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Articoli di riviste sul tema "American ginseng – Analysis"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 3 febbraio 2022

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1

Zhang, Wen-Song, An Pan, Liu Yang, Yuan-Yuan Cai, Bao-Lin Liu, Ping Li, Lian-Wen Qi, Jing Li, and Qun Liu. "American Ginseng and Asian Ginseng Intervention in Diet-Induced Obese Mice: Metabolomics Reveals Distinct Metabolic Profiles." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 47, no. 04 (January 2019): 787–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x19500411.

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Abstract (sommario):

American ginseng and Asian ginseng, which occupy prominent positions in the list of best-selling natural products in the West and East, are suitable for different indications in the traditional pharmacological uses. Currently, the effects of American ginseng and Asian ginseng in the protection against metabolic dysfunction and the differences between them are still unknown. Herein, an untargeted metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS) was determined. The serum metabolomics and dynamic feces metabolomics revealed significant metaboli

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2

Li, Lele, Yang Wang, Yang Xiu, and Shuying Liu. "Chemical Differentiation and Quantitative Analysis of Different Types of Panax Genus Stem-Leaf Based on a UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS Combined with Multivariate Statistical Analysis Approach." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2018 (2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9598672.

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Two quantitative methods (−ESI full scan and −ESI PRM MS) were developed to analyze ginsenosides in ginseng stem-leaf by using UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS. By means of −ESI PRM MS method, the contents of eighteen ginsenosides in Asian ginseng stem-leaf (ASGSL) and American ginseng stem-leaf (AMGSL) were analyzed. The principal component analysis (PCA) model was built to discriminate Asian ginseng stem-leaf (ASGSL) from American ginseng stem-leaf (AMGSL) based on −ESI PRM MS data, and six ginsenosides (F11, Rf, R2, F1, Rb1, and Rb3) were obtained as the markers. To further explore the differenc

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3

Bai, Dapeng, J. Brandle, and R. Reeleder. "Genetic diversity in North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) grown in Ontario detected by RAPD analysis." Genome 40, no. 1 (February 1, 1997): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g97-015.

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Genetic diversity within North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) grown in Ontario was investigated at the DNA level using the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 420 random decamers were initially screened against DNA from four ginseng plants and 78.8% of them generated RAPD fragments. Thirty-six of the decamers that generated highly repeatable polymorphic RAPD markers were selected for further RAPD analysis of the ginseng population. With these primers, 352 discernible DNA fragments were produced from DNA of 48 ginseng p

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4

Sloley, Brian Duff, Yi-Chan James Lin, Douglas Ridgway, Hugh Alexander Semple, Yun Kau Tam, Ronald Thomson Coutts, Raimar Löbenberg, and Nuzhat Tam-Zaman. "A Method for the Analysis of Ginsenosides, Malonyl Ginsenosides, and Hydrolyzed Ginsenosides Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet and PositiveMode Electrospray IonizationMass Spectrometric Detection." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 89, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/89.1.16.

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Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatographic separation coupled to diode array absorbance and positive mode electrospraymass spectrometric detection has been developed for the analysis of ginsenosides, malonyl ginsenosides, and hydrolyzed ginsenosides in extracts of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (P. quinquefolius). The method is capable of separating, identifying, and quantifying the predominant ginsenosides found in heated alcoholic extracts of Asian and American ginseng roots routinely sold as nutraceuticals. It also separates and identifies the malonyl ginsenoside

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5

Xie, J. "American ginseng leaf: ginsenoside analysis and hypoglycemic activity." Pharmacological Research 49, no. 2 (February 2004): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2003.07.015.

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6

Zhu, Lei, Ji Li, Nannan Xing, Dongwei Han, Haixue Kuang, and Pengling Ge. "American Ginseng Regulates Gene Expression to Protect against Premature Ovarian Failure in Rats." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/767124.

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Premature ovarian failure (POF) is defined as lost ovarian functions before the age of 40. Three possible molecular markers (PLA2G4A,miR-29a, andmiR-144) have been identified in our previous study by integrated analysis of mRNA and miRNA expression profiles. The present study aimed to evaluate American ginseng root’s protective potential against POF by studying transcriptional and protein variations between American ginseng treatments and controls in rats. 4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) was administered to rats for 14 days to induce POF. Additionally, American ginseng was administered to P

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7

Qi, Hongyu, Zepeng Zhang, Jiaqi Liu, Zhaoqiang Chen, Qingxia Huang, Jing Li, Jinjin Chen, et al. "Comparisons of Isolation Methods, Structural Features, and Bioactivities of the Polysaccharides from Three Common Panax Species: A Review of Recent Progress." Molecules 26, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 4997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164997.

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Panax spp. (Araliaceae family) are widely used medicinal plants and they mainly include Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Panax quinquefolium L. (American ginseng), and Panax notoginseng (notoginseng). Polysaccharides are the main active ingredients in these plants and have demonstrated diverse pharmacological functions, but comparisons of isolation methods, structural features, and bioactivities of these polysaccharides have not yet been reported. This review summarizes recent advances associated with 112 polysaccharides from ginseng, 25 polysaccharides from American ginseng, and 36 polysaccharides f

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8

Harnly, James, Pei Chen, and Peter de B. Harrington. "Probability of Identification: Adulteration of American Ginseng with Asian Ginseng." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 96, no. 6 (November 1, 2013): 1258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.13-290.

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Abstract The AOAC INTERNATIONAL guidelines for validation of botanical identification methods were applied to the detection of Asian Ginseng [Panax ginseng (PG)] as an adulterant for American Ginseng [P. quinquefolius (PQ)] using spectral fingerprints obtained by flow injection mass spectrometry (FIMS). Samples of 100% PQ and 100% PG were physically mixed to provide 90, 80, and 50% PQ. The multivariate FIMS fingerprint data were analyzed using soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) based on 100% PQ. The Q statistic, a measure of the degree of non-fit of the test samples with the ca

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9

Lee, Jin Wook, and Kenneth W. Mudge. "GYPSUM AFFECTS AMERICAN GINSENG'S GROWTH, NUTRITION, AND GINSENOSIDES." HortScience 41, no. 3 (June 2006): 492C—492. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.492c.

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In the Northeast, wild American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) is typically found growing in the dense shade provided by deciduous hardwood tree species such as a sugar maple, in slightly acidic soils with relatively high calcium content. Woods cultivated ginseng is often grown in forest farming agroforestry systems under similar conditions. Supplemental calcium by soil incorporation of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) is often recommended for woods cultivated ginseng. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of this practice on soil chemical properties, plant growth and quality of Amer

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10

Wang, Chong-Zhi, Samantha Anderson, and Chun-Su Yuan. "Phytochemistry and Anticancer Potential of Notoginseng." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 44, no. 01 (January 2016): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x16500026.

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Asian ginseng, American ginseng, and notoginseng are three major species in the ginseng family. Notoginseng is a Chinese herbal medicine with a long history of use in many Oriental countries. This botanical has a distinct ginsenoside profile compared to other ginseng herbs. As a saponin-rich plant, notoginseng could be a good candidate for cancer chemoprevention. However, to date, only relatively limited anticancer studies have been conducted on notoginseng. In this paper, after reviewing its anticancer data, phytochemical isolation and analysis of notoginseng is presented in comparison with A

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11

Xia, Yong-Gang, Yan Song, Jun Liang, Xin-Dong Guo, Bing-You Yang, and Hai-Xue Kuang. "Quality Analysis of American Ginseng Cultivated in Heilongjiang Using UPLC-ESI−-MRM-MS with Chemometric Methods." Molecules 23, no. 9 (September 19, 2018): 2396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092396.

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American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) has long been cultivated in China for the function food and medicine. Here, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography was coupled with electrospray ionization and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI−-TQ-MS) for simultaneous detection of 22 ginsenosides in American ginseng cultivated in Mudanjiang district of Heilongjiang. The extraction conditions also were optimized by a Box Behnken design experiment. The optimized result was 31.8 mL/g as ratio of liquid to raw materials, 20.3 min of extraction time, and 235.0 W of extraction powers. The qua

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12

Quayyum, H. A., M. Gijzen, and J. A. Traquair. "Purification of a Necrosis-Inducing, Host-Specific Protein Toxin from Spore Germination Fluid of Alternaria panax." Phytopathology® 93, no. 3 (March 2003): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.3.323.

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Spore germination fluid of Alternaria panax, the causal agent of Alternaria blight of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), collected from water droplets or aqueous ginseng leaf extracts produced visible water-soaked lesions on wounded, detached leaflets after incubation for 48 h. Maximum development of brown, necrotic spots occurred 4 to 5 days after inoculation on attached and detached ginseng leaflets. Of 15 plant species tested, only American ginseng was susceptible to applications of spore inoculum or spore germination fluid. The phytotoxic activity of the spore germination fluid was de

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13

Lin, Hongqiang, Hailin Zhu, Jing Tan, Han Wang, Qinghai Dong, Fulin Wu, Yunhe Liu, Pingya Li, and Jinping Liu. "Non-Targeted Metabolomic Analysis of Methanolic Extracts of Wild-Simulated and Field-Grown American Ginseng." Molecules 24, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061053.

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Aiming at revealing the structural diversity of secondary metabolites and the different patterns in wild-simulated American ginseng (WsAG) and field-grown American ginseng (FgAG), a comprehensive and unique phytochemical profile study was carried out. In the screening analysis, a total of 121 shared compounds were characterized in FgAG and WsAG, respectively. The results showed that both of these two kinds of American ginseng were rich in natural components, and were similar in terms of the kinds of compound they contained. Furthermore, in non-targeted metabolomic analysis, when taking the con

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14

Wang, Yaping, Hyung-Kyoon Choi, Josef A. Brinckmann, Xue Jiang, and Linfang Huang. "Chemical analysis of Panax quinquefolius (North American ginseng): A review." Journal of Chromatography A 1426 (December 2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.012.

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15

Proctor, John T. A., David C. Percival, and Dean Louttit. "Inflorescence Removal Affects Root Yield of American Ginseng." HortScience 34, no. 1 (February 1999): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.1.82.

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Manual removal of inflorescences from mature (3- and 4-year-old) American ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolium L.) at commercial timing (early July, ≈25% flowers open) increased root yield at harvest. Consecutive inflorescence removal for 2 years (third and fourth) increased yield 55.6%. Inflorescence removal in 4-year-old plants increased yield by 34.7% compared with 26.1% in 3-year-old plants. Analysis showed that the largest portion of roots (≈40%) was in the medium category (10-20 g), and inflorescence removal did not influence root size distribution. Root yield for 3-year-old plants increa

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16

Wang, Chong-Zhi, Karen E. Kim, Guang-Jian Du, Lian-Wen Qi, Xiao-Dong Wen, Ping Li, Brent A. Bauer, et al. "Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Ginsenoside Metabolites in Human Plasma." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 39, no. 06 (January 2011): 1161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x11009470.

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American ginseng is a commonly used herbal medicine in the United States. When ginseng is taken orally, its active components, ginsenosides, are reportedly biotransformed by intestinal microbiota. Previous pharmacokinetic evaluations of ginseng in humans have focused on its parent constituents. However, the metabolites, especially those transformed by intestinal microbiota, have not been carefully studied. We used an ultra-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/TOF-MS) method to determine 15 ginsenosides and/or metabolites and their bioavailability in humans.

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17

Pastucha, Alina, and Barbara Kołodziej. "The effect of irrigation and foliar fertilization on the colonization of american ginseng (Panax quinquefolium l.) diseased parts by different micro-organisms." Acta Agrobotanica 63, no. 1 (2012): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2010.020.

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Field studies on the health of American ginseng cultivated in the Lublin district on poor sandy soil were conducted in the years 2004-2006. The studies involved treatment combinations with irrigation and without irrigation as well as foliar fertilization with Alkalin PK and Resistim of American ginseng plants. Mycological analysis was made of diseased ginseng parts with the aim of determining the quantitative and qualitative composition of fungi-like organisms and fungi threatening the cultivation of this plant. Fungi from the genera of <i>Cylindrocarpon</i>, <i>Fusarium</

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18

Ludwiczuk, Agnieszka, Barbara Kołodziej, and Tadeusz Wolski. "The content and the composition of ginsenosides in different parts of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.)." Acta Agrobotanica 59, no. 1 (2012): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2006.053.

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Percentage of ginsenosides in roots of American ginseng is ranged from 6.5 to 12.5%. 4-year-old roots are characterized by the highest content of ginsenosides. The highest amount of ginsenosides was found in ginseng leaves (24.8 - 37.5%). Stems and fruits of <i>Panax quinquefolium</i> are characterized by much lower content of saponins. Maximum level of ginsenosides, in case of leaves, stems and fruits, was observed in 4-year-old organs. The results show, that Polish ginseng for medicinal uses should be harvested from fourth year of plant vegetation. Qualitative TLC analysis showed

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19

Proctor, J. T. A., D. C. Percival, and D. Louttit. "Inflorescence Removal Effects on Root Yield of American Ginseng (Panax quiquefolium L.)." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 481c—481. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.481c.

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American ginseng is a perennial herbaceous plant grown for its fleshy root and seeds. Little is known about fruit set and development in ginseng. In commercial practice a small proportion of 2-year-old plants may bear flowers and seed but these seeds usually are not harvested. Seeds from 3-year-old plants are harvested and used for establishing plantings, but seed from 4-year-old plants, if available, are preferred. Some growers remove flowers manually from plants in June at an estimated cost of $2500 per ha and claim higher root yields. The objective of this work was to determine the effect o

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20

Liu, X. D., X. F. Zhong, Y. Ma, H. J. Gong, Y. Y. Zhao, B. Qi, Z. K. Yan, X. B. Sun, and B. Liu. "Copia retrotransposons of two disjunctive Panax species: P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius." Australian Journal of Botany 56, no. 2 (2008): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt07030.

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Sixty highly heterogeneous reverse transcriptase (RT) gene domains, each representing a different copia retrotransposon, were isolated from Panax ginseng and P. quinquefolius, two highly valued medicinal plant species representing classical eastern Asian and eastern North American disjunctive speciation. These RT domains were classifiable into 10 distinct families. While some families contained highly degenerate elements, others were largely composed of intact ones that had been subjected to purifying selection. DNA gel-blot analysis showed that all 10 families existed in both ginseng species,

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Nantel, Patrick, Daniel Gagnon, and Andree Nault. "Population Viability Analysis of American Ginseng and Wild Leek Harvested in Stochastic Environments." Conservation Biology 10, no. 2 (April 1996): 608–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020608.x.

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22

Chen, Xiao-Jia, Jian-Feng Qiu, Yi-Tao Wang, and Jian-Bo Wan. "Discrimination of Three Panax Species Based on Differences in Volatile Organic Compounds Using a Static Headspace GC-MS-Based Metabolomics Approach." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 44, no. 03 (January 2016): 663–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x16500361.

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Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng), Panax quinquefolium (American ginseng) and Panax notoginseng (notoginseng) are highly valuable tonic herbs derived from the Panax genus that have similar morphological appearances and odors but different pharmacological activities and clinical indications. Thus, the authentication of these three Panax species is crucial for ensuring the quality, safety and efficacy of medication. In the present study, a static headspace gas chromatography — mass spectrometry (GC-MS) followed by a multivariate statistical analysis was developed to globally characterize the volatil

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Ludwiczuk, Agnieszka, Tadeusz Wolski, and Stanisław Berbeć. "Chromatographic analysis of ginsenosides occurring in the roots of American ginseng (Panax quinquefoliumL.) and in Asian ginseng (Panax ginsengC.A. Mayer) preparations." Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC 15, no. 2 (April 2002): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/jpc.15.2002.2.12.

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Obae, Samuel G., Hillar Klandorf, and Todd P. West. "Growth Characteristics and Ginsenosides Production of In Vitro Tissues of American Ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L." HortScience 46, no. 8 (August 2011): 1136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.8.1136.

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American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is an economically important perennial herb whose root is highly valued in the Orient for its medicinal properties. The root grows into different morphotypes, notably “bulb or round” (BLB), “man-like” (ML), and “straight or stick” (STK), and these roots are valued differently by consumers because they are assumed to have different medicinal qualities. Currently, wild-growing and field-cultivated plants are the major source of ginseng roots available on the market; however, because of declining wild populations and the lengthy time required in field cul

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Lee, Jinwook, and Kenneth W. Mudge. "Genotypic and Organ Variation in Ginsenoside Contents from American Ginseng Populations." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 143, no. 4 (July 2018): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs04405-18.

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Variation in ginsenoside content was investigated as a function of population/genotype, plant organ, and age using four geographically isolated wild populations and one landrace population of american ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.). The contents of individual and total ginsenosides were affected by the main and two-way interactions between population, organ, and age. Ginsenoside Re was not detected in roots of the wild population plants but was found in leaves and in both organs of the landrace population. A positive relationship between root age and total root ginsenosides was detected in t

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Li, Wenkui, and John F. Fitzloff. "HPLC ANALYSIS OF GINSENOSIDES IN THE ROOTS OF ASIAN GINSENG (PANAX GINSENG) AND NORTH AMERICAN GINSENG (PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUS) WITH IN-LINE PHOTODIODE ARRAY AND EVAPORATIVE LIGHT SCATTERING DETECTION." Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 25, no. 1 (January 31, 2002): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/jlc-100108537.

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Yu, Chunhao, Chong-Zhi Wang, Chun-Jie Zhou, Bin Wang, Lide Han, Chun-Feng Zhang, Xiao-Hui Wu, and Chun-Su Yuan. "Adulteration and cultivation region identification of American ginseng using HPLC coupled with multivariate analysis." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 99 (October 2014): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2014.06.031.

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Qi, Jianjun, Peng Sun, Dengqun Liao, Tongyu Sun, Juan Zhu, and Xianen Li. "Transcriptomic Analysis of American Ginseng Seeds during the Dormancy Release Process by RNA-Seq." PLOS ONE 10, no. 3 (March 19, 2015): e0118558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118558.

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Tung, Nguyen Huu, and Yukihiro Shoyama. "Eastern Blotting Analysis and Isolation of Two New Dammarane-Type Saponins from American Ginseng." Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 60, no. 10 (2012): 1329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.c12-00486.

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Hill, S. N., O. P. Hurtado-Gonzales, K. H. Lamour, and M. K. Hausbeck. "First Report of Mefenoxam Sensitivity and Pathogenicity of Phytophthora citricola Isolated from American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium)." Plant Disease 92, no. 12 (December 2008): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-12-1706a.

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Abstract (sommario):

In March of 2004, stratified ginseng seeds from commercial Wisconsin gardens were planted in sterilized silica sand in a research greenhouse at Michigan State University. Following emergence, seedlings exhibiting wilting, damping off, and black stem lesions were observed. In the laboratory, symptomatic seedlings were rinsed with distilled water. Tissue samples were excised and embedded in water agar amended with ampicillin (100 mg/liter) and incubated at 25°C. In addition to the isolation of Phytophthora cactorum, a known pathogen of ginseng, P. citricola, (five isolates) also was identified f

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DesRochers, Natasha, Jacob P. Walsh, Justin B. Renaud, Keith A. Seifert, Ken K. C. Yeung, and Mark W. Sumarah. "Metabolomic Profiling of Fungal Pathogens Responsible for Root Rot in American Ginseng." Metabolites 10, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10010035.

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Ginseng root is an economically valuable crop in Canada at high risk of yield loss caused by the pathogenic fungus Ilyonectria mors-panacis, formerly known as Cylindrocarpon destructans. While this pathogen has been well-characterized from morphological and genetic perspectives, little is known about the secondary metabolites it produces and their role in pathogenicity. We used an untargeted tandem liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based approach paired with global natural products social molecular networking (GNPS) to compare the metabolite profiles of virulent and avirulent Ily

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Popovich, David G., Shi Yun Yeo, and Wei Zhang. "Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) and Licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) Root Extract Combinations Increase Hepatocarcinoma Cell (Hep-G2) Viability." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep074.

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The combined cytoactive effects of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) and licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) root extracts were investigated in a hepatocarcinoma cell line (Hep-G2). An isobolographic analysis was utilized to express the possibility of synergistic, additive or antagonistic interaction between the two extracts. Both ginseng and licorice roots are widely utilized in traditional Chinese medicine preparations to treat a variety of ailments. However, the effect of the herbs in combination is currently unknown in cultured Hep-G2 cells. Ginseng (GE) and licorice (LE) extracts were b

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Boehm, C. L., H. C. Harrison, G. Jung, and J. Nienhuis. "Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Variation among and within Cultivated and Wild American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) Populations." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 454B—454. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.454b.

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The magnitude of genetic differences among and the heterogeneity within cultivated and wild American ginseng populations is unknown. Variation among individual plants from 16 geographically separated, cultivated populations and 21 geographically separated, wild populations were evaluated using RAPD markers. Cultivated populations from the midwestern U.S., the southern U.S., and Canada were examined. Wild populations from the midwestern U.S., the southern U.S., and the eastern U.S. were examined. Polymorphic bands were observed for 15 RAPD primers, which resulted in 100 scored bands. Variation

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LIU, Lingyu, Tianying CHANG, Xiansheng ZHANG, and Hongliang CUI. "Identification of American ginseng by terahertz time domain spectroscopy combined with principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis." Journal of Shenzhen University Science and Engineering 36, no. 2 (2019): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1249.2019.02207.

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35

Corbit, Rebecca M., Jorge F. S. Ferreira, Stephen D. Ebbs, and Laura L. Murphy. "Simplified Extraction of Ginsenosides from American Ginseng (Panax quinquefoliusL.) for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography−Ultraviolet Analysis." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53, no. 26 (December 2005): 9867–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf051504p.

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36

Robbins, Christopher S. "Comparative Analysis of Management Regimes and Medicinal Plant Trade Monitoring Mechanisms for American Ginseng and Goldenseal." Conservation Biology 14, no. 5 (October 18, 2000): 1422–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99100.x.

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37

Bobev, S. G., S. Baeyen, C. Crepel, and M. Maes. "First Report of Phytophthora cactorum on American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in Bulgaria." Plant Disease 87, no. 6 (June 2003): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.6.752c.

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Abstract (sommario):

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) is a recently introduced crop in Bulgaria. In autumn 2001, several 2-year-old plants from Stara Zagora County exhibited symptoms of wilting and dying. Laboratory analysis also revealed some browning of the ginseng root surface and discoloration of the vascular tissues. During later stages of the disease, roots became soft, rubbery, and disintegrated. After storage in a humid chamber for 3 to 5 days, roots were covered with a white, cottony mycelium. Following the transfer onto potato dextrose agar, this fungus formed rounded colonies of white, aerial myce

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38

Popovich, David G., and David D. Kitts. "Ginsenosides 20(S)-protopanaxadiol and Rh2 reduce cell proliferation and increase sub-G1 cells in two cultured intestinal cell lines, Int-407 and Caco-2." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 82, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y04-001.

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Abstract (sommario):

Ginsenosides derived from 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PT) and 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PD) groups had similar characteristic cytotoxic effects on the growth of two intestinal cells lines, Int-407 and Caco-2. Pure Rh2, a ginsenoside structurally related to PD, inhibited intestinal cell growth at greater than twice the concentration of PD, while Rh1, a ginsenoside structurally related to aglycone PT, had no cytotoxic effect. Concentrations causing growth inhibition of 50% of cells (LC50) for the compounds PD, PT, and Rh2 were 23, 26, and 53 µg/mL, respectively, for Int-407 cells. In comparison, the LC

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39

Wang, Jie, Tengteng Zhang, and Yongbin Ge. "C/N/H/O stable isotope analysis for determining the geographical origin of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)." Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 96 (March 2021): 103756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103756.

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40

Wu, Jianwei, Yougang Liu, Runhuai Zhao, and Rong Xu. "Fast pesticide multiresidue analysis in American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) by gas chromatography with electron capture detection." Journal of Natural Medicines 65, no. 2 (January 8, 2011): 406–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11418-010-0500-z.

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41

Shellie, Robert A., Philip J. Marriott, and Carmen W. Huie. "Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) and GC×GC-quadrupole MS analysis of Asian and American ginseng." Journal of Separation Science 26, no. 12-13 (August 1, 2003): 1185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200301404.

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42

Elza, Michael C., Christina Slover, and James B. McGraw. "Analysis of wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) movement patterns to explain the spatial structure of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) populations." Ecological Research 31, no. 2 (December 15, 2015): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11284-015-1327-6.

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43

Morinaga, Osamu, Takuhiro Uto, Chun-Su Yuan, Hiroyuki Tanaka, and Yukihiro Shoyama. "Evaluation of a new eastern blotting technique for the analysis of ginsenoside Re in American ginseng berry pulp extracts." Fitoterapia 81, no. 4 (June 2010): 284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2009.10.005.

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44

Ludwiczuk, Agnieszka, Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska, and Tadeusz Wolski. "Localization of ginsenosides in Panax quinquefolium root tissues." Acta Agrobotanica 59, no. 2 (2012): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2006.057.

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Abstract (sommario):

We carried out histochemical studies to find the localization of ginsenosides in roots of <i>Panax quinquefolium</i> cultivated in Poland. We performed an anatomical study on the structure and localization of secretory canals on the cross section of 4-year-old American ginseng roots. We observed the occurrence of large secretory canals, mainly in the middle part of the secondary cortex and less in the phloem layer. In our studies, moreover, we demonstrated the production of secretory canals within the periderm layer. After the anatomical study, the 4-year-old ginseng root was divid

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45

Yuan, Meifang, and Yan Hong. "Heterogeneity of Chinese Medical Herbs in Singapore Assessed by Fluorescence AFLP Analysis." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 31, no. 05 (January 2003): 773–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x03001351.

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Abstract (sommario):

There are conflicting records on the identity of Chinese medical herbs, and it is known that different plant materials are used under the same common names in different regions in China. However, there is no study on the genetic heterogeneity of medical herbs in any market outside of China. In this report, Chinese medical herbs under common names Radix Quinquefolii (American Ginseng or Xiyangshen), Radix Astragali (Huangqi), Radix Notoginseng (Tianqi), Coxtex Cinnamomum (Guipi), Radix Isatidis (Banlangen), Radix Codonopsis (Dangshen) and Radix Rehmannia (Shengdi) were collected from three inde

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46

Sabo, Ian A., Jennifer Rhode Ward, H. David Clarke, and Jonathan L. Horton. "Partial-root Harvest of American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.): A Non-Destructive Method for Harvesting Root Tissue for Ginsenoside Analysis." Castanea 84, no. 2 (December 13, 2019): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.2179/0008-7475.84.2.310.

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47

Sritularak, Boonchoo, Osamu Morinaga, Chun-Su Yuan, Yukihiro Shoyama, and Hiroyuki Tanaka. "Quantitative analysis of ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, and Re in American ginseng berry and flower samples by ELISA using monoclonal antibodies." Journal of Natural Medicines 63, no. 3 (April 18, 2009): 360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11418-009-0332-x.

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48

Yeo, Chia-Rou, Sea-Ming Lee, and David G. Popovich. "Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) Reduces Cell Growth, Lipid Acquisition and Increases Adiponectin Expression in 3T3-L1 Cells." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/neq051.

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Abstract (sommario):

An American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) extract (GE) that contained a quantifiable amount of ginsenosides was investigated for the potential to inhibit proliferation, affect the cell cycle, influence lipid acquisition and adiponectin expression in 3T3-L1 cells. Six fingerprint ginsenosides were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography and the respective molecular weights were confirmed by LC-ESI-MS analysis. The extract contained Rg1 (347.3 ± 99.7 μg g−1, dry weight), Re (8280.4 ± 792.3 μg g−1), Rb1 (1585.8 ± 86.8 μg g−1), Rc (32.9 ± 8 μg g−1), Rb2 (62.6 ± 10.6 μg g−1) and Rd (90

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49

Sun, Chao, Ying Li, Qiong Wu, Hongmei Luo, Yongzhen Sun, Jingyuan Song, Edmund M. K. Lui, and Shilin Chen. "De novo sequencing and analysis of the American ginseng root transcriptome using a GS FLX Titanium platform to discover putative genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis." BMC Genomics 11, no. 1 (2010): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-11-262.

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50

Brown, Paula N., Michael Chan, Lori Paley, and Joseph M. Betz. "Determination of Major Phenolic Compounds in Echinacea spp. Raw Materials and Finished Products by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection: Single-Laboratory Validation Matrix Extension." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 94, no. 5 (September 1, 2011): 1400–1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/94.5.1400.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract A method previously validated to determine caftaric acid, chlorogenic acid, cynarin, echinacoside, and cichoric acid in echinacea raw materials has been successfully applied to dry extract and liquid tincture products in response to North American consumer needs. Single-laboratory validation was used to assess the repeatability, accuracy, selectivity, LOD, LOQ, analyte stability (ruggedness), and linearity of the method, with emphasis on finished products. Repeatability precision for each phenolic compound was between 1.04 and 5.65% RSD, with HorRat values between 0.30 and 1.39 for ra

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