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Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 14 marzo 2023

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1

Stallone, J. N. "Role of endothelium in sexual dimorphism in vasopressin-induced contraction of rat aorta". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 265, n. 6 (1 dicembre 1993): H2073—H2080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1993.265.6.h2073.

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In rat thoracic aorta, contractile responses to arginine vasopressin (AVP) are twofold higher in females than in males. To determine the role of the endothelium in this phenomenon, the effects of endothelium removal and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase and cyclooxygenase were examined in thoracic aortas prepared from male and female Sprague-Dawley rats and mounted for isometric tension recording. Maximal contractile response to AVP was substantially higher in female (4,232 +/- 316 mg/mg ring dry wt) than in male aortas (1,365 +/- 239; P < 0.01). Removal of the endothelium markedly potentiated maximal response to AVP in male aortas (4,100 +/- 422 mg/mg ring wt; P < 0.01); endothelium removal increased sensitivity but not maximal response in female aortas. Inhibition of NO synthase with NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA, 250 microM) doubled maximal contraction to AVP in male aortas (3,175 +/- 193 mg/mg ring wt; P < 0.01); L-NMMA increased sensitivity but not maximal response in female aortas. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase with indomethacin (10 microM) did not alter maximal response to AVP in male aortas but significantly attenuated responses of female aortas (2,816 +/- 306 mg/mg ring wt; P < 0.01). In contrast, maximal contractile response to phenylephrine hydrochloride (PE) was 40% higher in males than in females (P < 0.01); L-NMMA increased both the sensitivity and maximal response to PE to a greater extent in female (3,061 +/- 121 vs. 4,971 +/- 135 mg/mg ring wt; P < 0.01) than in male aortas (4,317 +/- 227 vs. 4,899 +/- 104 mg/mg ring wt; P < 0.01). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

2

Ozer, Erdem Kamil, Miyase Gozde Gunduz, Ahmed El-Khouly, Yildirim Sara, Rahime Simsek, Alper Bektas Iskit e Cihat Safak. "Synthesis of fused 1,4-dihydropyridines as potential calcium channel blockers". Turkish Journal of Biochemistry 43, n. 6 (12 giugno 2017): 578–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tjb-2016-0247.

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AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to synthesize ten 1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP) derivatives in which substituted cyclohexane rings were fused to the DHP ring and to determine how different ester groups and the benzoyl substituent introduced in 4-phenyl ring affected their calcium channel blocking activity.MethodsA microwave-assisted one-pot method was applied for the synthesis of compound1–5according to a modified Hantzsch reaction. The benzoyl moiety was introduced in the 4-phenyl ring of these dihydropyridines by refluxing with benzoyl chloride in acetone in the presence of anhydrous potassium carbonate. Synthesized products were characterized by elemental analysis, IR,1H-NMR and13C-NMR spectroscopy. The inhibitory actions of compounds1–10on calcium channel blocking activity were tested on isolated rat aorta preparations.ResultsThe obtained pharmacological results showed that although all compounds are potent relaxing agents on isolated rat aorta smooth muscle, introduction of a benzoyloxy substitiuent on the phenyl ring (compound6–10) decreased the relaxant effect of these compunds.ConclusionThe reported 1,4-DHP derivatives have calcium channel blocking activity on rat aorta smooth muscle.

3

Mauchley, David C., Julia Massey Stiegler, Luz A. Padilla, Zviadi Aburjania, Robet Dabal e David Cleveland. "Repair of Rare Vascular Ring: Circumflex Aortic Arch with Associated Hypoplasia and Coarctation". World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery 11, n. 2 (19 maggio 2019): 235–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150135119828387.

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We describe a neonate with an unusual vascular ring formed by a right-sided aortic arch with associated coarctation and distal hypoplasia in the presence of an aberrant left subclavian artery. The descending aorta traveled behind the esophagus to descend on the left side of the spine. A left ductus arteriosus connected to the descending aorta completing the vascular ring, with notable esophageal compression. Surgical correction was accomplished through median sternotomy, resection of the hypoplastic circumflex arch, aortic arch advancement, and end-to-side anastomosis.

4

Stallone, J. N., J. T. Crofton e L. Share. "Sexual dimorphism in vasopressin-induced contraction of rat aorta". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 260, n. 2 (1 febbraio 1991): H453—H458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1991.260.2.h453.

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Previously, we reported that, in the rat, pressor responsiveness to vasopressin (VP) is higher in males than in females during most phases of the estrous cycle. To explore the role of the vasculature in this phenomenon, we examined vascular reactivity to VP in thoracic aortas of male rats and female rats during each phase of the estrous cycle. Aortic rings were prepared from age-matched male and female Sprague-Dawley rats and mounted for isometric tension recording. Maximal response of female aortas to VP (4,246 +/- 163 mg/mg ring dry wt) was more than twice (P less than 0.001) that of male aortas (1,877 +/- 215 mg/mg ring wt). Sensitivity of female aortas to VP was substantially higher (P less than 0.001) than that of male aortas (EC50: 10.9 +/- 0.7 vs. 19.0 +/- 1.6 nM, respectively). Maximal rate of tension development (dT/dtmax) during contraction with VP was nearly twofold higher (P less than 0.01) in female aortas (536 +/- 23 mg/min) than in male aortas (300 +/- 19 mg/min). Maximal response, sensitivity, and dT/dtmax of female aortas did not vary significantly during the estrous cycle. Maximal response of female aortas to phenylephrine (PE; 1,251 +/- 93 mg/mg ring wt) was half that (P less than 0.001) of male aortas (2,546 +/- 194 mg/mg ring wt); sensitivity to PE did not differ significantly (EC50: 0.33 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.38 +/- 0.06 microM, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

5

Chen, Jer-Shen, Chun-Yang Huang e Jih-Hsin Huang. "Vascular ring connector–related pseudoaneurysm of the descending aorta". Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 148, n. 6 (dicembre 2014): 3236–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.02.019.

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6

Dydynski, Philip B., John S. Austin, Deborah Kozik e Bahaaldin Alsoufi. "Utility of Pre- and Postoperative Computed Tomography Angiography for the Evaluation of a Complex Vascular Ring". World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery 10, n. 5 (settembre 2019): 654–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150135119867586.

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We present the case of a neonate born with an unusual complex vascular ring formed by a left-sided aortic arch that had retroesophageal course to join a right-sided descending aorta and a very large right-sided arterial ductus from the right pulmonary artery to the descending aorta. Associated finings included aortic arch hypoplasia, aberrant right subclavian artery, and aberrant origin of the left pulmonary artery from the aorta. We focus on the role of computed tomography angiography in the preoperative and postoperative assessment of this complex anomaly.

7

Pockett, Charissa R., Reeni Soni e Andrew S. Mackie. "Innominate vein vascular ring provides novel insight into systemic venous embryogenesis". Cardiology in the Young 22, n. 4 (9 novembre 2011): 469–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951111001879.

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AbstractAnomalies of the innominate vein are uncommon in congenital cardiac disease. We report a case of duplicate innominate veins forming a vascular ring encircling the ascending aorta. We postulate that this vascular ring represents the failure of both a dorsal and ventral precardinal anastomosis to regress.

8

Fulton, Clifford T., e John N. Stallone. "Sexual dimorphism in prostanoid-potentiated vascular contraction: roles of endothelium and ovarian steroids". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 283, n. 5 (1 novembre 2002): H2062—H2073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00099.2002.

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The effects of constrictor prostanoid (CP) pathway inhibitors on vascular reactivity to vasopressin (VP) and phenylephrine (PE) were examined in thoracic aortas of male, female, and ovariectomized (OVX) female Sprague-Dawley rats. Maximal contractile response of control (Cont) aortas to VP was markedly higher in females (3,885 ± 332 mg/mg ring wt) than in males (810 ± 148 mg). Indomethacin (Indo; 10 μM) attenuated maximal response to VP in females (3,043 ± 277 mg) but not in males. SQ-29,548 (SQ; 1 μM) attenuated maximal response to VP in females (3,042 ± 290 mg) to a similar extent as Indo. Dazoxiben (Daz; 10 μM) alone had no effect, but Daz + SQ attenuated maximal contractile response to VP to a similar extent as SQ alone. Removal of the endothelium in female aortas attenuated contractile responses to VP in Cont aortas. OVX attenuated maximal contractile response to VP in Cont aortas (2,093 ± 329 mg) and abolished the attenuating effects of Indo. Indo, SQ, and Daz exerted identical effects on contractile responses of male, female, and OVX female aortas to PE. These findings establish the following in the rat aorta: 1) CP, probably thromboxane and/or endoperoxide, is responsible for ∼25–30% of contractile responses of females, but not males, to VP and PE; 2) CP production by the female aorta is primarily endothelial in origin; and 3) ovarian steroids modulate production and/or actions of CP in female aortas.

9

Bryant, Roosevelt, William Wallen, Raheel Rizwan e David L. Morales. "Modified Aortic Uncrossing Procedure: A Novel Approach for Norwood Palliation of Complex Univentricular Congenital Heart Disease With a Circumflex Aorta". World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery 8, n. 4 (luglio 2017): 507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150135117712248.

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The circumflex aorta is a rare type of true vascular ring anomaly. It consists of a retroesophageal right aortic arch, a left-sided descending thoracic aorta, and a left-sided ligamentum arteriosum. The “aortic uncrossing procedure” described by Planché and Lacour-Gayet is the procedure of choice for managing this aortic anomaly in patients with a biventricular heart. The presence of a circumflex aorta in a patient with heterotaxy syndrome and univentricular congenital heart disease requiring Norwood palliation is highly unusual. We report such a case and describe our approach to its surgical management.

10

Matsumoto, Takeo, e Kozaburo Hayashi. "Stress and Strain Distribution in Hypertensive and Normotensive Rat Aorta Considering Residual Strain". Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 118, n. 1 (1 febbraio 1996): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2795947.

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The effects of hypertension on the stress and strain distributions through the wall thickness were studied in the rat thoracic aorta. Goldblatt hypertension was induced by constricting the left renal artery for 8 weeks. Static pressure-diameter-axial force relations were determined on excised tubular segments. The segments were then sliced into thin ring specimens. Circumferential strain distributions were determined from the cross-sectional shape of the ring specimens observed before and after releasing residual stresses by radial cutting. Stress distributions were calculated using a logarithmic type of strain energy density function. The wall thickness at the systolic blood pressure, Psys, significantly correlated with Psys. The mean stress and strain developed by Psys in the circumferential direction were not significantly different between the hypertensive and control aortas, while those in the axial direction were significantly smaller in the hypertensive aorta than in the control. The opening angles of the stress-free ring specimens correlated well with Psys. The stress concentration factor in the circumferential direction was almost constant and independent of Psys, although the stress distributions were not uniform through the wall thickness. Histological observation showed that the wall thickening caused by hypertension is mainly due to the hypertrophy of the lamellar units of the media, especially in the subintimal layer where the stress increase developed by hypertension is larger than in the other layers. These results indicate that: (a) the aortic wall adapts itself to the mechanical field by changing not only the wall dimensions but also the residual stresses, (b) this adaptation is primarily related to the circumferential stress but not to the axial stress, and (c) the aortic smooth muscle cells seem to change their morphology in response to the mechanical stress.

11

Li, Min, e John N. Stallone. "Estrogen potentiates vasopressin-induced contraction of female rat aorta by enhancing cyclooxygenase-2 and thromboxane function". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 289, n. 4 (ottobre 2005): H1542—H1550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01024.2004.

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To determine the roles of estrogen and constrictor prostanoids in vasopressin (VP)-induced contraction of female rat aorta, vascular reactivity to VP was determined in thoracic aortas of intact, ovariectomized, and ovariectomized + estrogen-replaced female rats in the presence of indomethacin (Indo), NS-398, SQ-29,548, or vehicle control. The effects of estrogen on vascular reactivity to the thromboxane A2 analog U-46619 were also examined. Maximal contractile response to VP in intact female rats (5,567 ± 276 mg/mg of aortic ring wt) was markedly attenuated by ovariectomy (2,485 ± 394 mg; P < 0.001) and restored by estrogen replacement with 17β-estradiol (5,059 ± 194 mg; P > 0.1). Indo and NS-398 significantly attenuated maximal responses to VP in intact female rats to a similar extent [3,176 ± 179 ( P < 0.0001) and 3,258 ± 152 mg ( P < 0.0001), respectively]. Ovariectomy abolished and estrogen replacement restored the inhibitory effects of Indo, NS-398, and SQ-29,548. Contractile responses of rat aorta to U-46619 were significantly greater ( P < 0.0001) in females (5,040 ± 238 mg) than in males (3,679 ± 96 mg). Ovariectomy markedly attenuated (3,923 ± 84 mg; P < 0.01) and estrogen replacement restored (5,024 ± 155 mg; P > 0.1) responses to U-46619 in female aortas. These data reveal that estrogen is an important regulator of the contractile responses of female rat aorta to VP, which appears to potentiate both cyclooxygenase-2 and constrictor prostanoid function in the vascular wall.

12

Krivoshchekov, Evgeny V., Frank Cetta, Oleg A. Egunov, Evgenii A. Sviazov, Valeriy O. Kiselev e Nikita M. Troshkinev. "Surgical Management of Right Aortic Arch Obstruction Associated With Rare Form of Vascular Ring". World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery 11, n. 2 (25 febbraio 2020): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150135119885893.

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This clinical case demonstrated surgical management for a rare case of vascular ring associated with an elongated and kinked aortic arch and a right descending aorta in a ten-year-old male using an extra-anatomic bypass grafting method and dividing the vascular ring. Computer tomography performed at six-month follow-up showed a favorable surgical outcome.

13

Nisli, Kemal, Umrah Aydogan e Turkan Tansel. "Left-sided aortic arch, right-sided descending aorta, and right-sided arterial duct associated with interruption of the aortic arch and presence of Abbott’s artery". Cardiology in the Young 17, n. 4 (27 giugno 2007): 445–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951107000674.

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AbstractWe describe a male infant, seen at the age of 10 days, with a very rare form of vascular ring. The aortic arch was left-sided, but the aorta descended on the right, with a right-sided persistently patent arterial duct associated with interruption of the aortic arch and presence of Abbott’s artery. We performed end-to-side anastomosis of the descending aorta to the ascending aorta, divided the Abbott’s artery and the right-sided arterial duct, and banded the pulmonary trunk. Despite our best efforts, the patient died on the eighth day after the surgical intervention.

14

Rajbanshi, Bijoy G., Anil Acharya, Prabesh Neupane, Milan Gautam, Apurb Sharma, Bhuwan Kayastha, Ram K. Ghimire, Ranjit Sharma e Lava N. Joshi. "Double Aortic Arch with Coarctation of Aorta in an Adolescent: Unraveling the Vascular Ring". AORTA 08, n. 06 (dicembre 2020): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1721746.

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AbstractWe report the case of a 12-year-old girl with balanced double aortic arch with coarctation of the aorta presenting with symptoms of respiratory and swallowing difficulty. On investigation, the patient had a double aortic arch with coarctation and clinically nonsignificant disease in the infrarenal aorta. Division of the nondominant aortic arch was done through a left thoracotomy, along with resection of the coarctation segment and placement of an interposition Dacron tube graft.

15

Hemmeryckx, Bianca, Marc F. Hoylaerts, Eveline Deloose, Cor E. Van Hove, Paul Fransen, Hidde Bult e H. Roger Lijnen. "Age-associated pro-inflammatory adaptations of the mouse thoracic aorta". Thrombosis and Haemostasis 110, n. 10 (2013): 785–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th13-01-0022.

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SummaryArterial ageing may be associated with a reduction in vasodilation due to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, whereas endothelial cell activation induces procoagulant changes. However, little is known on the effect of ageing on expression of anticoagulant endothelial markers such as endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR). To study age-associated alterations in smooth muscle cell (SMC) and endothelial cell (EC) structure and function, the aorta was isolated from 10-week-and 12– and 24-month-old C57BL/6J mice and analysed for its expression of genes involved in senescence, oxidative stress production, coagulation and matrix remodelling. In addition, vasorelaxation experiments were performed using 10-week-and 24-month-old thoracic aortic ring segments in organ chamber baths. The media thickness of the thoracic aorta progressively increased with age, associated with hypertrophy of vascular SMCs. Basal nitric oxide production and sensitivity to acetylcholine-mediated vasodilation in thoracic aorta rings was reduced with age, whereas no significant differences in ROS production could be demonstrated. Gene expression of tissue factor, EPCR and von Willebrand factor was not affected by ageing of the aorta, whereas that of thrombomodulin was mildly reduced and that of xanthine dehydrogenase, NADPH oxidase 4, tumour necrosis factor-α and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 significantly enhanced. In conclusion, a reduction in endothelial cell-mediated vasodilation in aged thoracic aortas of C57BL/6J mice was accompanied by a shift towards a pro-inflammatory state of the endothelium.

16

Kobayashi, Kei, Gen Harada e Takeshi Shinkawa. "Right arch with prostaglandin-dependent coarctation and aberrant left carotid artery in a 22q11.2 deletion infant". Cardiology in the Young 31, n. 8 (23 febbraio 2021): 1350–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951121000561.

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AbstractRight aortic arch in association with coarctation of the aorta and vascular ring is a rare anatomy. We present an infant with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion, who had the right aortic arch with retroesophageal aberrant left subclavian artery and left internal carotid artery. The left external carotid artery and right common carotid artery originated together from the ascending aorta as a bovine branch. The infant also had severe coarctation, which was prostaglandin dependent.

17

Serra, A. Jorge, Kathleen W. McNicholas, Paschal M. Spagna, N. Peter Karmilowicz e Gerald M. Lemole. "Replacement of the descending thoracic aorta with intraluminal ring graft". Annals of Thoracic Surgery 48, n. 5 (novembre 1989): 689–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(89)90792-3.

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Oz, Mehmet C., Robert C. Ashton, Kathleen W. MeNicholas e Gerald M. Lemole. "Sutureless ring graft replacement of ascending aorta and aortic arch". Annals of Thoracic Surgery 50, n. 1 (luglio 1990): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(90)90091-j.

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19

JASSAL, D., T. NEILAN, U. FATIMA, G. HOLMVANG, A. AGNIHOTRI, I. PALACIOS e D. YOERGER. "Mitral valve ring dehiscence with an aorta–left atrial fistula". European Journal of Echocardiography 8, n. 4 (agosto 2007): 296–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euje.2006.03.013.

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20

Godart, François, Dominique Piot e Christian Rey. "Parachute tricuspid valve, supravalvar tricuspid ring, and coarctation of aorta in congenitally corrected transposition". Cardiology in the Young 7, n. 3 (luglio 1997): 337–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951100004261.

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AbstractWe describe an unusual case of congenitally corrected transposition in which left-sided obstructions included a supravalvar tricuspid ring, a parachute deformity of the valve itself, and coarctation of the aorta. Surgical correction was performed in 3 stages. Initially we repaired the coarctation and banded the pulmonary trunk. Then we removed the band and, finally, attempted unsuccessfully to replace the tricuspid valve. When coarctation of the aorta occurs in congenitally corrected transposition, it is always wise to search carefully for abnormalities of the tricuspid valve.

21

Clement, Elizabeth A., Bryce Laing e Simon R. Turner. "Esophagectomy in a patient with double aortic arch and right descending aorta". Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals 27, n. 3 (21 novembre 2018): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0218492318815375.

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We herein report the case of a 57-year-old man with esophageal cancer who was found to have a double aortic arch and right-sided descending aorta. Traditional approaches such as the Ivor Lewis and McKeown were excluded because the descending aorta would obscure the surgical field, and a neck anastomosis with the conduit through the ring could result in compression. We therefore opted for a left thoracoabdominal incision, allowing excellent exposure while reserving the possibility of placing the conduit substernally.

22

Hankinson, Stephen J., Elliot A. Sultanik e Gautam V. Ramani. "Aortic Root Abscess with Aorta to Right Atrium Fistula due to Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA)". Case Reports in Cardiology 2019 (29 maggio 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3627063.

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We present a case of root abscess with aorta to right atrium fistula due to vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) after limb amputation and cardiac surgery. Patient underwent redo aortic valve replacement, patch repair of aorta to right atrial fistula, and tricuspid valve repair with a ring. Fistula formation is a rare complication of prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE). This is the first case to discuss aortocavitary fistula (ACF) formation due to VISA. Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) is the preferred imaging modality to diagnose ACF.

23

Kowalik, Michał, Justyna Pyrzanowska, Agnieszka Piechal, Kamilla Blecharz-Klin, Ewa Widy-Tyszkiewicz, Marcin Obszański, Karol Suprynowicz e Paweł Pyrzanowski. "Determination of Mechanical Properties of Rat Aorta Using Ring-Shaped Specimen". Solid State Phenomena 240 (agosto 2015): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.240.255.

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Ring-shaped specimen is commonly used in tests for determination of mechanical properties for arteries in hoop direction, especially for small mammals such as rats or mice. Although ring test is a lot more convenient than the tests concerning strip specimens, interpretation of the experimental data might be inconclusive – it is difficult distinguish whether it's still straightening up or the actual tension begins. The basic problem is to properly define initial length of specimen, which is essential for strain calculation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate various methods for strain evaluation. Ten Wistar Albino Glaxo male rats (3 months old, body weight about 200g) were sacrificed by decapitation and arteries were immediately removed. Three specimens, each approximately 2–3mm long, from each rat were excised adjacent to the aortic arch. Couple different initial lengths, as well as Digital Image Correlation based extensometer results were used for strain-stress response calculations. In addition a 3D Finite Element model, with an Ogden constitutive model based material, was made for deeper investigation of specimen behavior. This study has shown that the testing procedure for determination of mechanical properties of arteries, based on ring-shaped specimen, is prone to errors. Stiffness calculations are very sensitive to the choice of initial length of the specimen. As the use of DIC proved to give very good correlation with experimental data this method will be used in further studies.

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Stallone, John N., Ronald L. Salisbury e Clifford T. Fulton. "Androgen-receptor defect abolishes sex differences in nitric oxide and reactivity to vasopressin in rat aorta". Journal of Applied Physiology 91, n. 6 (1 dicembre 2001): 2602–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.6.2602.

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Contractions of rat thoracic aorta to vasopressin (VP) are threefold higher in females (F) than in males (M), primarily because nitric oxide (NO) attenuation of contraction is greater in M. To determine the role of the androgen receptor (AR) in this mechanism, vascular reactivity to VP was examined in thoracic aorta of the testicular-feminized male (Tfm) rat, which has an X-linked, recessive defect in AR function in affected M. Maximal contraction of normal aortas to VP was fourfold higher in F (4,128 ± 291 mg/mg ring wt) than in M (971 ± 133 mg); maximal response of Tfm (3,967 ± 253 mg) was similar to that of normal F. N G-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester increased maximal response to VP threefold in M but had no effect in F or Tfm. In contrast, maximal contraction of normal aortas to phenylephrine was 43% higher in M (4,011 ± 179 mg) than in F (2,809 ± 78 mg); maximal response of Tfm (2,716 ± 126 mg) was similar to that of normal F. N G-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester increased maximal response to phenylephrine by >50% in F and Tfm but had no effect in M. Maximal contractile response to 80 mM KCl did not differ among M, F, or Tfm. Thus androgens and normal vascular AR function are important in the greater NO-mediated attenuation of reactivity to VP in M than in F rat aorta, which may involve specific modulation of endothelial VP signal transduction pathways and NO release by androgens. These data also establish the importance of the Tfm rat as a model to study the effects of androgens on cardiovascular function.

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YIN, XIAOWEN, XIAOMIN HU, TONG LI e JIAYAO MA. "A NEW RING STENT WITH GRADED GEOMETRY FOR TREATING COARCTATION OF CURVED AORTA ARTERIES". Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 21, n. 02 (marzo 2021): 2150014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519421500147.

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Ring stent implantation has been widely used to treat coarctation of the aorta (CoA) as an alternative to surgery. Currently adopted stents with uniform geometry may cause uneven stress distribution and high stress concentration in curved vessels, leading to in-stent restenosis (ISR). Inspired by functional graded material, here we propose a new ring-and-link stent, which has graded geometry in order to achieve a reduced peak stress when deployed in curved arteries. Numerical simulation of a single ring of the graded stent indicated that by varying the circumferential spacing of wave crest, the maximum stress exerted on the artery was reduced by as much as 27.86% in comparison with the uniform one. The effects of stent geometric parameters and artery curvature were also obtained through a parametric study. Finally, a whole stent was studied to verify the design, and a maximum stress reduction by 31.96% was achieved. In summary, the proposed graded ring stent shows great potential in clinical applications to reduce the risk of ISR.

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Langenstroer, P., e G. M. Pieper. "Regulation of spontaneous EDRF release in diabetic rat aorta by oxygen free radicals". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 263, n. 1 (1 luglio 1992): H257—H265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1992.263.1.h257.

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The interaction of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) and oxygen-derived free radicals may potentially play an important role in the pathophysiology of complications associated with diabetes. In the present study, we investigated spontaneous EDRF release in diabetic rat aorta that is unmasked by the addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD). SOD produced a significantly greater relaxation in diabetic aorta compared with control aorta using both aortic ring and bioassay preparations. This relaxation was unaltered by pretreatment with catalase or indomethacin. Removal of the endothelium or pretreatment with either NG-monomethyl-L-arginine or methylene blue eliminated SOD-induced relaxation in both control and diabetic rings. Measurement of antioxidant enzymes revealed an elevation in catalase in diabetic aorta, with no difference in the SOD or glutathione peroxidase activity. The increase in catalase activity suggests increased exposure of diabetic aorta to hydrogen peroxide. Pretreatment of rings with the catalase inhibitor, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, attenuated the SOD-induced relaxation in diabetic aortic rings but had no effect in control aortic rings. In summary, our observations suggest that the diabetic rat aorta releases more spontaneous EDRF than control aorta; however, the activity of EDRF on vascular smooth muscle tone is masked by increased destruction by oxygen-derived free radicals.

27

Pieper, G. M., D. A. Mei, P. Langenstroer e S. T. O'Rourke. "Bioassay of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in diabetic rat aorta". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 263, n. 3 (1 settembre 1992): H676—H680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1992.263.3.h676.

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The bioassay technique was utilized to quantitate endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) released from perfused donor segments of control and diabetic rat aorta. In the presence of indomethacin, perfusates of donor segments with endothelium were allowed to superfuse recipient detector rings of normal rat aorta without endothelium. Under basal conditions, relaxations of the bioassay rings to perfusates of control and diabetic donor segments were similar. Perfusion of donor segments with acetylcholine produced relaxation of bioassay rings, which was decreased from endothelial perfusion of diabetic donor segments. These relaxations were inhibited by addition of methylene blue to the detector ring or by perfusion of donor segments with nitro-L-arginine. Infusion of superoxide dismutase (SOD) at a site proximal to the donor segment normalized relaxations induced by acetylcholine addition to diabetic donors. In contrast, infusion of SOD distal to the donor had no effect on acetylcholine-stimulated relaxations of detector rings from control donors while attenuating, paradoxically, the relaxations of detector rings from diabetic donors. These results suggest that diabetic rat aortas release similar levels of EDRF in response to acetylcholine, but the action of EDRF arising from diabetic donors is attenuated by enhanced release of oxygen-derived free radicals, which limits EDRF-mediated relaxation of vascular smooth muscle.

28

FUKUDA, Yukio, Tetsuro KAMIYA, Hiroshi TONE, Masatomo ANDO, Takashi KITAYAMA, Yoshinori NISHIZAWA, Hidenori YOROZU, Syuichi TSUCHIYA e Genji IMOKAWA. "Vasodilating effects of NY-008 in ring preparation of rat aorta." Folia Pharmacologica Japonica 105, n. 5 (1995): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1254/fpj.105.381.

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29

Stos, Bertrand, Ghazal Adler, Emmanuel Lebret e Jean-François Paul. "Vascular ring and coarctation of the aorta associated with oesophageal atresia". European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 34, n. 5 (novembre 2008): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.07.055.

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30

Tsang, Wendy, Gilbert Wu, Dmitry Rozenberg, Jeffrey Mosko e Howard Leong-Poi. "Early Mitral Annuloplasty Ring Dehiscence With Migration to the Descending Aorta". Journal of the American College of Cardiology 54, n. 17 (ottobre 2009): 1629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.03.090.

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31

White, R. N., C. A. Burton e J. S. H. Hale. "Vascular ring anomaly with coarctation of the aorta in a cat". Journal of Small Animal Practice 44, n. 7 (luglio 2003): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2003.tb00164.x.

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32

Guha, Kaushik, Alice Davies e James F. Sneddon. "A case of napkin ring calcification of aorta following traumatic transection". Cor et Vasa 60, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2018): e99-e100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvasa.2016.12.006.

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33

Rope, Alan F., Robert B. Hinton, Robert L. Spicer, Ruthann Blough-Pfau e Howard M. Saal. "Dilated ascending aorta in a child with ring chromosome 21 syndrome". American Journal of Medical Genetics 130A, n. 2 (1 ottobre 2004): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.30143.

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34

Traisrisilp, Kuntharee, Yuri Yanase, Krittaya Phirom e Theera Tongsong. "Prenatal Sonographic Features of Ring Chromosome 15: A Case Report and Literature Review". Diagnostics 12, n. 4 (1 aprile 2022): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12040885.

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Abstract (sommario):

Ring chromosome 15, a rare genetic disease, is very rarely prenatally diagnosed. We present a unique case of fetal ring chromosome 15 with ultrasound findings at 32 weeks of gestation including congenital diaphragmatic hernia, hypoplasia of the aorta with persistent left SVC, growth restriction, clubfeet and scoliosis. We also performed an analytical literature review of prenatal sonographic findings of the disease. This review suggests that ring chromosome 15 has a relatively specific sonographic pattern that could facilitate early detection. The specific sonographic features of ring chromosome 15 include fetal growth restriction, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, abnormal limb postures, cardiac defects, low-set ears and other less frequent, non-specific anomalies that can be identified in more than 50% of cases.

35

Foubert, Kenn, Annelies Breynaert, Mart Theunis, Rita Van Den Bossche, Guido R. Y. De Meyer, André Van Daele, Ahmad Faizal et al. "Evaluation of the Anti-angiogenic Activity of Saponins from Maesa lanceolata by Different Assays". Natural Product Communications 7, n. 9 (settembre 2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700910.

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Angiogenesis, in which a vascular network is established from pre-existing vessels, is a complex multistep process. Mechanisms underlying angiogenesis can be investigated using a variety of in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo approaches. Evaluation of several promising plants and plant metabolites, including terpenoids, revealed promising anti-angiogenic activity. Since the maesasaponins displayed anti-angiogenic activity in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, their activity was further investigated in several test systems. The rat aorta ring assay was compared with the placental vein assay and then selected for the ex vivo investigation of the saponins. Besides their effect on the viability of HUVEC, the anti-angiogenic capacity of the compounds was also investigated in an in vivo zebrafish assay. The activity of the saponins in the viability assay was more pronounced than in the rat aorta ring assay and similar to the effect observed in the CAM assay. The use of different test systems, however, implies different results in the case of saponins.

36

Demirel, E., J. Rusko, R. E. Laskey, D. J. Adams e C. van Breemen. "TEA inhibits ACh-induced EDRF release: endothelial Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels contribute to vascular tone". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 267, n. 3 (1 settembre 1994): H1135—H1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1994.267.3.h1135.

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The effects of K(+)-channel blockers on the acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) elevation, and ACh-evoked outward K+ current of endothelial cells of rabbit aorta were studied using bioassay, spectrofluorimetry, and patch-clamp techniques, respectively. In bioassay experiments, ACh caused relaxation of endothelium-denuded aortic rings in a concentration-dependent manner when perfused through an endothelium-intact donor segment of aorta but not when perfused directly onto the recipient aortic ring. ACh-induced relaxation was inhibited by perfusion of tetraethylammonium ions (TEA; 5 mM) through the donor but not by perfusion directly onto the recipient segment. Glibenclamide had no effect on ACh-induced relaxation of the bioassay ring in either situation. ACh increased [Ca2+]i at the endothelial surface of aortic strips but not at the adventitial surface. TEA inhibited ACh-induced [Ca2+]i elevation, whereas glibenclamide had no effect. In patch-clamp experiments with freshly isolated endothelial cells, ACh evoked a biphasic outward current which was completely abolished by TEA (3 mM). It is concluded that Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels are important for increasing [Ca2+]i during agonist stimulation and consequently for the synthesis/release of endothelium-derived relaxing factors (EDRFs). Furthermore, endothelial ATP-sensitive K+ channels do not contribute to ACh-induced relaxation or evoke an increase in endothelial [Ca2+]i of rabbit thoracic aorta.

37

Hejnal, J., e P. Firt. "Use of an Intraluminal Double-ring Vascular Prosthesis in Thoracic Aorta Reconstruction". Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon 34, n. 06 (dicembre 1986): 365–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1022175.

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38

Rebolj, Katja, Urška Batista, Kristina Sepčić, Vojteh Cestnik, Peter Maček e Robert Frangež. "Ostreolysin affects rat aorta ring tension and endothelial cell viability in vitro". Toxicon 49, n. 8 (giugno 2007): 1211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.01.016.

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39

Nakano, Katsutoshi, Taiyu Hayashi e Hiroshi Ono. "Vascular ring associated with d-transposition of the great arteries: when should we suspect aortic arch anomalies?" Cardiology in the Young 28, n. 12 (17 settembre 2018): 1489–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951118001610.

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AbstractA male neonate with d-transposition of the great arteries was diagnosed with the concomitant anomaly of left circumflex aortic arch and right-sided ductus arteriosus, which formed a vascular ring. Initial postnatal echocardiography had demonstrated an obscured aortic isthmus mimicking coarctation of the aorta, which could be a diagnostic clue to circumflex aortic arch.

40

Wang, Shuangyong, Michael Yamakawa, Samuel M. Santosa, Neeraj Chawla, Kai Guo, Mario Montana, Joelle A. Hallak et al. "Quantification of Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis in the Dual ex vivo Aortic and Thoracic Duct Assay". Protein & Peptide Letters 27, n. 1 (10 dicembre 2019): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929866526666190925145842.

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Background:: Lymphatic vessel formation (lymphangiogenesis) plays important roles in cancer metastasis, organ rejection, and lymphedema, but the underlying molecular events remain unclear. Furthermore, despite significant overlap in the molecular families involved in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, little is known about the crosstalk between these processes. The ex vivo aortic ring assay and lymphatic ring assay have enabled detailed studies of vessel sprouting, but harvesting and imaging clear thoracic duct samples remain challenging. Here we present a modified ex vivo dual aortic ring and thoracic duct assay using tissues from dual fluorescence reporter Prox1- GFP/Flt1-DsRed (PGFD) mice, which permit simultaneous visualization of blood and lymphatic endothelial cells. Objective:: To characterize the concurrent sprouting of intrinsically fluorescent blood and lymphatic vessels from harvested aorta and thoracic duct samples. Methods:: Dual aorta and thoracic duct specimens were harvested from PGFD mice, grown in six types of endothelial cell growth media (one control, five that each lack a specific growth factor), and visualized by confocal fluorescence microscopy. Linear mixed models were used to compare the extent of vessel growth and sprouting over a 28-day period. Results:: Angiogenesis occurred prior to lymphangiogenesis in our assay. The control medium generally induced superior growth of both vessel types compared with the different modified media formulations. The greatest decrease in lymphangiogenesis was observed in vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C)-devoid medium, suggesting the importance of VEGF-C in lymphangiogenesis. Conclusion:: The modified ex vivo dual aortic ring and thoracic duct assay represents a powerful tool for studying angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in concert.

41

Agrawal, Vishal, Parth Solanki, Ritesh Shah, Divyakant Parmar e Amit Mishra. "Anomalous origin of a pulmonary artery in a teenager with tetralogy of Fallot with associated double aortic arch and coronary arteriovenous fistula". Cardiology in the Young 29, n. 5 (maggio 2019): 727–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951119000933.

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AbstractWe report the case of a 14-year-old female who had tetralogy of Fallot along with anomalous origin of the left pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta with co-dominant double aortic arch forming a complete vascular ring compressing the oesophagus along with a left main coronary artery to right ventricular outflow tract fistula. She underwent surgical correction without conduit placement.

42

Grathwohl, Maj Kurt W., Maj Alaa Y. Afifi, Col Thomas A. Dillard, Maj James P. Olson e Ltc Blaine R. Heric. "Vascular Rings of the Thoracic Aorta in Adults". American Surgeon 65, n. 11 (novembre 1999): 1077–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313489906501116.

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Vascular rings have been well documented to cause respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms in infants and children. Few reports document symptomatic vascular rings in adults, and most have emphasized dysphagia as the predominant symptom. We present the case of a 36-year-old white male with a double aortic arch and progressive dyspnea on exertion. This led us to review previous reports of vascular rings in adults. Criteria for review consisted of anatomically complete vascular rings of the aortic arch in adults age 18 years or older. We identified 25 prior cases for review and included our recent patient. The most common vascular ring anomalies in our review of adults is double aortic arch (n = 12; 46%) followed by right aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery and ligamentum arteriosum (n = 8; 30%). Of 24 patients (66%), 16 were symptomatic. Reported symptoms involving the respiratory tract (n = 10 of 24; 42%) included dyspnea on exertion (n = 5), bronchitis (n = 2), recurrent pneumonia, stridor, and unspecified respiratory ailment (n = 1 each). Dysphagia was less common, occurring in eight patients (33%). Previously proposed mechanisms for respiratory tract symptoms include tracheomalacia, static or dynamic compression of the airways, intravascular volume infusion, and aspiration. We also propose exercise-induced dilatation of the aortic arch and age-dependent changes in thoracic compliance as potential mechanisms of dyspnea.

43

Pósa, Anikó, Krisztina Kupai, Rudolf Ménesi, Zita Szalai, Renáta Szabó, Zoltán Pintér, György Pálfi et al. "Sexual Dimorphism of Cardiovascular Ischemia Susceptibility Is Mediated by Heme Oxygenase". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/521563.

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We investigated the gender differences in heme-oxygenase (HO) enzyme, which produces endogenous vascular protective carbon monoxide (CO). We studied (1) the activity and expression of HO enzymes in the left ventricle (LV) and aorta, (2) basal increase in basal blood pressure provoked by arginine vasopressine (AVP)in vivo, (3) the heart perfusion induced by AVP, (4) the ST segment depression provoked by adrenaline and 30 seconds later phentolamine, and (5) the aorta ring contraction induced by AVP in female and male Wistar rats. We found that HO activity and the expression of HO-1 and HO-2 were increased in female rat aorta and LV. We demonstrated that the basal blood pressure and administration of AVP provoked blood pressure response are increased in the males; the female myocardium was less sensitive towards angina. Both differences could be aggravated by the inhibition of HO. The aorta rings were more susceptible towards vasoconstriction by AVP in males; isolated heart perfusion decrease was higher in males. The HO inhibition aggravated the heart perfusion in both sexes. In conclusion, the increased HO activity and expression in females might play a role in the sexual dimorphism of cardiovascular ischemia susceptibility during the reproductive age.

44

Aisha, A. F. A., K. M. Abu-Salah, Y. Darwis e A. M. S. Abdul Maji. "Screening of Antiangiogenic Activity of Some Tropical Plants by Rat Aorta Ring Assay". International Journal of Pharmacology 5, n. 6 (15 ottobre 2009): 370–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2009.370.376.

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45

Nicosia, Roberto F., Penelope Zorzi, Giovanni Ligresti, Ann Morishita e Alfred C. Aplin. "Paracrine regulation of angiogenesis by different cell types in the aorta ring model". International Journal of Developmental Biology 55, n. 4-5 (2011): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.103222rn.

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46

Han, Jae Jin, Sejung Sohn, Hae Soon Kim, Tae Hee Won e Jae Ho Ahn. "A vascular ring: right aortic arch and descending aorta with left ductus arteriosus". Annals of Thoracic Surgery 71, n. 2 (febbraio 2001): 729–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4975(00)02352-3.

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47

Singh, G. K., S. B. Greenberg e R. K. Balsara. "Diagnostic Dilemma: Left Aortic Arch with Right Descending Aorta—A Rare Vascular Ring". Pediatric Cardiology 18, n. 1 (gennaio 1997): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002469900108.

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48

Jung, Hanna, Eunjo Lee, Inkyeom Kim e Gun Jik Kim. "Histone Deacetylase Inhibition Attenuates Aortic Remodeling in Rats under Pressure Overload". BioMed Research International 2020 (25 luglio 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4705615.

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The use of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor is a novel therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular disease. Studies have shown that many HDAC inhibitors have the ability to reduce the aortic remodeling in various animal models. We hypothesized that the HDAC inhibitor, MGCD0103 (MGCD), attenuates aortic remodeling in rats under pressure overload-induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). The aortic ring tension analysis was conducted using the thoracic aorta. Sections of the aorta were visualized after hematoxylin and eosin, trichrome, and Verhoeff-van Gieson staining, and immunohistochemistry. The expression of genes related to aortic remodeling (αSMA, Mmp2, and Mmp9) and angiotensin receptors (Agtr1 and Agtr2) was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. There was a significant decrease in relaxation of the aorta when treated with MGCD. Fibrosis of the aortic wall and expression of angiotensin receptors increased in TAC rats, which was attenuated by MGCD. These results indicate that MGCD, an HDAC inhibitor, attenuates aortic remodeling in rats with TAC-induced pressure overload rats and may serve as a potential therapeutic target of antiaortic remodeling in pressure overload-induced hypertension-related diseases.

49

Wei, Jeng, Yung-Tsai Lee e Ching-Wen Wu. "One-stage aortic replacement for type A aortic dissection: using a Vasoring and a conventional elephant trunk graft". European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 56, n. 1 (18 gennaio 2019): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezy455.

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AbstractOBJECTIVESWe used a vascular ring connector (Vasoring) and a conventional elephant trunk graft for complete repair in open surgery for type A aortic dissection. This report described the immediate and mid-term results of this new technique.METHODSWe used a rigid titanic ring as a stent in the vascular graft for rapid sutureless anastomosis in the reconstruction of type A aortic dissection.RESULTSA total of 65 consecutive patients with Stanford type A aortic dissection underwent open surgery performed by a single surgeon from November 2007 to February 2017. All patients underwent aortic reconstruction with vascular grafts and Vasorings (21 patients in the ascending aorta and 44 patients in the total aortic arch). For total aortic arch replacement, we implanted the conventional vascular graft in the proximal descending thoracic aorta as an elephant trunk graft. Concomitant procedures included the Bentall procedure (9 patients), the David operation (6 patients), coronary artery bypass grafting (9 patients), heart transplantation (1 patient), mitral valve replacement (2 patients) and endovascular aortic repair (1 patient). The mean duration of postoperative endotracheal intubation was 17.0 ± 11.8 h. The average blood loss was 520 ± 743 ml, and 25% of patients required no blood transfusion. The in-hospital mortality rate was 6%.CONCLUSIONSThe combined use of the vascular ring connector and the conventional elephant trunk graft may reduce bleeding and pump time, stop the blood flow in the false lumen and allow the 1-stage total arch replacement to be performed safely. The conventional elephant trunk graft is free from stent graft-induced new entry.

50

Pósa, Anikó, Renáta Szabó, Krisztina Kupai, Zoltán Baráth, Zita Szalai, Anett Csonka, Médea Veszelka et al. "Cardioprotective Effects of Voluntary Exercise in a Rat Model: Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/876805.

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Background. Regular exercise at moderate intensity reduces cardiovascular risks. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a major role in cardiac remodeling, facilitating physiological adaptation to exercise. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of voluntary physical exercise on the MMP-2 enzyme activity and to investigate the cardiac performance by measurement of angina susceptibility of the heart, the basal blood pressure, the surviving aorta ring contraction, and the cardiac infarct size after I/R-induced injury.Methods. Male Wistar rats were divided into control and exercising groups. After a 6-week period, the serum level of MMP-2, basal blood pressure, cardiac angina susceptibility (the ST segment depression provoked by epinephrine and 30 s later phentolamine), AVP-induced heart perfusion and aorta ring contraction, infarct size following 30 min ischemia and 120 min reperfusion, and coronary effluent MMP-2 activity were measured.Results. Voluntary wheel-running exercise decreased both the sera (64 kDa and 72 kDa) and the coronary effluent (64 kDa) MMP-2 level, reduced the development of ST depression, improved the isolated heart perfusion, and decreased the ratio of infarct size.Conclusion. 6 weeks of voluntary exercise training preserved the heart against cardiac injury. This protective mechanism might be associated with the decreased activity of MMP-2.