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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Anthraquinone"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 25 luglio 2025

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1

Drummond, Christopher A., Maria Teresa Molina, Sandra Taliansky, Carl R. Breidenbach, and Carmen F. Fioravanti. "Effects of Quinizarin and Five Synthesized Derivatives on Fifth Larval Instar Midgut Ecdysone 20-Monooxygenase Activity of the Tobacco HornwormManduca sexta." International Journal of Zoology 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/261512.

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Abstract (sommario):

The plant allelochemical, quinizarin (1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone), and five anthraquinones that were synthesized from quinizarin, namely, 1,4-anthraquinone; 2-hydroxy-1,4-anthraquinone; 2-methoxy-1,4-anthraquinone; 9-hydroxy-1,4-anthraquinone; and 9-methoxy-1,4-anthraquinone, were assessed as to their effects on the essential, P450-dependent ecdysone 20-monooxygenase system of the insect modelManduca sexta(tobacco hornworm). This steroid hydroxylase converts the arthropod molting hormone, ecdysone, to the physiologically required 20-hydroxyecdysone form.M. sextafifth larval instar midgut

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2

Malak, Lourin G., Daoud W. Bishay, Afaf M. Abdel-Baky, Ahmed M. Moharram, Stephen J. Cutler, and Samir A. Ross. "New Anthraquinone Derivatives from Geosmithia lavendula." Natural Product Communications 8, no. 2 (2013): 1934578X1300800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1300800215.

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A phytochemical study of Geosmithia lavendula Pitt led to the isolation of three new anthraquinones: 1-acetyl-2,4,6,8-tetrahydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (1), 2-acetyl-1,4,5,7-tetrahydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (2), and 1-acetyl-2,4,5,6,7-pentahydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (3), as well as another new compound named didodecyl thiodipropionate (propionic acid, 3,3-sulfinyl di-1,1′-didodecyl ester) (4), along with ten known compounds: 1-acetyl-2,4,5,7-tetrahydroxy-9,10- anthraquinone (rhodolamprometrin) (5), 1-acetyl-2,4,5,7,8-pentahydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (6), (22E)-ergosta-6,22-diene-3β,5α,8α-triol, p-

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3

Gao, Huiyu, Jianbo Yang, Xueting Wang, et al. "Exploratory Quality Control Study for Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. Using Dinuclear Anthraquinones with Potential Hepatotoxicity." Molecules 27, no. 19 (2022): 6760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196760.

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In recent years, the hepatotoxicity of Polygoni Multiflora Radix (PMR) has attracted increased research interest. Some studies suggest that anthraquinone may be the main hepatotoxic component. Most of the relevant studies have focused on the mononuclear anthraquinone component rather than binuclear anthraquinones. The hepatotoxicity of dinuclear anthraquinone (dianthrone) was investigated in a cell-based model. Next, a method for the determination of six free and total dianthonones in PMR and PMR Praeparata (PMRP) was established using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography triple quadru

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4

Branco, Alexsandro, Angelo C. Pinto, Jan Schripsema, and Raimundo Braz-Filho. "Anthraquinones from the bark of Senna macranthera." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 83, no. 4 (2011): 1159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652011000400003.

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2-acetyl physcion (2-acetyl-1,8-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-3-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone, 2), a rare anthraquinone, was isolated from Senna macranthera var. nervosa (Vogel) H.S. Irwin & Barneby (Fabaceae). The chemical structure was elucidated and all ¹H and 13C NMR chemical shifts were assigned by NMR one- (¹HNMR, {¹H}-13CNMR, and APT-13CNMR) and two (COSY, NOESY, HMQC and HMBC) dimensional of this natural compound. Furthermore, the minor anthraquinones chrysophanol (3), chrysophanol-8-methyl ether (4) and physcion (5) were characterized by GC-MS analysis. The occurrence of the anthraquinones 3-5

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5

Zhang, Rongfei, Yuanyuan Miao, Lingyun Chen, Shanyong Yi, and Ninghua Tan. "De Novo Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Putative Genes Involved in Anthraquinone Biosynthesis in Rubia yunnanensis." Genes 13, no. 3 (2022): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13030521.

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Rubia yunnanensis Diels (R. yunnanensis), a Chinese perennial plant, is well-known for its medicinal values such as rheumatism, contusion, and anemia. It is rich in bioactive anthraquinones, but the biosynthetic pathways of anthraquinones in R. yunnanensis remain unknown. To investigate genes involved in anthraquinone biosynthesis in R. yunnanensis, we generated a de novo transcriptome of R. yunnanensis using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencing platform. A total of 636,198 transcripts were obtained, in which 140,078 transcripts were successfully annotated. A differential gene expression analysi

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6

Ullah, Hossain, Junhyeong Kim, Naveed Rehman, Hye-Jin Kim, Mi-Jeong Ahn, and Hye Chung. "A Simple and Sensitive Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometric Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Anthraquinone Glycosides and Their Aglycones in Rat Plasma: Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study of Rumex acetosa Extract." Pharmaceutics 10, no. 3 (2018): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics10030100.

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Rumex acetosa (R. acetosa) has been used in folk remedies for gastrointestinal disorders and cutaneous diseases. Rumex species, in particular, contain abundant anthraquinones. Anthraquinone glycosides and aglycones show different bioactive effects. However, information on the pharmacokinetics of anthraquinone glycosides is limited, and methods to quantify anthraquinone glycosides in plasma are rarely available. A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric bioanalytical method for the simultaneous determination of both anthraquinone glycosides and their aglycones, incl

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7

Caballero, Ana B., Nikolas J. Hodges, and Michael J. Hannon. "Folate-Receptor-Targeted Gold Nanoparticles Bearing a DNA-Binding Anthraquinone." Inorganics 13, no. 3 (2025): 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030087.

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In recent years, anthraquinones have been widening their therapeutic opportunities given their numerous health benefits. The search for adequate delivery platforms to improve their pharmacokinetics leads us to propose herein folate-capped gold nanoparticles with an anthraquinone derivative attached onto their surface. Through a straightforward, two-step procedure, we obtained stable nanoparticles that can deliver anthraquinones selectively to cells overexpressing folate receptors. The new conjugates were highly toxic against two tumour cell lines, lung carcinoma A549 and cervical carcinoma HeL

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8

Yang, Yong, Qiao-Xia Wu, and Min Xue. "Bifurcated hydrogen bonding mediated planar 9,10-anthraquinone dyes: synthesis, structure and properties." RSC Advances 5, no. 37 (2015): 28932–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra01682g.

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By acylation of mono- and diamino-9,10-anthraquinones with o-alkoxylbenzene carbonyl chloride or o-alkoxylnaphthalene carbonyl chloride, a series of planar 9,10-anthraquinone dyes were designed and synthesized.

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9

Manojlovic, N. T., S. Solujic, S. Sukdolak, and Lj Krstic. "Isolation and antimicrobial activity of anthraquinones from some species of the lichen genus Xanthoria." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 65, no. 8 (2000): 555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0008555m.

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The isolation of six anthraquinones, erythroglaucin, physcion, xanthorin, emodin, fallacinal and teloschistin, from three species of the lichen genus Xanthoria (X. fallax, X. eleg?ns and A. policarpa) is reported. Physcion is the dominant anthraquinone in all species. The anthraquinones showed broad-spectrum antifungal activity and selective activity against some phytopathogenic bacterial species.

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10

Ammar Rushdan, Nur Afiqah Nadhiah, Nurunajah Ab Ghani, and Nurulfazlina Edayah Rasol. "Review on Anthraquinones Isolated from Rubiaceae Family." Journal of Science and Mathematics Letters 11, Special (2023): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37134/jsml.vol11.sp.18.2023.

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A current economic trend is to highlight natural resources and many plant species are rich sources of anthraquinones. Anthraquinones are a diverse group of natural compounds extensively studied in various articles. Commonly used for dyes with 30% of it contributed to textile industry. Anthraquinone plays an important chromophore in cancer chemotherapy. They are widely distributed in Rubiaceae family and exhibit various biological activities. Malaysian Rubiaceae, especially plants from Morinda, Rennellia, Psychotria, and Prismatomeris genera, have been known to be rich in anthraquinone content,

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11

Hafez Ghoran, Salar, Fatemeh Taktaz, Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi, and Anake Kijjoa. "Anthraquinones and Their Analogues from Marine-Derived Fungi: Chemistry and Biological Activities." Marine Drugs 20, no. 8 (2022): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20080474.

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Anthraquinones are an interesting chemical class of polyketides since they not only exhibit a myriad of biological activities but also contribute to managing ecological roles. In this review article, we provide a current knowledge on the anthraquinoids reported from marine-derived fungi, isolated from various resources in both shallow waters such as mangrove plants and sediments of the mangrove habitat, coral reef, algae, sponges, and deep sea. This review also tentatively categorizes anthraquinone metabolites from the simplest to the most complicated scaffolds such as conjugated xanthone–anth

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12

Griffiths, Scott, Carl H. Mesarich, Benedetta Saccomanno, et al. "Elucidation of cladofulvin biosynthesis reveals a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase required for anthraquinone dimerization." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 25 (2016): 6851–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1603528113.

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Anthraquinones are a large family of secondary metabolites (SMs) that are extensively studied for their diverse biological activities. These activities are determined by functional group decorations and the formation of dimers from anthraquinone monomers. Despite their numerous medicinal qualities, very few anthraquinone biosynthetic pathways have been elucidated so far, including the enzymatic dimerization steps. In this study, we report the elucidation of the biosynthesis of cladofulvin, an asymmetrical homodimer of nataloe-emodin produced by the fungusCladosporium fulvum. A gene cluster of

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13

Hynninen, Paavo H., Riikka Räisänen, Pia Elovaara та Eila Nokelainen. "Preparative Isolation of Anthraquinones from the Fungus Dermocybe sanguined Using Enzymatic Hydrolysis by the Endogenous β-Glucosidase". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 55, № 7-8 (2000): 600–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2000-7-820.

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Abstract A new and simple enzymatic method was developed for preparative isolation of anthraquinone pigments from Dermocybe sanguined. The endogenous β-glucosidase of the fungus was used to catalyze the hydrolysis of the O-glycosyl linkage in emodin- and dermocybin-1-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosides. The developed enzymatic method was found to be effective for the pigment isolation, as the hydrolysis occurred virtually completely, thus leading to a high pigment yield. Two fractions were obtained by the method: Fraction 1 (94% of the total pigment amount), containing almost exclusively the main pigments em

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14

Anderson, Benjamin R., and Mark G. Kuzyk. "Imaging studies of photodegradation and self-healing in anthraquinone derivative dye-doped PMMA." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 48 (2020): 28154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cp05426g.

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We compare the photodegradation and self-healing properties of nine anthraquinone derivatives doped into PMMA using transmission imaging. The results suggests “rules-of-thumb” to predict enhanced photostability and self-healing for anthraquinones.

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15

Lyčka, Antonín, Libuše Havlíčková, Alois Koloničný, and Josef Jirman. "15N NMR study of amino-imino tautomerism in derivatives of 1,4-bis(substituted amino)-9,10-anthraquinones and 1,4-bis(substituted amino)-2,3-dihydro-9,10-anthraquinones." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 52, no. 3 (1987): 736–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19870736.

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The 15N chemical shifts and 1J(15N, H) coupling constants of 1,4-bis(substituted amino)-9,10-anthraquinones and 1,4-bis(substituted amino)-2,3-dihydro-9,10-anthraquinones indicate that these derivatives exist as true aminoderivatives except for 1,4-bis(phenylamino)-2,3-dihydro-9,10-anthraquinone which forms a tautomeric mixture of the amino and imino forms in deuteriochloroform and hexadeuteriodimethyl sulphoxide.

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16

Boniface, PJ, RC Cambie, C. Higgs, PS Rutledge, and PD Woodgate. "Experiments Directed Towards the Synthesis of Anthracyclinones. XXVII. Transformations of 2,3-Bisalkynyl and 2,3-Bisalkenyl Anthraquinones." Australian Journal of Chemistry 48, no. 6 (1995): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9951089.

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2,3-Bisalkynyl anthraquinones have been synthesized and their behaviour under Bergman-type cyclization conditions has been studied. Cyclization reactions of 2,3-bis(propenyl)anthraquinones yield a number of products, mechanisms for the formation of which are proposed. An attempt to elaborate an A-ring from the 2,3-allyl side chains of the bisallylated anthraquinone (32) is reported.

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17

Sadiq, Uzma, Fatima Shahid, Harsharn Gill, and Jayani Chandrapala. "The Release Behavior of Anthraquinones Encapsulated into Casein Micelles during In Vitro Digestion." Foods 12, no. 15 (2023): 2844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12152844.

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The degradation of anthraquinones extracted from aloe vera plants can be prevented by encapsulating them in casein micelles (CMs). The oral, gastric, and intestinal digestion behavior of spray-dried microcapsules of casein micelles loaded with aloe vera-extracted anthraquinone powder (CMAQP), freeze-dried powder (CMFDP), and whole-leaf aloe vera gel (CMWLAG) obtained through ultrasonication was investigated. The results found that CMAQP and CMFDP dissolved slowly and coagulated into large curds during gastric digestion, improving the retention of anthraquinones in the digestive tract. In contr

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18

Park, Jae Gwang, Seung Cheol Kim, Yun Hwan Kim, et al. "Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activities of Anthraquinone-2-Carboxylic Acid." Mediators of Inflammation 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1903849.

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Anthraquinone compounds are one of the abundant polyphenols found in fruits, vegetables, and herbs. However, thein vivoanti-inflammatory activity and molecular mechanisms of anthraquinones have not been fully elucidated. We investigated the activity of anthraquinones using acute inflammatory and nociceptive experimental conditions. Anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid (9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenecarboxylic acid, AQCA), one of the major anthraquinones identified from Brazilian taheebo, ameliorated various inflammatory and algesic symptoms in EtOH/HCl- and acetylsalicylic acid- (ASA-) induce

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19

Laub, Annegret, Ann-Katrin Sendatzki, Götz Palfner, Ludger A. Wessjohann, Jürgen Schmidt, and Norbert Arnold. "HPTLC-DESI-HRMS-Based Profiling of Anthraquinones in Complex Mixtures—A Proof-of-Concept Study Using Crude Extracts of Chilean Mushrooms." Foods 9, no. 2 (2020): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9020156.

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High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled with negative ion desorption electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (DESI-HRMS) was used for the analysis of anthraquinones in complex crude extracts of Chilean dermocyboid Cortinarii. For this proof-of-concept study, the known anthraquinones emodin, physcion, endocrocin, dermolutein, hypericin, and skyrin were identified by their elemental composition. HRMS also allowed the differentiation of the investigated anthraquinones from accompanying compounds with the same nominal mass in the crude extracts. An investigatio

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20

Li, Rong-Rong, Xue-Fang Liu, Su-Xiang Feng, et al. "Pharmacodynamics of Five Anthraquinones (Aloe-emodin, Emodin, Rhein, Chysophanol, and Physcion) and Reciprocal Pharmacokinetic Interaction in Rats with Cerebral Ischemia." Molecules 24, no. 10 (2019): 1898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24101898.

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(1) Background: Rhubarb anthraquinones—a class of components with neuroprotective function—can be used to alleviate cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. (2) Methods: The three pharmacodynamic indicators are neurological function score, brain water content, and cerebral infarction area; UPLC-MS/MS was used in pharmacokinetic studies to detect plasma concentrations at different time points, and DAS software was used to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters in a noncompartmental model. (3) Results: The results showed that the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of one of the five anthraquinone

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21

Osman, Che Puteh, and Nor Hadiani Ismail. "A REVIEW ON THE CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF Rennellia elliptica Korth." Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease 6, no. 6 (2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v6i6.6642.

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Rennellia elliptica, popularly dubbed as Malaysian Ginseng, is widely used in traditional medicine among the local Jakun community in Endau-Rompin State Park, Pahang, Malaysia. The decoction of the roots is traditionally taken for treatment of body aches, as postpartum tonic, as aphrodisiac and for the treatment of jaundice. In the effort of searching new botanical drugs and drug candidates from tropical rainforest, the team from this laboratory had conducted a sizeable phytochemical and biological screening program of tropical plant at Endau Rompin State Park, Pahang with the help from the in

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22

Chee, Cheok Wui, Nor Hisam Zamakshshari, Vannajan Sanghiran Lee, et al. "Morindone from Morinda citrifolia as a potential antiproliferative agent against colorectal cancer cell lines." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (2022): e0270970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270970.

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There is an increasing demand in developing new, effective, and affordable anti-cancer against colon and rectal. In this study, our aim is to identify the potential anthraquinone compounds from the root bark of Morinda citrifolia to be tested in vitro against colorectal cancer cell lines. Eight potential anthraquinone compounds were successfully isolated, purified and tested for both in-silico and in-vitro analyses. Based on the in-silico prediction, two anthraquinones, morindone and rubiadin, exhibit a comparable binding affinity towards multitargets of β-catenin, MDM2-p53 and KRAS. Subsequen

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Hung, Hsin-Yi, Kun-Ching Cheng, Ping-Chung Kuo, et al. "Chemical Constituents of Hedyotis diffusa and Their Anti-Inflammatory Bioactivities." Antioxidants 11, no. 2 (2022): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020335.

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Seven new anthraquinones with rare 2-isopropyldihydrofuran (1–3) and 2,2-dimethylpyrano (4–7) moieties together with thirty-four known compounds were isolated from the extracts of whole Hedyotis diffusa plants. Their structures were elucidated and established by various spectroscopic and spectrometric analytical methods. Among these isolates, selected compounds were examined for their anti-inflammatory activity. The results showed that rare substituted anthraquinones displayed potent inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from 0.15 ± 0.01 to 5.52 ± 1.59 µM on the N-formyl-methionyl-leucy

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Bussmann, Rainer W., Lothar Hennig, Athanassios Giannis, Jutta Ortwein, Toni M. Kutchan, and Xi Feng. "Anthraquinone Content in Noni (Morinda citrifoliaL.)." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/208378.

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Noni has been used in traditional medicine and as food for thousands of years. While the fruits serve as food and internal medicine, leaves were traditionally used only topically. In recent years, concern regarding the possible content of anthraquinones in noni has led to scrutiny by the European Food Safety Authority. Little research existed on the content of anthraquinones in different noni preparations, with no information about the potential effect of harvest and preparation methods. Our research focused on lucidin, alizarin, and rubiadin, the most important anthraquinones from a health pe

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Kunze, Arno, Ludger Witte, Manuel Aregullin, Eloy Rodriguez, and Peter Proksch. "Anthraquinones in the Leaf Beetle Trirhabda geminata (Chrysomelidae)." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 51, no. 3-4 (1996): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1996-3-417.

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Abstract Hydroxylated anthraquinones have been found to accumulate in different developmental stages of the chrysomelid beetle Trirhabda geminata. Eggs, larvae and adults were analyzed by HPLC and GC-MS. Each developmental stage analyzed contained 1,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-anthraquinone (chrysophanol) and 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone (chrysazin). No anthraquinones were detected in the faeces of T. geminata. The level of stored anthraqui nones did not change during starvation. In the host plant of this specialist herbivore, the brittlebush Encelia farinosa (Asteraceae), anthraquinones were not dete

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Ahmed, Qamar Uddin, and Nursyafiqqah Najwa Binti Amran. "Microbial Biotransformation of Anthraquinone: A Review." Journal of Pharmacy 2, no. 2 (2022): 69–88. https://doi.org/10.31436/jop.v2i2.123.

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Anthraquinones are known to have multiple biological activities such as antioxidant activities, cytotoxicity, antibacterial, antifungal, and antimalarial activities. Despite that, microbial biotransformation of anthraquinones was done to modify or synthesise new anthraquinone derivatives which were technically hard to be chemically synthesised. It is an easy way to discover and synthesise new medicinal compounds having potent pharmacological properties. The synthesis of desired compounds requires less time and less energy. It also promises low cost of production and less environmental impact.

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Sadiq, Uzma, Harsharn Gill, Jayani Chandrapala, and Fatima Shahid. "Influence of Spray Drying on Encapsulation Efficiencies and Structure of Casein Micelles Loaded with Anthraquinones Extracted from Aloe vera Plant." Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (2022): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010110.

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The encapsulation efficiency (EE%) and structural changes within the Anthraquinones-encapsulated casein micelles (CM) powders were evaluated in this study. For this purpose, the anthraquinone powder extracted from Aloevera, its freeze-dried powder (FDP) and whole leaf Aloe vera gel (WLAG) has been encapsulated in CM through ultrasonication prior to spray dying to produce nanocapsules: CM encapsulated anthraquinone powder (CMAQP), CM encapsulated freeze-dried powder (CMFDP) and CM encapsulated Whole leaf aloe vera gel (CMWLAG). Based on the pH of the solution before drying, CMAQP had the highes

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Seitimova, Gulnaz A., Aksholpan K. Shokan, Tatyana G. Tolstikova, et al. "Antiulcer Activity of Anthraquinone–Flavonoid Complex of Rumex tianschanicus Losinsk." Molecules 28, no. 5 (2023): 2347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052347.

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The composition of an ethanol extract from the roots of Rumex tianschanicus Losinsk of the Trans-Ili Alatau wild flora was studied in order to determine its antiulcer activity. The phytochemical composition of the anthraquinone–flavonoid complex from (AFC) R. tianschanicus revealed the presence of numerous polyphenolic compounds, the most abundant of which are anthraquinones (1.77%), flavonoids (6.95%), and tannins (13.39%). The use of column chromatography (CC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) in conjunction with UV, IR, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry data allowed the researchers

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Kharlamova, T. V. "Anti-fungal activity of anthraquinone derivatives (Part 1)." Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan 78, no. 2 (2022): 26–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.51580/2022-2/2710-1185.63.

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The problems of treatment and prevention of infectious diseases, due to the diversity of biological forms of pathogens, the constant emergence of multi-resistant forms, the emergence of new types of dangerous pathogens, determine the relevance of the problem of creating new antimicrobial agents. Over the past few decades, there has been an increase in the incidence of fungal infections worldwide, as well as an increase in the resistance of some types of fungi to various antifungal drugs used in medical practice. The purpose of the review is to provide information on the current state of fungal

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Roy, Joyeeta, Tanushree Mal, Supriti Jana, and Dipakranjan Mal. "Regiodefined synthesis of brominated hydroxyanthraquinones related to proisocrinins." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 12 (March 16, 2016): 531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.12.52.

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Dibromobenzoisofuranone 12, synthesized in six steps, was regiospecifically annulated with 5-substituted cyclohexenones 13/36 in the presence of LiOt-Bu to give brominated anthraquinones 14/38 in good yields. Darzens condensation of 30 was shown to give chain-elongated anthraquinone 32. Alkaline hydrolysis of 38 furnished 39 representing desulfoproisocrinin F.

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31

Sadiq, Uzma, Harsharn Gill, and Jayani Chandrapala. "Ultrasound-Assisted Encapsulation of Anthraquinones Extracted from Aloe-Vera Plant into Casein Micelles." Gels 8, no. 9 (2022): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8090597.

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Abstract (sommario):

Aloe-vera extracted anthraquinones (aloin, aloe-emodin, rhein) possess a wide range of biological activities, have poor solubility and are sensitive to processing conditions. This work investigated the ultrasound-assisted encapsulation of these extracted anthraquinones (AQ) into casein micelles (CM). The particle size and zeta potential of casein micelles loaded with aloin (CMA), aloe-emodin (CMAE), rhein (CMR) and anthraquinone powder (CMAQ) ranged between 171–179 nm and −23 to −17 mV. The AQ powder had the maximum encapsulation efficiency (EE%) (aloin 99%, aloe-emodin 98% and rhein 100%) and

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32

Gupta, Richa K., Ganesh M. S. Thakuri, Gan B. Bajracharya, and Ram Narayan Jha. "Synthesis of antioxidative anthraquinones as potential anticancer agents." BIBECHANA 18, no. 2 (2021): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v18i2.31234.

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Abstract (sommario):

Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of natural anthraquinones namely chrysophanol (1) and emodin (2), and synthesized anthraquinones viz. 2-methylanthraquinone (3), anthraquinone (4), 2-bromoanthraquinone (5), rubiadin (6), chrysophanol diacetate (7), rubiadin diacetate (8) and 1,8-dimethoxy-3-methylanthraquinone (9) were investigated. Anthraquinones 9, 3, 6, 5 and 2 exhibited a high DPPH• radical scavenging capacity (IC50 = <500 μg/mL) showing their therapeutic potentiality for the treatment of cancers. These anthraquinones 1-9 have also displayed a weak to moderate antibacterial acti

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33

Chakiri, Abdel B., and Philip Hodge. "Synthesis of isopropyl-substituted anthraquinones via Friedel–Crafts acylations: migration of isopropyl groups." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 8 (2017): 170451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170451.

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Abstract (sommario):

Friedel–Crafts reactions of isopropyl-substituted benzenes with phthalic anhydride in the presence of aluminium trichloride, followed by cyclization of the products with strong sulfuric acid give, as expected, anthraquinones. The syntheses, however, often afford more than one anthraquinone. In some cases the isopropyl groups migrate cleanly to other ring positions; in other cases they are lost.

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34

Su, Guang-Yao, Ming-Long Chen, and Kui-Wu Wang. "Natural New Bioactive Anthraquinones from Rubiaceae." Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry 17, no. 7 (2020): 872–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570193x17666200107092510.

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Abstract (sommario):

Rubiaceae family belongs to the Gentianales, it contains 650 genera and 13,000 species and its worldwide distribution makes it the fourth largest angiosperms. Rubiaceae contains a large amount of anthraquinone compounds, especially in the roots. Anthraquinones are very important natural products with various bioactivities, including antibacterial, antiviral, cytotoxic and antitumor, which make it play an important role in recent research. In the previous study, many researchers have reported anthraquinones from Rubiaceae in different aspects. The present paper provides an overview of the bioac

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35

Shukla, Nivedita, Manmeet Kumar, Akanksha, et al. "Tectone, a New Antihyperglycemic Anthraquinone from Tectona grandis Leaves." Natural Product Communications 5, no. 3 (2010): 1934578X1000500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1000500318.

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Abstract (sommario):

A new anthraquinone (3,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl anthraquinone), named tectone (1), along with fourteen known compounds (2-15) comprised of five terpenoids (2-5, 15), four flavonoids (6-9), three flavone glycosides (10-12), and two phenolic glycosides (13-14) were isolated from the chloroform and n-butanol fractions of the ethanol extract of Tectona grandis leaves. Attempts were made to synthesize compound 1. This resulted in the synthesis of three additional anthraquinones (16-18), out of which compound 16 is new. The structures of all compounds were established by spectral analysis. The isolated

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36

Wood, S., J. Huffman, N. Weber, et al. "Antiviral Activity of Naturally Occurring Anthraquinones and Anthraquinone Derivatives." Planta Medica 56, no. 06 (1990): 651–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-961304.

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37

Zhuravleva, Olesya I., Ekaterina A. Chingizova, Galina K. Oleinikova, et al. "Anthraquinone Derivatives and Other Aromatic Compounds from Marine Fungus Asteromyces cruciatus KMM 4696 and Their Effects against Staphylococcus aureus." Marine Drugs 21, no. 8 (2023): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md21080431.

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Abstract (sommario):

New anthraquinone derivatives acruciquinones A–C (1–3), together with ten known metabolites, were isolated from the obligate marine fungus Asteromyces cruciatus KMM 4696. Acruciquinone C is the first member of anthraquinone derivatives with a 6/6/5 backbone. The structures of isolated compounds were established based on NMR and MS data. The absolute stereoconfigurations of new acruciquinones A–C were determined using ECD and quantum chemical calculations (TDDFT approach). A plausible biosynthetic pathway of the novel acruciquinone C was proposed. Compounds 1–4 and 6–13 showed a significant ant

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38

Yuan, Jiaqi, Qian He, Shanshan Song, Xiaofei Zhang, Zehong Miao, and Chunhao Yang. "One Pot and Metal-Free Approach to 3-(2-Hydroxybenzoyl)-1-aza-anthraquinones." Molecules 24, no. 16 (2019): 3017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24163017.

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Abstract (sommario):

Herein, a direct strategy to synthesize 3-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)-1-aza-anthraquinones with excellent efficiency, mild conditions, and benign functional group compatibility was reported. A variety of 3-formylchromone compounds were employed as compatible substrates and this protocol gave the 3-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)-1-aza-anthraquinone derivatives in good to excellent yields without inert gas and expensive transition metal catalysts. Some compounds displayed good anti-proliferative activities.

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39

Ha, Nguyen Xuan, Hoang Thi Ngoc Anh, Pham Ngoc Khanh та ін. "In silico and ADMET study of Morinda longissima phytochemicals against TNF‐α for treatment of inflammation‐mediated diseases". Vietnam Journal of Chemistry 61, S1 (2023): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vjch.202200214.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstractMorinda longissima Y. Z. Ruan (“Nhó đông") belongs to the Rubiaceae family. In Vietnam, the stems and roots of this plant are commonly used to treat liver diseases, such as viral hepatitis and acute and chronic cirrhosis. A phytochemical study of this hepatoprotective plant revealed the presence of 21 natural compounds of different classes, including iridoids, naphthalene glycosides, and especially anthraquinones and anthraquinone glycosides. The primary goal of this study was to investigate the anti‐inflammatory potential of bioactive molecules from M. longissima targeted against TNF‐

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40

Friedman, Mendel, Alexander Xu, Rani Lee, et al. "The Inhibitory Activity of Anthraquinones against Pathogenic Protozoa, Bacteria, and Fungi and the Relationship to Structure." Molecules 25, no. 13 (2020): 3101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25133101.

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Abstract (sommario):

Plant-derived anthraquinones were evaluated in cell assays for their inhibitory activities against the parasitic protozoa Trichomonas vaginalis human strain G3 that causes the sexually transmitted disease trichomoniasis in women, Tritrichomonas foetus bovine strain D1 that causes sexually transmitted diseases in farm animals (bulls, cows, and pigs), Tritrichomonas foetus-like strain C1 that causes diarrhea in domestic animals (cats and dogs), and bacteria and fungi. The anthraquinones assessed for their inhibitory activity were anthraquinone, aloe-emodin (1,8-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethylanthraqui

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41

Cameron, Donald W., Peter G. Griffiths, and Andrew G. Riches. "Synthesis of 2,3-Dioxy-1,4-anthraquinones Related to Tetracenomycins C and X." Australian Journal of Chemistry 52, no. 12 (1999): 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch99181.

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Abstract (sommario):

The 2,3-dioxy-1,4-anthraquinones (6) and (7) have been synthesized from the 9,10-anthraquinone (19), through the anthrone (18). Quinones (6) and (7) respectively possess substituents appropriate for three of the four rings of tetracenomycins C (2) and X (3) but they did not show dienophilic properties towards the reactive diene (5). Interaction with the diene was complicated by transsilylation, as was also observed for the model quinone (25).

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42

Glavnik, Vesna, and Irena Vovk. "Extraction of Anthraquinones from Japanese Knotweed Rhizomes and Their Analyses by High Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry." Plants 9, no. 12 (2020): 1753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9121753.

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Abstract (sommario):

Anthraquinones (yellow dyes) were extracted from Japanese knotweed rhizomes with twelve extraction solvents (water; ethanol(aq) (20%, 40%, 60%, 70% and 80%), ethanol, 70% methanol(aq), methanol, 70% acetone(aq), acetone and dichloromethane). The obtained sample test solutions (STSs) were analyzed using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled to densitometry and mass spectrometry (HPTLC–MS/MS) on HPTLC silica gel plates. Identical qualitative densitometric profiles (with anthraquinone aglycones and glycosylated anthraquinones) were obtained for STSs in all the solvents except

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43

Shupeniuk, Vasyl. "Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity Of Nitrogen-Containing Anthraquinone Derivatives." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN 1683 - 3597 E-ISSN 2521 - 3512) 31, no. 2 (2022): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol31iss2pp193-201.

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Abstract (sommario):

New substituted anthraquinones with amino derivations fragments were synthesized through the substitution of bromine atom by different amines using the Ullmann coupling reaction. Obtained compounds based on anthraquinone used for experimental antimicrobial studies. The structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by LC-MS and 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy. Studies on planktonic microorganisms have shown that the first synthesized anthraquinone derivatives have an inhibitory effect against bacteria and fungi. The triazene 1-(3-(benzoic acid(triaz-1-en-1-ol(-4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl(-9,10-dioxo-9,

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44

Li, Xin, Xiao-Ming Li, and Bin-Gui Wang. "Structural Revision of Wentiquinone C and Related Congeners from Anthraquinones to Xanthones Using Chemical Derivatization and NMR Analysis." Marine Drugs 17, no. 1 (2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17010008.

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Abstract (sommario):

Wentiquinone C, which was previously isolated from the marine brown alga-derived endophytic fungus Aspergillus wentii EN-48, was found to be a potent antioxidant against α,α-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. The structure of wentiquinone C was originally assigned as an anthraquinone derivative (1,10-dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-8-methoxydibenzo [b,e]oxepine-6,11-dione, 1) by 1D and 2D NMR experiments. However, the minor differences of the chemical shifts between xanthones and anthraquinones were queried, leading to the structure of 1 to be revised as a xanthone analog (8-hydroxy-6-(hydrox

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45

Andersen, Douglas O., Norbert D. Weber, Steven G. Wood, Bronwyn G. Hughes, Byron K. Murray, and James A. North. "In vitro virucidal activity of selected anthraquinones and anthraquinone derivatives." Antiviral Research 16, no. 2 (1991): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-3542(91)90024-l.

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46

Shen, Ming-Yi, Yu-Ping Lin, Bei-Chang Yang, et al. "Catenarin Prevents Type 1 Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice via Inhibition of Leukocyte Migration Involving the MEK6/p38 and MEK7/JNK Pathways." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/982396.

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Abstract (sommario):

Inflammation contributes to leukocyte migration, termed insulitis, andβ-cell loss in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Naturally occurring anthraquinones are claimed as anti-inflammatory compounds; however, their actions are not clear. This study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of catenarin on the inflammatory disease, T1D. Catenarin and/or its anthraquinone analogs dose-dependently suppressed C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4)- and C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5)-implicated chemotaxis in leukocytes. Catenarin, the most potent anthraquinone tested in the study, prevented T1D in no

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47

ARININGSIH, IKA, SOLICHATUN SOLICHATUN, and ENDANG ANGGARWULAN. "Callus growth and anthraquinones production of Indian mulberry (Morinda citrifolia L.) in Murashige-Skoogâ€™s medium (MS) supplemented with Ca2+ and Cu2+." Biofarmasi Journal of Natural Product Biochemistry 1, no. 2 (2003): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biofar/f010201.

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Abstract (sommario):

The objectives of the research were to study the effect of Ca2+ and Cu2+ ions in Murashige-Skoogâ€™s medium on callus growth and anthraquinones production from Morinda citrifolia callus. The outline of the research was that the callus growth and secondary metabolite production from plantâ€™s body could be triggered by the occurrence of elicitor that is added to cultureâ€™s medium, as biotic or abiotic elicitors. The addition of Ca2+ and Cu2+ ions in cultureâ€™s medium as abiotic elicitor would cause the occurrence of metalâ€™s ion competition and interaction toward cells that being cultured, f

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48

VONDRÁK, Jan, Jaroslav ŠOUN, Olga VONDRÁKOVແ, Alan M. FRYDAY, Alexander KHODOSOVTSEV, and Evgeny A. DAVYDOV. "Absence of anthraquinone pigments is paraphyletic and a phylogenetically unreliable character in the Teloschistaceae." Lichenologist 44, no. 3 (2012): 401–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282911000843.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstractIt has been suggested that the absence of anthraquinones is not a synapomorphic character, but appears independently in unrelated lineages of Teloschistaceae. We analyzed ITS nrDNA regions in species of the genus Caloplaca and present evidence for five such examples: the Caloplaca cerina group, C. obscurella, the C. servitiana group, the C. xerica group and the C. variabilis group (Pyrenodesmia). In some cases, loss of anthraquinones is observed only in individuals within ordinarily pigmented populations, but sometimes the loss covers whole lineages containing one or more species. Both

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49

Wong, Yee Ching, and Haziqah A. Razak. "EXTRACTION OF CRUDE ESSENTIAL FROM SENNA ALATA (POKOK GELENGGANG)." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 11, no. 10 (2016): 3794–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v11i10.2179.

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Abstract (sommario):

Senna alata was one of the herbs plants that can be used to treat the ringworm in traditional method. In this study, the senna alata was scientifically tested to prove the traditional medicinal used. Six forms of extract were extracted by using soxhlet apparatus and continued with the appropriate methods that can extract the chemical compound of anthraquinone. The six forms of extraction included anthraquinone aglycone, anthraquinone glycoside, anthraquinone aglycone from glycoside, anthraquinone from crude absolute ethanol, anthraqunone from crude n-hexane and anthraquinone from crude ethanol

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50

Rodgers-Vieira, Elyse A., Zhenfa Zhang, Alden C. Adrion, Avram Gold, and Michael D. Aitken. "Identification of Anthraquinone-Degrading Bacteria in Soil Contaminated with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 11 (2015): 3775–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00033-15.

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Abstract (sommario):

ABSTRACTQuinones and other oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAHs) are toxic and/or genotoxic compounds observed to be cocontaminants at PAH-contaminated sites, but their formation and fate in contaminated environmental systems have not been well studied. Anthracene-9,10-dione (anthraquinone) has been found in most PAH-contaminated soils and sediments that have been analyzed for oxy-PAHs. However, little is known about the biodegradation of oxy-PAHs, and no bacterial isolates have been described that are capable of growing on or degrading anthraquinone. PAH-degradingMycobacteriu

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