacientes con EPOC, SAHS y OS. Asimismo, se ha evaluado la respuesta inflamatoria y los cambios fenotípicos a nivel del intercostal externo después de seis meses de tratamiento con Presión Positiva Continua en la Vía Aérea (CPAP) en los enfermos con SAHS y OS. Los principales hallazgos han sido la presencia de células inflamatorias (leucocitos en general y macrófagos) a nivel del intercostal externo de todos los individuos estudiados, y el hecho de que existe un mayor número de dichas células en los pacientes afectos de EPOC, SAHS y OS. Además, se ha evidenciado un componente inflamatorio subcelular en los grupos de sujetos pertenecientes a las tres enfermedades estudiadas. Este último se ha objetivado estudiando la expresión génica mediante la técnica de la Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa con transcripción inversa en tiempo real (RCP-RT), a nivel del músculo intercostal, de las principales citocinas con propiedades pro y antiinflamatorias y algunos de sus receptores. Más concretamente se han estudiado la IL-1, IL-6, TNF alfa y los receptors de TNF dentro del primer grupo, y la IL-10 como molécula antiinflamatoria. La CPAP parece tener un efecto antiinflamatorio en los pacientes con trastornos respiratorios durante el sueño, aunque el efecto sobre los mediadores de la inflamación es más pronunciado en los pacientes con SAHS que en los OS. Respecto a la estructura muscular, se han confirmado los datos ya descritos en estudios previos por nuestro grupo de investigación, mostrando un predominio de fibras musculares de tipo I, más resistentes a la fatiga, de contracción lenta y de metabolismo predominantemente aerobio, en los pacientes con las tres enfermedades ya comentadas en situación basal. El tratamiento con CPAP parece revertir el predominio de las fibras de tipo I a nivel del intercostal, con un mayor protagonismo de las fibras de tipo II, de contracción rápida, y capaces de desarrollar una mayor fuerza muscular.
Muscle dysfunction, both in peripheral and respiratory muscles, in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients is well known and has been studied by different groups of investigation, but little information has been provided about muscle disturbances in pacients with sleep disordered breathing (Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome -OSAS- and Overlap Syndrome -OS-). In this work we have studied the inflammatory and structural changes observed in one of the most important respiratory muscles in humans, the external intercostal muscle. For this purpose local baseline findings are described in this muscle in 43 subjects that were included in five groups, who underwent a intercostal muscle biopsy: healthy individuals, obese people without comorbidity, and patients with COPD, OSAS and OS. The inflammatory response and phenotypic changes in the intercostal muscle after six months of treatment with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) were also studied in both groups, patients with OSAS and OS. One of the main findings of this doctoral thesis is the presence of inflammatory cells (leukocytes and macrophages) in the muscle tissue of the external intercostal of all individuals included in the study. Patients with COPD, OSAS and OS have more inflammatory cells in their muscles. Moreover, a subcellular inflammatory response was observed in patients with these three diseases. The gene expression of inflammatory mediators in the intercostal muscles was analyzed using the real time Polymerase Chain Reaction technique (RT-PCR). Local proinflammatory (IL-1, IL-6, TNF alpha) and antiinflammatory (IL-10) cytokines were studied. CPAP treatment seems to have an antiinflammatory effect in patients with sleep disordered breathing, but the impact on the inflammatory mediators is more evident in OSAS subjects. Previous data reported by our investigation group showing a predominance of type I muscle fibers in the external intercostal muscle of patients with COPD, OSAS and OS, before treatment, were confirmed. These muscular type I cells are more resistant to fatigue and are a slow contraction fibers with an aerobic metabolism. CPAP therapy seems to reverse the predominance of type I fibers in the intercostal muscle of these patients. So that, the percentage of type II fibers increases after CPAP treatment, and these are fast contraction fibers that are able to develop a stronger work.
Rodríguez, Bravo Ángel. "La construcción de una voz radiofónica". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4132.
Testo completoMuñoz, Garcia Araceli. "La veu dels nens: experiències dels escolars de primària al voltant de la salut". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/318802.
Testo completoEsta tesis explora las experiencias cotidianas de los niños y niñas para examinar cómo se construyen y gestionan los significados alrededor de la salud, el sufrimiento y la enfermedad en sus vidas. Se estudia toda una serie de continuidades observadas entorno a sus vivencias en relación con la salud, profundizando en los elementos que los/as niños/as asocian con un cuerpo sano o poco sano, y los cuales forman parte de sus experiencias y representaciones sobre salud, así como en aquellos factores que ellos/as piensan que contribuyen a lograr un estado de bienestar o que pueden ser perjudiciales para su salud. También, se indaga en los diferentes conocimientos alrededor de la salud que les llega tanto mediante los discursos de los adultos como de las prácticas cotidianas que realizan; en cómo los/as niños/as asignan las responsabilidades sobre el cuidado del cuerpo y de la salud y en cómo se implican en las actividades para preservar su bienestar. Finalmente, se analizan los relatos donde los/as niños/as reflexionan sobre sus cuerpos, y aquellas narraciones donde hablan de alguna experiencia de conmoción o perturbación en sus vidas. Un acercamiento a la realidad intersubjectiva ha permitido examinar cómo las experiencias cotidianas de los/as niños/as alrededor de la salud están vinculadas tanto a otras experiencias como a un conjunto de significados compartidos, de representaciones culturales y de prácticas sociales que interactúan entre sí para configurar su realidad entorno a la salud y la enfermedad. Asimismo, se ha utilizado una aproximación a las experiencias en salud derivado de la propia perspectiva de los niños y niñas, considerando a estos/as no sólo como descubridores de los significados que provienen de su realidad sino también como creadores de estos significados a través de sus propias comprensiones e interpretaciones.
This thesis explores the everyday experiences of children in order to examine how they build and manage the meanings around health, pain and illness in their lives. It studies a series of continuities observed around their experiences related to health, going into more depth on the elements that children associate with a healthy or unhealthy body, and which form part of their experiences and representations of health, as well as in those factors they think contribute to accomplish a state of wellbeing or that may be harmful to their health. It also investigates the different understandings about health that come both through the speeches of adults and everyday practices they engage in; how children assign responsibilities for body and health care and how they get involved in the efforts to preserve their wellbeing. Finally, it analyses the narratives where children reflect on their bodies, and those accounts where they talk about some experience of commotion or disruption in their lives. An approach to the intersubjective reality has allowed us to understand how children’s everyday experiences around health are linked both to other experiences and to a set of shared meanings, cultural representations and social practices that interact to configure their reality related to health and illness. We also used a way to come close to health experiences derived from the perspectives of children themselves, taking them into account not only as discoverers of meanings that come from their reality but also as creators of these meanings through their own understanding and interpretations.
Martín, Ezquerra Gemma. "Estudi de les alteracions genètiques i moleculars implicades en el carcinoma escatós oral". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/51426.
Testo completoThe oncogenesis in the oral cavity is due to the accumulation of genetic, epigenetic and metabolic alterations that cause a gradual transformation from a normal oral mucosa to dysplastic mucosa, and subsequently to invasive squamous cell carcinoma, usually as a result of exposure to various environmental factors (alcohol, tobacco, human papilloma virus). The number of chromosomal abnormalities appears to increase during the progression of the illness. Different cytogenetic abnormalities have been described in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) that include the activation of proto-oncogenes such as cyclin D1 (CCND1), v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene 2 (ERBB2) , neuro / glioblastoma derived Oncogene homolov-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene (MYC), RAS p21 protein activator (RAS), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes such as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) and tumor protein p53 (TP53). The aim of the herein study is the description of the genetic alterations and proteic status of CCND1, MYC, EGFR, CKS1B, ERBB2 and TP53 in OSCC and lymph node metastatic samples, and to compare it with healthy oral mucosa, oral inflammatory lesions (oral lichen planus [OLP]) and pre-malignant lesions such as oral leukoplakia (OLK). Methods We included 108 samples corresponding to 14 biopsies of normal oral mucosa, 51 samples of OSCC, 14 lymph node metastases, 13 OLP and 16 OLK, with which we have constructed two tissue microarrays (TMA). We collected clinical and pathological variables of each case. We performed immunohistochemical stains and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) markers of interest. Results The first paper includes the findings by FISH and immunohistochemistry of the oncogenes and suppressor genes CCDN1, MYC, EGFR, ERBB2 and TP53. We found polisomies and amplifications of the oncogenes and losses of TP53 in a proportion significantly higher in samples of primary and metastatic OSCC, with correlation with the expression of their protein products. The presence of two or more genetic abnormalities in the studied loci was only found in OSCC primary and metastatic samples. The second paper describes the genetic and proteic status of CKS1B. It appears significantly overexpressed in primary and metastatic OSCC samples, which correlates with the infraexpression of p27 and overexpression of SKP2. The study also shows gains by FISH (polisomies and amplifications) of 1q21. Conclusions This study shows that the increased expression of several molecular markers can occur in all stages of oral cancer. The genetic aberrations detected by FISH were frequently observed in malignant lesions, rarely in OLK and iexceptionally rare in benign inflammatory samples. This supports the role of CKS1B, MYC, TP53, CCDN1, ERBB2 and EGFR in the pathogenesis of the CEO. Thus, OSCC samples accumulate more aberrations than pre-malignant and benign samples, both in the genetic and proteic level, which remains in agreement with the literature. This is indicative of the chromosomal instability that characterizes these solid tumors.
Corcelles, Seuba Mariona. "Construir la veu filosòfica mitjançant l'escriptura col·laborativa: una comunitat d'aprenentatge de la Filosofia a Batxillerat". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9276.
Testo completoestudiants de filosofia de 1r de Batxillerat aprenen a desenvolupar les competències
filosòfiques de problematitzar, conceptualitzar i argumentar, les quals hem anomenat
"veu filosòfica".
És un estudi descriptiu i exploratori, amb un disseny d'anàlisi de cas que combina les
metodologies quantitativa i qualitativa. Se situa en el context natural de l'aula.
Aquest context s'ha organitzat com a comunitat d'aprenentatge i pretén esdevenir un
context dialògic i multivocal combinant la interacció entre iguals i l'ensenyament de
l'escriptura per elaborar textos argumentatius filosòfics.
L'estudi analitza, d'una banda, la qualitat filosòfica dels textos individuals i conjunts
elaborats per quatre equips al llarg de la intervenció (curs 08-09), i d'altra banda, la
qualitat filosòfica dels processos d'escriptura col·laborativa de dos equips en cinc
sessions per publicar un text filosòfic a la revista de l'institut. Per últim, també analitza
les percepcions pel que fa al context d'ensenyament i d'aprenentatge dels 48 estudiants i
el professor que han participat en la intervenció.
Els resultats mostren que hi ha millores en la qualitat filosòfica dels escrits dels
estudiants, especialment els individuals. Quant a l'anàlisi de la qualitat filosòfica dels
processos d'escriptura col·laborativa, s'observen les dificultats dels estudiants per
passar del nivell abstracte al concret i com l'escriptura col·laborativa permet concretar i
reformular les idees per construir coneixement en l'àmbit de la filosofia. Per últim, les
percepcions dels estudiants i del professor aporten valoracions positives que reforcen
aquest context educatiu i a la vegada elements per millorar-lo.
El objetivo de la investigación es mostrar cómo, mediante la escritura colaborativa,
los estudiantes de filosofía de 1º de Bachillerato aprenden a desarrollar las competencias
filosóficas de problematizar, conceptualizar, y argumentar, que hemos llamado como
"voz filosófica".
Es un estudio descriptivo y exploratorio basado en un diseño de análisis de caso que
combina metodología cuantitativa y cualitativa. Se sitúa en el contexto natural del aula.
Este contexto se ha organizado como comunidad de aprendizaje y pretende potenciar
un contexto dialógico y multivocal combinando la interacción entre iguales y la
enseñanza de la escritura para elaborar textos argumentativos filosóficos.
El estudio analiza por un lado, la calidad filosófica de los textos individuales y
conjuntos elaborados por cuatro equipos a lo largo de la intervención (curso 08-09), y
por otro lado, la calidad filosófica de los procesos de escritura colaborativa de dos
equipos a lo largo de cinco sesiones para publicar un texto filosófico en la revista del
instituto. Por último, el estudio también analiza las percepciones respecto al contexto de
enseñanza y de aprendizaje de los 48 estudiantes y el profesor que han participado en la
intervención.
Los resultados muestran que hay mejoras en la calidad filosófica de los escritos de
los estudiantes, especialmente los individuales. En el análisis de la calidad filosófica de
los procesos de escritura colaborativa, se observan las dificultades de los estudiantes
para pasar del nivel abstracto al concreto y cómo la escritura colaborativa permite
concretar y reformular las ideas para construir conocimiento en el ámbito de la filosofía.
Por último, las percepciones de los estudiantes y del profesor aportan valoraciones
positivas que refuerzan este contexto educativo y a la vez elementos para mejorarlo.
The aim of this research is to study how through collaborative writing philosophy
students in High School learn to develop philosophical skills (to ask questions, to
conceptualize, and to argue). These skills we have termed as "philosophical voice."
It is a descriptive and exploratory study based on case analysis. It combines
quantitative and qualitative methodology and it is situated in the natural classroom
context.
This educational setting is organized as a community of learning and aims to
promote a dialogic and multivocal educational context through the combination of peer
interaction and the teaching of writing to develop philosophical argumentative texts.
The study analyzes one the one hand, philosophical quality of individual and group
texts elaborated by four teams over the academic course intervention. On the other
hand, it analyzes the collaborative writing process quality of two teams over five
sessions to publish a philosophical text in the High School's Journal. Finally, the study
also examines the perceptions of the learning context of 48 students and a teacher who
participated in the intervention.
The results show, first, that there are improvements in the quality of the
philosophical writings of the students, especially the individual text. Moreover, the
analysis of the collaborative writing process show the students' difficulties in moving
from abstract to concrete level and how writing can helps to reformulate the ideas into
practice and to build knowledge in the field of Philosophy. Finally, perceptions of
students and teacher provide positive feedback to reinforce the educational context and,
at the same time, elements for his improvement.
Godoy, López Anna. "La veu del docent. Estudi de la salut vocal dels mestres i dels futurs mestres". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400471.
Testo completoThe voice is an essential work tool for teachers. Transmission of knowledge by means of oral communication is an essential practice in classrooms and, therefore, it becomes necessary for teachers to have access to all the fundamental tools to preserve their voice and to use it in favour of the communicative effectiveness of their speeches. In this context, this occupational group is one of the most affected ones by voice problems which often impede them from developing their profession with the normality and the quality required. Such quality not only refers to the expected results from the teacher's performance —the effective transmission of messages to students in support of their learning procedure and also the transmission of specific models such as vocal or communicative models— but also to their quality of life, meaning their well-being on the course of their occupation. Along these lines, it seems that providing voice training should be considered in academic programmes for future teachers since it constitutes a fundamental tenet without which the education-learning process cannot be performed effectively. One of most habitual approach for the study of this reality consists of working with questionnaires for self-perception of voice problems. In this case, the EVES questionnaire, QEVES (in Catalan: Educació per a una Veu Eficient i Sana; in English: Education for a Healthy and Efficient Voice), was employed, which includes another popular questionnaire in this field, the Voice Handicap Index, and it should be noted that it has been previously adapted to our context from a linguistic and cultural point of view. On the basis of the study of two groups —on the one hand, teachers from Granollers and Girona and, on the other hand, students from the Faculty of Education Sciences at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona where teaching of voice health and education has been provided for more than 40 years— by means of this tool (QEVES), it has been observed the existence of several stages with regard to the perception that teachers and future teachers have of their voice: periods of recovery alternate with phases of worsening hence breaking the conception of a linear progression and leading, inevitably, to a vocal health's deterioration as their professional career progresses. Thus, taking into account that the possibility to set negative tendencies right without the need of a previously determined action plan has been observed, doors are open to study the factors that could have influence on an improvement of the voice condition in order to employ them consciously in favour of the maintenance of the vocal health all along the course of the teacher's profession.
Soriano, Moya Isabel. "El canvi de registre en la veu cantada i les accions teatrals: un estudi exploratori". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/367451.
Testo completoThe main subject of our research is the change of vocal register from M1 (chest voice) to M2 (head voice) in the female singing voices, more specifically, in singer-actresses. This study is an exploration work whose aim is to investigate, understand and analyse, from a perspective of the own experience, how singer-actresses manage their change of register when performing theatrical actions and how they approach it in teaching. Thus, our research takes data out of the vocal behavior, but in real situations created within an artistic context, in order to analyse the postponement of the register change from M1 to M2 when performing theatrical actions.
Domingo, Villanueva Enric. "Alteracions de la VIA RAS-RAF en càncer gastrointestinal amb defectes de reparació genòmica". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/1880.
Testo completoEn aquesta tesi hem volgut determinar possibles associacions moleculars o clínico-patològiques de la mutació V600E que permetin explicar l'alta capacitat tumorogènica d'aquesta mutació en aquest tipus específic de tumor. Així, en càncer gàstric, que en MSI presenta un patró mutacional molt semblant al colorectal, no hem detectat mutacions de BRAF, ni en casos estables (MSS) ni en MSI, mentre que si que hem confirmat l'associació d'aquesta mutació a MSI en CCR. Sorprenentment, les mutacions de KRAS en càncer gàstric també s'associen significativament a MSI, mentre que en CCR es troben a ambdós fenotips (MSS i MSI).
Per un altre costat, en CCR MSI esporàdic, que sol estar provocat per l'hipermetilació del gen MLH1, no hem trobat cap associació de BRAF-V600E amb mutacions als gens KRAS, APC ni p53. En canvi, si que hem detectat una clara associació de V600E amb l'hipermetilació de MLH1. A més, analitzant els mateixos tumors per la metilació dels gens p16, p14, RASSF1A, APC, MGMT i THBS1 hem associat BRAF-V600E i l'hipermetilació de MLH1 a un estat d'hipermetilació genòmica. D'una altra banda, no hem trobat cap associació de BRAF amb cap característica clínico-patològica a excepció de la localització ja que BRAF-V600E es detecta significativament en els casos proximals. També hem analitzat casos de CCR de pacients HNPCC, que tenen MSI per mutacions germinals enlloc de per metilació. No hem detectat cap mutació V600E de BRAF en aquests tumors, tant si tenen mutacions germinals a MLH1, MSH2 o MSH6 o no tenen mutació coneguda però compleixen criteris clínics com els d'Amsterdam o els de Bethesda més estrictes. Això confirma que V600E no es dóna específicament als casos MSI sinó en els casos amb hipermetilació de MLH1, i que aquests solen tenir més metilació genòmica que la resta de tumors.
Apart, també hem analitzat KRAS en casos de CCR MSS, MSI esporàdics amb i sense hipermetilació de MLH1 i HNPCC. Així, la freqüència de mutacions a KRAS és més alta si no hi ha hipermetilació de MLH1, independentment del seu origen esporàdic o hereditari. No obstant, en els casos esporàdics aquestes mutacions afecten sobretot al codó 12 mentre que en els casos hereditaris afecten al codó 12 i al 13 equitativament. A més, els casos HNPCC amb mutació a MLH1 tenen una freqüència de mutacions a KRAS menor que si la mutació germinal té lloc a MSH2 o MSH6. Finalment, les diferències mutacionals de KRAS i BRAF en CCR esporàdic i hereditari suggereixen una modulació diferent de la via Ras-Raf-MAPK així com una possible activació d'altres vies moleculars alternatives depenent de l'estat en que es trobi el fons genètic i epigenètic del tumor. A més, l'absència total de la mutació V600E de BRAF a HNPCC la converteix en una eina fiable, ràpida i de baix cost per al diagnòstic molecular com a criteri d'exclusió de càncer familiar.
The Ras-Raf-MAPK pathway regulates functions such as cell proliferation, transformation and apoptosis. In cancer activating mutations are present in the three Ras genes (KRAS, HRAS and NRAS) and in one Raf gene (BRAF). Moreover, Ras and Raf mutations hardly ever are found together in the same tumor suggesting that they activate the same pathway. In colorectal cancer (CRC) the BRAF hotspot mutation V600E is associated to microsatellite instability (MSI), which is characterised by insertion/deletion mutations in repetitive sequences. Here we have determined possible molecular or clinico-pathological associations of V600E to understand its higher tumorogenic capabilities in this subset of tumors.
We found that BRAF was not mutated in gastric cancer with MSI or without (MSS), although gastric and colorectal MSI tumors presented the same mutational patterns. Interestingly, gastric cancer only presented KRAS mutations in MSI tumors. Furthermore, in sporadic MSI CRC (which is usually caused by MLH1 hypermethylation) BRAF-V600E was not associated to KRAS, APC or p53 mutations but it was to MLH1 hypermethylation and to genomic hypermethylation after analysing p16, p14, RASSF1A, APC, MGMT and THBS1. In addition, V600E was associated significantly to tumors located in the proximal colon. Moreover, tumors from HNPCC (a hereditary form of MSI cancer caused by germline mutations in mismatch repair genes) never had V600E mutations.
We have also analysed KRAS in CRC showing MSS, sporadic MSI with or without MLH1 hypermethylation and HNPCC. We found that KRAS mutation frequency is higher if MLH1 is not hypermethylated, independently of its sporadic or hereditary origin. And although in sporadic tumors these mutations are located in codon 12, in the hereditary ones they are located in codons 12 or 13 equally. Furthermore, HNPCC tumors carrying germline MLH1 mutations have less KRAS mutations than tumors with germline mutations in MSH2 or MSH6. Finally, we concluded that KRAS and BRAF differences in sporadic and hereditary CRC suggest a different Ras-Raf-MAPK modulation and possible alternative activation pathways depending on the genetic and epigenetic background of the tumor. Moreover, V600E is a reliable, fast and cheap tool for HNPCC diagnosis to exclude a hereditary origin.
Purroy, Lledós Rosa. "Cardiomiòcits de rata com a model d'Atàxia de Friedreich: alteracions cel·lulars i aproximacions terapèutiques". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665220.
Testo completoLa Ataxia de Friedreich es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa hereditaria con afectación cardíaca para la cual no existe ninguna terapia efectiva. Está causada por una disminución de la proteína mitocondrial frataxina. Actualmente, la función precisa de esta proteína está en discusión pero se asocia con la homeostasis del hierro y el estrés oxidativo. Para estudiar las consecuencias de la falta de frataxina se ha utilizado un modelo cardíaco basado en cultivos primarios de cardiomiocitos de ratas neonatales. En este trabajo se ha detectado que el déficit de frataxina provoca i) alteración del poros de transición de permeabilidad mitocondrial (MPTP), ii) disminución de los niveles de NCLX, exportador de calcio mitocondrial i iii) activación de la vía citosólica calcineurina/NFAT, inductora de la hipertrofia. También se ha estudiado el estrés oxidativo detectando alteraciones en los niveles de glutatión y en el estado redox de los complejos mitocondriales PDH y KGDH. Finalmente, la utilización de compuestos para revertir este fenotipo, como antioxidantes o inhibidores del MPTP, abren una nueva estrategia terapéutica.
Friedreich Ataxia is an inherited neurodegenerative disease with cardiac alterations and without any effective therapy. It is caused by a decrease of the mitochondrial protein frataxin. Nowadays, the exact function of this protein is still under discussion but it is related to iron homeostasis and oxidative stress. To study the frataxin deficiency consequences we have used a cardiac model based on primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyocytess. In this work it has been detected that frataxin deficiency causes i) mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) alterations, ii) mitochondrial calcium exporter NCLX decrease and iii) activation of calcineurin/NFAT cytosolic pathway that induces hypertrophy. Moreover, oxidative stress has been also studied detecting alterations of the glutathione levels and the redox state of PDH and KGDH mitochondrial complexes. Finally, the use of compounds to revert this phenotype, such as antioxidants or MPTP inhibitors, opens a new therapeutic strategy.
Sánchez, García Olga. "Estudi de les alteracions en la funció hepàtica provocada per la sialodenectomia en el ratolí". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/1013.
Testo completoPer tal d'assolir aquest objectiu, vam estudiar l'efecte de l'EGF en dos models d'estrès totalment diferents: un model d'estrès social i un model d'estrès físic-immune.
Concretament per induir estrès social vam emprar el que es coneix amb el nom de "paradigma intrús-resident" que consisteix en la defensa que fa un mascle del seu territori (resident) enfront mascles intrusos. I per altra banda, vam provocar l'estrès físic-immune mitjançant l'administració d'una dosi subletal d'endotoxina bacteriana o LPS.
Els resultats obtinguts en els estudis realitzats "in vivo" mostren com en tots dos models d'estrès emprats, es produeix una secreció d'EGF des de les glàndules salivals submaxil·lars (SMG) (més important en el model d'estrès social) i un augment de glucocorticoides circulants al plasma (corticosterona). Tot i això, aquest EGF secretat de forma aguda no exerceix una acció hepatoprotectora, ni en l'estrès generat per la confrontació entre mascles, ni en la resposta inflamatòria desenvolupada per la endotoxina bacteriana. Aquest fet l'hem comprovat gràcies a la utilització d'un inhibidor específic del receptor d'EGF (EGFR o ErbB1), com és la tirfostina AG-1478, ja que bloquejant l'acció de l'EGF secretat no empitjoren les lesions hepàtiques que aquests dos models d'estrès generen. En canvi hem pogut detectar que els animals sense glàndules, animals sialoadenectomitzats (SIALO) desenvolupen unes lesions hepàtiques més greus (transaminases més elevades al plasma i lesions histopatològiques més importants), i pateixen una major mortalitat en resposta a dosis elevades de LPS. Pensem que aquest efecte és degut a que les alteracions en l'estructura hepàtica, fruit de la manca transitòria d'EGF circulant després de la sialoadenectomia, afecta al balanç que s'estableix entre els factors pro-inflamatoris (TFN i IL-6) i antiinflamatoris (IL-10 i corticosterona), fet que hem pogut observar gràcies als nostres estudis realitzats "ex vivo" mitjançant la perfusió externa de fetge de ratolí. Aquest desequilibri podria explicar la major sensibilitat a l'endotoxina bacteriana que detectem en els animals sialoadenectomitzats.
The term "stress" has several different meanings; in biomedicine, stress often refers to situations in which the adrenal glucocorticoids and cathecolamines are elevated because of an experience. This increase is caused by the activation of both the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPAA) and the Medulo-Adrenal System (MAS).
The main source of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) is the submandibular salivary glands (SMGs). Cathecolamines stimulate the release of EGF from SMGs into saliva (exocrine secretion) and plasma (endocrine secretion). After that, EGF interferes with the main acticons of these hormones. Specifically, it has been described that EGF interferes both lipolysis in adipose tissue and glycogenolysis in the liver and it also prevents tissue injury in cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems. For this reason, the aim of this study was to analyze if EGF can also prevent hepatic injury caused by acute stress.
In order to achieve the main objective of this work, we studied the action of EGF in two different stress models: a model of social stress (intruder-resident paradigm) and a model of physical-immune stress (administration of bacterial endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide).
The "in vivo" results showed that stress causes an elevation of EGF and adrenal glucococorticoids (corticosterone) in plasma. However, EGF did not prevent hepatic damage. This data was further confirmed using tyrphostin AG1478, an specific inhibitor of EGF receptor (ErbB1). In spite of this, we noted that sialoadenecomized mice (mice without submandibular salivary glands) developed more important hepatic damage than sham operated animals. Thus, we hipothetize that the alteration of parenchymal structure of the liver afect natural inflammatory response.
Navarro, Sastre Aleix. "Bases bioquímiques i genètiques de les deplecions De mtDNA i de les alteracions de NFU1". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/117464.
Testo completoMitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion syndromes (MDS) and NFU1 defects are two groups of diseases affecting crucial mitochondrial pathways of energetic metabolism. Clinically, patients affected of mtDNA depletion displayed a wide range of symptoms, depending on the altered gene. The clinical symptoms are severe and in most cases lead to death of the patient. Patients with NFU1 mutations, described for the first time in this paper, present a more homogeneous clinical phenotype, characterized by fatal infantile encephalopathy and / or pulmonary hypertension. NFU1 patients also showed a peculiar, but well defined, biochemical phenotype, presenting with lactic acidosis, hyperglycinemia and deficiency of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. The main objective of the present thesis is to improve and to implement new methods for the diagnosis and understanding of the pathophysiology of these deficiencies. To this goal, a real-time PCR technique has been developed to study the mtDNA copy number and its relationship to citrate synthase activity in MDS patients. In addition, mtDNA depletion has been studied in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues, an important source of biological material never used for this purpose. We studied 50 paediatric individuals suspected to have mtDNA depletion and the appropriate MDS genes have been screened according to their clinical and biochemical phenotypes. Mutational study of DGUOK, MPV17, SUCLA2, SUCLG1 and POLG allowed us to identify 4 novel mutations; c.70+5G>A in MPV17, c.1048G>A and c.1049G>T in SUCLA2 and c.531+4A>T in SUCLG1, and 7 already known mutations in 10 patients (8 families). When possible, we quantified mtDNA/nDNA and CS activity in the same tissue sample, providing an additional tool for the study of MDS. The ratio (mtDNA/nDNA)/CS has shed some light in the discrepant results between the mtDNA copy number and the enzymatic respiratory chain activities of some cases. Using homozigosity mapping, we identified a homozygous missense mutation in NFU1 gene (c.622G> T, p.Gly208Cys), which encodes a conserved protein suggested to participate in Fe-S cluster biogenesis. This is the first time that a clinical phenotype has been associated with mutations to NFU1. The biochemical phenotype suggested an impaired activity of the Fe-S enzyme lipoic acid synthase (LAS), a protein that requires Fe-S cluster as a cofactor. Direct measurement of protein-bound lipoic acid in individual tissues indeed showed marked decreases, which suggested a lack of LAS activity. Human cell models studies showed that NFU1 protein is required as sulfur donor for the biosynthesis of lipoic acid and it performs a specific function in mitochondrial Fe-S proteins maturation, particularly succinate dehydrogenase and LAS (SDH). Clinical, biochemical and genetic description of NFU1 disease is very important for the diagnosis of new patients and will allow us to find other genes involved in the biosynthesis of lipoic acid, and provided the basis for the future design of new therapeutic strategies.
Planas, Bas Raquel. "Perfils d'expressió gènica i alteracions immunològiques identificades a l'òrgan diana de la diabetis tipus 1". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3842.
Testo completoEn aquesta Tesi Doctoral es descriuen els perfils d'expressió gènica d'una col.lecció generada pel nostre grup de mostres pancreàtiques de pacients en diferents fases de progressió de la malaltia -inici clínic, inici recent i cronificació-. Els perfils descrits mitjançant microarrays demostren l'augment d'expressió de gens del sistema immunitari, destacant les vies de presentació antigènica, molècules d'adhesió, resposta humoral, factors inflamatoris i de la immunitat innata i gens amb funció immunoreguladora. Les dades posen de manifest la persistència de la resposta inflamatòria i immunitària al llarg dels anys, essent més prominent en pàncrees total que en illots purificats. El teixit exocrí presenta una reducció de trànscrits a l'inici clínic i una afectació inflamatòria. Als illots, a més de la reducció de trànscrits propis de cèl.lules β, destaca la reducció de trànscrits del sistema nerviós i la sobreexpressió de factors que reflexen un intent de regeneració insular.
Per la caracterització del pàncrees en la DT1 s'ha estudiat també el microquimerisme matern, com a fenòmen associat a l'autoimmunitat. La presència de cèl.lules d'origen matern, capaces de travessar la barrera fetoplacentària durant l'embaràs i d'implantar-se en teixits de l'hoste, s'ha associat a diverses malalties autoimmunitàries. Tot i que és una hipòtesi encara per demostrar, les cèl.lules maternes podrien ser cèl.lules potencialment autoreactives, cèl.lules diana de l'autoimmunitat -per la seva semial.logenicitat- o bé cèl.lules amb funció reparadora o de regeneració. En aquest estudi s'identifica la presència de cèl.lules β d'origen matern. Les cèl.lules pancreàtiques d'origen matern es detecten en major freqüència en pacients que en controls.
Una alternativa a la manca d'accés al teixit diana en la DT1 són els models experimentals de la malaltia. El ratolí no obès diabètic (NOD) és un model espontani de diabetis autoimmunitària àmpliament estudiat que desenvolupa una patogènesi amb característiques similars a la DT1 humana. En aquesta Tesi Doctoral es defineixen alteracions a l'òrgan diana del model derivat NOD RIP-IFNβ, ratolins transgènics que expressen la citocina antiviral i proinflamatòria IFNβ a les cèl.lules β. Aquests ratolins desenvolupen una DT1 agressiva amb un alt component d'immunitat innata i característiques més semblants a la DT1 humana, com l'edat d'inici prematura i la mateixa incidència entre sexes. En la diabetis mediada per IFNβ s'observa un augment d'expressió de citocines i quimiocines proinflamatòries en pàncrees, contribuïnt a la DT1 prematura amb un alt component d'immunitat innata. Paral.lelament, també es detecta un augment de Reg2 -factor de regeneració β i autoantigen en DT1- a les cèl.lules β, concordant amb la inflamació, amb una hiperplàsia insular i amb l'acceleració de la malaltia.
Les alteracions immunològiques identificades i descrites en aquesta Tesi Doctoral demostren que l'autoimmunitat a l'òrgan diana de la DT1 és un procés extraordinàriament més complex del que s'havia descrit fins l'actualitat. Els resultats obtinguts indiquen que l'autoimmunitat contra les cèl.lules β és un procés crònic en el que hi intervenen factors inflamatoris i de la immunitat innata, i que progressa malgrat els intents d'immunoregulació i regeneració als illots pancreàtics.
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease caused by the selective destruction of insulin- producing pancreatic β cells. T1D aetiology is unknown, although genetic, enviromental and stochastic susceptibility factors are involved in the disease. During the last years, few immunological alterations have been identified in the pancreases from T1D patients, such as the presence of a leukocytic infiltrate in the islets. The study of these processes has been difficulted by the lack of access to the pancreatic tissue. Therefore, the features of autoimmunity in T1D are based on a limited number of observations.
In this Doctoral Thesis, gene expression profiles for a collection of pancreatic samples generated by our group at different disease checkpoints -clinical onset, recent onset and longstanding- have been defined. It has been established a comparison between total pancreas and its purified endocrine component (target). The profiles described by microarray analysis demonstrate the gene expression increase of immune system genes, highlighting pathways such as antigen presentation, adhesion molecules, humoral response, inflammation, innate immunity and immunoregulation. These data evidence the persistence of inflammatory and immune response at chronic stages, being more prominent in the total pancreas than in purified islets. Exocrine tissue shows a reduction of transcripts at the clinical onset and a production of inflammatory factors. In the islets, besides the reduction of β cell transcripts, there is a downregulation of nervous system genes and an overexpression of genes that suggest an attempt of islet regeneration.
During the caractherization of T1D pancreases, maternal microchimerism has also been studied, as a phenomenon associated to autoimmunity. The presence of cells of maternal origin, able to cross the placental barrier during pregnancy and to implant in the host tissues, has been associated to many autoimmune diseases. Hypothetically, but not still demonstrated, cells of maternal origin could be potentially autoreactive cells, target cells of the autoimmune response -because of their semiallogenicity- or cells with a repair/regeneration function. In this study, the presence of β cells of maternal origin has been identified. Pancreatic cells of maternal origin are found in a higher frequency in patients than in controls.
An alternative to the lack of access to the target tissue in T1D is the study of experimental models of the disease. Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse is a spontaneous model of autoimmune diabetes widely studied that develops a pathogenesis with similar features to human T1D. In this Doctoral Thesis, many alterations have been defined in the target organ of the NOD-derived model NOD RIP-IFNβ, a mice model expressing transgenically the antiviral and proinflammatory cytokine IFNβ in the β cells. These mice develop an agressive T1D with a strong innate immunity component and show features more similar to human T1D such as the juvenile onset and the equal sex incidence. In T1D mediated by IFNβ, an increase in pancreatic proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines has been found, contributing to the premature onset with a strong innate immunity component. In parallel, an increase in Reg2 expression -regeneration factor and T1D autoantigen- has been found in β cells, according to the inflammatory response, the insular hyperplasia and the acceleration of the disease.
The immunological alterations identified and described in this Doctoral Thesis demonstrate that autoimmunity in the target organ of T1D is a process extraordinarily more complex than previously described. The data obtained indicate that autoimmunity against β cells is a chronic process, in which inflammatory and innate immunity factors participate and that progresses instead of the attempts of immunoregulation and islet regeneration.
Aulí, Casacuberta Mariona. "Alteracions motores i neurals en un model de colitis induïda per Trichinella spiralis en rata". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3786.
Testo completoS'ha utilitzat la tècnica del bany d'òrgans aïllat per l'estudi de l'activitat mecànica, els microelèctrodes intracel·lulars per l'estudi de l'activitat elèctrica i tècniques d'immunohistoquímca i/o immunofluorescència pel marcatge de neurotransmissors i la caracterització de determinats tipus cel·lulars.
Les rates infectades presenten 2 períodes de disminució d'ingesta i pes. El primer es dóna entre el dia 1 i 4 post infecció (PI) i el segon entre els dies 11 i 15 PI, a partir del dia 15 les rates es recuperen sense arribar als valors observats en els animals control. Les rates infectades presenten a més a més leucocitosi amb neutrofília i eosinofília del dia 6 al 21 PI. La consistència de les femtes disminueix i la presència de mucus augmenta del dia 2 al 20 PI. Les troballes histològiques en aquest model consisteixen en: atròfia epitelial, edema, hiperplàsia de la mucosa i edema de la submucosa a dia 2 PI; microúlceres i larves en la mucosa i edema submucós sever amb augment de l'infiltrat inflamatori a dia 6 PI; a dia 14 PI s'observa regeneració de la mucosa i presència d'algunes larves; a dia 30 PI no s'observa cap tipus de lesió inflamatòria. El nombre de cèl·lules immunoreactives a l'OX-6, que reconeix l'antigen del complex major d'histocompatibilitat de tipus II (MHCII), es troba dramàticament incrementat al plexe mientèric i submucós de les rates infectades (6-14 PI). El nombre de cèl·lules immunoreactives a l'ED1, que s'expressa en monòcits i macròfags de rata, es troba molt incrementat en ambdós plexes submucosos dels animals infectats. La inflamació colònica induïda amb T. spiralis també es caracteritza per un increment en l'expressió de la iNOS a l'epiteli i infiltrat inflamatori de la mucosa i submucosa, i s'associa a la disminució de la motilitat colònica observada en les rates infectades. Les tires circulars del còlon d'aquestes rates presenten a més a més una resposta disminuïda a l'acetilcolina i/o al clorur potàssic; en canvi, la depleció del calci intracel·lular disminueix més marcadament la contracció induïda per acetilcolina en les rates infectades. Aquesta troballa suggereix que la utilització del calci extracel·lular pot estar alterada durant la inflamació colònica per T. spiralis. El potencial de membrana de les cèl·lules musculars llises del còlon inflamat es troba més hiperpolaritzat que en animals control. Els potencials d'unió de tipus inhibitori (IJPs) tenen una durada disminuïda en el còlon inflamat, fet que suggereix una disminució en l'alliberament d'òxid nítric des de les motoneurones inhibidores del plexe mientèric. La disminució en el nombre de neurones immunoreactives a la nNOS observada en el plexe mientèric de rates infectades, pot explicar la disminució observada en la durada dels IJPs.
El model de colitis induïda per l'administració intra rectal de larves de T. spiralis presenta semblances amb la colitis ulcerosa, tant pel que fa el curs clínic com les troballes histològiques i les alteracions funcionals. La presència de macròfags ED1 positius que expressen MHC II podrien mediar els canvis neurals i alteracions musculars que s'observen en aquest model; per altre costat, l'increment en l'expressió de la iNOS contribueix a l'increment de l'activtat d'aquest enzim i dóna lloc a la formació de quantitats molt grans d'òxid nítric. L'increment en la síntesi d'òxid nítric és un factor determinant per l'agreujament de la inflamació contribuint al desenvolupament de dany tissular, i pot ser considerat un factor rellevant en la disminució de motilitat i contractilitat que observem en aquest model.
We intended to study to what extent T. spiralis-induced colitis shares similarities with UC and may thus be useful as a model of such human disease
Colitis was induced by an intra-colonic enema of T. spiralis larvae. We examined the temporal relationship between the severity of inflammation and the altered contractility of the underlying circular muscle as well as the role of NANC inhibitory pathways in the disruption of the motility pattern. Colitis was induced by intrarectal administration of T. spiralis larvae. Responses to acetylcholine (ACh) and increased extracellular potassium as well as the effect of tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 µM), L-nitro-N-arginine (L-NOARG, 1 mM) and apamin (1 µM) were determined in vitro in the organ bath with circular muscle strips from sham and infected rats at days 2-30 postinfection (PI). Microelectrode recordings were performed to study the putative changes in electrical activity of colonic smooth muscle cells. Whole mounts preparations of the SMP and MP were used for immunofluorescence studies.
Altered stool consistency was found from day 1 to 21 PI; leukocytosis peaked on days 6-21 PI. Edema and cell infiltration were found in mucosa and submucosa (day 2-14 PI). Contractility displayed a disorganized pattern with decreased high amplitude low frequency (HALF) contractions. A progressive fading of spontaneous activity was observed and was partly restored in strips devoid of submucosa. iNOS immunoreactivity increased in epithelial and infiltrating cells (days 2-14 PI). Responses to ACh and KCl were decreased at all days PI compared to sham. Intracellular calcium depletion had a greater inhibitory effect in inflamed tissue (6-14 PI). The effect of TTX, L-NOARG and apamin on the spontaneous contractions was found to be altered in all infected rats, i.e. their effects were transient and milder. Inflamed tissue showed lower resting membrane potential and a decreased duration of inhibitory junction potentials induced by electrical stimulation. PGP9.5-immunoreactive neurons were decreased in the myenteric plexus (MP) and were significantly reduced in the submucous plexus (SMP) at 14 days PI. Substance P innervation of submucosal blood vessels was also reduced after infection. No changes in vasoactive intestinal peptide, choline acetyl transferase and CGRP immunoreactivity were observed.
These data suggest that the decreased contractility of colonic circular smooth muscle induced by the intrarectal T. spiralis infection results from NO generated from mucosal and submucosal iNOS, the impairment of the excitation-contraction coupling, from a persistent hyperpolarization of smooth muscle cells and from impaired NANC inhibitory neurotransmission. The reduction in NOS neurons appears to underlie changes in gut motility. Macrophages are found extensively in the enteric plexuses and may play a pivotal role in the neuromuscular alterations.
This model of colitis bears some traits with changes observed in ulcerative colitis and might thus be useful to study the dismotility observed in this human disease.
Cruz, i. Gallach Helena. "La veu de la ciutadania en el planejament urbanístic. Una reflexió sobre la conflictivitat territorial a Catalunya". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/51423.
Testo completoThis doctoral thesis analyzes the role of urban planning and of the participation channels established during its elaboration and execution. Moreover, it reflects on the capacity and adaptation of participation channels as mechanisms to manage and resolve land-use conflicts. To reach this aim, the research has focused the attention on three main questions. First of all, the thesis covers during the last fifty years the concept of urban planning as an instrument of governance of the territory transformations. As a result, it pays attention to the type of approved plans, to the worries and themes faced and to the role undertaken by the responsible politicians and technicians in its elaboration. Secondly, the thesis explores the participation channels that are at the disposal of the citizens and that have been established in the elaboration and execution of urban planning in Catalonia. The research investigates which possibilities of participation the law has offered and which measures have been undertaken by the administration in order to answer to citizens’ demands; it does so focusing both on the structured and official processes and on spontaneous and informal initiatives. All that to consider if the urban planning methods engaged during the last decades have permitted to set up the adequate participation channels, in order that citizens can take part in the process of the city building. Starting from these two research themes, a third one is treated: the inquire of which characters the land-use conflicts present. The thesis studies, on the one hand, the factors contributing to the appearance of land-use conflicts and, on the other one, the groups taking part to them -focusing on retracing its mobilization strategies and the reasoning they build. So, the thesis analyzes how the opposition organizes itself and also the reactions adopted by promoters. Since the research assumes a theoretical formulation, to face these three objectives it has been adopted a qualitative methodology, based on talks with informants, deep structured interviews, a wide and detailed bibliographic research and the ongoing study of a full range of land-use conflicts that, even if they are not study cases, some of them accompany the work in an illustrative way.
Comas, Sàbat Marta. "La veu de les famílies en el sistema educatiu: aposta pel bé comú o estratègia de clausura?" Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663950.
Testo completoThis doctoral thesis explores the participation of families in the school from an unprecedented perspective, since it conceptualizes the families’ movements within education as political subjects with a voice and impact on the educational system. What set this research into motion are the nature and effects of this advocacy capacity, asking whether it is a collective movement for the improvement of the right to education, or if it responds to particular interests of retrenchment of class, which are more typical of a closure strategy. Finally, this dissertation will observe the effects of the families’ collective action in terms of equity. The three dimensions of analysis are: politics, community, and status. At the political level, this thesis focuses on the democracy crisis and the way in which the neoliberal paradigm has impacted the educational policies, orienting them to the market. At the community level, it focuses on the difficulty of building stable connections in the contemporary context where the desire for community confronts individualism. Regarding the social ladder structure, this study analyses from classical authors of cultural reproduction to contemporary authors that study educational inequalities, incorporating the expressive dimension and family expectations of education, and emphasizes the parental behaviour of the middle classes and the way they interact with the educational market. The context in which this research is framed started on 15 May 2011, when the population took to the street due to sustained years of economic crisis, the wear and tear by the institutional crisis, and the disaffection toward a system that no longer guaranteed quality basic public services. The new wave of hope for politics had an impact on the family movements within education, which were added to the waves of citizens protesting against cuts and demanding quality public education. The results are based on an ethnography made during the 2015-16 academic year in the neighbourhood of Poblenou in Barcelona. The results show that family movements are mainly composed of middle class individuals with high cultural capital and that there is a clear internal bipolarity between mobilization for the common good and mobilization for particular interest, which coincides with the interest of class. Today, families in Barcelona are empowered and have a great capacity to speak up; the educational administration takes them into account at critical moments but still does not incorporate them as full-fledged subjects within the governance structures. Furthermore, the particular value of the collective action of families in education is the community backbone, especially due to the work of the “Ampes” and coordinators. The families and the school environment created strong ties, which are related to the engagement with the neighbourhood and made a practice of political nature possible. These links are based on the commitment toward what is shared, but are based on the particular way in which parents are concerned about their children’s education. These ties are especially strong because they have the particularity of being at the intersection between the private, intimate, and public sphere, maintaining a social base that is involved when needed. When people are outraged, they activate and jump in the public arena to speak up. The downside is the weak contribution in terms of equity achieved by the movements, which from their discursive position have put the fight against segregation on the agenda, but have hardly been able to compensate for the options of choice for middle-class families, which make up a polarized educational market against which the administrations should act firmly.
Sebastián, Lázaro Diana. "La veu, la parla i el llenguatge de les persones amb la síndrome de deleció de 22q11". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671322.
Testo completoEl síndrome de deleción de 22q11 (S22q11) está considerado una enfermedad rara, ya que afecta a menos de 5 de cada 10.000 habitantes. Las personas con el S22q11 pueden presentar alteraciones congénitas cardiovasculares, anomalías del paladar, hipocalcemia, inmunodeficiencia y rasgos faciales típicos. La evidencia disponible sugiere un fenotipo conductual característico, con trastornos del comportamiento, psiquiátricos, neuropsicológicos y lingüísticos. El objetivo de esta tesis ha sido definir el perfil lingüístico de una muestra de personas con el S22q11 que viven en España. La presente tesis comprende un total de tres estudios (dos publicados y uno en proceso de revisión). La muestra del primero estuvo formada por 17 participantes de entre 3 años y 3 meses y 13 años y 9 meses (9,4 ± 3,5 años) y la del segundo y el tercer estudio por 30 sujetos de entre 5 y 21 años y 6 meses (12,14 ± 4,20) con el S22q11. La evaluación de los participantes consistió en realizar registros de voz y administrar diferentes pruebas: sección sobre los órganos fonoarticulatorios de la prueba “Exploración del Lenguaje Comprensivo y Expresivo”, sección de discriminación auditiva de “L’exploració del llenguatge en el nen”, “Evaluación fonológica del habla infantil” o “Avaluació del desenvolupament fonològic en nens catalanoparlants de 3 a 7 anys”, “Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals - 4” en su versión española y el test de fluidez fonológica verbal. Para obtener los datos se realizó una entrevista semiestructurada a los padres y se les pidió que respondieran el cuestionario “Children’s Communication Checklist” en su versión española. Los resultados, en cuanto a la voz, muestran que algunos participantes presentan un tono más agudo de lo esperado por sexo y edad y otros más grave; la mitad manifiestan una intensidad disminuida; y la mayoría presentan alteraciones del timbre, entre las que destacan la hipernasalidad y la ronquera. Respecto al habla, los niños más pequeños presentan un retraso en la adquisición de fonemas orales en comparación con sus iguales con desarrollo típico, y la mayoría emplean la oclusiva glótica (?) como sonido compensatorio. Los sujetos de mayor edad todavía presentan dificultades específicas en la producción de determinados sonidos. Los participantes muestran, en general, un nivel bajo en todas las áreas del lenguaje, y dificultades tanto en pragmática como en relación social. Por lo tanto, los participantes presentan un perfil lingüístico propio en cuanto a la voz, el habla y el lenguaje. Es imprescindible ampliar estos hallazgos con estudios más amplios.
22q11 deletion syndrome (S22q11) is considered a rare disease, due to the fact that it affects less than 5 out of 10,000 inhabitants. People with S22q11 may present cardiovascular congenital defects, palate abnormalities, hypocalcemia, immunodeficiency, and typical facial features. The available evidence suggests a characteristic behavioral phenotype, with behavioral, psychiatric, neuropsychological, and linguistic disorders. The objective of this thesis has been to define the linguistic profile of a sample of people with S22q11 living in Spain. This thesis comprises a total of three studies (two already published and one in the process of revision). The sample of the first one was formed by 17 participants aged between 3 years and 3 months and 13 years and 9 months (9.4 ± 3.5 years) and as for the second and third studies, they were formed by 30 subjects between 5 and 21 years of age and 6 months (12.14 ± 4.20) with S22q11. The evaluation of the participants consisted of recording voice samples and administering different tests: the phonoarticulatory organs section of the test on the “Exploración del Lenguaje Comprensivo y Expresivo”, the auditory discrimination section of “L’exploració del llenguatge en el nen”, “Evaluación fonológica del habla infantil” or “Avaluació del desenvolupament fonològic en nens catalanoparlants de 3 a 7 anys”, “Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals - 4” in its Spanish version and the verbal phonological fluency test. To obtain the data, a semi-structured interview was carried out with the parents and they were asked to respond the questionnaire “Children’s Communication Checklist” in its Spanish version. The results, in terms of voice, show that some participants present a higher pitched voice than expected by sex and age and others a lower pitched voice; half show a decreased intensity; and they present alterations of the timbre, among which the hypernasality and the hoarseness stand out. Regarding speech, younger children have a delay in the acquisition of oral phonemes compared to their peers with typical development, and most use the glottal stop (?) as a compensatory sound. Older subjects still have specific difficulties in producing certain sounds. The participants show, in general, a low level in all areas of language, and difficulties both in pragmatics and in social relationships. Therefore, the participants present a specific linguistic profile in terms of voice, speech and language. It is essential to expand these findings with larger studies.
Ferrer, Andrés Elisabet. "Alteracions vasculars pulmonars induïdes per l’exposició a fum de tabac en un model animal de MPOC". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31871.
Testo completoPULMONARY VASCULAR ALTERATIONS INDUCED BY EXPOSURE TO CIGARETTE SMOKE IN AN ANIMAL MODEL OF COPD There are evidences that changes in the function of pulmonary circulation, which occur in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), have their origins in the injury of endothelial cells and are caused by smoking. However, the development of pulmonary hypertension is associated with hypoxemia in the presence of more severe stages of the disease. Our hypothesis is that cigarette smoke is the key initiator of the process and that the combination of smoke and hypoxia plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension in COPD. Given this background, this project has two objectives. 1: Develop an experimental guinea pig model of pulmonary disease induced by cigarette smoke exposure, addressed to evaluate the pathogenic mechanisms of pulmonary circulation alterations. 2: Study the effects of the exposure to cigarette smoke and chronic hypoxia as separated and / or combined stimuli, on pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) and pulmonary vascular remodeling in the same animal model. To do this, there two studies will be performed: 1) 35 guinea pigs exposed to 7 cigarettes per day, 5 days a week for a period of 3 (n = 15) and 6 months (n = 20). A control group (n = 17) sham exposed for the same time and under the same conditions. The variables studied are: endothelial function in organ bath, vessel morphometry and pulmonary emphysema. 2) 32 guinea pigs exposed to the smoke of 5 cigarettes / day, 5 days / week for 12 weeks. Another 32 guinea pigs will be sham exposed during the same period of time. 16 guinea pigs from each group will also be exposed to chronic hypoxia (12% O2) in a normobaric chamber 24h/day over the last 15 days. The variables studied are: PAP, the weight ratio of right ventricle / left ventricle + septum weight and degree of pulmonary vascular remodeling.
Solé, Cabezuelo Brissa. "Alteracions neurocognitives en el trastorn bipolar tipus II: relació amb el funcionament psicosocial i rehabilitació cognitiva". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/380037.
Testo completoPatients with Bipolar Disorder (BD) show broad cognitive impairments that persist during euthymia despite remission of mood symptoms. Cognitive deficits in BD are associated with impairments in functional outcome and quality of life. Thus, improving cognitive functioning is an important treatment goal in people with BD. Bipolar II disorder subtype (BD-II) has been underdiagnosed in clinical practice, therefore, many aspects of BD-II are still understudied such as neurocognitive functioning. In the present thesis, a systematic review of literature regarding neurocognition in BD-II was carried out. Then, we assessed a sample of strictly defined BD-II euthymic patients to compare it with a sample of healthy controls (HC) to elucidate the neuropsychological profile of this bipolar subtype. A second objective was to study the relationship between neurocognitive performance and functional outcome. BD-II patients showed a significantly lower performance on several measures of attention, learning and verbal memory, and executive function compared with HC. The presence of subthreshold depressive symptomatology and one measure related to executive function and working memory were the variables that best predicted psychosocial functioning. After that, we attempted to analyse cognitive variability also in a sample of euthymic BD-II patients, using a cluster analysis to provide groups of different neurocognitive patterns. Three clusters were detected: an intact neurocognitive group, an intermediate or selectively impaired and a globally impaired group. Approximately one-half of the patients were cognitively impaired. The 3 clusters statistically differed in the premorbid intelligence quotient, the global functional outcome and leisure activities. The globally impaired cluster showed the lowest attainments concerning these 3 variables, which are considered proxies of cognitive reserve. No differences in other clinical characteristics were found among the groups. Taking all these data into account, it seems necessary to implement therapies focused on enhancing functional outcome in bipolar II disorder patients. Hence, we carried out a subanalysis aimed to assess the efficacy of an intervention called Functional Remediation specifically in a sample of BD-II patients. Our results suggest that the Functional remediation appears to be effective in improving the overall functional outcome in BPII, as well as in reducing subclinical depressive symptoms.
Álvarez, Guardia David. "Estudi dels mecanismes moleculars implicats en l’associació entre inflamació i alteracions metabòliques en cèl∙lules cardíaques". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31985.
Testo completoThe change in lifestyle that has occurred in developed societies in recent years has been accompanied by the rise of sedentary behavior and changes in diet that have caused an increasing obesity prevalence. Obesity has a huge number of adverse effects on cardiovascular physiology and is considered an important risk factor for heart failure developement. In fact, high fat diets have been linked with direct cardiac abnormalities such as inflammation, hypertrophy and contractile dysfunction. During the inflammatory process that occurs in these diseases, human cardiac cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6, molecules that are under the control of the ubiquitous and inducible transcription factor NF-κB. In certain circumstances, such in hypertrophy and heart failure, the substrate flexibility in heart is compromised and the fatty acids β-oxidation is reduced because the main source of energy becomes the glucose. These metabolic changes lead to a deregulation on the transcriptional control of genes associated with transport, uptake and catabolism of fatty acids and glucose. In the myocardium, among the transcription factors involved in the control of these genes we found ERRα and PPARβ/δ. Both transcription factors, are involved in PDK4 activation, an important enzyme in the homeostatic modulation of glucose. This kinase regulates PDC activity, an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation from pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, limiting the use of carbohydrates as energy source in mitochondria and thus favoring the fatty acid β-oxidation. In the PDK4 transcription activation also participates PGC-1α, which interacts with ERRα and PPARβ/δ, increasing its transcriptional activity. However recent studies, suggest that not only these two transcription factors are involved in PDK4 regulation. Other transcription factors as E2F1, which is crucial for cell cycle control, may regulate PDK4 expression. Overall, the results shown in this work are aimed to learn in more detail the molecular mechanisms linking the metabolic disorders and inflammatory processes in heart, in order to find potential drug targets to prevent and treat these pathological states.
Genové, Cortada Maria Mercè. "Impacte de les alteracions cerebrals en la percepció del dolor per herpes zòster i neuràlgia postherpètica". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/312858.
Testo completoHerpes zoster neuropathic pain, both in its acute and chronic (postherpetic neuralgia) phases, has a strong impact on functional abilities and quality of life. The intensity and special features of neuropathic pain and the lack of response to conventional analgesic treatments make this kind of pain a major public health issue. Brain imaging has provided novel insights into structural changes of some brain areas occurring in patients with neuropathic pain. However, little is known about the differences between acute and chronic pain, and the pain chronification process. HYPOTHESIS: Neuropathic pain secondary to herpes zoster infection could trigger structural brain changes, and its pattern of involvement differs between acute and chronic pain patients. MAIN OBJECTIVE: To evaluate, using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the differences in gray matter and thalamic volumes, and in white matter structure in chronic neuropathic pain patients when compared with those of patients with acute neuropathic pain and age- and gender-matched controls. Secondary objectives: To determine which pain variables are associated with these brain changes. To evaluate whether anxiety and depression are associated with these brain changes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional and prospective study including a total of 60 participants. They included men and women between 65-85 years old, each allocated to one of three groups: 20 patients with chronic postherpetic neuralgia were compared to 20 patients with acute pain from herpes zoster and 20 controls (no pain). A complete clinical and pain history was obtained from all participants, as well as a psychological evaluation. All subjects underwent a structural MRI whole brain analysis to evaluate gray matter and thalamic volumes, and white matter structure. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown structural brain changes in pain patients, both acute and chronic, compared to controls. No statistically significant differences were found between acute and chronic groups. We showed decreases and increases in regional gray matter volume, reduction in thalamic volumes and changes in the white matter tracts in both acute and chronic pain patients. These changes affected not only the subcortical and cortical brain areas which are involved in the central processing of pain, but also the brain areas involved in the cognitive and emotional modulation of pain. These brain changes were more evident and extensive in the chronic pain group when compared to acute pain patients. Furthermore, the areas affected differed between the two groups: - In the acute pain group, the subcortical and medial temporal regions were more affected. These areas are involved in the somatosensory evaluation of nociceptive input. The frontal areas were increased in volume in the acute pain group when compared to controls. These findings suggest a major top-down control on the pain processing. - In the chronic pain group, the cortical brain areas (frontal, temporal and cingulate) were more affected. These areas are involved in cognitive and emotional pain processing, and in the endogenous pain modulation. These findings might suggest a major bottom-up control in the pain processing, which can impact negatively on these areas and result in volume reduction. These brain changes correlated with intensity and duration of pain, and with anxiety and depression. All these results suggest that acute pain patients, when compared to controls, show neuroplastic compensatory changes in response to a nociceptive stimulus, while the chronic pain patients, when compared with controls, might be showing the cerebral consequences of persistent noxious stimulus.
Garcia, Gustavo Leme Cezario. "El exilio interior e La veu melodiosa: a impossibilidade de reconciliação entre o herói problemático e o mundo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8145/tde-12082010-143037/.
Testo completoThis dissertation is devoted to the comparative study of two contemporary Spanish novels of the second half of the twentieth century: El exilio interior and La veu melodiosa, by Miguel Salabert and Montserrat Roig respectively. It attempts to examine the similarities and differences from a few features the two works have in common, since both have a profile of novel of formation whose plot centers on the strained relationship between the hero and the Spanish society of the years of civil war and Franco\'s dictatorship.
Vidal, Samsó Joan. "Efecto de la suplementación de la dieta con ácidos grasos del tipo n-3 sobre la capacidad funcional de los lesionados medulares". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/1152.
Testo completoDatos recientes muestran que las alteraciones cardiovasculares se han convertido en la primera causa de mortalidad entre las personas afectas de una LM.
La posibilidad de conocer con detalle estas alteraciones representa el primer paso de cara a reducir factores de riesgo y así posibilitar mejoras en la calidad de vida y longevidad en los lesionados medulares.
En las personas afectas de una lesión medular, la capacidad física se encuentra reducida debido a la pérdida directa del control motor y de la regulación simpática por debajo del nivel lesional. Los clínicos e investigadores en el campo de la neurorrehabilitación necesitan encontrar y poder comparar valores para los diferentes componentes de la actividad física (consumo de oxígeno, fuerza muscular de miembros superiores y función respiratoria), de cara a determinar cuales son los focos de atención de la rehabilitación. Es necesario poder monitorizar los cambios de la actividad física para conocer la eficacia y efectividad de los programas de rehabilitación a los que son sometidos las personas que han sufrido una lesión medular.
El objetivo de la tesis, es la de integrar los diferentes componentes de la actividad física del sujeto que ha sufrido una lesión medular, su adaptación fisiológica al ejercicio, el análisis de que factores pueden influir en la calidad de vida de este colectivo, el análisis de los valores cardiorrespiratorios en respuesta al ejercicio comparados con sujetos normales y cuales son las posibles actuaciones que podemos realizar de cara a reducir los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, más habituales en los lesionados medulares que en la población general, y en definitiva, intentar incidir en parámetros de calidad de vida.
Como conclusiones destacaremos que la adaptación a la actividad física en esta población muestra unas características específicas y, deben ser evaluadas de esta manera, proponiendo un cálculo teórico de consumo máximo de 02 diferente en los lesionados medularesel. Asimismo debemos intentar incrementar la actividad física en los lesionados medulares, ya que el desplazamiento en silla de ruedas o los ejercicios realizados en un programa de rehabilitación convencional no son suficientes de cara a mejorar indicadores de salud. El suplemento con ácidos grasos del grupo omega-3, aunque parece que puede reducir la mortalidad por enfermedad cardiovascular en la población LM estudiada, no se observaron modificaciones en el pérfil lipídico como factor de riesgo. Finalmente, el suplemento con ácidos grasos del grupo omega-3 ha demostrado que mejora de forma significativa la capacidad funcional de los lesionados medulares, sobre todo en los diferentes parámetros relacionados con la evaluación de la fuerza.
Farré, Riera Laura. "El reconeixement de les veus de l'alumnat per a la reflexió de la pràctica educativa a secundària". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672284.
Testo completoLa tesis se centra en el reconocimiento de las voces del alumnado y en su participación en los contextos de aprendizaje, y sitúa a los jóvenes como agentes activos y corresponsables de la acción educativa. Aunque cada vez son más los centros educativos que se están replanteando su manera de trabajar, a menudo el alumnado tiene pocas oportunidades para participar y sus voces se encuentran invisibilizadas. La finalidad de la investigación es reconocer las voces del alumnado para comprender su participación en los contextos de aula y reflexionar en torno a la práctica educativa en secundaria. La investigación parte de un enfoque colaborativo en el que el alumnado y el profesorado se consideran participantes clave. Esto ha facilitado la consecución de unas relaciones más democráticas y horizontales entre los agentes y ha establecido múltiples canales de reflexión, diálogo e intercambio en torno a la acción educativa para construir una cultura escolar participativa.
The thesis focuses on the recognition of students' voices and their participation in learning contexts, and situates young people as active agents and co-responsible for educational action. Although nowadays there are more schools that are rethinking the way they work, students often have few opportunities to participate and their voices are invisible. The aim of the research is to recognise students' voices in order to understand their participation in classroom contexts and to reflect on teaching and learning processes for the purpose of implementing more democratic, inclusive and participatory educational practices in secondary schools. The research is based on a collaborative methodological approach in which students and teachers are considered key participants. This has facilitated the achievement of more democratic and horizontal relationships between actors and has established multiple channels of reflection, dialogue and exchange around educational action to build a participatory school culture.
Innovació i Intervenció Educatives
Soria, Villalonga Yolanda. "El escaldado superficial en manzana Granny Smith. Fisiologia de la alteración y estudio de métodos de control alternativos a la difenilamina". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8210.
Testo completodespués de un periodo de frigoconservación, durante la comercialización de los frutos. Los
síntomas se caracterizan por manchas irregulares en la piel de color marrón más o menos
oscuro. Pese a no afectar al sabor ni a la textura, esta alteración causa importantes pérdidas
económicas, ya que en el mercado europeo no se admiten frutos con síntomas de escaldado
para el consumo en fresco. La variedad de manzanas Granny Smith es especialmente sensible,
pudiendo llegar a alcanzar incidencias del orden del 100%, tras varios meses de
frigoconservación.
Para un control efectivo del escaldado superficial es importante conocer el origen bioquímico
de la alteración, el cual todavía no ha sido determinado completamente. Se cree que está
relacionado con la oxidación del ct-fanasemo, compuesto volátil de la cutícula de los frutos.
Los productos de esta oxidación, comúnmente conocidos como trieno conjugados, podrían
alterar las células epidérmicas causando su desorganización y muerte, y por tanto la alteración
en el color de la piel.
Hasta la fecha, el escaldado superficial se ha controlado mediante tratamientos poscosecha con
difenilamina o con etoxiquina, siendo ambos antioxidantes muy efectivos para evitar su
desarrollo. Sin embargo, existe una preocupación creciente por el nivel de residuos tóxicos en
los frutos, que ha obligado a buscar nuevos métodos de control. Desde hace unos años se están
ensayando otros compuestos menos polémicos, tanto a nivel de legislación como a nivel de
consumidor. Así, los recubrimientos a base de esteres de sacarosa, formulados únicamente con
ingredientes permitidos en los alimentos, o los antioxidantes asimismo de uso alimentario,
tienen una mayor aceptación. Los métodos físicos, consistentes en la modificación de la
concentración gaseosa durante la conservación, también son bien considerados y además están
consiguiendo resultados muy satisfactorios.
El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido ensayar diversos tratamientos, alternativos a la
utilización de difenilamina, para el control del escaldado superficial. Asimismo se evaluó el
efecto de los tratamientos a nivel fisiológico y cualitativo, para intentar determinar su
mecanismo de acción sobre la alteración.
Los ensayos se llevaron a cabo con manzanas Granny Smith (Malus domestica Borkh.)
recolectadas en Lleida, en campos comerciales. En un estudio de cuatro años, correspondiente
a cuatro campañas frutícolas, se ensayaron diversos métodos de control para el escaldado,
concretamente tratamientos poscosecha durante las dos primeras, y conservación en
atmósferas controladas durante las dos últimas. Las manzanas se trataron mediante baños
poscosecha con disoluciones acuosas de difenilamina (DPA); de "Semperfresh" (recubrimiento
sucroéster) aplicado solo o junto con butilhidroxitolueno, palmitato de ascorbiloy/o galato de
propilo o ct-tocoferol; y de CaCl2. Los baños se realizaron inmediatamente después de la
cosecha o a las 6 semanas de permanecer los frutos en la cámara frigorífica de atmósfera
normal, para evaluar el efecto del momento de aplicación sobre la eficacia del tratamiento. Los
frutos control no se bañaron. En las dos últimas campañas los frutos se recolectaron en dos
fechas distintas, para evaluar el efecto del estado de madurez en el momento de la recolección
sobre la incidencia de alteración. Tras cada cosecha, los frutos se conservaron en cámaras de
atmósfera controlada (AC) con distintas condiciones gaseosas: AC estándar, AC con bajo
oxigeno (LO) y AC con muy bajo oxígeno (ULO). Como control los frutos se conservaron en
atmósfera normal. En la cuarta campaña se ensayó la conservación en atmósfera normal, en
AC estándar, o en LO, con y sin tratamiento previo de DPA.
Las determinaciones analíticas se realizaron después de cada cosecha y después de varios
meses de conservación, durante los 10 días siguientes a la salida de la cámara, considerándose
este intervalo de tiempo a 20 °C el periodo de vida útil del fruto. En las tres primeras campañas
se realizaron las siguientes evaluaciones fisiológicas: producción de etileno, contenido de ácido
1-aminociclopropano-l-carboxflico (ACC), actividad de la enzima ACC oxidasa y producción
de CO2 (para la medida de la respiración de los frutos). Como parámetros cualitativos se
determinaron el peso, la firmeza, la acidez y el contenido en sólidos solubles. La incidencia de
escaldado se evaluó visualmente y se determinó un índice de escaldado en base al porcentaje
de superficie de fruto afectada. En las dos últimas campañas se evaluó también el contenido
en la piel del frutos de a-farnaseno y de compuestos trieno conjugados (CTH).
Adicionalmente, en este trabajo se han considerado los resultados obtenidos en el
"Departament of Agricultural Botany" de la Universidad de Reading (Reino Unido), donde se
realizaron ensayos paralelos a los de Lleida, y fruto de ambos se elaboraron dos publicaciones
que se presentan en esta Tesis en el apartado correspondiente a los resultados.
El mecanismo de acción de los diversos tratamientos sobre el metabolismo del etileno fue
distinto. El recubrimiento con Semperfresh creó una atmósfera interna en el fruto con un
elevado nivel de CO2 que redujo la producción de etileno, reduciendo el contenido de ACC.
La adición al recubrimiento de palmitato de ascorbilo bajó el nivel de O2 interno, lo cual pudo
afectar a la actividad de la enzima ACC oxidasa. La concentración gaseosa mantenida en las
cámaras de AC también afectó a la síntesis de etileno, inhibiéndola. Los baños poscosecha con
CaCl2 disminuyeron la producción de etileno pero sin afectar al contenido de ACC ni a la
actividad de la ACC oxidasa. El tratamiento con DPA, en cambio, no redujo la producción de
etileno después de 4 y 6 meses de frigoconservación, detectándose niveles semejantes a los del
control.
Los tratamientos que retrasaron el proceso de maduración, al inhibir la producción de etileno,
retrasaron también el descenso de los parámetros de calidad durante la conservación en frío,
especialmente la firmeza y la acidez. Los frutos recubiertos con Semperfresh presentaron
mejores índices de calidad, respecto a los parámetros estudiados, que los tratados con DPA
o los frutos control. Asimismo, los frutos conservados en AC estándar o con bajo O2
mantuvieron valores de firmeza, acidez y sólidos solubles superiores a los alcanzados en
atmósfera normal
El tratamiento con DPA evitó o redujo el desarrollo del escaldado superficial, confirmándose
su eficacia en el control de esta alteración. El recubrimiento con Semperfresh aplicado solo o
junto con un antioxidante de uso alimentario no evitó el desarrollo de escaldado, en las
condiciones del presente estudio. Solamente la aplicación de Semperfresh más palmitato de
ascorbilo, y también Semperfresh más palmitato de ascorbilo y galato de propilo, ejercieron
un limitado control. El tratamiento con CaCl2 fue el más efectivo de los baños poscosecha,
exceptuando el DPA. En general, la aplicación de los tratamientos a las 6 semanas de la
frigoconservación fiïe menos eficaz que la aplicación realizada inmediatamente después de la
cosecha. Adicionalmente, la interrupción de la frigoconservación para aplicar el tratamiento,
modificó los parámetros de calidad de los frutos, reduciendo la firmeza, la acidez y el
contenido en sólidos solubles.
La conservación en AC, especialmente con baja concentración de O2, redujo la incidencia de
escaldado, a niveles equiparables a los obtenidos con DPA. La menor incidencia de la
alteración tuvo una alta correlación positiva con el contenido de CTH determinados al
principio del periodo de frigoconservación y una alta correlación negativa con los valores de
firmeza y acidez, determinados al final de dicho periodo.
La susceptibilidad al escaldado superficial varió en función de la fecha de cosecha. Todos los
tratamientos ensayados, incluido el DPA, perdieron eficacia en frutos de cosechas tempranas.
El comportamiento de esta alteración y la manifestación de sus síntomas es típico de la
enfermedad del frío (más conocida como "chilling injury"). La mayor susceptibilidad de los
frutos en estado prematuro, nos ha llevado a considerar que las manzanas de la variedad
Granny Smith son sensibles al frío en función de su edad fisiológica, de manera que como
menos avanzado sea su estado de madurez, mayor es la sensibilidad al frío.
Palabras clave: Malus domestica, manzanas, Granny Smith, escaldado superficial, fisiología
poscosecha, etileno, calidad, difenilamina, antioxidantes de uso alimentario, recubrimientos,
calcio, frigoconservación, atmósfera controlada, a-farnaseno, compuestos trieno conjugados.
Díaz, Lorca Maria Alba. "Estudi de les alteracions genètiques en melanoma cutani mitjançant hibridació in situ fluorescent: valor diagnòstic i pronòstic". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/386386.
Testo completoMelanoma is the leading cause of death from skin cancer. Histopathological study is currently considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of melanoma and its differential diagnosis, mainly with benign melanocytic lesions (nevi). This, however, shows many limitations. Well-known diagnostic difficulty contexts are spindle cell melanocytic neoplasms and acral melanocytic neoplasms. Recent studies with comparative genomic hybridization have shown that melanomas, unlike nevi, frequently show aberrations (gains and losses From these studies, a useful fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) probe for the differential diagnosis of melanocytic lesions was developed. Acral lentiginous melanomas are characterized by amplifications of CCND1, TERT and AURKA genes. In the first work we studied a series of spindle cell melanocytic lesions, according to clinical characteristics as well as the usefulness of immunohistochemistry and FISH in their differential diagnosis. The study of Ki-67, CCND1 and surviving by immunohistochemistry could be useful in the differential diagnosis between Reed nevi and spindle cell melanomas as well as the study by FISH of the genes RREB1, CCND1 and MYB, with a sensitivity and specificity of 73% and 93%, respectively. We also studied a series of acral melanocytic lesions, including nevi and acral lentiginous melanomas (MLAs). We evaluated the usefulness of FISH in their differential diagnosis (through the study of the genes RREB1, CCND1, MYB, TERT and AURKA). Gene status of CCND1, TERT and AURKA gene were correlated with their protein expression in tumors (assessed by Immunohistochemistry) as well as with patients’ evolution. We observed that the FISH study of REEB1, CCND1 and MYB shows a sensitivity of the 85.3% and a specificity of 100% in the differential diagnosis of acral melanocytic lesions. This sensitivity is clearly increased with the addition of specific probes for TERT and AURKA genes. In MLAs, CCND1, TERT and AURKA amplifications are mutually exclusive, suggesting that this type of melanoma presents different oncogenic pathways. TERT gene amplifications detected by FISH in MLAs are associated with a worse overall survival, including after the multivariate analysis.
Vendrell, i. Soler Elisenda. "Alteracions del genoma i el transcriptoma en càncer colorectal. Aplicació a la recerca de factors de pronòstic". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/1863.
Testo completoEn la present tesi ens hem centrat en l'estudi de 50 casos de càncer colorectal esporàdics en estadis de Dukes B i C. La classificació de Dukes està associada a una supervivència diferent, i és en aquest subconjunt de casos on la determinació del pronòstic és més incerta, pel que l'anàlisi d'aquest conjunt de mostres ens pot permetre trobar nous factors de pronòstic útils. Partint de biòpsies humanes la quantitat de material és limitada, per això vam escollir dues aproximacions globals que requereixen poc material i que generen un gran voulm de resultats: l'anàlisi d'alteracions genòmiques per CGH (Comparative Genomic Hybridization) i l'anàlisi d'expressió gènica mitjançant microarrays. El nostre objectiu era obtenir una classificació en subgrups dels 50 tumors per donar explicació al comportament diferencial i buscar factors de pronòstic específics de grup.
En base als resultats de CGH vem trobar 9 casos sense cap alteració (18%), i 41 amb algun braç de cromosoma alterat (82%). De mitjana hi ha 8,8±6,3 alteracions per cas. El rang de variació va de 0 fins a 20 alteracions. Definim com a alteracions recurrents aquelles que apareixen en més d'un 15% dels casos. Totes elles s'han descrit anteriorment en el càncer colorectal i ens ajuden a definir el perfil d'aquest tipus de tumor. Les alteracions més comuns són: +20q (74%), -18q (66%), -17p (48%), +13 (44%), -18p (40%).
A l'hora d'agrupar les mostres hem encaixat els nostres resultats amb els grups que va definir Dutrilleaux (1995) per la seva semblança, i al nostre criteri, la seva coherència. Definim així quatre grups: el que presenta inestabilitat de microsatèl·lits (6%), el grup Normal sense alteracions cromosòmiques (16%), el grup d'Inestabilitat Cromosòmica Monosomic Like (44%), i el grup d'Inestabilitat cromosòmica Restant (34%). La classificació dels tumors en funció del patró d'alteracions cromosòmiques és poc útil com a factor pronòstic directament, però sí que permet identificar factors de pronòstic específics de grup. Per exemple, el nombre d'alteracions cromosòmiques és un factor de pronòstic important dins del grup d'Inestabilitat Cromosòmica Monosomic Like. També vam trobar que pèrdues al braç 12p i guanys al braç 11q són indicadors de mal pronòstic en càncer colorectal.
En l'anàlisi d'expressió gènica diferencial per microarrays vam seleccionar 128 gens que presenten una major variabilitat entre les 50 mostres. A partir de la informació d'aquests genes i mitjançant agrupaments jeràrquics hem identificat quatre grups de tumors: El primer, format per 22 casos, té una supervivència lliure de malaltia bona, a diferència d'un segon, format per 18 casos, que és dolenta. Els dos grups restants estan formats per molt pocs casos (4 i 6 respectivament). Paral·lelament, mitjançant l'anàlisi de components principals vam definir noves variables anomenades metagens. Aquests són combinacions linials de gens que agrupen aquells que tenen un mateix comportament, disminuint així el nombre de variables per resumir la informació redundant. D'aquesta manera hem pogut identificar metagens que ens ajuden a discriminar la supervivència.
RESUMEN
En la presente tesis hemos estudiado 50 casos de cáncer colorectal esporádico en estadío de Dukes B y C. Al partir de biopsias humanas la cantidad de material es limitada, por ello escogimos dos aproximaciones globales: la CGH (Comparative Genomic Hybridization) y el análisis de la expresión mediante microarrays. Nuestro objetivo era explicar el comportamiento del conjunto de las 50 muestras mediante la clasificación en subgrupos para buscar nuevos factores de pronóstico específicos de cada grupo.
Los resultados de la CGH se resume de la siguiente manera: de los 50 casos estudiados, hay 9 casos sin ninguna alteración (18%), y 41 con algún brazo de cromosoma alterado (82%). De promedio tenemos 8,8 alteraciones por caso, con una desviación estándar de 6,3. El rango de variación es de 0 a 20 alteraciones por caso. Las alteraciones más frecuentes son: +20q (74%), -18q (66%), -17p (48%), +13 (44%), -18p (40%).
Con el objetivo de agrupar las muestras hemos seguido la clasificación de Dutrilleaux (1995) por su coherencia. Hemos definido así cuatro grupos: el que presenta inestabilidad de microsatélites (6%), el grupo normal sin alteraciones cromosómicas (16%), el grupo de inestabilidad cromosómica monosomic like (44%), y el grupo de inestabilidad cromosómica restante (34%). Hemos visto que la clasificación de los tumores en función del patrón de alteraciones cromosómicas es poco útil como factor pronóstico directamente, pero sí permite identificar factores de pronóstico específicos de grupo. Por ejemplo, el número de alteraciones es un factor de pronóstico importante en el grupo de inestabilidad cromosómica monosomic like. A su vez, identificamos seis regiones amplificadas: 20q33, 11q13, 8q24, 5q31-q33, 10q22, i 1p36.
Por otro lado, a partir de la expresión de 128 genes que presentan una mayor variabilidad entre las 50 muestras hemos identificado un grupo de genes que se sobreexpresa y otro que se infraexpresa. Con estos mismos genes y utilizando agrupaciones jerárquicas hemos identificado cuatro grupos: dos de ellos formados por muy pocos casos (4 y 6 respectivamente), y los dos restantes con un pronóstico opuesto. Uno formado por 22 casos, tiene una supervivencia buena, y el otro, formado por 18 casos, mala. Mediante análisis de componentes principales hemos definido nuevas variables denominadas metagenes. Éstos son combinaciones lineales de genes que agrupan aquellos que tienen un mismo comportamiento, disminuyendo de este modo el número de variables para resumir la información redundante. Así hemos identificado cuatro metagenes que nos ayudan a discriminar los casos según su supervivencia.
Forn, Frías Cristina. "Utilitat de la prova PASAT per a l'avaluació de les alteracions cognitives en pacients amb esclerosi múltiple". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10512.
Testo completoUna de les eines d'avaluació més utilitzada es la prova Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), en la qual els pacients d'EM presenten un baix rendiment i tema central d'aquesta tesi doctoral. Aquesta prova es una de les més utilitzades per a l'avaluació dels dèficits cognitius d'aquests pacients, tant en l'àmbit clínic com en el de la investigació. Aquest fet fa que, ja sigui com a prova única en bateries de tipus neurològic o formant part d'altres bateries neuropsicològiques més extenses, el PASAT s'utilitze quasi de forma sistemàtica per a la valoració cognitiva en l'EM. Per altre banda, aquesta prova no es troba exempta de problemes, degut a que, per una banda l' execució correcta d'aquesta tasca implica la realització coordinada d'una serie de funcions cognitives resulten, en segon lloc, una prova difícil de realitzar no sols per als pacients, sino també en grups de persones sense alteració neurològica.
Farré, Pueyo Xavier. "Estudi de les alteracions dels mecanismes reguladors del cicle cel.lular, apoptosi i invasió en el carcinoma de pròstata". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/854.
Testo completoFonfria, Subirós Elena. "Mecanismes de neurotoxicitat "in vitro" dels compostos de mercuri i pesticides organoclorats: alteracions en la neurotransmissió per aminoàcids". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/855.
Testo completoEn conclusió, els pesticides organoclorats produeixen una neurotoxicitat mediada per receptor actuant sobre la neurotransmissió inhibidora mentre que els compostos de mercuri tenen un ampli ventall d'accions en diferents dianes tant al sistema de neurotransmissió inhibidor com excitador així com a nivell de les vies de mort neuronal.