Articoli di riviste: "Apodosis"

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Breitbarth, Anne, Sara Delva e Torsten Leuschner. "A (Very) Imperfect Sandwich: English Should, German Sollte, Dutch Mocht/Moest as Grammaticalizing Markers of Conditionality". Journal of Germanic Linguistics 28, n. 4 (11 novembre 2016): 282–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542716000143.

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Based on a comparative corpus study, the present paper contrasts conditionals containing the modal verbs sollte in German, should in English, and mocht/moest in Dutch. The conditionals are examined with respect to the linkage levels between protasis and apodosis, the tense/mood patterns in the two clauses, and the degree of syntactic integration of the protasis into the apodosis. We argue that sollte, should, mocht, and moest are undergoing a process of grammaticalization as markers of conditionality, understood as upwards reanalysis in the hierarchy of functional projections. We show that this grammaticalization process is at different stages in the different languages, not showing any “sandwich”-like pattern.

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Viner, Kevin Martillo. "Conditional morphology in New York heritage Spanish: General and variable usage patterns". Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 11, n. 2 (25 settembre 2018): 429–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/shll-2018-0016.

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Abstract This paper analyzes the use of conditional morphology by second-generation Spanish speaking New Yorkers. We consider both overall usage patterns and variation, the latter exclusively in the apodosis of hypothetical utterances where three forms occur: the conditional, the subjunctive, and the indicative. The data are from semi-controlled sociolinguistic interviews with 26 Spanish-English second-generation bilingual participants from New York City. The participants stem from the six largest Spanish-speaking national origins in the city: Puerto Rican, Dominican, Cuban, Mexican, Colombian, and Ecuadorian. The findings show that conditional morphology is active in the grammars of these bilinguals, but variation does manifest between the three aforementioned forms in the apodosis. Furthermore, three of the 10 external variables identified for the investigation are found to be statistically significant in the cohort: level of English skill, level of education, and areal origin.

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Liu, Haiyong. "Encoding counterfactuality in Chinese, syntactically". International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 6, n. 1 (2 luglio 2019): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.18002.liu.

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Abstract In this article, I demonstrate how past time-reference, modality, negation, conditional, and the causal relationship between the protasis and the apodosis work together to generate counterfactuality in Chinese, syntactically. I study two syntactic means that can help construe counterfactuality in Chinese. First, I study the case of the specialized complementizer yaobushi ‘if not for’ based on Ippolito and Su (2009) by arguing that the causal clausal relationship and the overt or covert modality are obligatory in yaobushi counterfactual; in particular, I resort to the inherent negative entailment of the modal adverb cai ‘not until’ that satisfies the exhaustive operator to account for the needed negation in cai apodosis. Second, I propose that a hypothetical conditional clause with a past time-reference guarantees past counterfactuality in Chinese. I extend the morphological past-tense exclusion operator for counterfactuality (Iatridou 2000) to a more general and more pragmatic past time-reference to include tenseless languages like Chinese. I also show the special typological status of past tense and past counterfactual.

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Baarda, T. "τί έτι διώκομαι in Gal. 5:11: Apodosis or Parenthesis?" Novum Testamentum 34, n. 3 (luglio 1992): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1561295.

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Baarda, T. "TI ETI ΔIΩKOMAI IN GAL. 5:11 Apodosis or Parenthesis?" Novum Testamentum 34, n. 3 (1992): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853692x00041.

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Gentz, Joachim. "Wenn, weil – dann". Berliner Theologische Zeitschrift 38, n. 1 (1 giugno 2021): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bthz-2021-0004.

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Zusammenfassung Besonderheiten altchinesischer Prognostik werden an zwei Texten aus dem 3. und 4. Jh. v. u. Z. diskutiert, dem »Xici«-Kapitel des Buches der Wandlungen und dem Zuo zhuan. Sie zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass sie zum ersten Mal empirisch begründete Erklärungen für den Zusammenhang von Protasis und Apodosis in der Prognostik geben, die erfolgreiche Durchführung der Prognose aber an die moralische Qualifikation des Deuters als letzte Bedingung knüpfen.

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Fleishman, Joseph. "LEGAL INNOVATION IN DEUTERONOMY XXI 18-20". Vetus Testamentum 53, n. 3 (2003): 311–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853303768266317.

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AbstractIt is proposed in this paper that the law in Deut. xxi 18-21 constitutes a legal inno-vation in its denition of the "wayward and deant" child who should be put to death because of denial of his parents' authority. The protasis (v. 18) presents the custom-ary law regarding the denition of the disobedient male child and, in essence, is sim-ilar to the law of Exod. xxi 17. The first part of the apodosis (vv. 19-20), on the other hand, redenes it. In the innovation, only the son who disobeys his father and mother and refuses to cease his gluttony and drinking is the disobedient son who should be put to death by stoning.

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Justel, Pablo. "«El tono proverbial del Cantar de mio Cid»". Revista de Literatura Medieval 30 (31 dicembre 2018): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/rpm.2018.30.0.74049.

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Resumen: En el presente trabajo se examinan cinco ejemplos de «pseudo- rrefranes» del Cantar de mio Cid, compuestos por una prótasis (introducida por el relativo indefinido «qui») y una apódosis. Se verá cómo estos cinco casos poseen implicaciones en la caracterización de los personajes, el didactismo del poema y su estructura.Palabras clave: Cantar de mio Cid, refranes, proverbios, estética, estructura.Abstract: The present study examines five examples of «pseudoproverbs» from the Cantar de mio Cid, composed of a protasis (introduced by the indefinite pronoun «qui») and an apodosis. This examination will highlight the implications these examples have on the didacticism of the poem and its structure as well as the portrayal of the characters.Keywords: Poem of my Cid, sayings, proverbs, aesthetics, structure.

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Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu. "Phrygian mekas and the recently discovered New Phrygian inscription from Nacoleia". Indogermanische Forschungen 121, n. 1 (1 novembre 2016): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/if-2016-0010.

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Abstract The aim of the present paper is to argue for the interpretation of Phrygian mekas as an adjective meaning ‘great’ and inherited from PIE *méǵ-h2-, taking into account all its testimonies documented in the Phrygian corpus and accepting the theory of a Phrygian Lautverschiebung. Furthermore, through a new reading of the last lines of the recently discovered New Phrygian inscription from Nacoleia, where the accusative μεκαν can be read in agreement with the theonym Τιαν, a new interpretation of the apodosis of the New Phrygian inscription 25 is given. Finally, a comparison of the Phrygian and the Greek forms reveals a common innovation in the presence of the ending -s in the masculine nom. sg. despite the lack of the -λο- suffix in the Phrygian inflection of this word.

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Brocardo, Maria Teresa. "Formas em competição em construções condicionais na diacronia do português". Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística, n. 5 (21 novembre 2019): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26334/2183-9077/rapln5ano2019a6.

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In Portuguese past stages, both simple pluperfect (MPS) and conditional (COND) forms occurred in the apodosis of conditional constructions. In this study I investigate the ‘competition’ (cf., a.o., Berg, 2014), in the mentioned constructions, of these two verbal paradigms, in data retrieved from late 15th to early 17th century’s textual sources. In most cases, the interpretation of the constructions contrasts: with MPS forms the constructions have a counterfactual reading, while constructions with COND forms are interpretable as hypothetical, thus evidencing the persistence, in modal uses, of the distinct tense values of these paradigms. Some ‘critical’ examples, however, appear to show that, in some contexts, the MPS is compatible with a non-counterfactual interpretation and also that the COND could have a counterfactual reading. I discuss the various conditioning factors which may have contributed to the convergence, and thus the competition, in conditional constructions, of the MPS and the COND, and the factors which may have determined the obsolescence of the modal uses of the MPS in the diachrony of Portuguese.

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CAPPELLE, BERT. "Changing the system from within – a response to Hoffmann". English Language and Linguistics 21, n. 2 (luglio 2017): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674317000193.

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Thomas Hoffmann's article proposes a cognitively viable theoretical framework for explaining how constructions can emerge in the history of a language. The case which Hoffmann discusses is the coming into being of the comparative correlative construction of the type The smaller a car is, the easier it is to park in late Old English and early Middle English. While car sizes and parking spaces were perhaps not a matter for discussion among speakers of that time, it was for them as important as it is for us to be able to say that if any two things differ in one respect, then they also differ in another (for details on the construction's semantics, see Beck 1997; Cappelle 2011). In this particular comparative correlative construction, the first part (C1, for ‘clause 1’) is interpreted as standing in a sort of protasis relation to the apodosis-like second part (C2, for ‘clause 2’). That is, this C1C2 construction reflects, in an iconically appropriate way, the order of a hypothetical statement followed by its consequence.

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Bocale, Paola, e Daniele Brigadoi Cologna. "The Expression of Epistemic Uncertainty Through the Use of Distal Demonstratives in Russian and Chinese: A Cognitive Analysis of Corpus Data". International Journal of Linguistics 12, n. 2 (8 marzo 2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v12i2.16438.

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In both Russian and Chinese, there are conditional connectives that appear in the apodosis of conditional sentences and are derived from non-proximal demonstratives. This work will concentrate on the Russian conditional connective to and the Chinese conditional connective nà, which share a similar development from distal demonstratives and exhibit similar syntactic, semantic and pragmatic properties. The analysis will take into account that both Russian to and Chinese nà are fundamentally deictic and have a motivated semantic content, which is closely related to the respective distal deictic demonstratives with the meaning that. The main question addressed in this work is how the semantics of distal demonstratives can account for their interaction with environments marked by epistemic uncertainty. In order to explain how the spatial relationship is transferred to the modal domain, the research will draw upon the theoretical framework of Deictic Space Theory, a cognitive linguistic theory which grounds fundamental features of human language in spatial cognition. The analysis will show how the occurrence of distal deictics in constructions involving epistemic uncertainty can be explained as a metaphorical extension from the basic meanings of remoteness in space and time to remoteness in certainty.

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Weigelt, Frank. "The Particle la- in Classical Arabic". Quaderni di Studi Arabi 15, n. 1-2 (22 dicembre 2020): 67–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667016x-15010202.

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Abstract The asseverative particle la- appears in numerous constructions in Classical Arabic. Although it is not overly frequent, it is important to be familiar with its functions, in order to interpret it properly when it appears. Several previous studies treat partial aspects of it, but a comprehensive and practical overview is still lacking. The present article aims to fill this gap. It provides a description of all functions of la- that can be found in early Classical Arabic texts. The first part of the article gives a general description of the use and distribution of the particle la- as well as etymological remarks and an overview of previous research. In the second part, the usage of the particle is presented according to its various syntactic environments: (1) in independent clauses, (2) before the comment of a clause introduced by inna, (3) before the apodosis of a conditional structure, (4) in combination with in al-muḫaffafa. For the sake of completeness also the oath formula la-amr- ‘by the life of …’ is included (5), although here la- is probably not related to the asseverative particle. A brief summary concludes the article.

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El-Zawawy, Amr M. "A syntactico-semantic approach to the translation of conditionals in two English versions of Sahih Muslim". Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 62, n. 3 (21 novembre 2016): 423–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.62.3.04zaw.

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Conditionals in English can traditionally be viewed according to two different perspectives. One is a simplistic approach based on certain ‘cases’; the other is centered on the truth value of the protasis and apodosis. This argument is based on the semantics of the conditional structures, regardless of the syntax involved. In a similar vein, the complexity of conditionals in Arabic stems from the fact that the syntax of the conditional structure does not necessarily point to the semantics involved. This affinity between the two language systems in terms of conditionality is examined within the context of two English translations of the Arabic religious text Sahih Muslim. The present study adopts an approach that focuses on both syntax and semantics to underline the interplay and/or dissociation of the two in practice. The study reveals that Siddiqui’s versions of translating ‘law’ (and its variant ‘law-la’) and ‘inn’ structures into English are mostly inaccurate, where the syntax-semantics interplay and/or dissociation is not duly observed in practice. Khattab’s versions, however, point to a tendency to start from the entrenched premise of literalism, which is stimulated by adopting the simplistic approach to English conditional structures, being akin to documentary translation where awkwardness is common practice.

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Repnina, Tatiana V. "Quasi-conditional constructions in Catalan". NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 16, n. 4 (2018): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2018-16-4-103-115.

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This article aims to single out quasi-conditional constructions in Catalan and describe their main types. The author proceeds from the hypothesis that Catalan quasi-conditional constructions must show considerable similarity with quasi-conditional constructions in Russian, English, French, and other languages. The number of the constructions addressed is about 1 000 examples from Catalan texts by native Catalan authors and about 2 000 examples from Catalan texts by non-Catalan authors, selected by total sampling. The paper shows that quasi-conditional constructions, although formally similar to conditional constructions, differ on certain points from them. Their protasis does not express hypothetical condition, apodosis doesn’t imply consequence, the condition-consequence meaning is often missing from them altogether. In contrast to conditional constructions, transformation of quasi-conditionals ones into formally narrative constructions doesn’t change their meaning. Quasi-conditional constructions can be split into five major groups: presumptive constructions, constructions with protasis in the function of parenthesis, conditional-evaluative constructions, conditional-causal constructions, and logical conclusion constructions. The observables selected as criteria for this classification include: Construction meaning (comparative, existential, evaluative, causative constructions etc.); Changeability of the main dependent clause order; Use of markers. Both my analysis and literature on conditional constructions in other languages confirm that the structure of Catalan quasi-conditional constructions is similar to their counterparts in other languages. The findings can be used for teaching purposes as well as for research in Catalan, other Romance languages, or in typology/syntax.

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Horsch, Jakob. "VIDÍŠ TÝM LEPŠIE, ČÍM BLIŽŠIE SA POZERÁŠ SLOVAK COMPARATIVE CORRELATIVE CC' CONSTRUCTIONS FROM A CONSTRUCTION GRAMMAR PERSPECTIVE". Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 71, n. 1 (1 giugno 2020): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2020-0010.

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Abstract The Slovak Comparative Correlative (CC) construction has received little attention, although it is interesting regarding both its semantics and its form: As discussed in Horsch (2019), CCs are characterized by their complex symmetric (parallel change over time) and asymmetric (cause-effect) semantics, which are encoded in a biclausal structure in which each clause consists of a combination of fixed material and obligatory/optional slots. Typically, the first clause (C1) encodes a cause/protasis, and precedes the second clause (C2), which encodes an effect/apodosis: [čím bližšie sa pozeráš,]C1 [tým lepšie vidíš.]C2 ‘the closer you look, the better you see.’ However, there are also structures that retain the same meaning but in which C2 precedes C1 (often referred to as CC’): [Tým lepšie vidíš]C2 [čím bližšie sa pozeráš.]C1. ‘You see the better, the closer you look.’ Additionally, there is a variant in Slovak where the clause precedes the clause-initial element and comparative element: [Vidíš tým lepšie,]C2 [čím bližšie sa pozeráš.]C1. Embedded in a Usage-based Construction Grammar approach, this is the first large-scale corpus study to investigate the C2C1 order in Slovak, and how semantics influences its formal properties. It is argued that both the significantly higher amount of C1C2 order in the corpus data and the significantly higher amount of C2C1 structures in which the clause precedes the comparative element in C2 can be explained with the principle of iconicity (linguistic form is influenced by the semantics of a construction), which makes certain strings easier to process and thus leads to performance preference. From a cross-linguistic perspective, the present investigation provides evidence in support of Goldberg’s Tenet #5 (2003, p. 219), which posits that cross-linguistic generalizations can be accounted for with general cognitive constraints.

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Sartori, Manuel. "Les rapports logico-sémantiques marqués par fāʾ en arabe". Quaderni di Studi Arabi 15, n. 1-2 (22 dicembre 2020): 5–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667016x-15010203.

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Abstract When confronted with hypothetical systems in Arabic, one inevitably meets, at one time or another, a fāʾ between the protasis (p) and the apodosis (q). We do not fail to note, however, that its presence does not seem to indicate identical relationships between p and q. According to Larcher, for whom fāʾ has a unique role, that of a segmentator, this particle is the mark of a double break, formal and semantic: as soon as fa- is present there is no logical relation of implication between p and q, the logical relation possibly being of another nature. Within the framework of the global vision that he offers, Larcher then recognizes this particle with several semantic values (deductive, enunciative, justificative, oppositive). This article attempts to answer the question of whether the Arabic grammar recognizes also several semantic values attached to the segmentator fāʾ. Through the prism of this study of the history of Arabic grammar, it will be shown that at least two values are recognized in fāʾ: one, called fāʾ al-sababiyya, is easily recognized by the Arabic grammatical tradition and marks the relationship of logical implication where p induces q; the other, known as fāʾ al-taʿlīl, marks on the contrary something else and in particular, but not only, that it is in fact q which is the cause of p. However, this value and its denomination of fāʾ al-taʿlīl, besides being ignored by the Arabists, is largely also by the Arab grammarians themselves: it is in fact only recognized in a more or less explicit manner among certain medieval grammarians, and is only specifically named as such very recently with Ġalāyīnī (d. 1364/1944). It rather seems that this value is in fact derived from the foundations of law (ʾuṣūl al-fiqh) in the 5th/11th century, and that its denomination dates at least from the 8th/14th century in the same field. All of this is later found in another of the sciences related to Arabic grammar, namely that of exegesis (tafsīr), at least in the 12th/17th century. This then shows all the interest in pursuing transdisciplinary works for the case of Arabic grammar.

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Willey, Arthur. "8. An Apodous Amia calva". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 90, n. 1-2 (7 maggio 2010): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1920.tb07637.x.

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Cárdenas Maragaño, Bruno. "LOS APODOS: INDIVIDUALIZADORES CONCEPTUADOS". Alpha (Osorno), n. 41 (dicembre 2015): 159–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-22012015000200012.

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Smirnova, T. N., e D. I. Mackinnon. "Apodosia, an enigmatic new genus of micromorphic brachiopod from the Cretaceous of Crimea, Ukraine, and the Jurassic of England". Journal of Paleontology 69, n. 4 (luglio 1995): 686–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000035204.

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The morphology of Argyrotheca lorioli Smirnova, 1972, from the Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian) of Crimea, Ukraine, was reinvestigated using SEM, found to be impunctate, and reassigned as the type species of a new genus Apodosia, new family Apodosiidae, order ?Rhynchonellida. Another micromorphic brachiopod, Spiriferina? oolitica (Moore, 1855) from the Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) Inferior Oolite of Somerset, England, is also reassigned to the new genus.

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Gutiérrez, Manuel J. "La influencia de "los de abajo" en tres procesos de cambio lingiiistico en el español de Morelia, Michoacán". Language Problems and Language Planning 18, n. 3 (1 gennaio 1994): 257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.18.3.09gut.

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SUMMARY The Impact of "the Underdogs" in Three Processes of Linguistic Change in the Spanish of Morelia, Michoacán This paper deals with the role that the educational and the socioeconomic levels of the speakers play in some processes of linguistic change. Three phenomena of the Spanish grammar in different stages of linguistic change are examined in the light of the data collected among Spanish speakers from Morelia, Michoacan: (a) the opposition "periphrastic/morphological future," (b) the use of pluperfect subjunctive in the apodosis of conditional sentences instead of compound conditional, and (c) the innovative use of the copula estar. Results from the analysis reveal that in the two more advanced change processes (a and b), the lower educational levels and the low socioeconomic group are the leaders, while the group with more formal education and the middle-high socioeconomic group have joined, although with some resistance, the tendency marked by the leader groups. The analysis of the ser/estar opposition evidences an innovative use of the copula estar in the community. This change is in the first stages and consists of an extension of the estar semantic domain. The educational and socioeconomic levels also show differences in the use of this innovative form. Speakers with college education and speakers of the upper-middle socioeconomic group are more resistant to adopt the innovative use. However, speakers with less education and speakers of the low socioeconomic group show a very important proportion of the innovative use. The results found seem to suggest that the size of the group with less education and the size of the low socioeconomic group in communities like the one studied permit the imposition of some changes that are led by them. RESUMO La influo de la "subuloj " en tri procezoj de lingvosangigo en la hispana de Morelia en Michoacdn La artikolo temas pri la rolo de la eduka kaj sociekonomia niveloj de la parolantoj en procezoj de lingvosangigo. La aǔtoro studas tri fenomenojn de la hispana gramatiko en diversaj stadioj de lingvosangigo per faktoj observitaj inter parolantoj de la hispana en Morelia en Michoacán: (1) la alternativo inter helpverba kaj morfologia futuro, (2) la uzo de pluskvamperfekta subjunktivo en la cefpropozicio de kondicaj frazoj anstataǔ la helpverba kondicionalo, kaj (3) la novstila uzo de la kopulo estar. La rezultoj montras, ke en la du pli progresintaj ŝanĝoprocezoj (1 kaj 2), la malpli altaj edukniveloj kaj la malalta sociekonomia grupo gvidas, dum la grupo kun pli da formala edukigo kaj la mezalta sociekonomia grupo postsekvas, ec se kun iom da rezisto, la tendencon indikitan de la gvidantaj grupoj. La analizo de la alternativo ser/estar montras novstilan uzon de estar en la komunumo. Tiu ŝanĝo estas en la komenca stadio kaj konsistas el plivastigo de la signifo de estar. La niveloj kondutas malsame ankaǔ rilate al ĉi tiu novaĵo. Parolantoj kun altlerneja edukigo kaj tiuj el la mezalta sociekonomia grupo rezistas la disvastigon de tiu novstila uzo. Aliflanke parolantoj malpli edukitaj kaj sur malpli alta sociekonomia nivelo uzas la novstilaĵon grandkvante. La trovitaj rezultoj sajnas sugesti, ke pro sia grandeco la malaltaj socigrupoj kapablas en socio kiel la studita esti gvidantaj en sango.

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Joly, Monique. "El truhán y sus apodos". Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica (NRFH) 34, n. 2 (1 luglio 1985): 723–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/nrfh.v34i2.614.

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Ait Said-Ghanem, Nadia. "Reassessing the “casus pendens”: a case study of Old Babylonian omen protases and apodoses". Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 112, n. 1 (2018): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/assy.112.0091.

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Balanta Castilla, Nevis. "Los apodos en la educación superior Colombiana". Revista Boletín Redipe 9, n. 4 (1 aprile 2020): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36260/rbr.v9i4.967.

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Este artículo se centra en torno a la construcción de imaginarios y representaciones sobre los docentes por parte de estudiantes universitarios, quienes mediante la metaforización expresan opiniones compartidas sobre el quehacer pedagógico y educativo de sus profesores e incluso sobre su comportamiento en la cotidianidad. Se ofrece además un repertorio de apodos de maestros colocados por jóvenes universitarios, quienes entre otras estrategias semánticas, utilizan la metáfora como eje central para nombrar a sus profesores. El texto comprende además elementos de tipo descriptivo y explicativo acerca de la acción de apodar en un contexto académico. Asimismo se destacan los recursos sintácticos y semánticos de los que se vale el estudiante apodador para crear el nuevo nombre y se habla de las motivaciones y características del apodo en su proceso de formación, un tema novedoso e interesante en el ámbito de la investigación educativa. La investigación es sociodialectal, pues se aborda una parte de la lengua y se intenta establecer relaciones entre lo lingüístico y lo sociocultural. Para ello se recopiló un corpus de 700 apodos a través de encuestas y entrevistas realizadas a 2000 estudiantes entre 16 y 35 años.

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López de los Mozos Jiménez, José Ramón. "Los motes y apodos como ejemplo de realidad lingüística y social. El mote en la provincia de Guadalajara / Monikers and Nicknames Illustrating Linguistic and Social Reality. Nicknames in the Province of Guadalajara". Boletín de Literatura Oral 8 (12 luglio 2018): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17561/blo.v8.10.

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Con este artículo queremos ofrecer una visión del apodo como realidad lingüística y social en los pueblos de la provincia de Guadalajara. Recuperamos una colección muy poco conocida de apodos, e identificamos algunos rasgos de la poética del género.

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LIAO, YULIN, DAVID L. PAWSON e WEI LIU. "Rediscovery of the sea cucumber “Toxodora” pacifica Ohshima, 1915 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida)". Zootaxa 1435, n. 1 (29 marzo 2007): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1435.1.4.

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The apodous holothurian species originally described by Ohshima (1915) as Toxodora pacifica has been rediscovered, and its known geographic range extended from Suruga Bay, Japan to the western side of the Yellow Sea, China. As the genus name Toxodora is no longer available, a new genus name, Neotoxodora Liao, Pawson, and Wei, is proposed. The type material of Neotoxodora pacifica is lost, and a Neotype is named for this species.

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Fehringer, Carol, e Karen P. Corrigan. "The rise of the going to future in Tyneside English". English World-Wide 36, n. 2 (29 maggio 2015): 198–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.36.2.03feh.

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This paper investigates the relative frequencies of the two major syntactic markers of future time expression (FTE), be going to and will in the Diachronic Electronic Corpus of Tyneside English (DECTE). In particular, the rise in the frequency of be going to will be examined in the light of current theories of grammaticalisation. The various grammatical constraints that have been identified in the literature as determining the distribution of will versus be going to will be investigated. It will be shown that a number of interesting changes have occurred within the fifty-year period covered by the data-set. In specific areas of grammar, contrasts have been maintained (e.g. first person versus the other persons in the favouring of will), strengthened (e.g. subordinate clauses versus main clauses in the favouring of going to), weakened (e.g. the dominance of will in contexts of distal future reference) or even introduced (e.g. the apodoses of if-clauses emerging as a syntactic niche for the favouring of will).

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Ehlers, Ulrich. "Ultrastructure of the Statocysts in the Apodous Sea CucumberLeptosynapta inhaerens(Holothuroidea, Echinodermata)". Acta Zoologica 78, n. 1 (gennaio 1997): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.1997.tb01127.x.

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Kapsoli Escudero, Wilfredo. "Áncash en broma". Tradición, segunda época, n. 18 (9 gennaio 2020): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31381/tradicion.v0i18.2658.

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ResumenEs costumbre en muchos lugares del Perú (costa, sierra y selva) que los habitantes de cada localidad usen y creen apodos humorísticos y sobrenombres despectivos que tienen que ver con la naturaleza, las actividades económicosociales y festividades de cada espacio geográfico. Para el caso del departamento de Áncash, fue el viajero italiano Antonio Raimondi quien consignó en sus memorias el vocabulario festivo de cada distrito y provincia. El pintor y caricaturista Adelmo Vidal nos ha preparado una muestra de su producción artística que nosotros comentamos en estaocasión.Palabras clave: Apodos, humorismos, sobrenombres, costumbres, festividades. AbstractIn many places of Peru (coast, highlands and jungle), it is a tradition that the inhabitants of each locality create humorous and derogatory nicknames related with nature, economic and social activities and festivities of each geographical space. In the case of the Department of Ancash, the Italian traveler Antonio Raimondi was the one who recorded in his memoirs the festivevocabulary of each district and province. The painter and caricaturist Adelmo Vidal, has prepared a sample of his artistic production, which we will discuss on this occasion.Keywords: Nicknames, humorisms, alias, traditions, festivities.

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De Oliveira Moreira, Jacqueline, Diego Fernando Bolaños e Bianca Ferreira Rodrigues. "Nombre propio, nombre substituto y apodos: la adolescencia y sus experiencias". Affectio Societatis 17, n. 33 (19 dicembre 2020): 133–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.affs.v17n33a06.

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Con el objetivo de pensar la función del nombre como marca singular articulado con el tema de la identificación en el Psicoanálisis, este texto analiza la adolescencia a partir de las transformaciones del cuerpo y del deseo de ser libre que llevan a referir el encuentro con el otro como asuntos decisivos en el proceso de constitución de sí. La importancia que toma el nombre propio, con su particularidad de ser histórico, inscribirse en la cultura y estar atravesado por los deseos inconscientes al igual que la identificación son puntos claves en la discusión que ubica las creaciones de nombres como prácticas comunes en la adolescencia en las que el usos de apodos y seudónimos funciona como renombramiento, sustitución, desplazamiento y cambios de nombres inicialmente asignados.

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Bolaños, Diego Fernando. "Apodos como nominación. Identificación y constitución de subjetividad en la adolescencia". Affectio Societatis 18, n. 34 (29 giugno 2021): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.affs.v118n34a02.

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Se presentan argumentos y recortes de una experiencia de investigación – intervención de orientación clínica psicoanalítica realizada en Colombia y Argentina (2013 - 2016) con el objetivo de explicar cómo algunas Agrupaciones Juveniles de Ciudad funcionan como dispositivos en la constitución de la subjetividad de adolescentes que las integran. Para ello se diserta sobre nominación, nombre propio y su función, sustitución del nombre, risa y humor; centrándose en la sustitución del nombre con apodos y su relación con laconstitución de la subjetividad se halló que es en el registro de lo imaginario en dónde se ubica el sustento de tal relación e impacto como sucede con el nombre propio y su función y que la risa con despliegue de humor al apodarse están también relacionados con ese sustento.

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THANDAR, AHMED S., e FRANK W. E. ROWE. "New species and new records of apodous holothurians (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea) from southern Africa". Zoologica Scripta 18, n. 1 (gennaio 1989): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1989.tb00128.x.

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Flores Palacios, María Leticia, Carolina Juárez Delgado e Diana Carolina Vidaña Jácome. "Percepción de la violencia en el noviazgo entre universitarios: ¿control o amor?" Cultura - Hombre - Sociedad CUHSO 25, n. 1 (31 luglio 2015): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7770/cuhso-v25n1-art886.

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La violencia en el noviazgo es tema central de múltiples trabajos de investigación, en este estudio en particular, se analizó la percepción de la violencia en el noviazgo por parte de jóvenes universitarios. Entre los resultados más importantes se encontró que la violencia psicológica y emocional que consiste en mantener el control y en utilizar apodos para humillar, resulta ser la más común. Ambos sexos coinciden en que tanto hombres como mujeres, son agresores y receptores de este tipo de violencia.

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Aguilar, Victoria Olaya. "El apodo en Cartagena: propuesta de una tipología semántica". Cuadernos de Lingüística Hispánica, n. 23 (26 febbraio 2014): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/0121053x.2337.

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ResumenLa lengua desempeña un papel muy importante en la vida humana, pues a través de esta un individuo puedemanifestar sentimientos y emociones; estrechar relaciones con un grupo o tomar distancia de este. En fin, puede manifestar sus visiones de mundo. Es por ello que estudiar la lengua no solo permite abordarla desde su estructura, sino que también permite analizar al hombre en interacción, al hombre circunscrito en un espacio social. Dentro de esas interacciones encontramos el uso de apodos, como unamanera de interpretar la realidad, práctica muy común en Cartagena, y que constituye el objeto de estudio del presente trabajo, cuyo propósito es, entre otros, caracterizar desde un punto de vista sociosemántico los apodos empleados por los miembros de dicha comunidad. Palabras clave: apodo, signo lingüístico, semántica, motivación, arbitrariedad, denotación, connotación.AbstractLanguage plays an important role in human life; through language,individuals can express their feelings and emotions, strengthen relationships with a group or keep distance fromit. In other words, they can express their perspective of the world. That is why studying language not only allows the study of its structure, but also the analysis of interaction between human beings, circumscribed in social space. Among these interactions we find the use of nicknames as a way to interpret reality, a very common practice in Cartagena, which is the subject of study in this paper. The purpose of this work is to characterize the nicknames used by members of this community from a sociosemanticpoint of view.Key Words: Nickname, linguistic sign, semantics, motivation, arbitrariness, denotation, connotation.

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MESIBOV, ROBERT. "Two new and unusual genera of millipedes (Diplopoda: Polydesmida) from Tasmania, Australia". Zootaxa 368, n. 1 (25 novembre 2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.368.1.1.

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Procophorella innupta n. gen., n. sp. (type species) and P. bashfordi n. sp., and Paredrodesmus taurulus n. gen., n. sp. (type species), P. aceriodendron n. sp., P. australis n. sp., P. bicalcar n. sp., P. monticolus n. sp. and P. purpureus n. sp. are described. Both new genera are ‘head + 19 segments’ Polydesmida (head + 17 podous rings + 1 apodous ring + telson) with the uncommon pore formula 5, 7–18. P. bicalcar is unusual in having a long mesal process on the leg 1 prefemur and an epiproct divided into two large spurs, while leg 2 in P. taurulus has greatly inflated podomeres and a massive claw. Although Paredrodesmus and Procophorella are referable to the suborder Dalodesmidea Hoffman, 1977, their family placement is uncertain.

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36

Ilic, Bojan, Vladimir Tomic, Luka Lucic e Bojan Mitic. "Anamorphic development of Apfelbeckia insculpta (L. Koch, 1867) (Diplopoda: Callipodida: Schizopetalidae)". Archives of Biological Sciences 68, n. 2 (2016): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs150802128i.

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An overview of the anamorphic development of Apfelbeckia insculpta is provided. As in other myriapods and arthropods, this period of the life cycle includes different stages that are separated by molts. Based on an earlier description of post-embryogenesis of A. insculpta and on our data, we describe ten stadia that occur after juveniles of our focal species hatch from the egg. Each molt is accompanied by the addition of podous and apodous pleurotergites, leg-pairs and ocelli. Thus, the numbers of these structures can be used as reliable criteria for the separation of post-embryonic stadia in A. insculpta. Adulthood is reached through teloanamorphosis, i.e., with the ninth and last molt individuals become sexually mature and achieve adulthood. Sexes can be distinguished from stadium VIII onward.

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Siveter, David J., Derek E. G. Briggs, Derek J. Siveter, Mark D. Sutton e David Legg. "A new crustacean from the Herefordshire (Silurian) Lagerstätte, UK, and its significance in malacostracan evolution". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, n. 1851 (22 marzo 2017): 20170279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0279.

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Cascolus ravitis gen. et sp. nov. is a three-dimensionally preserved fossil crustacean with soft parts from the Herefordshire (Silurian) Lagerstätte, UK. It is characterized by a head with a head shield and five limb pairs, and a thorax (pereon) with nine appendage-bearing segments followed by an apodous abdomen (pleon). All the appendages except the first are biramous and have a gnathobase. The post-mandibular appendages are similar one to another, and bear petal-shaped epipods that probably functioned as a part of the respiratory–circulatory system. Cladistic analysis resolves the new taxon as a stem-group leptostracan (Malacostraca). This well-preserved arthropod provides novel insights into the evolution of appendage morphology, tagmosis and the possible respiratory–circulatory physiology of a basal malacostracan.

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Djandué, Bi Drombé. "Hispanization of nicknames as a motivational and identifying element in the university learning of Spanish as a foreign language". Romanica Olomucensia 33, n. 1 (30 giugno 2021): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5507/ro.2021.004.

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Terrón Barroso, Antonio. "Putas, histéricas y maricones". Ambigua: Revista de Investigaciones sobre Género y Estudios Culturales, n. 7 (14 dicembre 2020): 333–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.46661/ambigua.5169.

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El objetivo principal de este trabajo es denunciar la presencia de diferentes formas verbales de violencia de género en reseñas cinematográficas publicadas en Filmaffinity.com por las personas usuarias de esta web que se han identificado como españolas en sus perfiles. Además, se pretende explorar el uso y la frecuencia de construcciones peyorativas, insultos y apodos ligados a la identidad de género. Para ello se ha compilado y analizado cualitativa y cuantitativamente un corpus de 376.285 palabras procedentes de 1.472 reseñas. Todas las reseñas están basadas en 20 largometrajes de ficción coproducidos por España junto a Reino Unido y/o Estados Unidos entre 2005 y 2015 que cuentan en su reparto con al menos una actriz o actor españoles. De las 1.472 reseñas analizadas, 105 (7,1%) contienen al menos un ejemplo de construcción peyorativa, de insulto o de apodo ligados a la identidad de género. Por categorías, se han encontrado insultos en 18 reseñas (1,2%), apodos en 32 (2,2%) y construcciones peyorativas en 56 (3,8%). Los insultos más comunes califican a los sujetos femeninos como prostitutas (83,3%) y a los masculinos como homosexuales (16,7%). Las construcciones peyorativas giran en torno a la concepción de la homosexualidad como anormal (10,7%) y, en el caso de sujetos femeninos, como carentes de valor, seriedad y control (67,8%) por un lado y como objetos (21,4%) por el otro. La fuerte carga misógina, homofóbica y heteronormativa encontrada en este estudio pone de manifiesto la necesidad de seguir impulsando políticas activas que consigan erradicar cualquier forma de violencia de género de la sociedad española. Además, sería necesario crear mecanismos de control que impidieran que este tipo de violencia siguiese encontrando en el anonimato que ofrecen Internet y las redes sociales un canal mediante el que seguir normalizando su discurso discriminatorio, especialmente entre los sectores de la población más expuestos a sus mensajes como los y las jóvenes.

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Hernández Ching, Ruth Cristina, e Sigrid Solano Moraga. "Análisis comparativo entre el cuento “El Tonto de las adivinanzas” de María Isabel Carvajal y “El Adivino” de Alejandro Afanásiev". Repertorio Americano, n. 28 (10 aprile 2019): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/ra.1-28.17.

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Este ensayo argumentativo propone un análisis comparativo entre el cuento“El Tonto de las adivinanzas” de Cuentos de mi tía Panchita de CarmenLyra y “El Adivino” de Alejandro Afanásiev. Se recurre al uso del análisisde arquetipos, entre ellos, el paradigma del ciclo heroico, la numerología ylos apodos de los personajes. Como conclusiones, se determina que en lamemoria colectiva costarricense, este cuento no ha sido uno de los más representativospues dicho paradigma ha permeado principalmente por mediodel cristianismo. Por otro lado, se nota una diferenciación sustancial en las etapas del ciclo heroico, la partida, la iniciación y el regreso, en comparacióncon las experiencias de los personajes femeninos en otros cuentos de lamisma autora.

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Erazo Santander, Óscar A. "Identificación y descripción de la intimidación escolar en instituciones educativas del municipio de Popayán". Diversitas 12, n. 1 (14 giugno 2016): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15332/s1794-9998.2016.0001.04.

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<p align="justify">Se identifica y describe el fenomeno de la intimidación escolar en una muestra de 1.300 estudiantes, 513 padres y 81 docentes de 5 instituciones educativas del municipio de Popayán, Colombia. Se utilizó metodología cuantitativa–descriptiva y análisis con SPSS en frecuencias relativas. Los resultados demuestran la existencia de intimidación física en el 44 % a través de golpes, patadas y quitar elementos escolares, e intimidación psicológica en el 70 % incluyendo gritar a un compañero, poner apodos, coaccionar, amenazar y excluir. En el 35.1 % los profesores consideran el problema como grave en su institución, y que es necesaria su reflexión en el 71.6 %, el 31.4 % de los padres consideran muy grave el problema.</p>

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F�ral, J. P. "Activity of the principal digestive enzymes in the detritivorous apodous holothuroid Leptosynapta galliennei and two other shallow-water holothuroids". Marine Biology 101, n. 3 (maggio 1989): 367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00428133.

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Mirones lozano, Eunate. "Bildocha, Chacur y Caparra : Reflexiones en torno a algunos apodos vascos de judíos navarros en la Edad Media". Nouvelle revue d'onomastique 52, n. 1 (2010): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/onoma.2010.1544.

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McKenzie, J. Douglas. "Ultrastructure of the tentacles of the apodous holothurian Leptosynapta spp (Holothurioidea: Echinodermata) with special reference to the epidermis and surface coats". Cell and Tissue Research 251, n. 2 (febbraio 1988): 387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00215848.

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Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso, Carlos Andrés Conejeros-Vargas, Andrea Alejandra Caballero-Ochoa e Julio Adrian Arriaga-Ochoa. "Epitomapta simentalae sp. n., a new species of apodous sea cucumber from the Central Eastern Pacific coast of Mexico (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea, Apodida)". ZooKeys 817 (15 gennaio 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.817.29406.

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Epitomaptasimentalaesp. n. occurs in depths of 4–10 m off the Mexican Central Pacific coast. It is distinctive in having twelve tentacles, each tentacle with two or three pairs of digits and four to six sensory cups, lacking papillae or oval bumps and in reaching a maximum length of 50 mm in life.

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Fayers, Stephen R., e Nigel H. Trewin. "A new crustacean from the Early Devonian Rhynie chert, Aberdeenshire, Scotland". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 93, n. 4 (dicembre 2002): 355–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026359330000047x.

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ABSTRACTA new crustacean, Castracollis wilsonae is described from a loose block of the Early Devonian Rhynie chert, found in the vicinity of Rhynie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It differs markedly from Lepidocaris rhyniensis, Scourfield 1926, the only other crustacean found in the Rhynie chert.The material comprises complete individuals up to 8 mm long and fragmentary remains. The head is normally damaged and detached from the body, and damage to the anterior of the trunk suggests the specimens are exuviae. The head appears domed with a labrum, robust mandibles, and long biramous antennae. A few specimens exhibit a probable detached cephalo-thoracicshield. The trunk is multi-segmented, comprising similar ring-like somites. The thorax variably comprises up to 26 segments. The anterior 11 segments possess similar long, phyllopodous appendages, the remainder variably possess 10 to 15 phyllopodous appendages with a disposition of one per somite. The abdomen comprises up to 28 apodous segments. The posterior of the body comprises a telson with two furcal rami.The crustacean is most probably a calmanostracan branchiopod. It occurs associated with Lepidocaris, charophytes, cyanobacteria and coprolites within a ‘clotted’ chert texture, indicating subaqueous deposition, most probably in a temporary freshwater pool in an area of surficial hydrothermal activity.

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Pereira, Cristiano Marcondes, Denis Santos Silva, Hector Vargas e Gilson Moreira. "Description of immature stages and natural history of Stigmella schinivora (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae), a leaf-miner associated with the Brazilian peppertree". Zoologia 35 (16 ottobre 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.35.e24485.

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Stigmellaschinivoravan Nieukerken, 2016 was described from Cataratas de Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina, based on adults reared fromSchinusterebinthifoliusRaddi (Anacardiaceae) leaf mines. The aim of this study is to describe for the first time the external morphology of the immature stages ofS.schinivorawith the aid of light and scanning electron microscopy, based on mines collected on the same host plant, but in Laranjeiras do Sul, Paraná, Brazil. Data on natural history, including histology of the mines, are also provided. The larva passes through four instars, all endophytic, having chewing mouth parts and feeding on the palisade parenchyma. The first three instars are apodous and have a subcylindrical body, bearing only one pair of setae on the tenth abdominal segment; the fourth instar is eruciform, with well-developed ambulatory calli on thorax and abdomen and setae on all tagmata. A serpentine mine is constructed on the adaxial surface, progressively increasing in width during larval development. With the exception of the widened, terminal section, the mine is left filled with larval feces. The fully developed larva of last instar exits through a slit made at the distal end of the mine, building a silk cocoon on the leaf abaxial surface where pupation occurs. This is the first record ofS.schinivorafrom Brazil, which was only known from the type locality in Argentina.

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Alvarado Juárez, Ana Margarita. "Convivencia escolar en el nivel medio superior: Un estudio de caso en contexto de migración / School Coexistence at the Higher Middle Level: A Case Study in the Context of Migration". RICSH Revista Iberoamericana de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas 8, n. 15 (26 aprile 2019): 180–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.23913/ricsh.v8i15.166.

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En este trabajo se muestran las características de la convivencia escolar en una escuela de nivel medio superior ubicada en Valles Centrales del estado de Oaxaca. En esta comunidad se viven diferentes tipos de movimientos poblacionales: movimientos pendulares diarios, migración interregional, migración internacional y migración de retorno. Estos fenómenos convierten el espacio áulico en uno con características peculiares para el análisis de la convivencia escolar, al tener un ambiente multicultural. Los resultados aquí presentados provienen de una investigación realizada durante el año 2017 en la que se utilizó una metodología cuantitativa, cuya herramienta fue una encuesta dirigida a estudiantes de bachillerato para conocer su percepción sobre la convivencia escolar. Las dimensiones del cuestionario fueron: convivencia escolar, relación entre compañeros, comportamientos disruptivos, relación profesores-estudiantes y participación individual. Los resultados muestran que 9 % de los estudiantes encuestados no respeta a quienes vienen de otras comunidades y 7 % no respeta a quienes hablan otras lenguas. Por otro lado, el comportamiento disruptivo predominante es hablar constantemente en el salón de clases, con 62 %; 37 % dice groserías y 36 % pone apodos a los demás. Estos resultados sugieren que un salón de clases con jóvenes de diferentes contextos culturales puede afectar la convivencia escolar, en específico por no respetar las diferencias.

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F�ral, J. P. "Effect of short-term starvation on the biochemical composition of the apodous holothurian Leptosynapta galliennei (Echinodermata): possible role of dissolved organic material as an energy source". Marine Biology 86, n. 3 (1985): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00397516.

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Berra Ruiz, Enrique. "Simulador Virtual para Acoso Escolar en Niños y Adolescentes: Un Estudio Piloto en México (Virtual Simulator for School Harassment in Children and Adolescents: A Pilot Study in Mexico)". HAMUT'AY 5, n. 1 (19 giugno 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21503/hamu.v5i1.1517.

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El acoso escolar es un problema que tiene consecuencias críticas en las víctimas, que van desde una baja autoestima, depresión y en casos extremos hasta el suicidio. En México el 14% de los estudiantes reporta haber sido víctimas de acoso escolar, recibiendo golpes, apodos, malos tratos de forma intencional y continua por parte de sus compañeros. Ante este panorama, se han creado diversos programas para prevenir y disminuir los efectos del acoso escolar, muchos de estos programas se enfocan en el desarrollo de conductas prosociales, entre ellas la asertividad. El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo evaluar en una muestra de niños y adolescentes una aplicación de realidad virtual de bullying y verificar cambios en las respuestas asertivas de los participantes frente a situaciones simuladas de acoso. Se llevó a cabo un estudio preprueba-posprueba, con un muestreo intencional no probabilístico, en el que se utilizó una aplicación de realidad virtual que recrea tridimensionalmente 12 situaciones de acoso escolar, en donde se puede dar una respuesta agresiva, pasiva o asertiva. Para evaluar el índice de asertividad se empleó la Escala de Asertividad de Rathus. Los datos obtenidos muestran un incremento en el índice de asertividad al finalizar la aplicación, además de un alto porcentaje de respuestas asertivas en comparación con las agresivas y pasivas en las situaciones interactivas de acoso.

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