Tesi sul tema "Animaux sauvages"
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Masounave, Laure Bertagnoli Stéphane. "Les pestivirus chez les animaux sauvages étude bibliographique /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/2076/1/debouch_2076.pdf.
Testo completoServat, Stéphanie. "Archéozoologie de la faune médiévale du Castrum de Rougiers (Var) de la fin du XIIème au milieu du XVème siècle". Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX20700.
Testo completoAntao, de Oliveira Dias Marialice. "La protection juridique de la faune sauvage en droit brésilien et français". Limoges, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIMO1011.
Testo completoA presente pesquisa tem por finalidade delinear aspectos relevantes que permeiam a efetiva utilização na tutela jurídica do bem ambiental fauna silvestre. Serão bordados, pontos relativos à fauna silvestre e sua diferenciação com outros tipos classificatórios e o direito comparado brasileiro e francês. Monstrar os conflitos que ocorrem acerca das competências e responsabilidades relativos aos danos causados à fauna silvestre, sobretudo no que tange ao sistema conômico, que ao apropriar-se de forma irracional da fauna silvestre, provoca a extinção desse bem indispensável à vida no Planeta, na maioria das vezes de forma irreversível. A biopirataria será exposta como um câncer na continuidade das espécies faunísticas, como também uma agressão aos princípios gerais do direito ambiental
Lévy-Bruhl, Viviane. "La protection de la faune sauvage en droit français". Lyon 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO33003.
Testo completoThe juridical conception of wild fauna is still widely impressed by a multisecular conception of fauna in which each animal is a "bien sans maitre" (res nullius). The emergence of a law for wild fauna protection suppose the apparition of new classifications that translate an evolution in the relations between humans and wild animals. First of all these ones should be protected. The conservation of wild fauna needs the protection of species themselves but also their habitats and a new reflexion about territory management
Natali, Meganne. "Le droit international face au trafic illégal de biodiversité sauvage". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2020COAZ0011.
Testo completoIllegal Biodiversity Trade may be considered as one the major challenge of the XXIst century. Indeed, the worrying wide scope of this phenomenon must be considered, especially when one understands its many harmful consequences. Further than its ecological implications, the illegal wildlife trade has also commercial, security and social consequences. Regarding these implications, most States found convergent interests to halt this illegal trade, and the need for a global and concerted action in international law has been legitimized. Thus, the international community has developed a legal corpus aimed to fight illegal entry of wild species on the market. However, if the richness of regulations constituting this global framework illustrates the positive approach by the international community in its fight against illegal wildlife trade, it is clear that normative and operational limits threatens the scope of the provisions in force. This thesis therefore demonstrates that the international law applicable to the illegal wildlife trade, although consistent, remains relatively insufficient to neutralize the phenomenon definitively
Pierre, Demar Magalie. "Approche épidémiologique, clinique et biologique des formes sévères de toxoplasmose acquise du sujet adulte immunocompétent en Guyane française". Antilles-Guyane, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AGUY0311.
Testo completoThis thesis in a focus on medical knowledge and scientific work which helped to describe since 1998 a special from of acquired toxoplasmosis especially reported in French Guiana and in a Surinamese border village. It presents as a clinical and pathophysiological approach of criteria of pathogenicity of Toxoplasma gondii that circulate in French Guiana. The document is organized into three main parts ; the first one reports the clinical, epidemiological and biological features of this form of toxoplasmosis, called Amazonian toxoplasmosis or AT ; the second part develops the arguments for the existence of a forest base cycle of atypical strains of T. Gondii, and the third part determines the virulence criteria on mice for one T. Gondii involved in AT. General review of published articles associated with the analysis of 35 cases of AT reported from 2002 to 2009 clearly highlight the experience of this clinical entity that is remarkable for its morbidity and its clinical heterogeneity. Ethnicity, place of residence and some biological parameters seems to be aggravating factors. The initial hypothesis that AT involves unsuitable T. Gondii strains to humans led to study the circulation of the parasite in wildlife and recent studies confirms this hypothesis. The third part of this document really concretizes the virulence on mice of one atypical T. Gondii strain involved in an AT case by the determination od the letal dose, LD50 and LD100 and the description of of the histological features. This part initiates a discussion about the pathophysiolgical mechanisms of this entity
Laurenceau, Bernard. "Impact de l'utilisation des pesticides sur la faune sauvage". Nantes, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NANT392P.
Testo completoCombes, Anaïs Ducos de Lahitte Jacques. "Contribution à l'imagerie médicale du Wallaby de Bennett (Macropus rufogriseus)". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/1793/1/debouch_1793.pdf.
Testo completoMoreau, Ronan. "Sur les chemins des terres sauvages : figures et symbolique des animaux de la forêt dans l'Inde ancienne". Paris 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA030123.
Testo completoThis study about the images and the symbolism of the wild animals at ancient India is based on a reading of the Veda and the epics that are the Rāmāyan_a and the Mahābhārata. It consists in drawing up a portrait as complete as possible of emblematic animals of the forest: wolves, jackals, hyenas, bears, lions, tigers, panthers, elephants, rhinoceroses, wild boars, and buffalos. Equally real and conceptual animals, their picture seems complex and partially attached to the definition of the environment where they live, the aran_ya or the wilderness. Mainly represented through their relations with man, who is constantly fascinated by them, they are either pushed away or appealed, in that case leading to an animalisation of the individual. Primarily lexical, the phenomenon questions its deep nature and the links between man and animal, which reveal themselves by a transfer of strength and power. This relation tends logically to consider the wild animal in a divine and/or demoniac environment where, between myths and sacrifices, it appears sometimes as a protégé of the god, sometimes as one of its multiple forms, often dreadful
Kaselow, Gerlind. "Die Schaulust am exotischen Tier : Studien zur Darstellung des zoologischen Gartens in der Malerei des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts". Hildesheim : Georg Olms Verlag, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb389881524.
Testo completoTrinquier, Jean. "Loca horrida : l'espace des animaux sauvages dans le monde romain entre la fin de la République et le Haut Empire". Paris 10, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA100184.
Testo completoFoucras, Sylvain. "Animaux domestiques et faunes sauvages en territoire Arverne (Vème avant JC - 1er siècle après JC)". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00567845.
Testo completoChanteloup, Laine. "À la rencontre de l’animal sauvage : dynamiques, usages et enjeux du récréotourisme faunique. : Une mise en perspective franco-canadienne de trois territoires : Bauges, Gaspésie, Nunavut". Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENAO14/document.
Testo completoHistorically, wildlife has always been a resource for mankind by ensuring food safety to local and traditional societies. Wildlife tourism represents an evolution in the use of wildlife and affects livelihoods, culture and the local identities. The aim of this PhD research is to have a better understanding of what is wildlife tourism. This specific tourism causes a requalification of the resource, which has some impacts on human and non-human spaces, on the territorial building processes and on the relationship between men and animals. This research focuses particularly on these issues by studying wildlife viewing tourism and sport hunting tourism. These two kinds of tourism are usually in conflict because wildlife tourism is viewed as a non-consumptive tourism whereas hunting tourism is viewed as a consumptive tourism. Going beyond some common preconceptions on these different tourisms, we question the differences and/or the dialogical relationship between these practices. To conduct this research, we chose to lead a comparative analysis putting into perspective different case studies in France and in Canada. This comparative work allows a better understanding of tourism and territorial stakes linked to wildlife tourism and it allows to reflect on the transferability of processes observed between different fieldworks. From a methodological point of view, we have defined a framework to analyse wildlife tourism. This framework is based on conceptual aspects, analysis of archives, observation methods and discourse analysis. The first part of this work presents the theoretical context and introduces the systemic approach of this research (chapter 1, 2 and 3). These methodological and theoretical presuppositions are used to analyse how wildlife tourism dynamics act, react and retroact on the whole territorial system. The second part questions the socio-spatial organisation of wildlife viewing and hunting tourisms (chapters 4 and 5). These forms of tourisms are studied taking into account the settlement of these activities on space, the visitors' expectations and the impacts on wildlife populations. The third and last part discusses the evolution of the relationship between humans and wildlife in time and space according to the tourism activity. Chapter 6 looks at the dialectical link between heritage processes and the uses of wildlife resource that are accepted or not, whereas chapter 7 suggests a reflection on human / animal interaction at the individual level questioning the people's ethic in their use, behaviour and habits developed around wildlife
Pedrono, Miguel. "Gestion interactive entre les populations sauvages et captives : stratégie de conservation de la tortue astrochelys yniphora à Madagascar". Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066364.
Testo completoMichel, Virginie. "Épidémiologie de la leptospirose zoonose : étude comparée du rôle de différentes espèces de la faune sauvage et de leur environnement". Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO1T055.
Testo completoTolon, Vincent. "Du processus de sélection d'habitat à la survie des proies dans le paysage du risque : implications pour l'exploitation de la faune sauvage". Chambéry, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CHAMS013.
Testo completoThis work studies interrelations between ultimate and proximal aspect of habitat selection strategies in the landscape of risk of a game species, the wild boar Sus scrofa L. , known to be source of numerous management troubles in Europe. To initiate this work we highlighted the necessity of a good fit between telemetry tools, statistical analyses and biological question when studying habitat selection on free ranging animals. Following works therefore rely on telemetric locations dataset performed on wild boar living in the vicinity of a protected area of the Geneva basin (France, Switzerland), and on GPS tracking of hunting dogs. First, we showed that shifts of activity centres in response to daily and seasonal risk variations were the highest in the vicinity of the protected areas, and reflected therefore the underlying scaling structure of the landscape of risk. Then we showed that the progressive dissociation of both wild boar and hunting dogs' multivariate habitat selection patterns led to a switch of mortality from adults to younger age classes when adults found refuge in the protected perimeter. Then, we showed that individuals selected directly, by moving between consecutive resting sites, the lowest hunted areas even if no hunting occurred at dawn when animals performed this habitat choice. This suggested the use of indirect information or a memorisation of risk levels from wild boar. Through the light of these results, we finally showed how the use of a moderate harvesting pressure, combined with the creation of a perceptual bias about risk levels in animals, could help to restore the control of population escaping from harvesting in refuges
Lambert-Habib, Marie-Laure. "Le commerce des espèces sauvages : entre droit international et gestion locale : réflexions sur la CITES, Convention de Washington sur le commerce international des espaces [i.e. espèces] de faune et de flore sauvages menacés [i.e. menacées] d'extinction /". Paris ; Montréal (Québec) : l'Harmattan, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37116288z.
Testo completoGérard, Jean-François. "Autonomie des systèmes biologiques et évolution. Considérations théoriques et application à l'éco-éthologie des ongulés sauvages : [thèse en partie soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]". Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30278.
Testo completoPitel, Pierre-Hugues. "Approche immunologique et parasitologique de l'épidémiologie des infections émergentes bovines et équines A NEOSPORA sp. Et SARCOCYSTIS NEURONA en Basse-Normandie". Caen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CAEN3085.
Testo completoBibes, Hélène Marie. "Contribution a l'étude des jeunes gorilles en captivité". Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU34088.
Testo completoPerret, Emmanuelle. "Impact de la prédation des grands carnivores (loup Canis lupus et lynx Lynx lynx) sur les populations d'ongulés sauvages (espèces Nord-Paléarctique)". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://www.enssib.fr/bibliotheque/documents/dessid/rrbperret.pdf.
Testo completoMontaudouin, Séverine. "Signification des activités des Ours bruns (Ursus arctos) en captivité : perspectives d'amélioration de leur bien-être". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MNHN0002.
Testo completoCaptive brown bears (n=66) kept in 28 different parks were observed in order to assess the level of stereotypies (st. ) and interactions. Husbandry methods and design were compared. 78% of adult bears exhibited st. Especially if they were locked inside by night. In that case, st. Were more numerous during afternoon. Head turns were especially exhibited by young animals. No connection between st. And environmental factors was found, except that larger pool was significantly linked with lower levels of st. Finally, keeping more than two bears together was a potential source of social conflict, they should be kept in couple or lonely. More detailed observations were collected on the behaviour of 16 of them. The way in which the subjects used areas was also studied, with regard to effect of visitors and keepers. The largest enclosures, exhibiting young animals, were characterised by high scores of play, interactions, eating, and attention behaviours. Medium age animals in small enclosures exhibited high rates of st. Anticipation of feeding time can result in high levels of st. , especially when feeding occured late in the day. Some areas were used more frequently, rest and st. Were the most located behaviours. St. Were often linked with the amount of attention that bears paid to visitors. Lastly, a gradual reduction in frequency in st. In two females was observed after the death of their male cage mate. Changes can be suggested to the day to day husbandry to stimulate play, allow resting and reduce st
Besson, Pierre. "Structuration spatio-temporelle des dégâts de la tordeuse Choristoneura murinana Hb. (lepidoptera : tortricidae) dans un peuplement de sapin pectiné (Abies alba Mill. ) : relations avec la dynamique des populations de l'insecte". Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10253.
Testo completoPrisner-Levyne, Yann. "La protection de la faune sauvage terrestre en droit international public". Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D086/document.
Testo completoTerrestrial wildlife is actually facing a sixth mass extinction which is mostly anthropogenic contrary to past mass extinctions. After the international community took notice of the problem in the 70s, an increasing number of legal instruments were adopted in order to protect terrestrial wildlife worldwide. Yet, wildlife populations continued to decline. Through this terrible assessment, it is the efficiency of the international legal regime of wildlife protection which needs to be questioned and scrutinized.The crux of the problem lies in the fact that terrestrial wildlife is considered as a natural resource. As such, each State has jurisdiction to manage, exploit, deplete, or even destroy wildlife resources located on their territory pursuant to the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources. However, this principle is in contradiction with ecological and biological realities Indeed, terrestrial fauna, apart from the fact that it may move from one State to the other, is involved in the maintenance of ecosystems and other complex biological processes which effects are felt way outside the borders of a single State. As a result, the exploitation of wildlife resources in one State can have dire consequences on the environment of other States. As such, sovereignty over wildlife resources cannot be absolute which the principle of good neighbourliness imperfectly captures. Yet, it appears that the application of this principle in the context of the conservation of wildlife resources raises a certain number of uncertainties due to the difficulty to translate in legal terms the complexities of the ecological processes involved. Consequently, terrestrial wildlife should not be regulated by the same legal regime as the one applicable to extractive resources which are invariably located within the borders of a single State and are not part of any transnational ecological process. Maybe would it be more relevant to apply a legal regime similar to the one applicable to international waterways, most of them are considered as de facto shared resources implying a regime of common management between Riverine States without their respective sovereignty being challenged in any way. Yet this solution is not the one that prevails under international law as far as wildlife resources are concerned. The actual regime is entirely built around the principle of terrestrial sovereignty over natural resources where each State is responsible for implementing its international obligations in its own territory. [...]
Leroy, Clémentine. "Sensibilité des abeilles sauvages face aux transformations du paysage dans les agroécosystèmes : Utilisation d'une approche écophysiologique pour évaluer l'influence des ressources florales sur la condition corporelle des abeilles sauvages". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Avignon, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023AVIG0616.
Testo completoThe actual context of bee species decline raises the actual needs of finding and thinking about more proactive and relevant conservation and restoration measures. In this initiative, the use of new biological metrics that can link individual bee responses to environmental alteration with populationlevel responses could represent an interesting opportunity. We hypothesized that physiological indicators could communicate the actual individual bee sensitivity to environmental changes and act as early warning signals of bee population decline or sustainability. Physiological markers can for example, provide helpful information on the interface between bee populations and their resources. Those indicators are indeed very promising and already show benefits and success for numerous organisms and numerous environmental perturbations they have to cope with, namely chemicals, climate change and landscape resources. In that extent, we used such ecophysiological approach to measure the effects of floral resources abundance, availability and richness on female’s bee body condition. We approximate bee body condition as a compilation of body mass, and nutritional healthindicators (proteins, triglycerides and proteins) contents. Firstly, we examined the effect of seminatural elements (temporary and permanent grasslands, fallows and woody moorlands) on the reproductive success and the body condition of a mason bee in apple orchards from south of France. Parallelly, we tested the effect of a land-use index (compilation of farmers practices including mowing, grazing and fertilizing) and floral diversity from agroecosystems habitats on the health state of wild bee communities in Belgium and Germany thanks to the multilevel approach of the European NutriB² project. This thesis work shows that metrics of body condition can be useful to improve our understanding of pollinator responses to habitat quality with a focus on nutrition. In particular, the measure of body mass and proteins content seem to be of particular interest to attest for individual sensitivity. Additional physiological health parameters including stoichiometry and pathogen loads also provide valuable information on the health state of wild bees and are also the focus of working groups within the european project. We can optimistically assume that the acquisition of this knowledge and its application in practice, in conjunction with these other disciplinary fields and with players involved in pollinator conservation, could enable us to refine and co-construct wild bee conservation or restoration strategies to combat bee decline
Estebanez, Jean. "Les zoos comme dispositif spatial : pour une géographie culturelle de l'animalité". Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA070036.
Testo completoZoos are institutions hosting more than 600 million visitors yearly. Zoos are place shaping the living through a collection building process. The organisation of animals by taxonomic, environmental, continental arrangement, rarity or display value is a narrative about our vision of Nature. Exoticism is a form of geographical otherness that does not corne from a localisation but from a gap to a non explicit norm. Wilderness has multi-layered meanings from Ferocious to Authentic. Zoos are places where the geographical imaginary of Otherness is used and reshaped. Zoos are a framework giving alive animals a contextual meaning, a dispositif spatial. My main hypothesis is that zoos are a theater of the living : zoos are about displaying. There is a stage, a hall, a curtain ; they are animals as actors, a public and a show on stage. I will use Foucault's dispositif to analyse how the zoo narrative is both constructed through a wide range of discourses, norms, representations, buildings or landscapes and an everyday practice by visitors and staff. Last but not least, zoos also deal with and express a challenged Human-Animal relationship. In institutions based on a fondamental dichotomy between Human and Animals as categories and a corresponding use of space -the stage for Animals, the hall for Humans, I will first adress the question of Human zoos : how is it possible to display Humans with Animals ? I will then turn to the history of boundary building : from fences to glass, technological and architectural reflects a changing Human-Animal relationship. Zoos may be more than anything a place to experience a metaphysical question : what it is to be Human ?
Delfour, Julie. ""Sauvagine" : Hommes et petits carnivores sauvages dits "nuisibles" : Partage des territoires, partage des connaissances". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF20007.
Testo completoThe advance of forests in the Middle Ages bordered on a disturbing nearness with wild animals which escaped our will of control, engendering inevitable conflicts of territory. These conflicts are at the origin of the classification of certain animal species in the category of “pests”. The most studied of them remain the big predators, wolf and bear in particular. Mustelids (weasel (Mustela nivalis), stone marten (Martes foina), marten (Martes martes), polecat (Mustela putorius) and American mink (Mustela mink)) may be more discreet predators in size as in popularity, they remain not less strictly dependent on “breaths” of the human imagination there. Their night-customs and their furtive behavior are the compost on which the human perceptions grow and feed. Painting a portrait of this imperceptible scum, grouped by trappers under the collective word of “Sauvagine”, we commit a multidisciplinary reflection reconciling natural and human sciences and mixing several approaches : geography, anthropology, ecology and symbolism.The study of natural histories, associated with investigations with naturalists and with trappers in the countrysides of low mountain range of the southwest of Massif Central (Aveyron, Tarn and Tarn-et-Garonne), allows to comprehend better the evolution of the notion of “pests” and its perception by rural actors. Eternal “outlaws”, weasels frustrate our attempts to encircle them, to identify them and to assign them a territory perfectly different from ours. The sharing of territories fails, the man failing to hold these small undulate animals in respect, on their place, from their part for the barrier. “Pests” offer an exemplary illustration of the man confronted with the savage and allow an analysis of the permanent hesitation between order and disorder, sharing and sharing, otherness and identity
Shukla, Ushma. "Dispersion épizoochore des graines par les ongulés sauvages dans des paysages changeants : le cerf élaphe comme étude de cas". Thesis, Orléans, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ORLE3060.
Testo completoEpizoochory is one mode of plant dispersal, where seeds are conveyed externally on animals. It mostly concerns forbs and graminoids, shrubs and trees relying more on endozoochory or abiotic vectors. Epizoochory is considered a strong biotic filter that shapes local plant assemblages from the regional pool of species. Abundant populations of large-bodied ungulates and their home range movements provide frequent ‘mobile links’ among habitat patches. For my thesis, I was interested in assessing the role of wild ungulates, especially red deer, in epizoochorous seed dispersal. I addressed 1) the role of ungulates in structuring local plant communities with respect to dispersal-related plant traits, 2) the effect of landscape composition on movement decisions made by individual red deer on subsequent seed dispersal kernels, and 3) the complementarity of ungulate-mediated dispersal modes and their overall influence on local plant communities. I used a combination of empirical field data and ecological modeling to address these questions. I found that zoochory presents a weak signal in structuring plant communities compared to other abiotic factors, but that dispersal-enabling traits were good predictors. I demonstrated the importance of accounting for home ranging behavior in range-resident ungulates in the seed dispersal kernel, which prevents from over-estimating dispersal distances. Moreover, I underlined how considering the total seed load dispersed by individual red deer is crucial and reveals the complementarity of dispersal modes in the total dispersal kernel. Finally, I highlighted the underrated role of ungulates in spreading invasives as a real threat to biodiversity
Nikolic, Natacha. "Diversité génétique et taille efficace chez les populations de poissons sauvages : le cas du saumon atlantique un poisson migrateur amphihalin menacé". Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/576/.
Testo completoThis thesis was concerned mainly with the genetic diversity and the effective size (Ne) of wild fish stocks of diadromous migratory endangered Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). For this, four populations were chosen in the northern (Scotland) and southern (France) part of Europe for their differences in their structure and management. This work led to the development of two new models. DemoDivMS predicted genetic diversity of a population whose evolutionary scenario, given by the user, describes variations of Ne during the previous generations. VarEff tries to estimate the effective sizes, sampling time and pasts, based on direct analytical calculations to shorten the time of calculations
Okouyi, Okouyi N. W. Joseph. "Savoirs locaux et outils modernes cynégétiques : développement de la filière commerciale de viande de brousse à Makokou (Gabon)". Orléans, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ORLE1085.
Testo completoThe issue of wildlife in Central Africa has almost always been approached from the aspect of the negative impact of human activities. Hunting and the trading of bush meat are often seen as the main factors responsible for the decline of forest wild life. Studies funded by various sponsors (FAO, World Bank, European Union, International NGOs) tend to imply the negative impact of those practices on the biodiversity. The question that the authors are concerned about is always the impact of hunting on animal populations and the sustainability of these activities. In Central Africa this "Western vision" has led to the promotion of wildlife management policies that exclude local people from priority production zones that sometimes include traditional hunting areas. In this study we try to place the debate in a local context where the rural peoples are already marginalized by the Gabonese government and have to live their daily lives in precarious conditions. From this perspective the commercial exploitation of wildlife, which is one resource among many others, seems to be a promising solution. We have carried out a detailed study of the network of hunting and bush meat trading in Makokou, one of the Gabonese areas where wildlife is still omnipresent. The study focuses on the system of exploitation of the red river hog, one of the most important species for hunting and game trade in Makokou. It shows that over the course of time hunting has become a lucrative activity in Makokou, even though it is in the first place a traditional activity. In order to increase the profitability, hunters combine traditional knowledge with modern tools. Any conservation policy aimed at preventing this will be condemned to failure. It is therefore in the interest of the wildlife as well as the human populations to encourage the different actors to become involved in the sustainable exploitation of the resource including the breeding of the species
Takforyan, Ani. "Chasse villageoise et gestion locale de la faune sauvage en Afrique : une étude de cas dans une forêt de l'Est-Cameroun". Paris, EHESS, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EHES0041.
Testo completoDevalloir, Quentin. "Effects of multi-stressors (pollution, nutritional quality) on the immunocompetence of the wood mouse". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2023. http://indexation.univ-fcomte.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/5a14477e-cb8f-4d05-8d4f-99eeb7cebb0c.
Testo completoIn a rapidly changing environment, multiple stressors can affect the health of wild animals. Among these stressors, exposure to pollutants and low nutritional quality can enhance physiological disorders and modulate the ability of the immune system to respond efficiently to an infection, a phenomenon called immunocompetence. Exposure to toxic metals, like cadmium and lead, affects the structure and the functioning of immune cells, while micronutrients like selenium are dietary compounds having beneficial effects on the immune response when taken in adequate amounts. However, the influence of micronutrients on the effect of toxic metals has been mainly studied in laboratory experiments but remains obscure in wild animals. The present thesis aimed to disentangle the influence of exposure to toxic metals and of nutritional quality on the immunocompetence of a small mammal, the wood mouse. Chapter 1 reviewed the ability of some beneficial micro-elements or vitamins to alleviate the damage to the immune system caused by exposure to toxic metals in wild and captive mammals. In Chapter 2, free-ranging wood mice were captured in sites exhibiting high and low levels of soil pollution by cadmium and lead and were either immediately challenged (using lipopolysaccharides of bacteria, LPS) or challenged after five days of captivity with standard or selenium-deficient food. Immune response was affected by exposure to cadmium and lead through endocrine disturbances. Wild animals exposed to elevated levels of toxic metals displayed higher inflammatory responses to immune challenge, while individuals maintained in captivity for five days showed lower immune responses when fed a selenium-deficient diet. The characterisation of the immune response of wild animals is, generally speaking, constrained by the lack of appropriate methods since most methods and markers have been developed on laboratory animals. For this reason, Chapter 3 was dedicated to the development of blood reference intervals for wood mice and other rodent species. Reference intervals are commonly used in medicine or veterinary science for health diagnoses but are very scarce for free-ranging non-domestic species. Variations in blood cell counts were found to be affected by season and location of wood mouse populations rather than by biological parameters (age, sex…). The use of reference intervals allowed to sort healthy from unhealthy individuals of a given population by using a non-lethal approach. In line with this, Chapter 4 proposed non-lethal methods to assess health and inflammatory status in wood mice. A pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-), a mediator of the inflammation, was measured in blood and spleen cells of wild-caught captive wood mice. An increase of inflammatory markers was found in wild-caught captive wood mice challenged with LPS. Altogether, these results suggested that nutritional quality has a positive influence on the immunocompetence of wild animals chronically exposed to toxic metals. Immunomarkers and blood reference intervals provided relevant tools for assessing the immunocompetence of wood mice
Gougnaud, Jean-Yves. "Périodes de chasse et droit communautaire : les difficultés de l'application en France de l'article 7-4 de la directive 79/409/CE relative à la conservation des oiseaux sauvages". Pau, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PAUU2A01.
Testo completoBillé, Philippe. "La faune brésilienne dans les écrits documentaires du seizième siècle". Bordeaux 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR30011.
Testo completoTubiana, Jérôme. "Représentation de l'animal sauvage chez les éleveurs Teda-Daza et Beri (Tchad, Niger, Soudan)". Paris, INALCO, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INAL0029.
Testo completoTeda-Daza and Beri peoples live mainly in the Chadian Sahara and Northern Sahel, as well as in Niger and Libya (Teda-Daza) and in the Sudanese Darfur (Beri). They are essentially nomadic camel and goat herders, and make a clear distinction between wild and domestic animals. Thus wildlife has little impact on their material daily life. Hunting products constitute a minor part of their food and hunting is operated only by very special parts of the population, mostly from inferior blacksmith cast. But paradoxically it seems that wildlife has un unexpected cultural importance to them. Teda-Daza and Beri peoples have a global and precise knowledge of a materially useless wildlife. Wild animals are characters in oral literature, protectors of clans and supernatural beings playing a central part in in Pre-Islamic cults. However, that extraordinary "wildlife culture" is disappearing under the pressure of two other cultures : Islam and, above all, Western modernity, that threaten both the traditional culture and wildlife itself. But were it taken into account, this culture could play a very positive role in wildlife preservation projects in the area
Jean, Innocent Senou. "Le droit de la faune sauvage des aires protégées transfrontalières en Afrique : l'exemple du parc régional du W (Bénin, Burkina-Faso, Niger)". Pau, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PAUU2003.
Testo completoThe regional W Park which is located at the cross ways of Benin, Burkina-Faso and Niger constitutes the first reserve of cross-boarders in West Africa. Its socio-economic and ecological importance is obvious for the States of the region on the one hand and the whole international community on the other. However, this protected aria of the "W" is undergoing encroachments and damages, namely on its wildlife and habitats this situation is the consequence of the diversity of the judicial regulations applicable to this resource on either sides of States boarders as well as the differences in the means mobilized for the preventions and detections of law infractions. In fact, the right of the wildlife of the regional park of W gathers rules that are non-homogeneous, being the concern of judicial orders internal to the states. It is true that these States are parts of the big conventions of environment and therefore the international law offers them its resorts for a sustainable management and a rational exploitation of the fauna resources. Some solutions do exist, but they order a harmonization of conceptions and norms applicable to the local context. These perspectives favor an integrated management of the regional W Park's fauna at the same time that they permit the populations to assume more responsibility at the basis for a sustainable soothing management of resources. In this new direction, it is certain that the law may contribute usefully to a sustainable development of the ecological whole of regional W Park
Felter, Bénédicte. "Comment cohabiter avec les non-humains en milieu anthropisé ? : Cas du Castor d’Europe (Castor fiber) sur le bassin versant de la Moselle (France)". Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R029.
Testo completoThe return of wildlife in Europe, comes up against the question of "sharing" a space shaped by and for human activities. This thesis attempts to define the condition under which human and wildlife coexist, in the case of a protected meso-herbivore reintroduced in most European countries: European beaver (Castor fiber). This species, which is mostly appreciated by the public, has the ability to strongly modify the environment and to affect human activities. The originality of this thesis lies in its biological model and in its approach combining qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys. Our approach aims to identify the factors determining the success of coexistence between humans and animals, on the basis of an inductive approach carried out in the French part of the Moselle catchment area, where beavers were released in 1983. We described and analyzed the context in which Human-beaver coexistence takes place, through semi-directive interviews and one survey, highlighting the importance of several variables relevant to the conditions of human-beaver interaction, negative human practices and to the efficacy of the actual conflict management on the territory. This research underlines the evolutionary nature, in time and space, of human-beaver coexistence. This coexistence is particularly influenced by the dynamics of the beaver population and by the beaver colonization strategy. In the first few years following their reintroduction, beavers colonized the main waterways and good quality habitats (relatively stable and with a high water level, as well as abundant Salicaceae). Then, individuals settled on small non-canalized streams, where the beaver's management of these environments affects human activities and therefore encourages the emergence of conflicts. We demonstrate through SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) that the actors' tolerance to beavers is an important explanatory variable of the human practices carried out towards the beaver. Human practices towards beaver, and the negative nature of those practices, are predictable, while the prediction of illegal actions is unreliable. The management of the European Beaver in the catchment basin mobilizes a wide range of stakeholders, because of the diversity of habitats colonized by beavers, the impacts of its activities on ecosystems and human activities, and the strict regulations from which this species benefits. Stakeholders in the network do not form cohesive sub-groups, which usually reveal significant conflicts among groups of actors with divergent opinions and interests. The network of stakeholders is territorialized at the departmental level, around the actors in charge of managing the Beaver’s management. Stakeholders occupying a central place within this network could play the role of translators of conservation issues in local human societies. To encourage a successful coexistence in highly human-modified European environments, we recommend the implementation of technical and financial support for individuals subjected to damage, and of awareness-raising actions targeting the persons involved before damage occurs. Besides, it is important to provoke positive experiences by observing beavers in order to favour the tolerance and acceptance of beavers
Felter, Bénédicte. "Comment cohabiter avec les non-humains en milieu anthropisé ? : Cas du Castor d’Europe (Castor fiber) sur le bassin versant de la Moselle (France)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LILUR029.
Testo completoThe return of wildlife in Europe, comes up against the question of "sharing" a space shaped by and for human activities. This thesis attempts to define the condition under which human and wildlife coexist, in the case of a protected meso-herbivore reintroduced in most European countries: European beaver (Castor fiber). This species, which is mostly appreciated by the public, has the ability to strongly modify the environment and to affect human activities. The originality of this thesis lies in its biological model and in its approach combining qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys. Our approach aims to identify the factors determining the success of coexistence between humans and animals, on the basis of an inductive approach carried out in the French part of the Moselle catchment area, where beavers were released in 1983. We described and analyzed the context in which Human-beaver coexistence takes place, through semi-directive interviews and one survey, highlighting the importance of several variables relevant to the conditions of human-beaver interaction, negative human practices and to the efficacy of the actual conflict management on the territory. This research underlines the evolutionary nature, in time and space, of human-beaver coexistence. This coexistence is particularly influenced by the dynamics of the beaver population and by the beaver colonization strategy. In the first few years following their reintroduction, beavers colonized the main waterways and good quality habitats (relatively stable and with a high water level, as well as abundant Salicaceae). Then, individuals settled on small non-canalized streams, where the beaver's management of these environments affects human activities and therefore encourages the emergence of conflicts. We demonstrate through SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) that the actors' tolerance to beavers is an important explanatory variable of the human practices carried out towards the beaver. Human practices towards beaver, and the negative nature of those practices, are predictable, while the prediction of illegal actions is unreliable. The management of the European Beaver in the catchment basin mobilizes a wide range of stakeholders, because of the diversity of habitats colonized by beavers, the impacts of its activities on ecosystems and human activities, and the strict regulations from which this species benefits. Stakeholders in the network do not form cohesive sub-groups, which usually reveal significant conflicts among groups of actors with divergent opinions and interests. The network of stakeholders is territorialized at the departmental level, around the actors in charge of managing the Beaver’s management. Stakeholders occupying a central place within this network could play the role of translators of conservation issues in local human societies. To encourage a successful coexistence in highly human-modified European environments, we recommend the implementation of technical and financial support for individuals subjected to damage, and of awareness-raising actions targeting the persons involved before damage occurs. Besides, it is important to provoke positive experiences by observing beavers in order to favour the tolerance and acceptance of beavers
Le, Lay Gwenaëlle. "Modélisation des interactions entre système anthropique et faune sauvage : la carte de risque appliquée à la gestion de la faune en milieu urbain". Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN10157.
Testo completoNivelet, Charlotte. "Impact de la cohabitation homme/faune sauvage en zone touristique : étude des comportements liés à la proximité homme/animal d’une population touristique et de deux espèces de cercopithèques, le singe vert (Cercopithecus aethiops) et le cercopithèque à diadème (Cercopithecus albogularis), au sein d’une structure hôtelière au Kenya". Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05H003.
Testo completoThe global environmental modifications associated to human activities have an influence about wildlife behaviour. The human being exploits all the ecosystems where living many animal species. This cohabitation is qualified by an overlapping of species habitat, that doesn’t have the same adaptation capacity. Flexibility degrees follow species and animal/Human relations development; have been noticed in few situations. Tourist’s activities tend to put human and wildlife together. Kenya has areas where tourists share the place with monkeys that come out of an important proximity. During this PhD in ethology, cohabitation impact in a touristy area has been studied in order to know if a harmonious cohabitation was possible in a hotel and what could be the conditions? For answer to this question, the ethological method was used with observations during ten months of two monkey species behaviour, the Vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) and the blue monkey (Cercopithecus albogularis), and tourist people in a south Kenya hotel. Different types of interactions, between monkey species, associated to their environment and those with tourists of the hotel, has been collected. The observation area has been studied with the repartition of monkeys and tourists in accordance with the time of the day. Behaviours follow the place has been specified in order to make cross-reference that permit to understand the reasons of presence monkeys. The goal of this study was to elaborate a plan that it was neither troubling nor dangerous for animals, but to keep them at a distance for the observation in strict rules. The data obtained had concluded about the presence factors of monkeys. The food for human, the trees and flowers of the garden, the well-being notion and security against predators like baboons could be the causes of monkey’s presence. Follow the observations; monkeys could be more present at the meal time and precisely at the end of the day when the food is more attainable. On the whole, the Vervet monkeys are more presents than blue monkeys and they are greater numbers, which confirms the opportunistic nature of Vervet monkeys than Blue monkeys. The human behaviour study with monkeys shows that this proximity was kept going by tourists themselves. An important part of the plan against the proximity must concerned the tourist education in a special context, the holidays. The implication of local population is very important for the strategy, because they can communicate to the tourists the adapted behaviour with monkeys and wildlife. The implication of local people could increase their tolerance with monkey nuisances and decrease their apprehension. The government must involve itself to the reduction of this proximity phenomenon and to harden the law concerning the food giving by tourists. To understand models and interactions between human and animals is important for setting up a program of management, tourism, and development of subsistence means locally (Campbell, 2003). This type of study must take in consideration many areas because the phenomenon involves ecological, sociological, political, behavioural and anthropological questions, for a global comprehension of the issue, it’s necessary to take in count all these aspects (Hockins, 2009)
Tan, Mélissa. "Caractérisation et valorisation de la production d’arômes par la levure non-conventionnelle Saprochaete suaveolens : analyse métabolique de souches sauvages et mutantes et application biotechnologique dans le domaine brassicole". Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0032.
Testo completoThe huge diversity of natural aroma compounds produced by yeast is described as an option particularly interesting because of the various metabolisms occurring in these microorganisms and their ability of producing a large panel of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Among the non-Saccharomyces yeast cited in the literature, the yeast Saprochaete suaveolens (former known as Geotrichum fragrans) is distinguishable from the others aromatic yeasts for its high productivity in VOCs both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view. S. suaveolens is notably very promising for its production in high valuable α-unsaturated esters such as ethyl tiglate, which are rarely refund in the aromatic bouquet of yeast strains and which are industrially produced by synthetical way for the aroma market. Aromatic metabolism of S. suaveolens could therefore be seen as a modele for VOCs production by yeast. This study aimed at better characterizing and valorizing the aroma production by a wild strain of S. suaveolens by three approaches. First approach is based on the use of the knowledges on aromatic metabolism of S. suaveolens to develop a screening method allowing the selection of natural VOCs producing wild strains, notably under form of α-unsaturated esters. The second approach consisted in optimizing the aroma production by S. suaveolens while generating and selecting mutants overproducing unsaturated esters via UV mutagenesis. The last approach allowed evaluating the aromatization power of S. suaveolens in brewery fermentation condition. Globally, results of these works have shown that our model based on S. suaveolens metabolism allowed isolating news α-unsaturated esters producing strains from samples taken from dejections of wild animals in South-Africa. Moreover, the mutagenic approach allowed demonstrating the possibility of very significantly increasing the overall VOCs production of S. suaveolens thank to the inactivation of a key-enzyme of its aromatic metabolism, namely the enoyl-CoA hydratase. Finally, beer making trials clearly showed that S. suaveolens posseses an aromatizing power particularly appreciable in the context of mixed fermentation of musts carried out in industrial conditions in the presence of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Lecomte, Vincent. "La Sénescence en milieu naturel : une étude pluridisciplinaire chez deux oiseaux marins longétifs, le grand Albatros et le Pétrel des neiges". Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Lecomte-Vincent/2010-Lecomte-Vincent-These.pdf.
Testo completoVery little is known on the deterioration of physiological and behavioural performances with age in wild animals. Given the multifaceted nature of senescence, identifying the effects of age on physiology and behaviour remains a challenging. We investigated the effects of age on a broad array of phenotypic traits in two long-lived seabirds, the Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans (age 2–48+ years; Ile de la Possession, Southern Indian Ocean) and the Snow Petrel Pagodroma nivea (age 7–46 years; Terre Adélie, Antarctica). We studied foraging behaviour using satellite tracking and miniaturized activity loggers, and monitored reproductive performance. An array of phenotypic traits (immune function, levels of oxidative stress, antioxidant defenses, baseline hormonal levels, endocrine and cardiac stress responses) known to reflect senescence in vertebrates was also examined. In Wandering albatrosses, there was age related patterns in foraging behaviour, stress response and reproductive performance, but not in baseline physiology. There was an unexpected pattern of spatial segregation by age in the foraging areas of male albatrosses. Old males, but not females, travelled a greater distance but were less active at the sea surface, and exhibited low foraging efficiency, suggesting that foraging ability (i. E. The ability of individuals to extract energy from their environment) might play a central role in shaping ageing patterns in natural conditions. Moreover, the stress response of non-breeding males, but not breeding males, was affected by age, suggesting that age-related patterns are enhanced when individuals face ‘challenging’ conditions. In contrast, there was no detectable effect of age in females, suggesting that senescence rates are sex-specific in wild seabirds, as in humans an in laboratory model animals. In Snow Petrels, there was no detectable effect of age on PHA-induced immune response, PHA-induced hormone levels, chick growth or chick physiology, suggesting that physiological senescence is difficult to detect in this very long-lived seabird. Overall, our results highlight that age, gender, reproductive status and foraging ability interact in shaping ageing patterns in natural conditions, and suggest that long-lived seabirds maintain a high level of physiological fitness in old age, which supports the disposable soma theory
Roulet, Pierre-Armand. ""Chasseur blanc, coeur noir" ? La chasse sportive en Afrique Centrale : une analyse de son rôle dans la conservation de la faune sauvage et le développement rural au travers des programmes de gestion de la chasse communautaire". Orléans, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ORLE1053.
Testo completoThe interdisciplinary thesis analyses the role of sport hunting in the programmes of participative management of wildlife in Central Africa, more particularly on two pilot sites (northern Central African Republic and south-east Cameroon). Over the course of the 20th century, sport hunting evolved greatly through the joint processes of "democratisation", professionalisation and internationalisation of its protagonists. These days, safari operators can play a major role in conservation, notably owing to their spatial control of sizeable cynegetic zones, globally sustainable harvesting and a sound capacity to look after and defend the natural environment. This statement can, however, only be fully appreciated when the activity of safari operators plays a part in programmes linking the state, specific projects and the local population. The analysis of the techniques, ideology and discourse of safari guides and those of their clients reveals the antinomy of their ideas of safari as well as the onset of a nostalgia for colonial hunting. We note also the surprising fact that the "great white hunters" often fit better into the rural socio-cultural context than do other non-indigenous protagonists. Finally, if the economic argument presenting sport hunting as a signifiant tool in programmes of participative management of wildlife remains valid, it is nevertheless essential not to overlook the conceptual and technical limits of the proposed models, as well as the very real stakes lying behind the appropriation of the land and resources
Mounet, Coralie. "Les territoires de l'imprévisible. Conflits, controverses et "vivre ensemble" autour de la gestion de la faune sauvage. Le cas du loup et du sanglier dans les Alpes françaises". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00207766.
Testo completoJanc, Anaïs. "Comportement des capitaines, des orques Orcinus orca et des cachalots Physeter macrocephalus dans le contexte de compétition autour de la pêcherie palangrière à la légine australe Dissostichus eleginoides dans les eaux subantarctiques françaises". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LAROS033.
Testo completoOverexploitation of fisheries resources leads to increasing competition between fisheries and marine biodiversity. This competition gives rise to depredation-type interactions (consumption of fish directly on the fishing gears by marine predators). Depredation has i) socio-economic consequences for fisheries (reduced yields); ii) ecological for marine predators (increased risk of bycatch or exposure to a lethal response) and iii) ecosystems (impacts on target and auxiliary resources). This thesis proposes to study, on one of the most lucrative fisheries, the most selective but also the most exposed to depredation, the decisional mechanisms (captains) and behavioural (marine predators) involved in the depredation exerted by the orcas (Orcinus orca) and sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) on the demersal longline fishery targeting Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) in the French Exclusive Economic Zones of the Crozet and Kerguelen, Indian Ocean. By an original approach combining human and animal ethology against the backdrop of optimal foraging theory at two spatio-temporal scales, we show that i) this depredation is marked with a competition all the more important as the captains are experienced; (ii) odontocetes adjust their natural behaviour to benefit from the supply of food from the fisheries; (iii) no decision-making simultaneously allows high fishing yield and reduced depredation. These results highlight the importance of fisheries pressure on natural resources and the relevance of future bio economic and socio-ecosystem assessments to ensure the economic viability of fisheries and the sustainability of exploited and ancillary natural resources
Payne, Ariane. "Rôle de la faune sauvage dans le système multi-hôtes de Mycobacterium bovis et risque de transmission entre faune sauvage et bovins : étude expérimentale en Côte d’Or". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10040/document.
Testo completoBovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis is a multi-host zoonosis. Besides cattle,it can be transmitted to various wild populations and some of them are able to maintain or to spillback the infection to cattle, thus hampering control strategies. The maintenance of M. bovis by wild populations is dependent on species, on geographical configurations, and on hunting and husbandry practices. Our objective was to investigate the role the different wild populations involved in the M. bovis multi-host system of Côte d’Or, where bTB has been reoccuring in cattle since 2002 and has also been found in badgers, wild boar, red deer and foxes. To do so, we have assessed different risk factors. These include infection rate, ability to 10 shed M. bovis, populations densities and level of indirect contact between wild populations and cattle. For the latter factor, we have tracked 11 wild boars and 10 badgers and used remote surveillance in cattle farms. Our results suggest that, in the study site, badgers, wild boar and red deer may be able to spillback the infection to cattle. Nevertheless, further studies are required to confirm these hypotheses and to investigate whether some of these wild populations can act, individually as reservoirs. It might also be the case that, taken jointly, these wild populations could constitute a maintenance community. On the basis of our results, we made recommandations aiming at reducing the risk of spillback transmission
Barbier, Elodie. "Prévalence de Mycobacterium bovis dans les agroécosystèmes : analyse de réservoirs environnementaux potentiels (sol, eau douce, faune du sol et faune aquatique) et traçage de la circulation de cette bactérie entre les différents compartiments". Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS026/document.
Testo completoBovine tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis. This disease affects cattle, and many species of domestic and wild mammals, and humans. The circulation of the bacteria in various multi-host systems promotes the maintenance of the disease and the contamination of cattle in the vicinity. Beside direct transmission of the bacteria through the respiratory route, indirect transmission, through inhalation or ingestion of environmental matrices contaminated by an infected animal excretory, is suspected in several countries. Environmental contamination with M. bovis appears to be a crucial factor in the persistence of the infection in multi-host systems.In Côte d'Or, a French department affected by bovine tuberculosis since 2004, the indirect transmission of the bacteria from infected wildlife to cattle is suspected in several cases. To assess this type of transmission of the bacillus, we evaluated the environmental contamination with M. bovis on a large number of samples taken in areas shared by cattle and / or wildlife infected. For this purpose, we developed or modified molecular detection systems adapted for environmental complex matrices. We also assessed the impact of physicochemical properties of both soil and temperature on survival of M. bovis and the role of earthworms in the spread of the bacteria from contaminated organic material. The environmental study showed the contamination of two media in particular: wetlands pastures and soil badger setts. Moreover, experimental studies have shown that M. bovis can survive in soil for several months at 4 ° C and the worms could spread the bacteria in the soil, or even play a potential role for vector animals that consume them. These results will propose improvements to existing biosecurity measures on cattle farms and provide new knowledge about the persistence and circulation of M. bovis in the environment in Côte d'Or
Rivière, Julie. "Evaluation du dispositif de surveillance de la tuberculose bovine dans la faune sauvage en France à l'aide de méthodes épidémiologique, économique et sociologique". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS115/document.
Testo completoEmerging animal diseases, zoonotic diseases and the development of international trade have led to an increase in the need for efficient animal health surveillance systems. However, the current economic environment led to significant budget cuts, resulting in a reallocation of resources dedicated to surveillance. In this context, regular evaluation of surveillance systems, on which are based the health decisions, is essential to ensure their operation, the quality of the collected data and to allow their improvement.This study focused on the evaluation of a complex surveillance system, the Sylvatub network for the surveillance of Mycobacterium bovis infection in wildlife, which consists of several surveillance components focusing on several wild species. We have used four evaluation methods: (i) a quantitative method to estimate the surveillance sensitivity by scenario trees modelling, (ii) a quantitative method to estimate the surveillance costs, enabling the estimation of a cost-effectiveness ratio, (iii) a semi-quantitative method to estimate the global operation of the system, and (iv) a qualitative method to investigate the acceptability of the surveillance. This study allowed to assess the Sylvatub network in its environmental and economical context, with the integration of behavioral and social factors; and allowed the development of recommendations for the evolution of the surveillance system and its improvement.This study has highlighted the methodological and operational advantages of the complementary use of several methods for the evaluation of complex surveillance systems. It provides methodological perspectives to support the integration of evaluation methods. The assessment of the Sylvatub system should be deepened and complemented by the evaluation of the surveillance system in cattle to explore interconnections between domestic and wild populations in this particular multi-host system
Ouattara, Karim Gombert Jean-Émile N'Goran Kouakou. "Communication vocale chez la mone de Campbell sauvage (Cercopithecus campbelli campbelli) au Parc national de Taï- Côte d'Ivoire flexibilité acoustique et proto-syntaxe /". Rennes : Université Rennes 2, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00385425/fr.
Testo completoThèse soutenue en co-tutelle. Titre provenant de l'écran titre. Bibliogr. p. 225-251.Annexes.
Toldov, Viktor. "Adaptive MAC layer for interference limited WSN". Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10002/document.
Testo completoIn the era of the Internet of Things, the number of connected devices is growing dramatically. Often, connected objects use Industrial, Scientific and Medical radio bands for communication. These kinds of bands are available without license, which facilitates development and implementation of new connected objects. However, it also leads to an increased level of interference in these bands. Interference not only negatively affects the Quality of Service, but also causes energy losses, which is especially unfavorable for the energy constrained Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). In the present thesis the impact of the interference on the energy consumption of the WSN nodes is studied experimentally. The experimental results were used to estimate the lifetime of WSN nodes under conditions of different levels of interference. Then, a Thompson sampling based Cognitive Radio (CR) adaptive solution is proposed and evaluated via both, simulation and hardware implementation. Results show that this approach finds the best channel quicker than other state of the art solutions. An extension for multihop WSN was proposed for this CR solution and evaluated by hardware implementation in the framework of EWSN Dependability Competition. Finally, an adaptive WildMAC MAC layer protocol is proposed for the usecase of the LIRIMA PREDNET wildlife animal tracking project. Obtained field range test data were used to theoretically estimate cell densities and deployment zone coverage in this Low Power Widea Area Network (LPWAN). Then performance of the protocol was evaluated in WSNet simulation. The results show performance that allows to respect PREDNET project requirements with the given coverage