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1
Cooke, Margaret A., Paul Widden e Ivan O'Halloran. "Development of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae in sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and effects of base-cation ammendment on vesicle and arbuscule formation". Canadian Journal of Botany 71, n. 11 (1 novembre 1993): 1421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-171.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The development, condition, and incidence of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae of Acer saccharum (sugar maple) seedlings grown in the greenhouse in natural sugar maple forest soil substrate were examined. The effects of the addition of a cation mixture containing calcium, magnesium, and potassium were also studied. The mycorrhizal structures observed were similar to those found in natural field conditions. Mycorrhizae developed intracellularly via hyphal coils, and arbuscules usually developed from these coils, forming arbusculate coils. This development is different from that observed in most annual crop plants. Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal structures appeared within 30 days. The rate of mycorrhizal infection decreased, along with plant health, as the quantity of the added cations was increased, but the amendment did not affect the morphology of the infection. More vesicles were observed in the lowest level of application than in controls, suggesting a stress response and possible relationship between plant health and condition of the mycorrhizal association. Key words: Acer saccharum, development, vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae.
2
Arham, Arham, Andi Bahrun, La Karimuna, Tresjia Corina Rakian e Gusnawaty H. S. Gusnawaty H.S. "Pengaruh Biochar Kulit Buah Kakao dan Berbagai Agens Hayati Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Kakao". Berkala Penelitian Agronomi 8, n. 2 (8 novembre 2021): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33772/bpa.v8i2.14763.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The use of cocoa pod husk biochar and various biological agents in the planting medium significantly increased the growth of cocoa seedlings. The research was conducted using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with a Split Plot pattern. The main factors consisted of 2 (two) treatment levels, namely: B0 (without biochar of cocoa pod skin) and B1 (15 g of cocoa pod husk biochar), while the child factors consisted of 4 (four) treatment levels, namely: A0 (without biological agents), M (arbuscular mycorrhiza 15 g), MR (arbuscular mycorrhizae 15 g + 15 ml rhizobacteria) and MT (arbuscular mycorrhizae 15 g + Trichoderma sp. 15 ml), so that there are 8 (eight) treatment combinations, namely: B0A0 (without biochar and without biological agents), B0M (without cocoa pod husk biochar + arbuscular mycorrhizae 15 g), B0MR (without cocoa pod husk biochar + arbuscular mycorrhizae 15 g + rhizobacteria 15 ml), B0MT (without cocoa pod husk biochar + arbuscular mycorrhiza 15 g + Trichoderma sp. 15 ml), B1A0 (cocoa pod husk biochar 15 g + without biological agents), B1M (cocoa pod husk biochar 15 g + arbuscular mycorrhizae 15 g), B1MR (cocoa pod husk biochar 15 g + arbuscular mycorrhizae 15 g + rhizobacteria 15 ml), B1MT (cocoa pod husk biochar 15 g + arbuscular mycorrhizae 15 g + Trichoderma sp. 15 ml), which repeated 4 (four) times so that there are 32 experimental units. The variables observed were plant height, total leaf area, number of leaves, root length, root dry weight, shoot dry weight. The results showed that the interaction of cocoa pod husk biochar and biological agents had no significant effect on the growth of cocoa seedlings. Application of cocoa pod husk biochar 15 g/polybag had a significant effect in increasing the growth of cocoa seedlings compared to without cocoa pod husk biochar, while the application of biological agents was shown in the 15 g arbuscular mycorrhizae + Trichoderma sp. 15 ml / polybag has a very significant effect on increasing the growth of cocoa seedlings compared to without biological agents.Keywords: Biochar, arbuscular mycorrhizal, nutrient uptake.
3
Ruotsalainen, Anna Liisa, e Sami Aikio. "Mycorrhizal inoculum and performance of nonmycorrhizal Carex bigelowii and mycorrhizal Trientalis europaea". Canadian Journal of Botany 82, n. 4 (1 aprile 2004): 443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-011.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We studied the competition between mycorrhiza-forming Trientalis europaea L. and nonmycorrhizal Carex bigelowii Torrey ex Schweinitz in a climate chamber experiment. The plants were grown either singly or together with a conspecific or heterospecific individual, with arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum present or absent. Inoculated T. euro paea formed abundant arbuscular mycorrhizal structures, but the mycorrhizae did not affect its biomass or the whole plant's relative growth rate (RGR). Carex bigelowii did not form mycorrhizae, but its shoot biomass and RGR were lower in the inoculated pots. The presence of a conspecific or heterospecific plant had no effect on the shoot biomasses or RGR of either plant species. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased the root/shoot ratio of C. bigelowii in all competition treatments. The presence of C. bigelowii decreased the root/shoot ratio of T. europaea in both mycorrhizal and nonmy corrhizal state. Mycorrhizal inoculum thus had a direct negative effect on the growth of a nonmycorrhizal plant. The result suggests that although mycorrhizae may not always directly affect the performance of the host plant, they may possibly increase the host plant performance in relation to nonmycorrhizal neighbours. Mycorrhizal inoculum and mycorrhizal symbiosis may increase asymmetry of interspecific competition, which may facilitate the coexistence of plant species in cases when a larger individual is more negatively affected.Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, competitive asymmetry, micropropagation.
4
Ramakrishnan, K., e G. Bhuvaneswari. "Influence on Different Types of Mycorrhizal Fungi on Crop Productivity in Ecosystem". International Letters of Natural Sciences 38 (maggio 2015): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.38.9.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Mycorrhizal fungi greatly enhanced the ability of plants to take up phosphorus and other nutrients those are relatively immobile and exist in low concentration in the soil solution. Fungi can be important in the uptake of other nutrients by the host plant. Mycorrhizae establish symbiotic relationships with plants and play an essential role in plant growth, disease protection, and overall soil quality. Of the seven types of mycorrhizae described in current scientific literature (arbuscular, ecto, ectendo, arbutoid, monotropoid, ericoid and orchidaceous mycorrhizae), the arbuscular and ectomycorrhizae are the most abundant and widespread. This chapter presents an overview of current knowledge of mycorrhizal interactions, processes, and potential benefits to society. The molecular basis of nutrient exchange between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and host plants is presented; the role of AM fungi in disease protection, alleviation of heavy metal stress and increasing grain production. Most land plants form associations with mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizas are mutualistic associations between fungi and plant roots. They are described as symbiotic because the fungus receives photo synthetically derived carbon compounds and the plant has increased access to mineral nutrients and sometimes water.
5
Lambais, Marcio R., e Mona C. Mehdy. "Differential expression of defense-related genes in arbuscular mycorrhiza". Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (31 dicembre 1995): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-293.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Differential expression of plant defense related genes may contribute to the control of arbuscular mycorrhiza growth and development. The expression of chitinases, β-1, 3-glucanases, and genes involved in the biosynthesis of isoflavonoid phytoalexins has been studied in these symbiotic associations. Relative to noninfected roots, mycorrhizal roots showed a transient induction of endochitinase activities followed by suppression, under low and high P conditions. The suppression was attenuated under high P. Differential reductions in the steady-state level of mRNAs encoding a basic and an acidic endochitinase was observed. Suppression of β-1, 3-glucanase activities, two glucanase mRNAs, and chalcone isomerase mRNA levels was also observed. In situ localization of several defense-related mRNAs showed a predominant accumulation in the vascular cylinder of mycorrhizal and noninfected roots, under both P conditions. The levels of these mRNAs were systemically suppressed in arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM). Additionally, the accumulation of mRNAs encoding an acidic endochitinase and a β-1, 3-endoglucanase was enhanced in and around cells containing arbuscules, under high and low P conditions, respectively. The differential regulation of defense-related genes may contribute to the observed pattern of intraradical fungal growth. A hypothetical model for the functional roles and regulation of endochitinases and β-1, 3-endoglucanases in arbuscular mycorrhiza is proposed. Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, differential gene expression, plant defense genes, chitinases, β-1, 3-glucanases, phosphate.
6
Klironomos, John N. "Arbuscular mycorrhizae of Acer saccharum in different soil types". Canadian Journal of Botany 73, n. 11 (1 novembre 1995): 1824–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-193.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Differences in propagule levels and in the colonization of Acer saccharum feeder roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in maple forests distributed across three different soil types (brunisols, luvisols, podzols) were investigated. All forest stands were located in southern Ontario. Acer saccharum was the dominant tree species, making up at least 75% of all trees. Results show that arbuscular mycorrhizae can dominate in different soil types, even in podzolic soils with moder-type humus, which typically support ectomycorrhizal associations. In fact, total hyphal colonization of A. saccharum roots and the capacity of the soil to initiate infection units were highest in the podzolic soils compared with those in brunisolic and luvisolic soils. In brunisolic soils, the roots exhibited high arbuscular colonization, low coil colonization, low vesicular colonization, and relatively moderate sporulation levels. In luvisolic soils, colonization was similar to that of brunisols; however, spore densities were lower. Roots in podzolic soils showed very different trends, with a low occurrence of arbuscules, high levels of hyphal coils and vesicles, and much higher spore densities. Soil type can account for much of the variability in arbuscular mycorrhizal structure and functioning that occurs among different locations. Key words: arbuscular mycorrhizae, Acer saccharum, brunisol, luvisol, podzol.
7
Kasowska, Dorota. "Mycorrhizal status of plants in two successional stages on spoil heaps from fireloam mining in Lower Silesia (SW Poland)". Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 71, n. 2 (2014): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2002.018.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The mycorrhizal status of two plant communities representing an initial stage (1-2 year-old) and a 8-9-year-old stage of succession on spoil heaps from fireloam mining in Lower Silesia, Poland, was determined. In the initial stage, the mycorrhizal structures were not observed in 39% of the investigated species; they were members of the <em>Polygonaceae</em>, <em>Chenopodiaceae</em> and <em>Poaceae</em> families. The relative cover of non-mycorrhizal plants exceeded 50% and the major role was played by the <em>Polygonum aviculare</em> population, which predominated the whole community. Mycorrhizal species (arbuscular mycorrhizae) contributed to 61 % of the composition of the initial phyto-coenosis. The most numerous taxa were those with 20-40% of the root length colonized, with a small number of arbuscules (0.2-3.1% of the root length containig arbuscules) and no vesicles. In the advanced stage of succession, mycorrhizal plants definitely dominated and the major role was played by the <em>Tussilago farfara</em> population. Compared with the initial stage, the later one also harboured more plants with mycorrhizas occupied >40% of the root length, as well as containing numerous arbuscules (>20% of the root length) and vesicles. The non-mycorrhizal species, i.e., <em>Equisetum arvense</em> and <em>Poa compressa</em>, represented 11 % o': the community composition and their relative cover amounted to 3%. Despite the relatively frequent occurrence of the arbuscular mycorrhizae in the initial stage of succession, the qualitative properties of the colonization indicated a low effectiveness of symbiosis. This could be caused by the lack of adaptation of the fungal symbiont to the edaphic conditions which were changed after disturbance.
8
Geil, R. D., e F. C. Guinel. "Effects of elevated substrateethylene on colonization of leek (Allium porrum) by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus aggregatum". Canadian Journal of Botany 80, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2002): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b01-135.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
There are very few studies of hormonal regulation of arbuscular mycorrhiza formation that include the gaseous hormone ethylene. Ethylene is considered inhibitory to the formation of arbuscular mycorrhizae; however, very low concentrations may promote their formation. We used an improved method of exogenous ethylene application to determine whether ethylene concentration dependent changes in colonization occur in the leek (Allium porrum L. cv. Giant Musselburgh) Glomus aggregatum Schenck & Smith emend. Koske system. This improved method allowed for a continuous flow of constant concentration of the gas to be applied to a substrate. The 0.6 µL/L substrateethylene treatment reduced both root and leaf length and resulted in significantly lower arbuscular colonization compared with controls, whereas the 0.3 µL/L treatment reduced root length only and did not significantly affect colonization levels. Despite continuous application of exogenous ethylene, the amount of ethylene detected in inoculated substrates was reduced to near zero 20 days after inoculation. This decrease may be either due to an increased capacity for ethylene oxidation by arbuscular mycorrhizal roots or because arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (or other microbes in the pot-cultured inoculum) are capable of metabolizing ethylene. The present study highlights the need for investigations into arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal physiology and the mechanisms by which ethylene regulates arbuscular mycorrhiza formation.Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, colonization, exogenous ethylene, monocot.
9
Agusrianto Yusuf. "THE ROLES OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE IN SUPPORTING THE MANGROVE GROWTH". Journal of Health, Technology and Science (JHTS) 2, n. 1 (11 aprile 2021): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47918/jhts.v2i1.221.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The current study aims to determinate the potential of Arbuscular mycorrhizae in supporting the mangrove growth, the role of Arbuscular mycorrhizae on the improvement of mangrove growth in terms of its colonization level with the mangrove roots, the mangrove ability of Arbuscular mycorrhizae in the way of supporting the rehabilitation of mangroves, and giving the recommendation to the local government related to the potential of mycorrhizal fungi in rehabilitating the degraded magrove areas living in the coastal areas of Kwandang, North Gorontalo regency.
Moreover, this study used a descriptive qualitative analysis method using ex-post-facto approach. To collect the data, it used a pruposive sampling on rhizosfer and mangrove roots in order to observe the spore density, the diversity and the mycorrhizal colonization.
The results of this study show that the ability of Arbuscular mycorrhizae in supporting the mangrove growth is categorized in the high level. It can be seen from the spora density. On average in research location, the number of the spores that were successfully isolated is 42 spores/ 100 grams of soil. Arbuscular mycorrhizae has a role in the way of increasing the mangrove growth. This can be seen from the high percentage of colonization with mangrove roots whereas 57,87%.
10
Kormanik, Paul P. "Development of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae in a young sweetgum plantation". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, n. 6 (1 dicembre 1985): 1061–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-172.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Sweetgum seedlings with vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae formed by Glomusetunicatum or Glomusdeserticola in nursery soil with 30 ppm available phosphorus (P) and nonmycorrhizal seedlings grown in nursery soil with 800 ppm available P were outplanted and whole trees were excavated periodically over the next 5 years in the plantation to follow mycorrhizal development. Four months after outplanting, roots of all initially nonmycorrhizal seedlings had formed vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae and the degree of root colonization was comparable to that of initially vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal seedlings. New feeder roots did not develop on seedlings of any treatment until almost 5 months after planting. By the end of the first growing season and for the remainder of the study, vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae development was approximately the same on all seedlings. The proportion of feeder roots colonized by vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi stabilized at 65 to 70%; approximately 56% of the cortical tissues of all feeder roots were colonized with arbuscles, vesicles, and hyphae. Periodic assays of the soil in the plantation showed that vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores gradually declined from an initial high of 3600 spores to 620 spores per 100-cm3 soil sample after 5 years. This decline was probably caused by crown closure of the sweetgum trees which gradually suppressed understory vegetation.
11
Moora, Mari, e Martin Zobel. "Can arbuscular mycorrhiza change the effect of root competition between conspecific plants of different ages?" Canadian Journal of Botany 76, n. 4 (1 aprile 1998): 613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-037.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Seedlings and adults of Hypericum perforatum L., common St. John's wort, were grown together in an experiment of factorial design, where the presence of root competition and arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation were used as treatments. There was moderate shoot competition, the intensity of which was not manipulated. To check the response of plants to arbuscular mycorrhiza in noncompetitive conditions, adults and seedlings were also grown singly in pots. Single individuals of seedlings and adults responded positively to mycorrhizal inoculation, with the response of seedlings significantly greater. In the competition experiment the positive effect of mycorrhizal colonization on seedling growth vanished, since with root competition, both mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal seedlings were of the same size. Without root competition, the shoots of mycorrhizal adults were much larger than of nonmycorrhizal adults, but under root competition the shoot weight did not differ. Arbuscular mycorrhiza increased the biomass differences between competing seedlings and adults. We did not confirm our hypothesis that mycorrhiza makes competition between seedlings and adults more balanced because of the stronger positive response of seedlings to inoculation. The positive effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae on growth vanishes in more crowded conditions. It was concluded that if mycorrhizal inoculation has age-specific positive effect of seedlings in field conditions, it is more probably due to higher tolerance to abiotic stress than due to higher competitive ability of seedlings.Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, intraspecific root competition, seedlings, Hypericum perforatum.
12
Dalpé, Y. "Mycorrhizal fungi biodiversity in Canadian soils". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 83, Special Issue (1 agosto 2003): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s01-067.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The term "mycorrhiza" refers to the mutualistic symbiosis between fungi and the roots of a vast majority of vascular plants, distributed over almost any ecosystem. The fungal symbionts, primarily recognized for their beneficial impact on plant growth and plant protection, are integral components of soil ecosystems and as such, play an active role in improving plant productivity and diversity, soil microflora and microfauna diversity, and soil quality. Classified among major groups of true fungi, the study of their biodiversity and distribution has been explored for only a few decades. Major emphasis was first put on the mycorrhizal status of plants, on the evaluation of their benefits to plant growth, on their geographic distribution and soil inventories, and more recently on their relationship to plant diversity and productivity. In the 1950s, Canadian scientists were among world pioneers in the field of mycorrhizae research and they continue to be recognized by the international scientific community. Studies dealing with soil biodiversity of mycorrhizal fungi, including arbuscular, ecto-, ectendo-, ericoid- and orchid mycorrhizae, performed by Canadian researchers are presented here together with strategies and perspectives for a better exploitation of mycorrhizal fungal diversity in ecosystems. Key words: Symbiosis, mycorrhizae, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, ectomycorrhizal fungi, biodiversity, plant protection
13
Johnson-Green, Perry C., Norm C. Kenkel e Thomas Booth. "The distribution and phenology of arbuscular mycorrhizae along an inland salinity gradient". Canadian Journal of Botany 73, n. 9 (1 settembre 1995): 1318–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-143.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The distribution and seasonal patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi activity were studied in an inland boreal salt pan site in north-central Manitoba. Semipermanent study regions were set up in each of five vegetation zones along a continuous salinity gradient. Roots of Hordeum jubatum, Distichlis stricta, Agropyron trachycaulum, Sonchus arvensis, Spartina gracilis, and other species were collected from the study regions over six time periods: April, June, July, August, and October of 1991, and May of 1992. These roots were used to quantify mycorrhizal colonization, as well as arbuscule and vesicle formation. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were prevalent in the three vegetation zones with lowest soil salinity, with > 40% of the observed root pieces colonized. Colonization was < 2% in the other two zones, where soil salinity was consistently greater throughout the growing season. The only common pattern in the phenology of mycorrhizal activity was a low level of activity in the early spring. Mycorrhizal activity in most plant species occurred at high levels throughout the summer and fall. Differences in patterns of activity appeared to be linked to differences in phenology of root growth, and not to edaphic differences among vegetation zones. Key words: Manitoba, arbuscules, fungi, gradient, mycorrhiza, phenology, salinity, vesicles.
14
Tomo, Yhudo, e Budi Prasetya. "EKSPLORASI MIKORIZA ARBUSKULA PADA BEBERAPA KEDALAMAN TANAH DI PERAKARAN RUMPUT BANTENG PADA LAHAN PASCATAMBANG". Jurnal Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan 8, n. 2 (1 giugno 2021): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtsl.2021.008.2.5.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The presence of mycorrhizae can reduce the level of poisoning caused by heavy metals in post-mining land and support plant growth. Post-mining land is generally only a few types of mycorrhizae that can adapt, especially post-mining land. This research was conducted to determine the presence, types and distribution of mycorrhizae as well as the relationship between soil depth and mycorrhizal distribution and soil chemical properties at various depths in the rhizosphere of bull grass as the dominant vegetation in post-coal mining land. The results showed that there were arbuscular mycorrhizae at each soil depth with different population density levels, namely 273 spores 100 g-1 soil at a depth of 0 - 10 cm (K10); 239 spores 100 g-1 soil at a depth of 10 – 20 cm (K20) and 155 spores 100 g-1 soil at a depth of 20 – 30 cm (K30). The arbuscular mycorrhizae found at all soil depths are of the same type, which is included in the genus Glomus. Soil depth with the number of arbuscular mycorrhizal distribution (r count -0.7754> r table -0.4973) has a very strong relationship and with soil pH (r count -0.6309> r table -0.4973) has a strong relationship. The number of distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizae with soil pH (r count 0.5943> r table 0.4973) has a strong relationship
15
Kubota, M., T. P. McGonigle e M. Hyakumachi. "Clethra barbinervis, a member of the order Ericales, forms arbuscular mycorrhizae". Canadian Journal of Botany 79, n. 3 (1 marzo 2001): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b01-008.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The mycorrhizal status of Clethra barbinervis, in the family Clethraceae of the order Ericales, was investigated. Mycorrhizal colonization of C. barbinervis roots collected from naturally occurring trees in two forests in Japan was determined monthly for 12 months. In addition, mycorrhizal colonization of C. barbinervis seedlings grown in pots of field-collected soil was evaluated. Field-collected C. barbinervis roots were extensively colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that exhibited the Paris-type morphology. At both sites, total colonization ranged from 4287% of root length and arbuscular colonization ranged from 631% of root length during the year. At one site, hyphal-coil colonization was between 3761% year round; at the other site, it increased from between 3056% during August-November to as high as 80% in January. Year round at both sites, vesicular colonization was 7% of root length or less. The Paris-type morphology was also seen in pot-grown C. barbinervis seedlings. Total colonization of pot-grown C. barbinervis seedlings was 3456% of the root length over 520 weeks. To our knowledge, this study is the first report of the mycorrhizal status of a plant in the Clethraceae and the first report of arbuscular mycorrhizae in any member of the Ericales.Key words: Paris-type, Japan, seasonal pattern, arbuscular mycorrhiza, Ericales.
16
Adjoud-Sadadou, Djamila, e Rosa Halli-Hargas. "Dual mycorrhizal symbiosis: an asset for eucalypts out of Australia?" Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, n. 4 (aprile 2017): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0292.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The dual symbiotic habit of the genus Eucalyptus is well documented: while arbuscular mycorrhizae are always dominant in seedlings and young trees, they are replaced by ectomycorrhizae in older trees. Here, the mycorrhizal status of eucalypts of different ages was assessed over the year in three plantations in the humid Mediterranean climate zone of Algeria (using morphological, anatomical, and histological criteria) and quantified in the dry and wet seasons over three years (using the grid-line intersect method of Giovannetti and Mosse (1980, New Phytol. 84: 489–500, doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1980.tb04556.x ) on randomized fine root segments). Unexpectedly, the results revealed the persistence of arbuscular mycorrhizae in old trees and their dominance over ectomycorrhizae during the dry season, while the opposite pattern was observed in the wet season. Composite mycorrhizae displaying intimately mixed arbuscular mycorrhizae and ectomycorrhizae anatomical structures also occurred and were more frequent during the dry season. Eucalypts were clearly able to form a wide diversity of symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi locally associated with native trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants. Therefore, the mycorrhizal status should not be a limiting factor to the silviculture of eucalypts in this area of Algeria because the dual symbiotic habit provides complementary benefits in a poor soil and in an alien environment.
17
Artursson, Veronica, e Janet K. Jansson. "Use of Bromodeoxyuridine Immunocapture To Identify Active Bacteria Associated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Hyphae". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, n. 10 (ottobre 2003): 6208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.10.6208-6215.2003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT Arbuscular mycorrhizae are beneficial for crops grown under low-till management systems. Increasingly, it is becoming apparent that bacteria associated with mycorrhizae can enhance the beneficial relationship between mycorrhizae and plants. However, it has been difficult to study these relationships by conventional techniques. In this study actively growing bacteria were identified in soil from an undisturbed fallow field known to contain arbuscular mycorrhizae by using molecular tools to eliminate the need for cultivation. A thymidine analog, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), was added to the soil and incubated for 2 days. DNA was extracted, and the newly synthesized DNA was isolated by immunocapture of the BrdU-containing DNA. The active bacteria in the community were identified by 16S rRNA gene PCR amplification and DNA sequence analysis. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence information, a selective medium was chosen to isolate the corresponding active bacteria. Bacillus cereus strain VA1, one of the bacteria identified by the BrdU method, was isolated from the soil and tagged with green fluorescent protein. By using confocal microscopy, this bacterium was shown to clearly attach to arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae. This study was the first to use this combination of molecular and traditional approaches to isolate, identify, and visualize a specific bacterium that is active in fallow soil and associates with arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae.
18
Cuenca, Gisela, e Milagros Lovera. "Vesicular – arbuscular mycorrhizae in disturbed and revegetated sites from La Gran Sabana, Venezuela". Canadian Journal of Botany 70, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1992): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-009.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Savannas growing on stony, old and nutrient-poor soils of southern Venezuela were severely disturbed by removal of the soil organic layers with bulldozers for road building. Introduced species Brachiaria decumbens, Brachiaria humidicola, Pueraria phaseoloides, and Calopogonium sp. were sown. The substrate was fertilized and limed. Plant cover, vesicular – arbuscular mycorrhizae colonization, spore number, and most probable number of propagulels in undisturbed savanna, disturbed nonrevegetated savanna, and six revegetated savannas were assessed. The perturbation reduced the mycorrhizal propagule number in comparison with the undisturbed savanna. In the nonrevegetated areas the mean percent ground cover 2 years after disturbance was low (0.04%). In revegetated areas an increase in mycorrhizal propagule number occurred and the mycorrhizal colonization of the sown species was high. In restored areas there was an increase in species of nonmycotrophic Amaranthaceae. The results support other predictions on the mycorrhizae in successional biomes, because in the extremely nutrient-poor soils studied the colonizing species were mainly mycotrophic. The reclamation program applied in disturbed areas was useful because it has allowed the recovery of vesicular – arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum and there was an increase in the recolonization of native plants. Key words: disturbance, endomycorrhizae, revegetation, savanna, vesicular – arbuscular mycorrhizae.
19
Reddell, Paul, Yang Yun e Warren A. Shipton. "Cluster Roots and Mycorrhizae in Casuarina cunninghamiana: their Occurrence and Formation in Relation to Phosphorus Supply". Australian Journal of Botany 45, n. 1 (1997): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt96049.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The occurrence of mycorrhizae and cluster roots was assessed in natural populations of Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq. in north Queensland. Cluster roots were found at 90% of the sites surveyed. By contrast, arbuscular mycorrhizae occurred at only 45% of sites and the extent of colonisation was low. No ectomycorrhizae were found during this survey. Formation of arbuscular mycorrhizae and cluster roots in C. cunninghamiana seedlings in relation to external P supply was investigated in glasshouse experiments. Inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus, significantly increased seedling dry weight at low P supply (10 mg P per kg soil), but had no effect in the absence of P or at P supply rates greater than 10 mg P per kg soil. Mycorrhizal colonisation of roots was highest at 0 and 10 mg P per kg soil and declined with further increases in P supply. No mycorrhizae formed at or above 100 mg P per kg soil. The number, dry weight and proportion of root biomass allocated to cluster roots in solution culture decreased with increasing P supply, and followed a generally similar pattern to that observed for arbuscular mycorrhizae in sand culture. No cluster roots formed at P supply of 100 µM P or higher, and the form of nitrogen available to the plant (either adequate supply of mineral nitrogen or dependency on symbiotic N2 fixation) had no effect on cluster root formation at any level of P supply. Casuarina cunninghamiana occurs naturally along stream and river banks and cluster roots may be advantageous at these sites by providing a reliable mechanism to enhance nutrient uptake in seasonally inundated environments that are unlikely to be favourable to mycorrhizal formation and activity.
20
Błaszkowski, Janusz. "Comparative studies of the occurrence of arbuscular fungi and mycorrhizae (Glomales) in cultivated and uncultivated soils of Poland". Acta Mycologica 28, n. 1 (20 agosto 2014): 93–140. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1993.013.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper presents results of 6-year studies on the occurrence of arbuscular fungi and mycorrhizae in cultivated and uncultivated soils of Poland. The comparisons include the include of spore and species densi-lies. and the levels of mycorrhizal colonization. The relationship between the occurrence of arbuscular fungi and mycorrhizae and soil chemical properties was assessed based on analysis of correlation. The distribution of the fungal species found both in Poland and in the world is presented.
21
Uhlmann, Elisabeth, Claudia Görke, Andreas Petersen e Franz Oberwinkler. "Arbuscular mycorrhizae from semiarid regions of Namibia". Canadian Journal of Botany 82, n. 5 (1 maggio 2004): 645–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-039.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Arbuscular mycorrhizae from four sites in semiarid parts of Namibia were studied. In addition to areas with different rainfall, different land management systems are compared. High numbers of morphological species with a patchy distribution were recorded. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) sequences derived from grass roots are less diverse than the community of spores found in adjacent soil, indicating different AMF communities in grass roots during the vegetation period or different AMF communities in the roots of trees and herbs. The AMF community does not appear to be influenced by land management systems, but rather by vegetation cover or rainfall regime.Key words: Namibia, arbuscular mycorrhizae, molecular identification.
22
Plenchette, C., C. Clermont-Dauphin, J. M. Meynard e J. A. Fortin. "Managing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in cropping systems". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2005): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-159.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Market globalization, demographic pressure, and environmental degradation have led us to reconsider many of our current agricultural systems. The heavy use of chemical inputs, including fertilizers and pesticides, has resulted in pollution, decreased biodiversity in intensively-farmed regions, degradation of fragile agro-ecosystems, and prohibitive costs for many farmers. Low input sustainable cropping systems should replace conventional agriculture, but this requires a more comprehensive understanding of the biological interactions within agro-ecosystems. Mycorrhizal fungi appear to be the most important telluric organisms to consider. Mycorrhizae, which result from a symbiosis between these fungi and plant roots, are directly involved in plant mineral nutrition, the control of plant pathogens, and drought tolerance. Most horticultural and crop plants are symbiotic with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizal literature is abundant, showing that stimulation of plant growth can be mainly attributed to improved phosphorous nutrition. Although the mycorrhizal potential of its symbiosis to improve crop production is widely recognized, it is not implemented in agricultural systems. There is an urgent need to improve and widely apply analytical methods to evaluate characteristics such as, relative field mycorrhizal dependency, soil mycorrhizal infectivity, and mycorrhizal receptivity of soil. Decreased use of fertilizers, pesticides, and tillage will favour arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. However, shifting from one system to a more sustainable one is not easy since all components of the cropping system are closely linked. Different cases, from actual agricultural practices in different countries, are analyzed to highlight situations in which mycorrhizae might or might not play a role in developing more sustainable agriculture. Key words: Cropping systems, mycorrhizae, sustainability, technical itineraries, rotation
23
Toth, Ronald, Deborah Toth, David Starke e David R. Smith. "Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in Zea mays affected by breeding for resistance to fungal pathogens". Canadian Journal of Botany 68, n. 5 (1 maggio 1990): 1039–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-131.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Inbred lines of Zea mays L. (maize) selected for a range of resistances to a variety of fungal pathogens were assayed for percentage colonization by vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Inbreds that were generally resistant to a number of fungal pathogens had significantly lower levels of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae, matured more slowly, and had larger root systems. Disease-susceptible inbreds had significantly higher levels of mycorrhizal colonization, matured more rapidly, and had smaller root systems. It is uncertain if a general resistance to fungal pathogens or rate of root development, separately or in combination, may have influenced mycorrhizal colonization levels. Irrespective of cause, present breeding programs for disease resistance in maize do influence the plants ability to form mycorrhizae.
24
Iwaniuk, Anna, e Janusz Błaszkowski. "Arbuscular fungi and mycorrhizae of agricultural soils of the Western Pomerania. Part I. Occurrence of arbuscular fungi and mycorrhizae". Acta Mycologica 39, n. 1 (20 agosto 2014): 65–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2004.008.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper presents results of three-year investigations on the occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizae of the phylum Glomeromycota in agricultural soils of the Western Pomerania, north-western Poland. The occurrence of these fungi was determined basing on soil-root mixtures collected from both the field and trap cultures.
25
Rillig, Matthias C. "Arbuscular mycorrhizae, glomalin, and soil aggregation". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 84, n. 4 (1 novembre 2004): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s04-003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Arbuscular mycorrhizae are important factors of soil quality through their effects on host plant physiology, soil ecological interactions, and their contributions to maintaining soil structure. The symbiosis is faced with numerous challenges in agroecosystems; in order to inform sustainable management strategies it is hence a high priority to work towards mechanistic understanding of arbuscular mycorrhizae contributions to soil quality. This review focuses on glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), operationally defined soil C pools that have been linked to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). In discussing this protein pool, we propose a new terminology used to describe fractions of soil proteins and glomalin. GRSP concentrations in soil are positively correlated with aggregate water stability. GRSP has relatively slow turnover in soil, contributing to lasting effects on aggregation. Controls on production of GRSP at the phenomenological and mechanistic level are evaluated. While there are significant gaps in our knowledge about GRSP and glomalin (particularly at the biochemical level), it is concluded that research on GRSP holds great promise for furthering our knowledge of soil structure and quality, for informing suitable management, and as a foundation for novel biotechnological applications in agriculture and beyond. Key words: Glomalin, GRSP, soil structure, land use, restoration, soil protein, sustainability, arbuscular mycorrhizae
26
Duke, S. E., R. B. Jackson e M. M. Caldwell. "Local reduction of mycorrhizal arbuscule frequency in enriched soil microsites". Canadian Journal of Botany 72, n. 7 (1 luglio 1994): 998–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-125.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Increased nutrient availability reduces vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) associations with plants, but whether increased nutrients in small volumes of soil affect local VAM colonization is not known. In a field experiment we investigated VAM colonization at different times following fertilization of small soil patches. Soil volumes of ~ 1000 cm3 were treated with a nutrient solution (enriched patch) or distilled water (control patch) on opposite sides of individual plants of the tussock grass Agropyron desertorum and the shrub Artemisia tridentata. Agropyron had significantly lower (p = 0.03) arbuscular infection in the locally enriched patches compared to control patches (32 and 40%, respectively). This reduced arbuscule frequency was apparent at the first sampling (3 days following treatment application) and remained lower in each subsequent sampling (as much as 30% lower than the control patches). Artemisia revealed a similar pattern in arbuscule frequency but was not statistically significant. Our results suggest that a plant can locally reduce VAM development, since arbuscule frequency specifically was locally reduced even though vesicle and overall infection was not. Since mycorrhizal infection does not increase, we conclude that increased plant root proliferation and uptake capacity are likely to be more important for the exploitation of temporary nutrient pulses or patches than is increased mycorrhizal activity. Key words: arbuscule, nutrient exploitation, phosphorus, reduced development, regulation of colonization, soil heterogeneity, vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae.
27
Utama, Bakti, E. Tadjudin S. e Amran Jaenudin. "PENGARUH PUPUK KANDANG DAN INOKULASI MIKORIZA VESIKULAR ARBUSKULAR TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascalonicum L)". Agroswagati Jurnal Agronomi 7, n. 2 (14 novembre 2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33603/agroswagati.v7i2.2796.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Fertilizer has a function as being able to improve soil properties and chemistry, as well as soil biology. From the decomposition process, soil fertilizer will produce a topsoil fraction that can be made with soil particles made by soil humus complexes, so that it becomes more stable which will further reduce the rate of air infiltration in the soil. The granting of arbuscular vesicular mycorrhizae inoculation is one of the collaborative works of fungi, soil and plant roots which supports the supply of nutrients for plants, improves soil structure, and provides resources to promote unfavorable plant growth. The purpose of this study was to study the best interaction between the dose of fertilizer and mycorrhizal VA on the growth and yield of shallots. The design used was an experimental method with randomized block design (RBD). This study consisted of two factors, namely the dose of chicken fertilizer and the arbuscular vesicular mycorrhiza inoculation. The 15 ton / ha fertilizer application showed the best increase in red 3.90 kg / plot or equal to 17.33 tons / ha and the arbuscular vesicular mycorrhizae 4 tons / ha showed the best results on the growth and yield of shallots on dry weight tubers per plot which produces 3.60 kg / plot or the equivalent of an average yield of 16 tons / ha.
28
Titus, Jonathan H., Sean Whitcomb e Hillary Joy Pitoniak. "Distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizae in relation to microsites on primary successional substrates on Mount St. Helens". Canadian Journal of Botany 85, n. 10 (ottobre 2007): 941–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-099.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) occur in most terrestrial ecosystems and are crucial to plant community structure and function. This study examined the distribution of AMF propagules, spores, and colonized plants across the Pumice Plain of Mount St. Helens 23 years after its eruption, documenting the changes since 1993. Propagules of AMF were detected by using the mycorrhizal inoculum potential assay in six microsite types across the Pumice Plain. Fifteen species of AMF were isolated from spore trap cultures, and spores were found in all of the microsites, although the distribution was aggregated. The vegetation of the Pumice Plain is currently composed primarily of facultatively mycotrophic species, which are predominantly associated with arbuscular mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizal colonization and propagule levels continue to increase as primary succession proceeds.
29
Valdes, María. "Aspectos ecofisiológicos de las micorrizas". Botanical Sciences, n. 49 (10 aprile 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1363.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Mycorrhiza is the part of the roots infected with particular soil fungi. This type of association is formed by most of the plants. There are several types of mycorrhizae; this short review is concerned only with Ectomycorrhiza (EM) and the Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM). These two types are the most common in nature. EM has a compact fungus mantle over the root surface and intercellular hypha in the cortex; the V AM has a loose network of hyphae in the soil surrounding the root and hyphal growth within the cortical cells. Mycorrhizas increase nutrient uptake and hence plant growth. Since mycorrhizas are surrounded by an extensive hyphal network than may extcnd into the soil, this network represents a greater surface area, in other words, mycorrhizas shorten the distance that nutrients must diffuse through the soil to the root and their hyphae increase the volume of soil available to the plant for nutrient uptake. Physiological responses to root colonization with mycorrhizal fungi by most of the plants are dependent on the level of soil fertility and on the degree of mycorrhizal dependency of the plant. Soils having a high fertility have mostly a poor colonization, hence, for plant growth to respond to inoculation, soils must have a low fertility. Mycorrhizal dependency can be very different among plant species; plants with short root hairs are more dependent on mycorrhizal fungi. Most soils contain mycorrhizal fungi and their distribution varies with climatic, edaphic environment and land use. There are differences in effectiveness in colonization and in enhanced nutrient uptake among the fungi.
30
Linderman, R. G., e E. A. Davis. "Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and Growth Responses of Several Ornamental Plants Grown in Soilless Peat-based Medium Amended with Coconut Dust (Coir)". HortTechnology 13, n. 3 (gennaio 2003): 482–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.13.3.0482.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Coconut fiber dust (coir) is being used as a peat substitute or amendment to potting mixes with varied results. However, its microbial composition and compatibility with beneficial microbes that might be added to growth media in the nursery, such as mycorrhizal fungi, has not been determined. In this study, coir was amended to a peat-based medium (15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% by volume) to determine its effects on growth of several ornamental plants and on the formation and function of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus intraradices. Mycorrhizae formed as well, and usually better, in all the coir-amended peat treatments as in peat alone. The magnitude of growth enhancement due to mycorrhizae was small for the plants tested in these media compared to that which usually occurs in soil-based media. In this experiment, plant growth responses appeared to be independent of level of mycorrhizal colonization and were plant species dependent. Consistent growth enhancement from mycorrhizae only occurred with marigold (Tagetes patula). With germander (Teucrium fruticans), growth was depressed with mycorrhizal inoculation in the medium composed of 60% coir. Growth of lavender (Lavandula augustifolia) was depressed in all coir-amended media, with or without AM inoculation, compared to the nonamended control. These results confirm previous reports of varied response of plant species to coir, and indicate the lack of any detrimental effects of coir on mycorrhiza formation.
31
Pop-Moldovan, Victoria, Rodica Vârban, Larisa Corcoz, Anca Pleșa, Vlad Stoian e Roxana Vidican. "Divergence in Corn Mycorrhizal Colonization Patterns Due to Organic Treatment". Plants 10, n. 12 (14 dicembre 2021): 2760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10122760.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Excessive application of chemical fertilizers and other agrochemicals can cause large imbalances in soils and agricultural ecosystems. In this context, mycorrhizae represent a viable solution to mitigate these negative effects. Arbuscular mycorrhizae are vital symbionts due to the multiple benefits they bring to both crops and the entire agroecosystem. The main purpose of this study was to observe whether differentiated fertilization has an influence on mycorrhizal colonization patterns in corn. Observed frequencies and intensities of colonization varied widely between phenophases and treatments, with 20% variation for frequency and 14% for intensity, which implies the constant development of both partners during the vegetation period. Arbuscules and vesicles were present in all development stages, but the overall mean was lower than 4% for arbuscules and 1% for vesicles in the analyzed root fragments. Intensity was highly correlated with frequency of colonization compared with arbuscules, where the coefficient was 0.54, and vesicles, with a coefficient of 0.16. Both PCA and NMDS provided good graphical solutions, with a high resolution due to explained variance and good spatial position of vectors. The use of mycorrhizal maps permits the full exploration of colonization patterns and fungal strategy, and the assessment of mycorrhizae-free areas. For the untreated variant, the strategy was oriented toward a longitudinal colonization followed by an irregular development of hyphae with multiple non-colonized areas. Treatment acts to stimulate the appearance of mycorrhizal spots, which further develop radially.
32
Tahiri-Alaoui, Abdessamad, Guido Lingua, Anna Avrova, Simonetta Sampò, Anna Fusconi, John Antoniw e Graziella Berta. "A cullin gene is induced in tomato roots forming arbuscular mycorrhizae". Canadian Journal of Botany 80, n. 6 (1 giugno 2002): 607–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-041.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We have isolated a cDNA clone, Le-MI-13 (Lycopersicon esculentum mycorrhizal induced) by differential screening of a cDNA library prepared from mRNA extracted from tomato roots colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus mosseae. The Le-MI-13 clone encodes a polypeptide that shows a high degree of amino acid sequence similarity with members of the recently identified multigene family, the cullins. Northern blot analyses demonstrated that the Le-MI-13 transcript accumulated in tomato roots forming arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Only very little Le-MI-13 transcript was detected in control roots. Tomato roots infected by the pathogenic fungus Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica did not accumulate Le-MI-13 transcript, indicating that upregulation of the Le-MI-13 gene is specific to roots forming arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Indirect evidence suggesting that a Le-MI-13-mediated cell-cycle-like control might operate in AM-colonized cells came from flow cytometry and static micro fluorimetry analysis. There was a strong correlation between nuclear polyploidization and AM colonization.Key words: tomato, arbuscular mycorrhizae, Phytophthora, cullins, polyploidy.
33
Pratama, Aulia Brellian, Wibowo Mangunwardoyo, Nicholas Dwi Chandra, Toga Pangihotan Napitupulu, Idris Idris, Atit Kanti, Azra Zahrah Nadirah Ikhwani, I. Made Sudiana e Ikhsan Guswenrivo. "Influence of AM fungi inoculation on Capsicum annuum L. plant grown in microwave-sterilized media". E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 01057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130601057.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal in soil may affect growth and yield of chili (Capsicum annuum L.). This experiment was done to know the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on growth of chilli. Microwave soil sterilization was used to reduce the number of microbes in the media, enabling to observe the interaction between chili peppers and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. A single culture products (A) and mixed culture products (B) were used as arbuscular mycorrhizal spores. In contrast to product A, the spore counted calculation reported that product B had the most spores, with 51 spores / 50 g soil. The treatment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and microwave sterilization against the height of chili plant had no significant effect, according to a two-factor ANOVA (α: 0.05) analysis of agronomic characteristics. Inoculation of mycorrhizae had a significant effect on chili plant height. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation and microwave sterilization had significant effect on the root length of chili plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in single and mixed cultures could colonize roots by forming internal hyphae, vesicles, and spores. The best way to support the growth of chili plants is to use planting media that has not been sterilized and contains mycorrhizal fungi.
34
Melville, Lewis, Sandy Dickson, Melissa L. Farquhar, S. E. Smith e R. Larry Peterson. "Visualization of mycorrhizal fungal structures in resin embedded tissues with xanthene dyes using laser scanning confocal microscopy". Canadian Journal of Botany 76, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1998): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-158.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The xanthene dyes sulforhordamine G, phloxine B, rose Bengal, and 4,5,6,7-tetrachloroflorescein were used as fluorochromes for laser scanning confocal microscopy of LR-White resin-embedded mycorrhizae. Sulforhodamine G was the most effective dye, giving an even staining of cell components throughout the material, with minimal background fluorescence of LR-White resin. Confocal microscopy of stained blocks of tissue on a slide, viewed without the use of a coverslip, revealed the three-dimensional nature of various mycorrhizal structures; these structures included arbuscules, vesicles, and coiled hyphae in arbuscular mycorrhizae; coiled hyphae in orchid mycorrhizae; mantle and Hartig net hyphae in ectomycorrhizae; and intracellular hyphae in arbutoid mycorrhizae. Sections mounted on slides viewed with confocal microscopy provided exceptional clarity of fungal form and cytoplasmic contents and showed the relationship to the plant cells, also with negligible background fluorescence. Mounting and staining blocks of resin-embedded material provided a fast and effective technique for the visualization of a variety of plant and fungal tissues. Stain penetration in whole-mounted samples was sufficient to reconstruct clear three-dimensional images using confocal microscopy.Key words: mycorrhizae, xanthene dyes, confocal microscopy, resin embedding.
35
ANDRADE, S. A. L., P. MAZZAFERA, M. A. SCHIAVINATO e A. P. D. SILVEIRA. "Arbuscular mycorrhizal association in coffee". Journal of Agricultural Science 147, n. 2 (12 gennaio 2009): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859608008344.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
SUMMARYDespite previous research on mycorrhizal association with plants, the data on associations with coffee (Coffea species) are very sparse despite the great economic importance of this crop for many tropical developing countries. The present paper reviews the main aspects of the association between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and coffee plants. This review includes topics on mycorrhizal effects on coffee nutritional status, pathogen–AMF interactions and responses to several environmental stresses. It also summarizes findings about the natural occurrence of AMF in different soils in which coffee is cultivated, some ecological aspects of this specific association and outlines trends for future investigations, which must elucidate the real benefits of mycorrhizae to coffee plants.
36
Shi, Song Mei, Bo Tu, Dai Jun Liu e Xiao Hong Yang. "Advance and Prospect of Mycorrhizal Physic Nut". Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (maggio 2012): 5381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.5381.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Physic nut (Jatropha curcas Linn., Euphorbiaceae) is one of the hottest biomass energy plant studied by scientists. This paper first reviewed the symbiosis relationship between physic nut and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The researches have showed that diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) exists around the rhizosphere of physic nut. The AMF hyphae colonize root tips of physic nut to develop arbuscular mycorrhizae. The construction of mycorrhizal symbiosis relationship improves the nutritional absorption, promotes the growth and development of seedlings, and enhance the stress tolerance capacity of physic nut. This paper also displays a prospect for mycorrhizal physic nut research in the future, such as mycorrhizal system, the molecular mechanism for stress resistance and gene engineering. As an important resource of biomass energy, mycorrhizal physic nut has a huge exploitation potential and practical value.
37
Vidal, M. T., C. Azcón-Aguilar, J. M. Barea e F. Pliego-Alfaro. "Mycorrhizal Inoculation Enhances Growth and Development of Micropropagated Plants of Avocado". HortScience 27, n. 7 (luglio 1992): 785–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.7.785.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Micropropagated plantlets of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) exhibit a very slow rate of growth during the acclimatization phase, possibly because mycorrhizae are absent. Inoculation of plantlets with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxter sensu Gerd) Gerd and Trappe improved formation of a well-developed root system that was converted into a mycorrhizal system. Introduction of the mycorrhizal fungus at the time plantlets were transferred from axenic conditions to ex vitro conditions improved shoot and root growth; enhanced the shoot: root ratio; increased the concentration and/or content of N, P, and K in plant tissues; and helped plants to tolerate environmental stress at transplanting. Inclusion of soil as a component of the potting medium appeared to favor mycorrhiza formation and effectiveness. Thus, mycorrhiza formation seems to be the key factor for subsequent growth and development of micropropagated plants of avocado.
38
Hetrick, B. A. D., D. C. Hartnett, G. W. T. Wilson e D. J. Gibson. "Effects of mycorrhizae, phosphorus availability, and plant density on yield relationships among competing tallgrass prairie grasses". Canadian Journal of Botany 72, n. 2 (1 febbraio 1994): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-023.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A replacement series experiment was used to investigate the effects of mycorrhizae, phosphorus availability, and plant density on competitive relationships between three tallgrass prairie species of varying mycorrhizal dependencies. Under mycorrhizal conditions, the obligately mycorrhizal dependent warm-season grass Andropogon gerardii (big bluestem) was a better competitor in mixture with the nonmycorrhiza-dependent cool-season grass Koeleria pyramidata (Junegrass). In the absence of mycorrhizae, however, competitive effects of big bluestem were greatly reduced and Junegrass experienced competitive release. Relative yield totals increased when mycorrhizae were suppressed, suggesting greater intensity of interspecific competition in the presence of mycorrhizae. Thus, the competitive dominance of big bluestem in tallgrass prairie is strongly related to its mycorrhizal status. Elymus canadensis (Canada wild rye) outcompeted big bluestem both with and without mycorrhizae. Relative yield totals of this species mixture were also lower under mycorrhizal conditions, indicating that mycorrhizae increase the intensity of interspecific competition between them. Relative yields of wild rye competing with big bluestem increased in the absence of mycorrhizae, suggesting that it also experiences competitive release when big blue-stem are not mycorrhizal. The outcomes of competition were generally similar among the three total plant density treatments and between P-fertilized and nonfertilized treatments. However, interactions between mycorrhizal effects and plant density confirm that outcomes of interspecific competitive interactions may be density dependent in some cases. Key words: arbuscular mycorrhizae, de Wit replacement series, Andropogon gerardii, Elymus canadensis, Koeleria pyramidata.
39
Widden, Paul. "The morphology of vesicular – arbuscular mycorrhizae in Clintonia borealis and Medeola virginiana". Canadian Journal of Botany 74, n. 5 (1 maggio 1996): 679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b96-086.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
During a survey of the vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) associations of forest herbs in a deciduous forest in the southern Laurentian mountains in Quebec, two liliaceous species, Clintonia borealis and Medeola virginiana, revealed very distinctive morphology. In both species, once the epidermis was penetrated, the fungus spread towards the centre of the root via intracellular hyphae until the innermost layer of the cortex was reached, at which point the fungus spread laterally and tangentially through the cortical cells adjacent to the endodermis via a series of banana-shaped projections (bobbits). These eventually differentiated into the arbuscules and the VAM might spread from this inner cortical layer back into the outer cortical layers. In C. borealis, the hyphae coiled in the cortex, and vesicles were formed in the upper cortical cells. In M. virginiana, no coiling took place, but extensive diverticulae were produced by the intracellular hyphae in the cortical cells, close to their point of exit, and vesicles were produced in the inner cortex as swellings from the bobbits. These two mycorrhizae have some similarities to one in Colchicum autumnale described by I. Gallaud (1905. Rev. Gen. Bot. 17). Keywords: vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae, Clintonia borealis, Medeola virginiana, Liliaceae, morphology.
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AlZain, Mashail N., Abdulrahman A. AlAtar, Abdulaziz A. Alqarawi, Ramzi A. Mothana, Omar M. Noman, Rashed N. Herqash, Ebtesam S. AlSheddi, Nida N. Farshori e Perwez Alam. "The Influence of Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Accumulation of Sennosides A and B in Senna alexandrina and Senna italica". Separations 7, n. 4 (25 novembre 2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations7040065.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a major role in plant development, growth, and relationships with the environment through a change in the accumulation of secondary metabolites; hence, we planned to investigate AMF’s influence on sennoside A and B accumulation in Senna alexandrina (SA) and Senna italica (SI). Seeds of SA (S. alexandrina free of mycorrhizae) and SI (S. italica free of mycorrhizae) were planted in two types of soils: +mycorrhiza and—mycorrhiza. The plant leaves of SA, SI, S. alexandrina with mycorrhizae (SAM) and S. italica with mycorrhizae (SIM) were collected and extracted (with 85% methanol), and sennoside A and B content was evaluated by the HPLC–UV method. The antioxidant activity of SA, SI, SAM and SIM was evaluated by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods, while antimicrobial properties were evaluated by the minimum inhibitory concentration method (MIC). The AMF colonization was 85.66% and 85%, respectively, in the roots of SA and SI. The HPLC analysis showed a significant increase in (%) the content of sennoside A/sennoside B by 71.11/88.21, respectively, in SAM and 6.76/36.37 in SIM, which clearly indicated positive AMF effects. The DPPH/ABTS [The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50): 235.9/321.5 µg/mL] scavenging activity of SAM was comparatively higher and it also exhibited strong antibacterial action (MIC: 156.25 µg/mL), which supported the increase in sennoside content. This finding may be useful for further investigations of the symbiotic relation of mycorrhizal fungi with other plant species.
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Moreira, Samuel D., André C. França, Wellington W. Rocha, Evandro S. R. Tibães e Eudes Neiva Júnior. "Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and tolerance to water deficit of coffee plants". Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 22, n. 11 (novembre 2018): 747–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n11p747-752.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT Water stress can be alleviated in plants inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi compared to that experienced by those without mycorrhizae. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of coffee plants colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under different soil moisture conditions. Seeds of the coffee cultivar Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99 and three fungal inoculants (Rhizophagus clarus, Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Dentiscutata heterogama) were used in this study. The soil moisture contents tested were 40, 60, 80, and 100% of field capacity. Seedlings in the matchstick stage were inoculated with mycorrhizae, and then later planted in plastic pots when they developed four to five pairs of definitive leaves. Both the extent of mycorrhizal colonization and increases in leaf area were related to soil moisture content in a quadratic manner for plants inoculated with all three mycorhizzal fungi (R. clarus, C. etunicatum, and D. heterogama), as well as for non-inoculated ones. The highest value of colonization of coffee by mycorrhizae was 39%, which occurred in association with R. clarus at 71% of field capacity. The leaf areas of plants inoculated with fungi increased more than those of non-inoculated plants, regardless of the type of inoculum used. Plants inoculated with D. heterogama at 100% field capacity produced 21% more root dry mass than non-inoculated plants did. Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and higher soil moisture increased the growth of coffee seedlings. The plants inoculated with R. clarus, C. etunicatum, and D. heterogama were tolerant to moderate water deficits (i.e. lower soil water contents). Mycorrhizal colonization was highest for plants in soils with moisture levels close to 75% of field capacity.
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Backhaus, Georg F., Per Häggblom e Lars Owe Nilsson. "The influence of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae on biomass production in willow". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, n. 1 (1 febbraio 1986): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-017.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Cuttings of Salixdasyclados and Salixdaphnoides were grown in clay, peat, or sand under greenhouse conditions and inoculated with endomycorrhizal roots. Uninoculated cuttings in the same substrates served as controls. All plants were fertilized with a commercial fertilizer solution. Shoot dry mass and colonization by vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were measured during the experiment. At the end of the experiment growth of inoculated plants was significantly enhanced in peat (p < 0.001) and sand (p < 0.01), while in clay, no effect of inoculation on growth was found. In peat and sand increased growth of plants could be correlated with frequency of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. No significant differences in concentrations of P or N in leaves and stems were noted between mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants at the end of the experiment. It is concluded that vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae stimulate growth of willow under greenhouse conditions despite application of easily available nutrients.
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Thompson, J. P., e G. B. Wildermuth. "Colonization of crop and pasture species with vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and a negative correlation with root infection by Bipolaris sorokiniana". Canadian Journal of Botany 67, n. 3 (1 marzo 1989): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-092.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The roots of 37 crop and pasture species were assessed for vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae in a vertisol containing spores of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mainly Glomus mosseae, and of the pathogenic fungus, Bipolaris sorokiniana. The level of mycorrhizal colonization of different hosts is an important aspect of managing crop sequences to reduce "long fallow disorder." All species except rapeseed in the Cruciferae and lupin in the Leguminosae were hosts, although perennial rye grass in the Gramineae had only very slight colonization. The percent root length colonized as assessed by the grid-intersect method ranged up to 60.5% for wheat in the winter series and up to 98.4% for mungbean in the summer series. Greatest weights of mycorrhizal roots were produced by phalaris grass, chickpea, safflower, cocksfoot, lucerne, and barley in the winter series and by lucerne, maize, canary seed, Sudan grass, grain sorghum, and buffel grass in the summer series. Although Gramineae as a group tends to have fine roots with a low percentage of mycorrhizal colonization, the total weight of mycorrhizal roots can be large, and they should be at least equal to legumes in effectiveness for breaking long fallow disorder. Percentages of mycorrhizal colonization determined by the grid-intersect and three slide methods were generally well correlated with one another, but all were less strongly correlated with weight of mycorrhizal roots for winter crops and were entirely uncorrelated with weight of mycorrhizal roots for summer crops. Significant inverse-regression relationships were obtained between infection of root segments (but not of stem bases) by B. sorokiniana and root colonization with vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae, indicating that vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi antagonise root infection by B. sorokiniana.
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Liu, A., C. Hamel, S. H. Begna, B. L. Ma e D. L. Smith. "Soil phosphorus depletion capacity of arbuscular mycorrhizae formed by maize hybrids". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 83, n. 4 (1 agosto 2003): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s02-037.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The ability of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to help their host plant absorb soil P is well known, but little attention has been paid to the effect of AM fungi on soil P depletion capacity. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to assess, under different P levels, the effects of mycorrhizae on extractable soil P and P uptake by maize hybrids with contrasting phenotypes. The experiment had three factors, including two mycorrhizal treatments (mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal), three P fertilizer rates (0, 40, and 80 mg kg-1) and three maize hybrids [leafy normal stature (LNS), leafy reduced stature (LRS) and a conventional hybrid, Pioneer 3979 (P3979)]. Extractable soil P was determined after 3, 6 and 9 wk of maize growth. Plant biomass, P concentration and total P content were also determined after 9 wk of growth. Fertilization increased soil extractable P, plant biomass, P concentration in plants and total P uptake. In contrast to P3979, the LNS and LRS hybrids had higher biomass and total P content when mycorrhizal. Mycorrhizae had less influence on soil extractable P than on total P uptake by plants. The absence of P fertilization increased the importance of AM fungi for P uptake, which markedly reduced soil extractable P under AM plants during growth. This effect was strongest for LNS, the most mycorrhizae-dependent hybrid, intermediate for LRS, and not significant for the commercial hybrid P3979, which did not respond to AM inoculation. Key words: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, extraradical hyphae, maize hybrid,plant biomass, P uptake, soil extractable P
45
Ronikier, Michał, e Piotr Mleczko. "Observations on the mycorrhizal status of Polygonum viviparum in the Polish Tatra Mts. (Western Carpathians)". Acta Mycologica 41, n. 2 (23 dicembre 2013): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2006.023.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
<em>Polygonum viviparum</em> is one of very few herbaceous plants known to form ectomycorrhiza; in the Tatra Mts. it is one of dominants in the alpine zone, but also descends down to the feet of the massif. Specimens of this plant were collected from 5 sites at the altitude range 900– 2150 m, from granite and limestone. It allowed an estimation of the ectomycorrhizal diversity as well as preliminary ecological observations. Roots were also stained in order to check potential presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. Ectomycorrhizae were present in all specimens (with 2–5 morphotypes observed on single plants). In total, 17 morphotypes were observed and briefly described. The most widespread were the mycorrhiza of <em>Cenococcum geophilum<em> and a brightly coloured morphotype resembling the ectomycorrhizae of <em>Russula</em> sp. No important differences in ectomycorrhizal colonization between low and high localities were found. Observed general differences in abundance and diversity of mycorrhiza in <em>P. viviparum</em> between sites could most probably be connected with plant community composition (presence/absence of ectomycorrhizal shrubs maintaining ectomycorrhizal fungi), although mycorrhizae were present also in sites devoid of other ectomycorrhizal plants. Structures associated to arbuscular colonization (vesicles, hyphal coils) were occassionally observed, but without formation of arbuscules.
46
Philip, Leanne J., Usher Posluszny e John N. Klironomos. "The influence of mycorrhizal colonization on the vegetative growth and sexual reproductive potential of Lythrum salicaria L." Canadian Journal of Botany 79, n. 4 (1 aprile 2001): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b01-010.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Lythrum salicaria L., purple loosestrife, is a heterostylous, perennial plant with prolific and at times invasive vegetative growth and sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction occurs following pollination and fertilization between two different floral morphs. We investigated the influence of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus aggregatum Schenck and Smith emend. Koske, on the vegetative growth and sexual reproductive potential of L. salicaria. Mycorrhiza decreased plant biomass both aboveground and belowground. Flower production, number of days to anthesis, numbers of flowers per inflorescence, and inflorescence lengths were not significantly different between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal treatments. However, pollen production per anther and per flower increased with mycorrhizal colonization. Though ovule production was not affected, some aspects of purple loosestrife morphology did change. Plants with mycorrhizae produced inflorescence (in lateral positions) further up the stem. In addition, flower distribution within an inflorescence differed according to morph (short, mid, and long style) such that in the mid and long morphs flower number increased with inflorescence length and was unevenly distributed, while in the short morph this distribution appeared even. The relative biomass of stems, leaves, lateral branches, and reproductive structures were not significantly different in mycorrhizal plants, whereas in the absence of mycorrhizal colonization, stem biomass was higher relative to other structures. This study suggests some vegetative and reproductive characteristics in purple loosestrife change with an association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.Key words: purple loosestrife, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, plant reproduction.
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Lovelock, C. E., D. Kyllo, M. Popp, H. Isopp, A. Virgo e K. Winter. "Symbiotic Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Influence Maximum Rates of Photosynthesis in Tropical Tree Seedlings Grown Under Elevated CO2". Functional Plant Biology 24, n. 2 (1997): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp96089.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
To investigate the importance of phosphorus and carbohydrate concentrations in influencing photosynthetic capacity of tropical forest tree seedlings under elevated CO2, we grew seedlings of Beilschmiedia pendula (Sw.) Hemsl. (Lauraceae) under elevated CO2 concentrations either with or without vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizae. VA-mycorrhizae increased phosphorus concentrations in all plant organs (leaves, stems and roots). Maximum rates of photosynthesis (Amax) measured under saturating levels of CO2 and light were correlated with leaf phosphorus concentrations. VA-mycorrhizae also increased leaf carbohydrate concentrations, particularly under elevated CO2, but levels were low and within the range observed in naturally occurring forest species. Root carbohydrate concentrations were reduced in VA-mycorrhizal plants relative to non-mycorrhizal plants. These results indicate an important role for VA-mycorrhizae in controlling photosynthetic rates and sink strength in tropical trees, and thus in determining their response to future increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
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Miller, R. M., B. A. D. Hetrick e G. W. T. Wilson. "Mycorrhizal fungi affect root stele tissue in grasses". Canadian Journal of Botany 75, n. 10 (1 ottobre 1997): 1778–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-892.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Although arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis was initially believed to have little or no impact on root morphology, we now recognize that subtle changes do occur and that these changes may be of considerable consequence to host growth and nutrition, as well as functional growth strategy. In examining the stele and root diameters of C3 and C4 grasses, C4 grasses were demonstrated to have a significantly larger proportion of their fibrous roots occupied by stele tissue than do C3 grasses. In fact, functional growth strategy (C3 versus C4) was observed to be a relatively good predictor of stele area. Mycorrhizal fungi also influenced the amount of stele tissue, but the effect was not the same for both C3 and C4 grasses. The stele area of all C4 grasses except for Sorghastrum nutans was greater in the presence of mycorrhizal colonization. Among the C3 grasses, only Bromus inermis showed a significant increase, although Elymus cinereus and Lolium perenne displayed significant decreases in response to arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. Changes in the stele area of the plant species were closely related to their responsiveness to mycorrhizal symbiosis and might in part explain both beneficial and detrimental responses of plants to mycorrhizae. An increase in stele circumference induced by mycorrhizae would allow for greater uptake and passage of water and nutrients to the vascular cylinder, and growth depressions could be a direct outcome of reduced stele circumference. Thus, differences in stele circumference represent a possible mechanism for mycorrhizal impacts on host plants. These findings indicate that structural differences among grasses are related to different functional capabilities and further emphasize the need for better integration of comparative anatomy and morphology procedures in the study of mycorrhizal symbiosis. Key words: stele, root anatomy, mycorrhizal dependency, functional growth strategy, mycorrhiza, C3 and C4 grasses.
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Harkousse, Oumaima, Afafe Slimani, Issam Jadrane, Mohamed Aitboulahsen, Mouaad Amine Mazri, Abdelmjid Zouahri, Lahcen Ouahmane, Tayeb Koussa e Mohamed Najib Al Feddy. "Role of Local Biofertilizer in Enhancing the Oxidative Stress Defence Systems of Date Palm Seedling (Phoenix dactylifera) against Abiotic Stress". Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2021 (17 maggio 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6628544.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Among the abiotic stresses, drought is the first environmental stress responsible for a decrease in agricultural production worldwide; it affects plants in various ways, including slowing down plant growth and disrupting its general physiology. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are considered to be the bioameliorators of the plant’s resistance to water stress. The present study investigated the effects of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and PGPR on the water status and antioxidant enzyme activities of date palm seedlings grown under water stress conditions. The parameters related to the plant’s water status were significantly ( p < 0.05 ) higher in the plants treated with mycorrhizae and mycorrhizae + bacteria compared with their respective controls, especially under water stress conditions. The maximum proline content was obtained in plants inoculated with the AMF species and PGPR (combined) under severe water stress conditions reaching a value of 2.588 ± 0.034 in 25% field capacity, compared with 0.978 ± 0.024 for the control. In addition, the inoculated seedlings showed notably lower activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in response to severe water stress compared with nonmycorrhizal seedling. Overall, the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and PGPR bacteria inoculation could be promising methods to enhance date palm resistance against oxidative stress.
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Mansir, Fatimah, Hafsan Hafsan, Eka Sukmawaty e Masriany Masriany. "ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI (AMF) CHARACTERIZATION IN RHIZOSPHERE of Gigantochloa atter". Jurnal Biotek 9, n. 1 (30 giugno 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/jb.v9i1.20984.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Mycorrhizae are typical structures found in a plant's root system found symbiotic mutualism between fungi (myces) and roots (rhiza). Mycorrhizae have an essential role for plants because they can increase water and nutrient uptake, especially phosphorus absorption. The purpose of this study was to determine the mycorrhizal genera on the roots of parring bamboo plants (Gigantochloa atter) in Sabantang Hamlet, Toddopulia Village, Tanralili District, Maros Regency because there is no scientific information regarding this issue. This research was conducted with the wet filter method or sieving. The isolation of spores from the rhizosphere of Gigantochloa atter samples was carried out by referring to the pouring method and wet sieving using a stratified filter set. Staining techniques were used to observe the colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal structures in the roots of the sample plants. The results showed that 27 spores were found, consisting of 15 spores of the Glomus genera, three spores of the Gigaspora genera, and nine Acaulospora genera. Observation of the root structure has not shown the presence of vesicular and arbuscular. However, only hyphae and spore structures were found because the mycorrhizal hyphae in Gigantochloa atter have not yet reached the infection stage to form arbuscular or vesicular structures