Articoli di riviste: "Avoidance motivation"

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Guthrie, John T., Cassandra S. Coddington e Allan Wigfield. "Profiles of Reading Motivation among African American and Caucasian Students". Journal of Literacy Research 41, n. 3 (1 luglio 2009): 317–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10862960903129196.

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Previous research has investigated motivations for reading by examining positive or affirming motivations, including intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy. Related to them, we examined two negative, or undermining, motivations consisting of avoidance and perceived difficulty. We proposed that the motivations of intrinsic motivation and avoidance are relatively independent and thus can be combined to form meaningful profiles consisting of avid, ambivalent, apathetic, and averse readers. With Grade 5 students we found that these motivations were relatively independent for both Caucasian and African American students. The two motivations uniquely explained a significant proportion of variance in reading comprehension and other cognitive reading variables. Although intrinsic motivation correlated higher with achievement than avoidance for Caucasians, avoidance correlated higher with achievement than intrinsic motivation for African Americans. For both groups, the profile of avid readers showed higher reading achievement than the other profiles.

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Yudina, Alina V. "MODEL OF MOTIVATION TO SUCCESS AMONG EMPLOYEES OF PRODUCTION TEAMS: CONTENT AND ANALYSIS OF COMPONENTS". Bulletin of Alfred Nobel University Series "Pedagogy and Psychology" 2, n. 22 (2021): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2522-4115-2021-2-22-17.

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The article describes the theoretical generalization and practical application of model motivation to success of employees from production collectives. The article presented the author’s model of motivation to success among employees from production collectives. We considered motivation to success in this model as an interaction of employees’ motivational types with entrepreneurial skills, communicative and organizational inclinations, team roles, position, and gender. We analyzed the motivation to success in the context of production companies’ work activity and in employees’ behavior in production collectives. To our mind, the motivation of employees is a combination of external and internal driving forces, which stimulate person’s activity and set forms of this activity to achieve the goal. The theoretical study considers the essence and content of employees’ work motivation. We created the author’s model of motivation to success in employees of production collectives. This model claims the motivation to success to be an interaction of motivational types in employees with their entrepreneurial skills, communication and organizational inclinations, team roles, position, and gender. Our empirical study reveals the peculiarities of motivation to success in employees of a chemical production enterprise. We developed some types of employees’ motivation: achieving to success – high motivation to success and low motivation to avoidance, motivated – high motivation to success and high motivation to avoidance, avoiding failures – low motivation to success and high motivation to avoidance, unmotivated – low motivation to success and low motivation to avoidance. The article studies differences in motivational types among employees. The motivational types of employees in production collectives have been related to communicative and organizational inclinations. The employees of production collectives, who refer to the motivational type for achieving success have higher level of communicative and organizational inclinations. The entrepreneurial skills in the context of studying psychological features of motivation to success in employees of production collectives were examined. The entrepreneurial skills of employees are: the needs for achievement, creativity inclination, commitment and determination, the ability to take reasonable risk, the need for independence. The employees’ communicative and organizational inclinations were also studied. We also presented types of motivation among employees from production collectives, which were developed by the author on the basis of an empirical study of motivation to success and motivation to avoidance of failure. We distinguished the following motivational types: achieving success, avoiding the failures, motivated, unmotivated. The article shows the results of the study of specificity in the relationship between motivational types and entrepreneurial skills, communicative, organizational inclinations, and team roles among employees from production collectives. We implemented the analysis of the results of studying relationship between the components of model motivation to success of employees from production collectives with motivational types. The research showed a significant correlation of employees’ position and gender with motivational types. High motivation to avoidance of failures affects the manifestation of team roles among employees from production collectives in different ways.

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Lacey, Micayla French, e Philip A. Gable. "Frontal Asymmetry as a Neural Correlate of Motivational Conflict". Symmetry 14, n. 3 (2 marzo 2022): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14030507.

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Motivational systems of approach, avoidance, and inhibition are fundamental to human behavior. While past research has linked approach motivation with greater relative left frontal asymmetry, many attempts to link avoidance motivation with greater relative right frontal asymmetry have been mixed. These mixed effects could be due to coactivation of the avoidance and behavioral inhibition system (BIS). Much recent evidence indicates that the behavioral inhibition system may be associated with greater relative right frontal activation. The current review examines evidence linking traits associated with the behavioral inhibition system with resting right frontal asymmetry. Other research links individual differences associated with the behavioral inhibition system with state changes in relative right frontal asymmetry. Moreover, activation of the behavioral inhibition system, but not activation of withdrawal motivation, increases greater relative right frontal asymmetry. Together, this work highlights the role of relative frontal asymmetry as a neural correlate in motivational conflict and helps to disentangle behavioral inhibition from avoidance motivation.

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May, Christine N., Nora L. Nock, Devon Bentley e Heath A. Demaree. "Acute aerobic exercise increases implicit approach motivation for dessert images". Journal of Health Psychology 23, n. 6 (10 luglio 2016): 807–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105316657404.

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We examined the effect of acute exercise compared to a cognitive task on implicit approach/avoidance motivation to dessert food images using the Dessert–Approach–Avoidance Task. Participants randomized to exercise had a greater increase in approach motivation to dessert images compared to those completing cognitive tasks ( p=0.046), adjusting for disordered eating, task difficulty, and changes in negative affect. This study provides the first evidence for the use of the Dessert–Approach–Avoidance Task to evaluate the effects of acute exercise on implicit motivations for dessert images. Future studies should examine implicit response to food images using the Dessert–Approach–Avoidance Task in response to chronic exercise.

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Nikitin, Jana, e Alexandra M. Freund. "Who Cares? Effects of Social Approach and Avoidance Motivation on Responsiveness to Others". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, n. 2 (28 giugno 2018): 182–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218781335.

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Responsiveness to others (i.e., our understanding, validation, and support of important aspects of others) significantly contributes to positive social relationships. In the present research, we found evidence that responsiveness has motivational origins. In two experiments, participants who were approaching positive social outcomes had a higher level of responsiveness compared with participants who were avoiding negative social outcomes. A third experiment disentangled the roles of motivation and situation valence. Positive (compared with negative) social situations were associated with higher approach motivation, lower avoidance motivation, and a higher level of responsiveness. However, within a given situation, both approach and avoidance motivation were associated with a higher level of responsiveness. This association was even stronger in negative situations, suggesting that both approach and avoidance motivation might be ways of behaving responsively in potentially difficult social situations. The effects were independent of relationship closeness and partly weaker in older compared with younger adults.

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Leikas, Sointu, Marjaana Lindeman, Katariina Roininen e Liisa Lähteenmäki. "Avoidance motivation, risk perception and emotional processing". European Journal of Personality 23, n. 2 (marzo 2009): 125–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.708.

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The present studies examined the moderating role of state motivation on the associations between trait avoidance motivation, risk perception and emotional processing. In Studies 1 and 2, avoidance or approach states were evoked in participants who then completed a risk perception task and a trait avoidance motivation measure. Both studies showed that trait avoidance only correlated with risk perceptions among individuals in approach state. In Study 3, emotional interpretation was measured. State and trait avoidance motivation did not interact in predicting emotional interpretation. The results showed that the effect of state motivation can explain the low correlations found between trait avoidance and risk perceptions, and suggested that the avoidance system may operate on an on–off principle rather than synergistically. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Gillam, Andrew R., e Alina M. Waite. "Gender differences in predictors of technology threat avoidance". Information & Computer Security 29, n. 3 (29 marzo 2021): 393–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ics-01-2020-0008.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine gender differences in predictors of technology threat avoidance motivation and behavior among working US adults. Implications were considered in regard to cybersecurity awareness training motivation and perceptions of need for protective cybersecurity behavior in the workplace. Design/methodology/approach A single-shot regression-based study used ordinal regression supported by K-means clustering to evaluate the moderating effects of gender on predictors of technology threat avoidance motivation and behavior on a sample of n = 206 US adult workers. Findings The regression model explained 47.5% of variance in avoidance motivation and 39% of avoidance behavior variance. Gender moderated predictive associations between several independent variables and avoidance motivation: perceived susceptibility, perceived effectiveness, perceived cost and self-efficacy. Gender also moderated the association between avoidance motivation and avoidance behavior. Research limitations/implications The predictive impact of gender extends beyond the main effects in technology threat avoidance. Data frequency distributions and inter-variable relationships should be routinely considered in threat avoidance studies, especially if sample variables exhibit non-normal frequency distributions and nonlinear associations. Practical implications Gender was significantly associated with threat avoidance motivation and avoidance behavior and exhibited notable associations with antecedents of avoidance motivation. Related insights can inform the design and delivery of training content relating to technology threat avoidance as organizations strive to more effectively leverage information technology end-users as protective assets for the enterprise. Originality/value The uniqueness of this study derives from its focus and findings regarding the moderating effects of gender on technology threat avoidance factors and techniques used to measure and evaluate the associations between them.

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Roskes, Marieke, Andrew J. Elliot, Bernard A. Nijstad e Carsten K. W. De Dreu. "Avoidance Motivation and Conservation of Energy". Emotion Review 5, n. 3 (11 giugno 2013): 264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073913477512.

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Korell-Rach, Kathy, e F. Richard Ferraro. "Handbook of Approach and Avoidance Motivation". Psychological Record 60, n. 3 (luglio 2010): 555–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03395730.

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Kowalski, Patricia. "Changes in Students' Motivation to Learn during the First Year of College". Psychological Reports 101, n. 1 (agosto 2007): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.101.1.79-89.

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This study looks at changes in first-year college students' motivational orientation and whether these changes relate systematically to campus and classroom experiences. 130 college students ( M age=18 yr., 75% women) completed measures of learning orientation, grade orientation, and work avoidance from the LOGO II at the beginning and end of their first year. The year-end assessment also included questions regarding characteristics of students' classes and the amount of time they spent in campus activities. Students became more grade-oriented and work-avoidant and less learning-oriented over time. Changes in learning orientation and work avoidance were associated with classroom and campus experiences. Results are discussed in terms of the need for additional research on changes in college students' motivation and factors predicting this change.

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Schödl, Michal M., Aharon Raz e Avraham N. Kluger. "On the Positive Side of Avoidance Motivation: An Increase in Avoidance Motivation Reduces Procrastination among Students". Applied Psychology 67, n. 4 (8 marzo 2018): 655–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apps.12147.

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Rachvelishvili, Nino. "ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION TOWARD LEARNING ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN MODERN EDUCATIONAL CONTEXT OF GEORGIA". Problems of Education in the 21st Century 75, n. 4 (20 agosto 2017): 366–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/17.75.366.

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The aim of the research is to identify an achievement goal as a motivational factor of learning the English language among Georgian students. In the current research, a four-factor structure of achievement goal orientation (master-approach, master-avoidance, performance-approach, performance-avoidance) and attitude toward the language acquisition were researched. The data obtained were evaluated using the Achievement Goal Questionnaire (AGQ) (2008) and Attitude/Motivation Test Battery (AMTB). The main finding of this research is that in different forms of language learning are different leading achievement goals. The results showed that different speciality learners were determined to achieve different motivational goals. Different forms of language learning cause differences between strong and weak learners and raise different goal orientations. Students, who have high scores and are successful, have strong ability of the Master Goals. Language learners, who do not have high grades and are not successful, have a high level of Performance goals. The 2x2 achievement goal framework (master-approach, master-avoidance, performance-approach, performance-avoidance) were closely connected with a positive attitude. Positive attitude defines language learning effectively and stimulates students to perform their goal perfectly. Key words: achievement motivation, achievement goal orientation, master approach, master avoidance, performance approach, performance avoidance.

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Elliot, Andrew J., e Todd M. Thrash. "Approach-avoidance motivation in personality: Approach and avoidance temperaments and goals." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82, n. 5 (2002): 804–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.5.804.

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Arnett, Peter A., Stevens S. Smith e Joseph P. Newman. "Approach and avoidance motivation in psychopathic criminal offenders during passive avoidance." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72, n. 6 (giugno 1997): 1413–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.6.1413.

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Berkman, Elliot T., e Matthew D. Lieberman. "Approaching the Bad and Avoiding the Good: Lateral Prefrontal Cortical Asymmetry Distinguishes between Action and Valence". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, n. 9 (settembre 2010): 1970–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21317.

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Goal pursuit in humans sometimes involves approaching unpleasant and avoiding pleasant stimuli, such as when a dieter chooses to eat vegetables (although he does not like them) instead of doughnuts (which he greatly prefers). Previous neuroscience investigations have established a left–right prefrontal asymmetry between approaching pleasant and avoiding unpleasant stimuli, but these investigations typically do not untangle the roles of action motivation (approach vs. avoidance) and stimulus valence (pleasant vs. unpleasant) in this asymmetry. Additionally, studies on asymmetry have been conducted almost exclusively using electroencephalography and have been difficult to replicate using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The present fMRI study uses a novel goal pursuit task that separates action motivation from stimulus valence and a region-of-interest analysis approach to address these limitations. Results suggest that prefrontal asymmetry is associated with action motivation and not with stimulus valence. Specifically, there was increased left (vs. right) activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during approach (vs. avoidance) actions regardless of the stimulus valence, but no such effect was observed for pleasant compared to unpleasant stimuli. This asymmetry effect during approach–avoidance action motivations occurred in the dorsolateral but not orbito-frontal aspects of prefrontal cortex. Also, individual differences in approach–avoidance motivation moderated the effect such that increasing trait approach motivation was associated with greater left-sided asymmetry during approach actions (regardless of the stimulus valence). Together, these results support the notion that prefrontal asymmetry is associated with action motivation regardless of stimulus valence and, as such, might be linked with goal pursuit processes more broadly.

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Pugnaghi, Giulia, Robert Schnuerch, Henning Gibbons, Daniel Memmert e Carina Kreitz. "The Other End of the Line". Swiss Journal of Psychology 79, n. 1 (gennaio 2020): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000231.

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Abstract. The two hemispheres of the human brain are asymmetrically involved in representing a person’s motivational orientation: Approach motivation is reflected in greater activation of the left hemisphere, whereas avoidance motivation more strongly activates the right hemisphere. Visuospatial bias, as assessed in the line-bisection task, is often used as a simple behavioral measure of relative hemispheric activation. In three experiments, we investigated whether affect-induced approach and avoidance motivation are associated with spatial biases in line-bisection performance. Happy or terrifying pictures (Experiment 1, N = 70), happy or sad music (Experiment 2, N = 50), and joyful or frightening videos (Experiment 3, N = 90) were used to induce negative and positive affect. Mood-induction procedures successfully changed emotional states in the intended direction. However, our analyses revealed no effect of mood on visuospatial biases in the line-bisection task. Additional Bayesian analyses also provided more evidence against the hypothesized effect than in favor of it. Thus, visuospatial bias in line bisection does not seem to be a sensitive measure of approach and avoidance motivation induced by positive and negative affect.

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Shavit, Tal, Mosi Rosenboim e Chen Cohen. "Does the Color of Feedback Affect Investment Decisions?" International Journal of Applied Behavioral Economics 2, n. 3 (luglio 2013): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijabe.2013070102.

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This paper presents a multi-period experiment that extends a classic experiment on investment allocation preferences by adding colors to the feedback returned to participants. The results show that investors allocate the same proportion of their investment to the stock and the bond funds without regard to the colors. However, red feedback activates an avoidance motivation (vs. an approach motivation), and this reduces chasing past returns. The authors also found that the color of the feedback affected the time needed to make a decision. Financial institutions might use colored feedback to encourage approach or avoidance motivations in their clients.

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Kumar, Shamala, e Hasini Gunawardana. "Succeeding at Sales by Avoiding Failure: Social Achievement Goals in a Collectivist Cultural Context". South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management 1, n. 2 (28 novembre 2014): 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2322093714549105.

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Social achievement goals are introduced as useful in understanding the motivation of sales people. Further, although past research has indicated that avoidance based achievement goals are maladaptive, recent evidence suggests they are less harmful or may even be helpful in collectivist cultural contexts. Yet, this research has not been extended to work settings. The study tests the validity of social goals and the nature of avoidance based goals in predicting sales outcomes in Sri Lanka. Salespeople in a large organization were surveyed to examine their motivational goals and performance. Results indicated that social achievement goals were predictive of performance and that avoidance based social achievement goals were positively related or unrelated to sales performance. The findings highlight social achievement goals as useful to understanding the behaviour and motivation of salespeople and suggest that regional variations in culture may require motivational programmes that are very different in nature.

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Greenleaf, Christy, e Alexandra M. Rodriguez. "Living in a Larger Body: Do Exercise Motives Influence Associations between Body Image and Exercise Avoidance Motivation?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n. 1 (24 dicembre 2020): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010072.

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The study explored reasons for exercise as possible mediators of the relationship between body appreciation and exercise avoidance motivation and between body surveillance and exercise avoidance motivation. Using a cross-sectional design, 131 women with a body mass index (BMI) of 25 or higher completed measures of body surveillance, body appreciation, reasons for exercise, and exercise avoidance motivation. Mediation analyses indicated that appearance-oriented reasons for exercise partially mediated the body surveillance–exercise avoidance motivation relationship. Health and fitness professionals, organizations, and environments should avoid reinforcing appearance-oriented reasons for exercise. Rather, empowering exercise experiences and environments should be created as they seem to benefit women regardless of reasons for exercise.

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Elliot, Andrew J., e Kennon M. Sheldon. "Avoidance achievement motivation: A personal goals analysis." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73, n. 1 (1997): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.171.

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Harrison, Amy, Janet Treasure e Luke D. Smillie. "Approach and avoidance motivation in eating disorders". Psychiatry Research 188, n. 3 (agosto 2011): 396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.04.022.

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Elliot, Andrew J. "Approach and avoidance motivation and achievement goals". Educational Psychologist 34, n. 3 (giugno 1999): 169–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep3403_3.

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Grosse Holtforth, Martin. "Avoidance motivation in psychological problems and psychotherapy". Psychotherapy Research 18, n. 2 (28 febbraio 2008): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10503300701765849.

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Eder, Andreas B., Andrew J. Elliot e Eddie Harmon-Jones. "Approach and Avoidance Motivation: Issues and Advances". Emotion Review 5, n. 3 (11 giugno 2013): 227–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073913477990.

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Elliot, Andrew J. "The Hierarchical Model of Approach-Avoidance Motivation". Motivation and Emotion 30, n. 2 (25 luglio 2006): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11031-006-9028-7.

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Mishra, Anubhav, e Satish S. Maheswarappa. "How Content Valence and Online Impression Influence Goal Achievement in Social Media Environment?" Global Business Review 20, n. 5 (3 settembre 2018): 1267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150918793964.

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Globally, users are sharing content on social networking sites (SNS) to signal their preferences and to build a positive online reputation. Using the approach and avoidance motivation theory, we examine the relationship among online impression, guilt and valence of shared content on SNS. Two experiments were conducted to test the conceptual model. The findings indicate that people prefer sharing positive content over negative content. Also, negative content induces guilt and affects the online impression and motivations to achieve desired goals. Therefore, social media marketers can use distinct valence of content to help consumers to achieve their goals effectively, especially in the fields of health care and education. The results suggest that avoidance motivation is more effective than approach motivation for achieving the goal of a positive online image.

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Tomer, Rachel, Heleen A. Slagter, Bradley T. Christian, Andrew S. Fox, Carlye R. King, Dhanabalan Murali, Mark A. Gluck e Richard J. Davidson. "Love to Win or Hate to Lose? Asymmetry of Dopamine D2 Receptor Binding Predicts Sensitivity to Reward versus Punishment". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, n. 5 (maggio 2014): 1039–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00544.

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Humans show consistent differences in the extent to which their behavior reflects a bias toward appetitive approach-related behavior or avoidance of aversive stimuli [Elliot, A. J. Approach and avoidance motivation. In A. J. Elliot (Ed.), Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation (pp. 3–14). New York: Psychology Press, 2008]. We examined the hypothesis that in healthy participants this motivational bias (assessed by self-report and by a probabilistic learning task that allows direct comparison of the relative sensitivity to reward and punishment) reflects lateralization of dopamine signaling. Using [F-18]fallypride to measure D2/D3 binding, we found that self-reported motivational bias was predicted by the asymmetry of frontal D2 binding. Similarly, striatal and frontal asymmetries in D2 dopamine receptor binding, rather than absolute binding levels, predicted individual differences in learning from reward versus punishment. These results suggest that normal variation in asymmetry of dopamine signaling may, in part, underlie human personality and cognition.

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Kraus, Alexandra A., e Joachim Scholderer. "Indirect Measurement of Motivation". Social Psychology 46, n. 3 (27 maggio 2015): 142–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000234.

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For the indirect measurement of approach-avoidance tendencies, two procedures are introduced and compared. The procedures are modifications of the standard IAT and the Recoding-Free IAT (IAT-RF) and use a motivational attribute dimension (approach, avoidance) instead of an evaluative one. Study 1 (N = 162) assesses their convergent and discriminant validity with respect to self-reported measures of motivation and evaluation, and their predictive validity with respect to actual behavior. Study 2 (N = 205) furthermore compares their validity to evaluative variants of the same test paradigms. Overall, both procedures perform similarly. In Study 2, procedures based on the IAT-RF are superior, and the motivational IAT-RF shows the highest predictive validity. Unfortunately, no evidence for incremental validity over explicit measures alone is found for any of the implicit measures. Furthermore, procedures based on the IAT-RF appear to be less reliable than procedures based on the standard IAT. A possible explanation is offered.

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Thorstenson, Christopher A. "Functional Equivalence of the Color Red and Enacted Avoidance Behavior?" Social Psychology 46, n. 5 (ottobre 2015): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000245.

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Abstract. Research has shown that subtle stimuli and action can elicit approach and avoidance motivational states. In separate literatures, both the color red and enacting avoidance behavior have been hypothesized to evoke avoidance motivation. The purpose of the present research was to both replicate and empirically integrate prior work on red and enacted avoidance behavior. This was done by testing them together within the same paradigms in two experiments, one on anagram performance and the other on local-relative-to-global processing. Both experiments replicated prior research in each literature, with red and enacted avoidance behavior producing comparable effects across both experiments. Implications of the findings for the two literatures are discussed.

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Rudolph, Karen D., Wendy Troop-Gordon e Nicole Llewellyn. "Interactive contributions of self-regulation deficits and social motivation to psychopathology: Unraveling divergent pathways to aggressive behavior and depressive symptoms". Development and Psychopathology 25, n. 2 (30 aprile 2013): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579412001149.

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AbstractPoor self-regulation has been implicated as a significant risk factor for the development of multiple forms of psychopathology. This research examined the proposition that self-regulation deficits differentially predict aggressive behavior and depressive symptoms, depending on children's social approach versus avoidance motivation. A prospective, multiple-informant approach was used to test this hypothesis in 419 children (M age = 8.92, SD = 0.36). Parents rated children's inhibitory control. Children completed measures of social approach–avoidance motivation and depressive symptoms. Teachers rated children's aggressive behavior. As anticipated, poor inhibitory control predicted aggressive behavior in boys with high but not low approach motivation and low but not high avoidance motivation, whereas poor inhibitory control predicted depressive symptoms in girls with high but not low avoidance motivation. This research supports several complementary theoretical models of psychopathology and provides insight into the differential contributions of poor self-regulation to maladaptive developmental outcomes. The findings suggest the need for targeted intervention programs that consider heterogeneity among children with self-regulatory deficits.

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Shen, Fang, Keke Qi, Ying Duan, Yonghui Li, Jing Liang, Xiaolu Meng, Ming Li e Nan Sui. "Differential effects of clomipramine on depression-like behaviors induced by the chronic social defeat paradigm in tree shrews". Journal of Psychopharmacology 32, n. 10 (5 settembre 2018): 1141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881118793560.

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Background: Anhedonia is a hallmark symptom in major depression that reflects deficits in hedonic capacity and it is also linked to motivation for reward. However, studies of the features of motivation in depressed tree shrews are rather sparse. Aims: The study aimed to investigate the core feature of depression including lack of interest, motivation reduction, and social avoidance in tree shrews. Furthermore, the effects of the treatment using clomipramine on these depression-like behaviors were assessed. Methods: The paradigm of chronic social defeat in tree shrews was used to evaluate the core feature of depression through examining their sucrose preference, break-point for reward, and social interaction. Results: The results showed that social defeat lowered the curves of the sucrose preference and the break-point, as well as decreased social interaction. The results suggested that the subordinate animals exhibited interest loss, motivational reduction, and social avoidance. After oral treatment with clomipramine (50 mg/kg/day) for four weeks, most of the depression-like behaviors were reversed, whereas the motivational reduction was not clearly affected. Notably, the motivational reduction appeared obviously during the first week after the social defeat, and the conventional tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine did not reverse the reduced motivation. Conclusions: These findings imply that motivational variation might be applied as a more sensitive behavioral index in subordinate animals and could furthermore be used to evaluate potential agents as antidepressants.

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Ferri-Caruana, Ana, Luís Millán-González, Xavier García-Massó, Soraya Pérez-Nombela, Maite Pellicer-Chenoll e Pilar Serra-Añó. "Motivation to Physical Exercise in Manual Wheelchair Users With Paraplegia". Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation 26, n. 1 (dicembre 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1310/sci2601-01.

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Background: Motivation could be considered as a critical factor for being and staying physically active in the spinal cord–injured population. Objectives: Our goals were (1) to describe motivation to exercise in people with paraplegia, comparing those who engage in regular physical exercise with those who do not and (2) to establish whether such motivation is related to the type of physical exercise practiced. Methods: This study was quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive research. One-hundred and six participants with chronic paraplegia completed the Spanish version of the Exercise Motivations Inventory (EMI-2). Participants were divided into the non-exerciser group (NEG) and the exerciser group (EG). EG was subclassified into sports players (SPs) and physical exercisers (PEs). Results: Participants in both EG and NEG presented a similar motivation toward physical exercise. The most important motive to practice or to adhere to exercise in participants with SCI was ill-health avoidance (mean, 8.45; SD, 1.33). Fitness was the second most important motive (ie, nimbleness, flexibility, strength, and endurance). Motives that distinguished EG from NEG included enjoyment and revitalization [ t(41.9) = −2.54, p < .05, r = 0.36], competition [ t(56.8) = 2.24, p < .05, r = 0.28], and health pressure [ t(104) = 3.22, p < .01, r = 0.30]. Furthermore, we found that motivation was related to the type of physical exercise performed. SPs showed a statistically significantly higher score for competition and enjoyment and revitalization than PEs ( p < .05). Conclusion: Ill-health avoidance and fitness are the key motivational factors to practice and adhere to physical exercise. Motivation is related to the type of physical exercise performed. Health providers need to understand these factors to promote and sustain long-term adherence to exercise in the SCI population.

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Rawlings, Anna Maria, Anna Tapola e Markku Niemivirta. "Predictive effects of temperament on motivation". International Journal of Educational Psychology 6, n. 2 (24 giugno 2017): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2017.2414.

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Although temperament and motivation both reflect individual differences in what is perceived as rewarding or threatening, and what is to be approached and what avoided, respectively, we know rather little about how they are connected in educational settings. In this study, we examined how different aspects of temperament (reward and punishment sensitivities) predict the goals students seek to achieve in relation to learning and performance. In Study 1, four dimensions describing students’ temperament (sensitivity to punishment, intraindividual reward sensitivity, interindividual reward sensitivity, and positive expressiveness) were uncovered, and in Study 2, these were used to predict students’ achievement goal orientations (mastery-intrinsic, mastery-extrinsic, performance-approach, performance-avoidance, and avoidance). The results of exploratory structural equation modeling revealed significant predictions on all achievement goal orientations. In line with theoretical assumptions, sensitivity to punishment was predictive of performance orientations, intraindividual reward sensitivity of mastery orientations, and interindividual reward sensitivity of performance- and avoidance orientations. Positive expressiveness only had weak negative effects on performance orientations. The findings suggest that the goals and outcomes students seek to attain in an educational context are partly dictated by their sensitivity to different environmental cues and the kinds of affective and behavioral responses these typically incite.

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Martin, Andrew J. "The Student Motivation Scale: A Tool for Measuring and Enhancing Motivation". Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools 11 (novembre 2001): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1037291100004301.

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This paper assesses the psychometric properties of the Student Motivation Scale, an instrument measuring school students' motivation. Motivation is assessed through nine measures, separated into what are referred to as boosters and guzzlers. Boosters are constructs that reflect adaptive motivation and guzzlers are constructs that reflect less adaptive motivation. Boosters are subsumed by thoughts (self-belief, learning focus, value of schooling) and behaviours (persistence and planning and monitoring). Guzzlers are subsumed by thoughts or feelings (low control and anxiety) and behaviours (avoidance and self-sabotage). Data show that the Student Motivation Scale has a clear factor structure reflecting the hypothesised five boosters and four guzzlers, is reliable, and correlated with achievement. Gender and year level differences also emerge: girls are significantly more learning focused and engage in more planning and monitoring than boys; girls are significantly more anxious than boys; Year 9 students are significantly lower than Year 10 and Year 11 students in learning focus, significantly higher than Year 11 students in avoidance, and significantly higher than Year 10 and Year 11 students in self-sabotage. Strategies for intervention are discussed in the context of these findings and the issue of academic resilience is introduced as an additional aspect of motivation that the Student Motivation Scale is able to assess.

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Djatsa, Fabrice. "Threat Perceptions, Avoidance Motivation and Security Behaviors Correlations". Journal of Information Security 11, n. 01 (2020): 19–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jis.2020.111002.

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Tsutsui-Kimura, Iku, Youcef Bouchekioua, Masaru Mimura e Kenji F. Tanaka. "A New Paradigm for Evaluating Avoidance/Escape Motivation". International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 20, n. 7 (6 maggio 2017): 593–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyx031.

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Heimerdinger, Sarah R., e Verlin B. Hinsz. "Failure Avoidance Motivation in a Goal-Setting Situation". Human Performance 21, n. 4 (14 ottobre 2008): 383–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08959280802347155.

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Spielberg, Jeffrey M., Gregory A. Miller, Stacie L. Warren, Anna S. Engels, Laura D. Crocker, Marie T. Banich, Bradley P. Sutton e Wendy Heller. "A brain network instantiating approach and avoidance motivation". Psychophysiology 49, n. 9 (27 luglio 2012): 1200–1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01443.x.

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Elliot, Andrew J., Shelly L. Gable e Rachael R. Mapes. "Approach and Avoidance Motivation in the Social Domain". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 32, n. 3 (marzo 2006): 378–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167205282153.

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Elliot, Andrew J., Andreas B. Eder e Eddie Harmon-Jones. "Approach–Avoidance Motivation and Emotion: Convergence and Divergence". Emotion Review 5, n. 3 (11 giugno 2013): 308–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073913477517.

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Sommet, Nicolas, Andrew J. Elliot, Jeremy P. Jamieson e Fabrizio Butera. "Income inequality, perceived competitiveness, and approach-avoidance motivation". Journal of Personality 87, n. 4 (4 ottobre 2018): 767–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12432.

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Ryan, Richard M. "A Special Issue on Approach and Avoidance Motivation". Motivation and Emotion 30, n. 2 (6 luglio 2006): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11031-006-9030-0.

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Nikitin, Jana, e Alexandra M. Freund. "The Motivational Power of the Happy Face". Brain Sciences 9, n. 1 (7 gennaio 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9010006.

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People who are cheerful have better social relationships. This might be the case because happy faces communicate an invitation to interact. Thus, happy faces might have a strong motivational effect on others. We tested this hypothesis in a set of four studies. Study 1 (N = 94) showed that approach reactions to happy faces are faster than other reactions to happy or angry faces. Study 2 (N = 99) found the same effect when comparing reactions to happy faces with reactions to disgusted faces. Supporting the notion that this effect is related to motivation, habitual social approach motivation intensified the motivational effect of happy faces (Study 3, N = 82). Finally, Study 4 (N = 40) showed that the reaction-time asymmetry does not hold for categorization tasks without approach and avoidance movements. These studies demonstrate that happy faces have a strong motivational power. They seem to activate approach reactions more strongly than angry or disgusted faces activate avoidance reactions.

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Sylvester, F. Ley. "Mobile Device Users’ Susceptibility to Phishing Attacks". International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 14, n. 1 (28 febbraio 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijcsit.2022.14101.

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The mobile device is one of the fasted growing technologies that is widely used in a diversifying sector. Mobile devices are used for everyday life, such as personal information exchange – chatting, email, shopping, and mobile banking, contributing to information security threats. Users' behavior can influence information security threats. More research is needed to understand users' threat avoidance behavior and motivation. Using Technology threat avoidance theory (TTAT), this study assessed factors that influenced mobile device users' threat avoidance motivations and behaviors as it relates to phishing attacks. From the data collected from 137 mobile device users using a questionnaire, the findings indicate that (1) mobile device users' perceived susceptibility and severity of phishing attacks have a significant correlation with a users' perception of the threat; (2) mobile device users' motivation to avoid a threat is correlated to a users' behavior in avoiding threat; and (3) a mobile device user's susceptibility to phishing attacks can be reduced by their perception of the threat. These findings reveal that a user's perception of threat increases if they perceive that the consequence of such threat to their mobile devices will be severe, thereby increasing a user's motivation and behavior to avoid phishing attack threats. This study is beneficial to mobile device users in personal and organizational settings.

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Guzmán-González, Mónica, Paula Contreras e Giulia Casu. "Romantic attachment, unforgiveness and relationship satisfaction in couples: A dyadic mediation analysis". Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 37, n. 10-11 (15 luglio 2020): 2822–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407520940399.

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Adult romantic attachment is strongly associated with couple relationship functioning, and many efforts have been made to identify the mechanisms underlying this link. Nevertheless, no previous study considered unforgiveness when investigating the relationship of romantic attachment with relationship satisfaction in couples. We used the actor–partner interdependence mediation model to explore the associations between romantic attachment and relationship satisfaction as mediated by unforgiveness (i.e., avoidance and revenge motivations) in a convenience sample of 104 Chilean couples. The couples completed self-report measures of romantic attachment, unforgiveness, and relationship satisfaction. Actor insecure attachment was associated with lower relationship satisfaction directly and indirectly. Indirectly, higher actor levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance were linked, respectively, to greater revenge and avoidance motivations, and thus to lower relationship satisfaction. Partner attachment avoidance was associated with lower relationship satisfaction only directly. Higher partner levels of attachment anxiety were associated with lower avoidance motivation, and thus with higher relationship satisfaction. These dyadic findings further attest to the detrimental role of attachment avoidance and unforgiveness against the couple’s functioning. The novel finding that attachment anxiety may indirectly promote a couple’s relationship satisfaction deserves further investigation. The implications for couple counseling and therapy are discussed.

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Jordet, Geir, e Esther Hartman. "Avoidance Motivation and Choking under Pressure in Soccer Penalty Shootouts". Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 30, n. 4 (agosto 2008): 450–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.4.450.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between shot valence, avoidance behavior, and performance in soccer penalty shootouts. Video analyses were conducted with all penalty shootouts ever held in the World Cup, the European Championships, and the UEFA Champions League (n = 36 shootouts, 359 kicks). Shot valence was assessed from the potential consequences of a shot outcome as follows: Shots where a goal instantly leads to victory were classified as positive valence shots and shots where a miss instantly leads to loss as negative valence shots. Avoidance behavior was defined as looking away from the goalkeeper or preparing the shot quickly (thus speeding up the wait). The results showed that avoidance behavior occurred more with negative valence shots than with positive shots and that players with negative valence shots performed worse than those with positive shots. Thus, avoidance motivation may help explain why professional athletes occasionally choke under pressure.

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Bjørnebekk, Gunnar, e Torgrim Gjesme. "Motivation and Temporal Distance: Effect on Cognitive and Affective Manifestations". Psychological Reports 105, n. 2 (ottobre 2009): 339–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.105.2.339-360.

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The implications of temporal distance on motivation-related concepts were examined. The results of an experiment, based on 585 Grade 6 students, indicated that both positive (approach) and negative (avoidance) motivation increased as the future goal or event approached in time. This increase in approach and avoidance motivation influenced the performance of the pupils differently. For pupils with success orientation, the performance increased. For pupils with failure orientation, the performance remained about the same.

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Serdyuk, L. Z., e A. B. Kovalenko. "PSYCHOSEMANTIC INDICATORS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ LEARNING MOTIVATION". Ukrainian Psychological Journal, n. 2 (14) (2020): 214–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/upj.2020.2(14).11.

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The article analyzes the psychosemantic content and structure of students’ learning motivation as a holistic phenomenon. The structuralsubstantive and procedural characteristics of learning motivation are revealed based on the performed theoretical analysis. The “Unfinished sentences” technique was used to study the psycholinguistic and psychosemantic structure of students’ motivational sphere. This technique allowed us to evaluate expressiveness of the most important factors of students’ mental activities, which have a significant impact on their learning: their motivational orientations, leading motives and ways of their implementation, sources of tension, and styles of relationships with other people. In order to objectify the obtained data and interpret the research results, we used the developed procedure of content analysis, that help us to identify the psychosemantic indicators of students’ learning motivation, we also developed the technology for analysis and interpretation of textual diagnostic information obtained from the students. The performed psychosemantic analysis of the diagnosed textual information revealed in depth the essence of structural-meaningful and procedural characteristics of students’ learning motivation. The results obtained indicate that learning motivation is characterized by a complex structure, one form of which is the structure of internal (as for processes and results) and external (rewards or avoidance) motives. Students’ learning activities have a lot of motives. The main of them, which determine their work, are the following: an activity result (a product created, knowledge learned, etc.); satisfaction with a process; awards for efforts (salary, promotion, recognition); success in an activity; avoidance of failure. The main function of the differences arisen between an attained level and a level of actual goals is to form learning motivation, motivation to achieve the goals.

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YUSUF, HIMAWAN, e JAKA ISQIYARTA. "ANALISIS PRAKTIK PENGHINDARAN PAJAK DI BIDANG IMPOR PADA KEPAILITAN PERUSAHAAN EKSPOR IMPOR". Jurnal BPPK : Badan Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Keuangan 12, n. 1 (28 giugno 2019): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.48108/jurnalbppk.v12i1.361.

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ANALYSIS OF IMPORT TAX AVOIDING PRACTICES IN THE BANKRUPTCY OF EXPORT-IMPORT COMPANIES. Import tax is a high tax burden for the company. This makes some company try to reduce the import tax burden, one of which is to utilize a bankruptcy. The study aims to analyze the practice of import tax avoidance in the bankruptcy of companies and its accompanying motivation and to analyze about the effectiveness of Customs actions to prevent the practice of tax avoidance. Qualitative methods with a case study approach are used to analyze tax avoidance practices in bankruptcy of three import-export companies which were then called by the initials XYZ. Based on the results of the analysis, it is concluded that there has been a practice of tax avoidance with various motivations. Customs action to prevent the practice of tax avoidance has been less effective due to various constraints.

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Krupić, Dino. "HIGH BAS AND LOW BIS IN OVERCONFIDENCE, AND THEIR IMPACT ON MOTIVATION AND SELF-EFFICACY AFTER POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE PERFORMANCE". Primenjena psihologija 10, n. 3 (18 settembre 2017): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/pp.2017.3.297-312.

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Self-confidence, motivation, and performance outcome are vital for goal-directed behaviour. However, people do not react to a positive and negative performance in the same way. This study examines (a) the relationship between self-confidence and approach/avoidance motivation, and (b) how approach- and avoidance-oriented individuals respond to a performance outcome. The study was conducted on 93 participants. The first part of the study examined the relationship between self-confidence and approach/avoidance motivation within Reinforcement sensitivity theory, while the second part examined changes in motivation and self-efficiency in overconfident, avoidance- and approach-oriented individuals, following the positive and negative performance. Approach and avoidance tendencies were assessed by Reinforcement Sensitivity Questionnaire (RSQ) and Sensitivity to Punishment Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ). Correlational analysis showed that the Behavioural Approach System (BAS) and Sensitivity to Reward (SR) correlated positively, while Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) and Sensitivity to Punishment (SP) correlated negatively with confidence. In addition, moderated regression analysis showed that (a) high BIS, SP and SR individuals were strongly demotivated following the negative performance, (b) while overconfident and high BAS individuals maintained their initial motivation. On the other hand, motivation in high SR, but not in the high BAS and overconfident individuals, increased after the positive performance. None of the scales predicted the change of self-efficacy either after the positive or negative performance. High BAS and low BIS in overconfident individuals may explain why they strive more toward the final goal despite drawbacks. The theoretical and practical implications of findings are discussed in the paper.

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