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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Altimeter. Altitudes"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 5 febbraio 2022

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Altimeter. Altitudes"

Labun, Ján, Pavol Kurdel, Marek Češkovič, Alexey Nekrasov e Ján Gamec. "Low Altitude Measurement Accuracy Improvement of the Airborne FMCW Radio Altimeters". Electronics 8, n. 8 (12 agosto 2019): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8080888.

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This manuscript focuses on the analysis of a critical height of radio altimeters that can help for the development of new types of aeronautical radio altimeters with increased accuracy in measuring low altitudes. Altitude measurement accuracy is connected with a form of processing the difference signal of a radio altimeter, which carries information on the measured altitude. The definition of the altitude measurement accuracy is closely linked to the value of a critical height. Modern radio altimeters with digital processing of a difference signal could shift the limit of accuracy towards better values when the basics of the determination of critical height are thoroughly known. The theory results from the analysis and simulation of dynamic formation and the dissolution of the so-called stable and unstable height pulses, which define the range of the critical height and are presented in the paper. The theory is supported by a new method of derivation of the basic equation of a radio altimeter based on a critical height. The article supports the new theory of radio altimeters with the ultra-wide frequency deviation that lead to the increase the accuracy of a low altitude measurement. Complex mathematical analysis of the dynamic formation of critical height and a computer simulation of its course supported by the new form of the derivation of the basic equation of radio altimeter guarantee the correctness of the new findings of the systematic creation of unstable height pulses and the influence of their number on the altitude measurement accuracy. Application of the presented findings to the aviation practice will contribute to increasing the accuracy of the low altitude measurement from an aircraft during its landing and to increasing air traffic safety.

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Partington, K. C., J. K. Ridley, C. G. Rapley e H. J. Zwally. "Observations of the Surface Properties of the Ice Sheets by Satellite Radar Altimetry". Journal of Glaciology 35, n. 120 (1989): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000004603.

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Abstract By comparing modelled and averaged satellite altimeter return, it is demonstrated that time profiles of altimeter return can be used to provide important information on the surface properties of the ice sheets. Altimeter ice-sheet radar echoes from low altitudes and/or relatively low latitudes are, in general, dominated by surface scattering and, in Greenland, the area of surface-dominated return broadly coincides with the zone of summer melting. Seasonal variations in the echo wave-form shapes are negligible in all regions studied, with the possible exception of an area near the margin of the Greenland dry-snow zone. In general, the model explains well the observed variations in mean wave-form shape, but small discrepances between the model wave forms and the recorded wave forms indicate that sub-surface layers may be influencing the shape of the return. The possibility of deriving quantitative estimates of surface properties is explored by fitting model returns to averaged altimeter wave forms from the Wilkes Land plateau in Antarctica. Surface roughness can be measured unambiguously from the wave-form data, but estimations of other parameters, such as grain-size, snow density, and snow temperature are found to be ambiguous because different surface parameters have a similar influence on the shape of the return. Despite this, the derived estimates compare well with ground-based observations and suggest that the satellite altimeter may have an important role to play in providing information on the surface properties of the ice sheets.

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Plana-Fattori, Artemio, Gérard Brogniez, Patrick Chervet, Martial Haeffelin, Olga Lado-Bordowsky, Yohann Morille, Frédéric Parol et al. "Comparison of High-Cloud Characteristics as Estimated by Selected Spaceborne Observations and Ground-Based Lidar Datasets". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 48, n. 6 (1 giugno 2009): 1142–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jamc1964.1.

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Abstract The characterization of high clouds as performed from selected spaceborne observations is assessed in this article by employing a number of worldwide ground-based lidar multiyear datasets as reference. Among the latter, the ground lidar observations conducted at Lannion, Bretagne (48.7°N, 3.5°W), and Palaiseau, near Paris [the Site Instrumental de Recherche par Télédétection Atmosphérique (SIRTA) observatory: 48.7°N, 2.2°E], both in France, are discussed in detail. High-cloud altitude statistics at these two sites were found to be similar. Optical thicknesses disagree, and possible reasons were analyzed. Despite the variety of instruments, observation strategies, and methods of analysis employed by different lidar groups, high-cloud optical thicknesses from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) on board the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) were found to be consistent on the latitude band 40°–60°N. Respective high-cloud altitudes agree within 1 km with respect to those from ground lidars at Lannion and Palaiseau; such a finding remains to be verified under other synoptic regimes. Mean altitudes of high clouds from Lannion and Palaiseau ground lidars were compared with altitudes of thin cirrus from the Television and Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) Path-B 8-yr climatology for a common range of optical thicknesses (0.1–1.4). Over both sites, the annual altitude distribution of thin high clouds from TOVS Path-B is asymmetric, with a peak around 8–9.5 km, whereas the distribution of high clouds retrieved from ground lidars seems symmetric with a peak around 9.5–11.5 km. Additional efforts in standardizing ground lidar observation and processing methods, and in merging high-cloud statistics from complementary measuring platforms, are recommended.

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Baskakov, A. I., A. A. Komarov e M. S. Mikhailov. "Methodical Errors of a High-Precision Airborne Radio Altimeter Operating at Low Altitudes Above the Sea Surface". Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics 60, n. 6 (novembre 2017): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11141-017-9815-x.

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Hodge, Steven M., David L. Wright, Jerry A. Bradley, Robert W. Jacobel, Neils Skou e Bruce Vaughn. "Determination of the Surface and Bed Topography in Central Greenland". Journal of Glaciology 36, n. 122 (1990): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000005505.

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AbstractThe surface and bottom topography of the central Greenland ice sheet was determined from airborne ice-radar soundings over a 180 km by 180 km grid centered on the 1974 “Summit” site (lat. 72°18′N., long. 37°55′W.), using the Technical University of Denmark 60 MHz ice radar. Over 6100 km of high-quality radar data were obtained, covering over 99'% of the grid, along lines spaced 12.5 km apart in both north-south and east-west directions. Aircraft location was done with an inertial navigation system (INS) and a pressure altimeter, with control provided by periodically flying over a known point at the center of the grid. The ice radar was used to determine ice thickness; the surface topography was determined independently using height-above-terrain measurements from the aircraft’s radar altimeter. The calculated surface topography is accurate to about ±6 m, with this error arising mostly from radar-altimeter errors. The ice thickness and bottom topography are accurate to about ±50 m, with this error dominated by the horizontal navigation uncertainties due to INS drift; this error increases to about ±125 m in areas of rough bottom relief (about 12% of the grid).The highest point on Greenland is at lat. 72°34′ N., long. 37°38′W., at an altitude of 3233 ± 6 m a.s.l. The ice surface at this point divides into three sectors, one facing north, one east-south-east, and one west-south-west, with each having a roughly uniform slope. The ice divide between the last two sectors is a well-defined ridge running almost due south. The ice is about 3025 m thick at the summit. Excluding the mountainous north-east corner of the grid, where the ice locally reaches a thickness of about 3470 m and the bed dips to about 370 m below sea-level, the maximum ice thickness, approximately 3375 m, occurs about 97 km south-south-west of the summit. The average bed altitude over the entire grid is 180 m and the average ice thickness is 2975 ± 235 m. The ice in most of the south-west quadrant of the grid is over 3200 m thick, and overlies a relatively smooth, flat basin with altitudes mostly below sea-level. There is no predominant direction to the basal topography over most of the grid; it appears to be undulating, rolling terrain with no obvious ridge/valley structure. The summit of the ice sheet is above the eastern end of a relatively large, smooth, flat plateau, about 10–15 km wide and extending about 50 km to the west. If the basal topography were the sole criterion, then a site somewhere on this plateau or in the south-west basin would be suitable for the drilling of a new deep ice core.

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Haardenog-Pedersen, G., K. Keller, C. C. Tscherning e N. Gundestrup. "Modeling the signature of a transponder in altimeter return data and determination of the reflection surface of the ice cap near the GRIP camp, Greenland". Journal of Glaciology 44, n. 148 (1998): 625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000002124.

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AbstractUsing an active transponder with the ERS-I and ERS-2 radar altimeters, the distance to the satellite was measured at a location close to the GRIP site, Greenland, at an altitude of 3.2 km. The measurement was executed while the transponder was in the “ice-tracking mode”. It includes a bias due to the propagation delay. The location of the transponder was determined using the global positioning system.The transponder signal was modeled and the distance from the altimeter to the effective reflection point of the transponder was determined. Since the transponder was located within 1 km of the ground tracks, the measurement was corrected for this offset. A correction was also done for the surface slope, resulting in the distance (plus bias) to the closest sub-satellite point on the surface of the (compact) snow.The transponder signal was then removed from the radar altimeter waveform, enabling the determination of the distance (plus bias from the altimeter to the first reflective surface within the snow. The différence between this distance and that obtained using the transponder was < 2 m. This shows that the surface which gives rise to the first return of the reflection agrees with the surface of the (compact, dry) snow at this high-altitude location. This is an important result to be used when studying ice-cap topography using satellite radar altimetry.

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Abstract Using an active transponder with the ERS-I and ERS-2 radar altimeters, the distance to the satellite was measured at a location close to the GRIP site, Greenland, at an altitude of 3.2 km. The measurement was executed while the transponder was in the “ice-tracking mode”. It includes a bias due to the propagation delay. The location of the transponder was determined using the global positioning system. The transponder signal was modeled and the distance from the altimeter to the effective reflection point of the transponder was determined. Since the transponder was located within 1 km of the ground tracks, the measurement was corrected for this offset. A correction was also done for the surface slope, resulting in the distance (plus bias) to the closest sub-satellite point on the surface of the (compact) snow. The transponder signal was then removed from the radar altimeter waveform, enabling the determination of the distance (plus bias from the altimeter to the first reflective surface within the snow. The différence between this distance and that obtained using the transponder was < 2 m. This shows that the surface which gives rise to the first return of the reflection agrees with the surface of the (compact, dry) snow at this high-altitude location. This is an important result to be used when studying ice-cap topography using satellite radar altimetry.

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Davis, Curt H., e Richard K. Moore. "A combined surface-and volume-scattering model for ice-sheet radar altimetry". Journal of Glaciology 39, n. 133 (1993): 675–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000016579.

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AbstractOver the last 15 years, satellite-altimeter data have been used to produce surface-elevation maps of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets with a 2 m accuracy. Analysis of Seasat and Geosat cross-over points showed that satellite altimeters can measure changes in the mass balance of the ice sheets. The retracking algorithm used to extract surface elevations from Seasat and Geosat return wave forms is based upon a modified form of the Brown surface-scattering model. Recent work has shown that altimeter wave forms over higher-altitude regions of the ice sheets are affected by sub-surface volume-scattering. Here, we develop a theoretical model for altimeter return wave forms over the ice sheets that is based on a combination of surface-and volume-scattering. By approximating the altimeter’s antenna pattern and transmitted pulse shape with Gaussian functions, we derive a closed-form analytical solution for the return-power volume-scattered from beneath the ice-sheet surface. We then combine the volume-scattering model with the Brown model and apply it to average wave forms from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. The results show that the combined model accurately describes variations in altimeter wave-form shapes that are produced by differing contributions of surface-and volume-scattering to the received power. The combined model is then used to simulate return wave forms from a dual-frequency altimeter. The simulation shows that a two-frequency system can provide quantitative estimates of the absorption and scattering coefficients for near-surface snow.

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Tesi sul tema "Altimeter. Altitudes"

Magruder, Lori Adrian. "Pointing angle and timing verification of the geoscience laser altimeter using a ground-based detection system". Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3037523.

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Freedman, Joseph Saul. "Using helicopter noise to prevent brownout crashes: an acoustic altimeter". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34833.

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This thesis explores one possible method of preventing helicopter crashes caused by brownout using the noise generated by the helicopter rotor as an altimeter. The hypothesis under consideration is that the helicopter's height, velocity, and obstacle locations with respect to the helicopter, can be determined by comparing incident and reflected rotor noise signals, provided adequate bandwidth and signal to noise ratio. Heights can be determined by measuring the cepstrum of the reflected helicopter noise. The velocity can be determined by measuring small amounts of Doppler distortion using the Mellin-Scale Transform. Height and velocity detection algorithms are developed, optimized for this application, and tested using a microphone array. The algorithms and array are tested using a hemianechoic chamber and outside in Georgia Tech's Burger Bowl. Height and obstacle detection are determined to be feasible with the existing array. Velocity detection and surface mapping are not successfully accomplished.

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Thomas, Lara. "Estimation des altitudes relatives d’un avion à l’aide d’un filtrage hybride multi-gaussien". Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2014. https://depozit.isae.fr/theses/2014/2014_Thomas_Lara_D.pdf.

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La hauteur de l’avion au-dessus du sol est un paramètre critique pour les avions de ligne. Sa mesure est habituellementréalisée par un ou des radio altimètres. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’améliorer la fiabilité de cettemesure. Cela nécessite d’identifier l’apport potentiel de nouveaux capteurs, de développer les algorithmes de fusion dedonnées associés, et d’évaluer ces nouvelles solutions. Un point crucial est la prise en compte des dysfonctionnementspotentiels des différents capteurs.Le mémoire présente une sélection de capteurs déterminée au regard de critères tels que la faisabilité, l’observabilité de la hauteur et l’hétérogénéité des causes de dysfonctionnement. On détaille le comportement des différentscapteurs sélectionnés : radioaltimètre, GNSS, base de données de terrain, baromètre, LIDAR et indicateur de contactau sol. Sont également exposés d’une part des modèles dédiés à la simulation comportementale de l’avion, du solsurvolé et des capteurs embarqués, et d’autre part des modèles plus simples mais ayant une structure adaptée à lasynthèse du filtre de fusion de données. L’architecture fonctionnelle du code développé, tant pour la simulation quepour la fusion, est modulaire, autorisant ainsi la comparaison rapide de divers scénarios et solutions.L’algorithme de fusion agrège les valeurs des mesures et les différents modèles de comportement dynamique.Il fournit les probabilités des différents états ainsi que celles des modes de fonctionnement de chaque capteur. Leschangements de modes sont alors caractéristiques de l’apparition de défaillances. Nous avons choisi d’utiliser uneapproche bayésienne pour la fusion de données, les variables d’intérêt étant alors représentées par des processusaléatoires. La dynamique est modélisée par des états continus, et les modes par des états discrets : le modèle esthybride. Afin de limiter la complexité du code de fusion, la représentation du comportement dynamique des mesuresdans les différents modes opératoires a été développée sous la forme de modèles stochastiques linéaires gaussiens.Dans le cadre Bayésien, on sait exprimer formellement la solution au problème de l’estimation optimale dela hauteur et des modes opératoires des capteurs. Cette solution n’est pas calculable dans le cas de dynamiqueshybrides. Nous l’avons approximée sous la forme d’une densité de probabilité multi-gaussienne, aboutissant à ce quenous appelons un filtre de Kalman hybride multi-gaussien. L’algorithme de fusion peut alors être vu comme unebatterie de filtres de Kalman fonctionnant en parallèle et dont les vraisemblances renseignent sur l’état des capteurs(défaillances ou non). Ces filtres explorent toutes les transitions possibles entre les divers modes de fonctionnement.La validation de l’algorithme de fusion et l’évaluation de ses performances sont effectuées sur des scénarioschoisis pour leur représentativité d’incidents connus et d’autres à caractère plus prospectifs. L’analyse des résultatsobtenus démontre de manière évidente l’intérêt de la fusion. Elle nous conduit aussi à proposer des pistes pouraméliorer les performances de l’algorithme d’estimation ainsi que la représentativité de l’outil de simulation. Onpeut ainsi limiter la complexité du filtre, sans perte sensible de performance, en limitant le nombre de symptômesmodélisés, ou en limitant le nombre de transitions explorées
The aircraft height above the ground is a critical parameter for the airliners. Its measurement is usually performedby one or more radioaltimeters. The objective of this thesis is to improve the reliability of this measure. This requiresto identify the potential contribution of new sensors, develop the associated data fusion algorithms, and evaluate thesenew solutions. A crucial point is the consideration of potential malfunctioning of the various sensors.The thesis presents a selection of sensors determined under criteria such as feasibility, the observability of theheight and the heterogeneity of fault causes. The behavior of different sensors selected are detailed : altimeter, GNSS,ground data base, barometer, LIDAR and ground contact indicator. We also expose models dedicated to the behavioralsimulation of the aircraft, the ground overflown and the embedded sensors on the one hand, and on the other handsimpler models but with a suitable structure to the synthesis of data fusion filter. The functional architecture of thedeveloped code for both simulation as for fusion, is modular, allowing for a quick comparison of different scenariosand solutions.The fusion algorithm aggregates the values of the measurements and the various models of dynamic behavior. Itprovides the probabilities of the various states as well as those of the operating modes of each sensor. The changesin modes are then the characteristics of fault occurrences.We chose to use a Bayesian approach for data fusion, the variables of interest being then represented by randomprocesses. The dynamics are modeled by continuous states, and modes by discrete states : the model is hybrid. Toreduce the complexity of the fusion code, the representations of the dynamical behavior of the measures in the variousmodes have been developed in the form of linear Gaussian stochastic models.In the Bayesian framework, one knows formally the expression of the solution to the problem of optimal estimationof the height and of the sensors operating modes. This solution cannot be calculated in the case of hybrid dynamics.It has been approximated under the form of a probability density function multi-Gaussian, resulting in what we calla hybrid multi-Gaussian Kalman filter. Then the fusion algorithm can be seen as a bank of Kalman filters runningin parallel and whose likelihoods indicate the status of the sensors (failure or not). These filters are exploring all thepossible transitions between the various operating modes.The validation of the fusion algorithm and the evaluation of its performance are performed on scenarios selectedfor their representativeness of known problems and other with more prospective characters. The analysis of the resultsdemonstrates obviously the interest of the fusion. It also leads us to propose ways to improve the performance of theestimation algorithm and the representativeness of the simulation tool. We can thus limit the complexity of the filterwithout significant loss of performance by limiting the number of symptoms modeled, or limiting the number oftransitions explored

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Yetkil, Yasar Baris. "Design Of An Fm-cw Radar Altimeter". Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606819/index.pdf.

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Frequency modulated continuous wave (FM-CW) radar altimeters are used in civil and military applications. Proximity fuses, automatic cruise control systems of cars, radar altimeter of planes are examples to these applications. The goal of this thesis is to present a method for altitude determination using an FM-CW radar. For this purpose principles of radars and FM-CW systems are studied and related subjects are inspected. After this inspection, algorithms for altitude determination are evaluated. Consequently signal detection and processing methods are proposed to build an altitude determining algorithm. Also an analytical test environment for altitudes between 100 m and 4000 m is developed in computer as a result of researches. Test environment simulated the performance of altitude determining algorithm and FM-CW Radar Altimeter. The hardware is designed and implemented accordingly.

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Urban, Timothy James. "The integration and application of multi-satellite radar altimetry /". Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Luan, Jessica. "Development of a Small Sonar Altimeter and Constant Altitude Controller for a Miniature Autonomous Underwater Vehicle". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31265.

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Miniature Autonomous Underwater Vehicles are a major area of research and development today. Because of their size and agility, they are capable of exploring and operating in smaller bodies of water in addition to areas of the ocean that would be out of reach for a larger vehicle. Being autonomous requires that the system must be capable of performing without the need for human supervision, so use of external sensors such as sonar are needed to ensure the safety of the vehicle during missions. However, since all of the onboard instrumentation and external equipment must also be miniature in size, the implementation of a small sonar system is desirable. This thesis contains a brief introduction to sound and sonar, leading into a description of the design and development of a small, inexpensive sonar altimeter. Piezoelectric material is used for transduction in the sonar system while a PIC microcontroller processes the return signals from the water. This altimeter was made to be implemented on a miniature autonomous underwater vehicle developed by the Autonomous Systems and Controls Laboratory at Virginia Polytechnic Institute. In addition to being capable of reporting ocean depths, sonar systems can be used to aid in the navigation of underwater vehicles. A constant altitude controller based on sonar data has been designed, tested, and implemented on the autonomous underwater vehicle. Possibilities for an obstacle avoidance system involving sonar are also discussed in this thesis.
Master of Science

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Baek, Sang-Ho. "DEM generation and ocean tide modeling over Sulzberger Ice Shelf, West Antarctica, using synthetic aperture radar interferometry". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1155745007.

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Magruder, Lori Adrian 1971. "Pointing angle and timing verification of the geoscience laser altimeter using a ground-based detection system". 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/10730.

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Libri sul tema "Altimeter. Altitudes"

Au, Andrew Yu-Chung. User's guide: Programs for processing altimeter data over inland seas. Greenbelt, Md: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, 1989.

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Schrama, E. J. O. The role of orbit errors in processing of satellite altimeter data. Delft: Rijkscommissie voor geodesie, 1989.

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Au, Andrew Yu-Chung. User's guide: Programs for processing altimeter data over inland seas. Greenbelt, Md: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, 1989.

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Au, Andrew Y. Geoid undulations and gravity anomalies over the Aral Sea, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea from a combined GEOS-3/SEASAT/GEOSAT altimeter data set. Greenbelt, Md: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, 1991.

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Chelton, Dudley. WOCE/NASA Altimeter Algorithm Workshop: Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, August 24-26, 1987. College Station, TX: U.S. Planning Office for WOCE, Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, 1988.

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Klokočník, J. Satellite altimetry and its use in geoscience. Zdiby: Výzkumný ústav geodetický, topografický a kartografický, 1994.

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International Workshop on Satellite Altimetry (2002 Wuhan, China). Satellite altimetry for geodesy, geophysics and oceanography: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Satellite Altimetry : a joint workshop of IAG Section III Special Study Group SSG3.186 and IAG Section II : September 8-13, 2002, Wuhan, China. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2004.

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D, Brown Richard, Welker Jean Edward e Goddard Space Flight Center, a cura di. Geoid undulations and gravity anomalies over the Aral Sea, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea from a combined GEOS-3/SEASAT/GEOSAT altimeter data set. Greenbelt, Md: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, 1991.

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Hwang, Cheinway, C. K. Shum e Jiancheng Li. Satellite Altimetry for Geodesy, Geophysics and Oceanography: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Satellite Altimetry, a joint workshop of ... Association of Geodesy Symposia). Springer, 2013.

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1945-, Rummel R., e Sansò F. 1945-, a cura di. Satellite altimetry in geodesy and oceanography. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1993.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Altimeter. Altitudes"

Rango, Albert, e Jerry Ritchie. "Applications of Remotely Sensed Data from the Jornada Basin". In Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117769.003.0019.

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Like other rangelands, little application of remote sensing data for measurement and monitoring has taken place within the Jornada Basin. Although remote sensing data in the form of aerial photographs were acquired as far back as 1935 over portions of the Jornada Basin, little reliance was placed on these data. With the launch of Earth resources satellites in 1972, a variety of sensors have been available to collect remote sensing data. These sensors are typically satellite-based but can be used from other platforms including ground-based towers and hand-held apparatus, low-altitude aircraft, and high-altitude aircraft with various resolutions (now as good as 0.61 m) and spectral capabilities. A multispectral, multispatial, and multitemporal remote sensing approach would be ideal for extrapolating ground-based point and plot knowledge to large areas or landscape units viewed from satellite-based platforms. This chapter details development and applications of long-term remotely sensed data sets that are used in concert with other long-term data to provide more comprehensive knowledge for management of rangeland across this basin and as a template for their use for rangeland management in other regions. In concert with the ongoing Jornada Basin research program of ground measurements, in 1995 we began to collect remotely sensed data from ground, airborne, and satellite platforms to provide spatial and temporal data on the physical and biological state of basin rangeland. Data on distribution and reflectance of vegetation were measured on the ground along preestablished transects with detailed vegetation surveys (cover, composition, and height); with hand-held and yoke-mounted spectral and thermal radiometers; from aircraft flown at different elevations with spectral and thermal radiometers, infrared thermal radiometers, multispectral video, digital imagers, and laser altimeters; and from space with Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), IKONOS, QuickBird, Terra/Aqua, and other satellite-based sensors. These different platforms (ground, aircraft, and satellite) allow evaluation of landscape patterns and states at different scales. One general use of these measurements will be to quantify the hydrologic budget and plant response to changes in components in the water and energy balance at different scales and to evaluate techniques of scaling data.

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Carruthers, Richard M., e John D. Cornwell. "Gravity and Magnetic Methods". In Continental Shelf Limits. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117820.003.0018.

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Lateral variations in the density and magnetization of the rocks within the crust give rise to "anomalies" in the Earth's gravity and magnetic fields. These anomalies can be measured and interpreted in terms of the geology both in a qualitative sense, by mapping out trends and changes in anomaly style, and quantitatively, by creating models of the subsurface which reproduce the observed fields. Such interpretations are generally less definitive in themselves than the results from seismic surveys (see chapter 12), but the data are widely available and can provide information in areas where other methods are ineffective or have not been applied. As the different geophysical techniques respond to specific rock properties such as density, magnetization, and acoustic velocity, the results are complementary, and a fully integrated approach to data collection and interpretation is generally more effective than the sum of its parts assessed on an individual basis. Gravity and magnetic data have been acquired, at least to a reconnaissance scale, over most of the world. In particular, the release into the public domain of satellite altimetry information (combined with improved methods of data processing) means that there is gravity coverage to a similar standard for most of the offshore region to within about 50 km of the coast. Magnetic anomalies recorded from satellites provide global coverage, but the high altitude of the observations means that only large-scale features extending over many 10s of kilometers are delineated. Reconnaissance aeromagnetic surveys with flight lines 10-20 km apart provide a lateral anomaly resolution similar to that of the satellite gravity data. Oceanographic surveys undertaken by a variety of academic and research institutions are another valuable source of data in remote regions offshore which supplement and extend the more detailed coverage obtained over the continental shelves, for example, by oil companies in areas of hydrocarbon interest. Surveys over land vary widely in terms of acquisition parameters and quality, but some form of national compilation is available from many countries. A number of possible applications of the potential field (i.e., gravity and magnetic) data follow from the terms set out by UNCLOS. Paragraph 4(b) of article 76 states, "In the absence of evidence to the contrary, the foot of the continental slope is to be determined as the point of maximum change in the gradient at its base" (italics added).

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Altimeter. Altitudes"

Tung, Nguyen D., e Lebedko G. Evgeny. "The possibility of measuring low altitudes above the sea surface with pulsed laser altimeter under conditions of fog". In 10th International Symposium on Precision Engineering Measurements and Instrumentation (ISPEMI 2018), a cura di Jiubin Tan e Jie Lin. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2517432.

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Baskakov, A. I., A. A. Komarov, M. S. Mikhailov e A. V. Ruban. "Modeling of the methodical errors of high-precision aircraft radar altimeter operating above the sea surface at low altitudes". In 2017 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium - Spring (PIERS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/piers.2017.8262315.

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Degnan, John J., Jan F. McGarry, Thomas W. Zagwodzki, Phillip W. Dabney, Jennifer Geiger, Richard Chabot, Charles Steggerda, Joseph Marzouk e Andrew Chu. "Design and performance of a 3D imaging photon-counting microlaser altimeter operating from aircraft cruise altitudes under day or night conditions". In International Symposium on Remote Sensing, a cura di Ulrich Schreiber, Christian Werner, Gary W. Kamerman e Upendra N. Singh. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.453978.

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Lagkaditi, Lydia, Ashok Srivastava e Anuj Gupta. "Geology-Based Reservoir Model Building for Carbonate Reservoirs". In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11328.

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Environment in which carbonate reservoir rocks are deposited was studied by visiting and collecting rock samples from a carbonate reservoir analog located at Jabal Fuwairit in the Northeastern coast of Qatar. The primary objective of this study is to develop methods to characterize carbonate reservoirs. The experimental procedure included collecting samples based on geology, mapping the location and altitudes of the samples using a high-resolution Global Positioning System (GPS) with an altimeter, permeability measurements at selected locations, conducting petrophysical measurements on the samples, Conventional and Micro-X-ray Computed Tomography Scanning (CT Scanning), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) imaging. It is observed that the permeability measurements show an alternating pattern as a function of height above sea level. The cyclicity is probably representative of repeating sequences of sea level changes over geological time. CT Scanner and Micro-CT Scanner measurements were employed to obtain vital information about the flow pathways in the rock, thus assisting in calculating the porosity to compare with values measured in the lab. SEM results gave direct visualization of the pore network and information about grain size (500 microns) and intergranular porosity, mineralogy, compared with the EDS results, and lithotype. EDS results showed that reservoir rocks directly exposed to environment had significant alteration due to weathering. However, it is encouraging to learn that samples even few inches away from the surface had minimal environmental influence.

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Dmitriev, N., A. Babkovsky e N. Seleznev. "Test Apparatus for Low-Altitude Radio Altimeters". In 2006 16th International Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/crmico.2006.256241.

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Zakharchenko, Vladimir D. "Modelling of Low-altitude Altimeters Using Additional Frequency Modulation". In 2021 Radiation and Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves (RSEMW). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsemw52378.2021.9494124.

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Armstrong, Jason, e Scott Smith. "Altitude Comparison Technique Using the MC-130H APN-232 RADAR Altimeter". In 2008 U.S. Air Force T&E Days. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-1647.

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Yamamoto, Tomonori, Jun-ichiro Watanabe, Yuki Nishikawa e Koichiro Yawata. "UAV vision-based localization techniques using high-altitude images and barometric altimeter". In Unmanned Systems Technology XX, a cura di Charles M. Shoemaker, Robert E. Karlsen, Douglas W. Gage e Hoa G. Nguyen. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2302401.

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ZELENKA, RICHARD. "Integration of radar altimeter, precision navigation, and digital terrain data for low-altitude flight". In Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1992-4420.

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Trivedi, Nilang, Dheeraj Kore, Sanjit Sasidhar, A. Venkat Reddy, B. S. V. Prasad e Dr JayeshBarve. "Altitude Measurement and Tracking Algorithm for FMCW Radar Altimeter Based on Reconfigurable Baseband waveform". In 2018 IEEE 13th International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciinfs.2018.8721404.

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