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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Billet à ordre"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 8 febbraio 2022

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1

Viñas Farre, Ramón. "L’introduction du droit uniforme de geneve sur la leitre de change, le billet a ordre et le cheque dans le droit espagnol." Uniform Law Review os-15, no. 1 (1987): 54–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/os-15.1.54.

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2

Cançado, K. N., L. Machado, and L. N. Soares. "ANALYSIS OF HEAT TRANSFER IN STEEL BILLETS DURING TRANSPORT." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 17, no. 1 (2018): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v17i1.62261.

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During the seamless steel tubes manufacturing process, the temperature decrease between the exit of the furnace and the rolling mill entrance is determinant factor in the rolling process and the quality of the tube. This study aims to model the cooling of the billets during transport in order to evaluate the minimum temperature required for the billet leaves the furnace and also the maximum transport time without compromising the rolling process, allowing a better setup of equipment and reducing the production costs. The cooling profile was determined numerically through energy balances perfor

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3

Ost, François. "Le Marchand de Venise : le pari et la dette, le jeu et la loi." McGill Law Journal 62, no. 4 (2018): 1103–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1043162ar.

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Le Marchand de Venise est tenu, à raison, pour une des pièces les plus juridiques de W. Shakespeare, avec Mesure pour mesure. Au coeur du débat, la fameuse clause pénale que l’armateur vénitien Antonio se laisse imposer par le prêteur juif de la place, Shylock : une livre de chair prélevée sur son propre corps, en cas de défaut de paiement. On en retient généralement la tirade de Portia plaidant en faveur de la miséricorde (mercy) du prêteur. Et on lit la pièce comme l’illustration du procès éternel entre la lettre et l’esprit, le formalisme juridique et l’équité. La présente contribution ente

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4

Chen, Lin, Guo Chang, Shu Qin Liu, and Ke Xin Bi. "The Stress Laws of H-Beam Rolling Deformation during Rectangular Billet Cogging-Down." Advanced Materials Research 631-632 (January 2013): 632–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.631-632.632.

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In order to ensure H-beam’s organization and performance requirements, there is a certain compression ratio from the rolling of the billet to the finished product. This paper select rectangular billets and use DEFORM finite element software to simulate and analyze the rules of stress variation when rectangular billet is cogged down. The simulation results show that: from rectangular billet to finished product, the compression ratio is 17.4 and after cogging, billet size meet the requirements of the CCS rolling. The equivalent stress of breakdown rolling is mainly concentrated in the waist or i

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5

Kalitaev, A. N., V. D. Tutarova, and A. N. Shapovalov. "Effect of Continuous Casting Parameters on Quality of Billets Manufactured by UMMC Steel LLC." Solid State Phenomena 265 (September 2017): 952–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.265.952.

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The analysis of the production records on casting 150õ150mm billets at UMMC Steel LLC has made it possible to define the basic factors worsening the billet quality and increasing the rejection of the rolled materials: steel casting in case the sulfur and phosphorus content exceeds 0.015 % and overheat is more than 30°Ñ. In order to minimize the formation of local nonuniformity in the billets manufactured from low carbon and medium carbon steel, open cast by CCM, it is necessary to maintain a maximum [Mn]:[S] ratio with [Mn]:[Si] ratio at the level less than 2-3, which ensures the formation o

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6

Lee, Dock Young, Ki Bae Kim, Ho In Lee, and Do Hyang Kim. "Microstructural Effects of Electromagnetic Stirring Strength and Casting Speed in Continuous Casting of Al Alloy." Materials Science Forum 449-452 (March 2004): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.449-452.321.

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Semi-solid forming usually requires feed stock material in form of cylindrical billets with a uniform, globular and fine grain microstructure. These billets are commonly being produced by continuous casting involving agitation of the solidifying melt. The paper will present the development of a horizontal continuous casting machine using circumferential electromagnetic stirring to generate melt flow and shear rate in the continuous casting mould. The machine has been used to study the influence of various process parameters such as electromagnetic stirring strength and casting speed in the pro

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7

Krayushkin, N. A., I. A. Pribytkov, and K. S. Shatokhin. "FORMATION OF TEMPERATURE FIELDS AND THERMAL STRESSES ARISING DURING SOLIDIFICATION OF CYLINDRICAL CONTINUOUSLY CAST STEEL BILLETS." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 1 (2019): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-1-57-61.

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The article presents investigation results of the effect of inhomogeneity of boundary conditions on the intensity of metal cooling in the process of continuous casting of cylindrical billets from corrosionresistant steels. It is assumed that the boundary conditions are nonuniform along the billet perimeter. In the longitudinal direction, the cooling intensity is assumed to be constant within the cooled sector of the billet. During the research it was believed that there are flows of thermal energy between the cooling sectors. A comparative analysis of temperature gradients and resulting therma

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8

Kim, Jong Ho, Myoung Gyun Kim, Joon Pyo Park, Gyu Chang Lee, and Ju Bum Kim. "Electromagnetic Continuous Casting Process for Near Net Shape Aluminum Alloy Billet." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 1400–1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.1400.

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A new method and apparatus for the fabrication of high-quality, near net shaped aluminum alloy billets is developed by the combination of continuous casting and electromagnetic casting/stirring technique. Traditional machine for continuous casting process involves round, square and rectangular billets; therefore it requires additional multistep forging process to fabricate final products of complicated shape. A new process for the fabrication of near net shaped aluminum billets offers some advantages: the process of extrusion and forging is simplified and the cost of plastic working can be gre

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9

Kido, Futoshi, and Tetsuichi Motegi. "Production of Magnesium Alloy Billets by Semisolid Continuous Casting." Materials Science Forum 610-613 (January 2009): 1403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.610-613.1403.

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In order to produce AZ91 and AZ31 magnesium alloy billets semisolid continuous casting by using an inclined cooling plate was carried out. The molten magnesium alloy in an electric furnace was flowed on the inclined cooling plate and then poured in a tundish. The slurry prepared using this process was solidified by drawing a dummy bar from a water-cooled copper mold, consequently producing a billet. As a result, we could produce the magnesium alloy billets by semisolid continuous casting. Magnesium alloy billets with refined and globular primary α crystals were successfully and continuously ca

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10

Ahmad, Asnul Hadi, S. Naher, and Dermot Brabazon. "Injection Tests and Effect on Microstructure and Properties of Aluminium 7075 Direct Thermal Method Feedstock Billets." Key Engineering Materials 611-612 (May 2014): 1637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.611-612.1637.

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The success of semi-solid metal forming is dependent on a globular solid grain formation within a liquid phase. This paper presents experimental works concerning semi-solid metal processing of aluminium 7075 feedstock billets which were produced by direct thermal method. The flowability of feedstock billets was evaluated by an injection test processing unit. The feedstock billets were heated to a temperature of 620 °C by using a box furnace before transferred into a forming die. The formed feedstock billet was removed from the forming die after it was cooled to ambient temperature. Several ana

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11

REN, TAO LIN, DE BIN SHAN, and YAN LU. "SURFACE PLASTIC DEFORMATION REGULARITY AND MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION IN THE COMPOUND ROLLING OF Q235 BILLET." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 06n07 (2009): 1847–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797920906172x.

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In order to meet the double demands on the high temperature creep and the fatigue property, compound rolling is put forward in this study. This technique obtains dual microstructures of billet, fine microstructure on the surface and original state microstructure in the center, through localizing the plastic deformation on the surface layer and leaving little plastic deformation in the center. Based on the local load theory, a set of equipment for the compound rolling has been produced. In order to study the deformation regularity of the compound rolling, Q235 billets have been used and the flo

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12

Shim, Jae Hyun, J. H. Ok, Hyoung Jin Choi, H. S. Koo, and Beong Bok Hwang. "A Process Sequence Design of Multi-Step Cold Extrusion Process for Hollow Parts." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 4195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.4195.

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Conventional multi-step extrusion processes with solid billet are examined by the rigid-plastic finite element method in order to provide criteria for new process sequence for hollow parts. Two examples are taken for the analyses such as the current three-stage cold extrusion process for a hollow flange part and five-stage process for manufacturing an axle housing. Based on the results of simulation of the current three-stage and five-stage manufacturing processes, new design strategy for improving the process sequences is developed simply by replacing the initial billet from solid to hollow o

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13

Hou, Jin, Ulf Sta˚hlberg, and Bo Bengtsson. "Inward Flow of Surface Materials at Back-Ends of Billets During Al-Extrusion, Part 2: Influence of Process Parameters." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 121, no. 3 (1999): 328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2832685.

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In order to study the inward flow of surface materials at back-ends of billets during Al-extrusion, a FEM model has been proposed and a computer program, named FEMBA, have been developed for PCs. The model and the program FEMBA have been described in part one. In this work, the program FEMBA has been used as a tool to study the flow of surface materials at the back-end under different conditions. The influence of process parameters on the inward flow has been studied. It is found that thickness of surface layer, temperatures and friction at the pad/billet contact surface have significant influ

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14

Abbas, Adel Taha, Mohamed Adel Taha, Adham Ezzat Ragab, Ehab Adel El-Danaf, and Mohamed Ibrahim Abd El Aal. "Effect of Equal Channel Angular Pressing on the Surface Roughness of Solid State Recycled Aluminum Alloy 6061 Chips." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5131403.

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Solid state recycling through hot extrusion is a promising technique to recycle machining chips without remelting. Furthermore, equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) technique coupled with the extruded recycled billet is introduced to enhance the mechanical properties of recycled samples. In this paper, the surface roughness of solid state recycled aluminum alloy 6061 turning chips was investigated. Aluminum chips were cold compacted and hot extruded under an extrusion ratio (ER) of 5.2 at an extrusion temperature (ET) of 425°C. In order to improve the properties of the extruded samples, they

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15

Semenov, A. B., Thanh Binh Ngo, and B. I. Semenov. "Thixoforming of Hypereutectic AlSi12Cu2NiMg Automotive Pistons." Solid State Phenomena 285 (January 2019): 446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.285.446.

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The microstructure and mechanical properties of thixoformed AlSi12Cu2NiMg (AЛ25) aluminium alloy were investigated. Cooling slope method was employed in order to produce non-dendritic billets. Thixoforming process parameters were determined as follows: die temperature of 250 °C, billet temperature of 555 - 560 °C, punch velocity of 7 mm/s. Mechanical properties of automotive piston with ultimate strength of 309 MPa, yield strength of 274 MPa and elongation of 6.8 % in the T6 condition were obtained successfully, implying success of advantages of cooling slope method.

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16

Konstantinov, I. L., P. G. Potapov, S. B. Sidelnikov, D. S. Voroshilov, Yu V. Gorokhov, and V. P. Katryuk. "Computer simulation of the technology for AK4-1 alloy die forging production for an internal combustion engine piston." Izvestiya Vuzov. Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya (Universities' Proceedings Non-Ferrous Metallurgy), no. 6 (December 16, 2020): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2020-6-24-31.

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The process of hot die forging of AK4-1 aluminum alloy billets for the piston of an internal combustion engine (ICE) for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was simulated using the Deform-3D software package. The object of research was an ICE piston mounted on one of the UAV types of Russian production. Simulation was performed using the following parameters: tooling and billet temperature was 450 °C, ambient temperature was 20 °C, punch speed was 5 mm/s, and Siebel friction index was 0.4. Rigid plastic medium was chosen as a material model. The number of elements (6000) was selected so that at l

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17

Schönbohm, Alexander, Rainer Gasper, and Dirk Abel. "Inductive Reheating of Steel Billets into the Semi-Solid State Based on Pyrometer Measurements." Solid State Phenomena 116-117 (October 2006): 734–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.116-117.734.

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The aim of the paper is to demonstrate a control scheme by which it is possible to reproducibly reheat steel billets into the semi-solid state. Usually a heating program is used to reheat the billet into the semi-solid state. Our experiments showed that this control scheme leads to varying semi-solid fractions from one experiment to the next. To gain information about the billet’s state its temperature is often used since there is a known relationship between the temperature and the liquid fraction. Direct measurement of the temperature via thermocouples is not feasible in a production environ

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18

Smolyakov, A. S., S. I. Shakhov, and B. A. Sivak. "Improvement of the tube mold to ensure uniform primary cooling of the ingot." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 77, no. 3 (2021): 288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2021-3-288-294.

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For centering the cooling jackets of CCM tube molds relative to the tube, bolts twisted into the jacket are used. The adjustment is made manually, as a result the annular gap between the sleeve and the jacket can have a significant deviation from the specified values. The gap function is to cool the structure by passing water. Taking into account that almost all the modern CCMs for casting long, bloom and round billets are equipped with tube molds, creating a mold design in which the gap between the tube and the cooling jacket is formed with a high degree of accuracy, ensuring uniform heat rem

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19

Kammler, Matthias, T. Hadifi, M. Nowak, and A. Bouguecha. "Experimental and Numerical Investigations on Metal Flow during Direct Extrusion of EN AW-6082." Key Engineering Materials 491 (September 2011): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.491.137.

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In extrusion processes metal flow has an important influence on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the extrudates. Thus, a deep knowledge about the metal flow during the forming process is required as basis for further computations of the microstructure evolution. In this study experimental and numerical investigations on the influence of friction on the metal flow in extrusion processes were carried out using visioplastic methods and finite element method (FEA). The objective was to determine the influence of ram speed, ram displacement and billet temperature on the material

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20

Thienyaem, Titinai, Khwantri Saengprachatanarug, Saree Wongpichet, Taira Eizo, and Prakarn Thongrak. "The Influence of the Metering Device Arrangement to the Discharging Consistency of the Sugarcane Billet Planter." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 1561–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.1561.

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Sugar cane is an important economic crop of Thailand, used as a raw material to produce sugar and renewable energy. Due to a labor shortage problem, and an increase in the number of sugarcane combine harvesters, sugarcane billet planters from overseas have become more popular, because they can use seed cane prepared by combine harvesters. In order to maintain a high consistency of billet plating, the harvester discharge mechanism needs to accommodate the physical properties of sugarcane billet of Thai's variety, which vary by breed and harvesting method according to area. Thus, this study aims

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21

Donati, Lorenzo, Luca Tomesani, Lorella Ceschini, and Iuri Boromei. "Microstructure Prediction in Aluminium Extrusion by Means of FEM Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 23 (October 2007): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.23.157.

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An original inverse extrusion test was developed in order to study the microstructural evolution in the plastic deformation of 6060 and 6082 aluminium alloys. Sample billets were extracted from commercial logs and subjected to plastic deformation in an inverse extrusion process, particularly aimed at producing different strain and strain rate conditions at representative positions within the billet section. Different experiments were performed at various temperatures and strain rates. The particular thermo-mechanical history of each point in different experiments was then reconstructed by FEM

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22

Meechoowas, Ekarat, Parida Jampeerung, Kanit Tapasa, Usuma Naknikham, and Tepiwan Jitwatcharakomol. "Low Melting Glass Billets for Pot Furnace Glass Processing." Key Engineering Materials 608 (April 2014): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.608.295.

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Soda-lime-silica glasses were prepared by the composition range of SiO2 67-72, Na2O+K2O 15-18, CaO+MgO 5-8, BaO 2-4 and ZnO 2 in wt% for producing low melting glass billets. The billet properties were similar to commercial glasses, but higher melting ability. Respecting to thermodynamic calculation approach, the exploited heat (Hex), which was the required heat for melting the batch from atmosphere temperature to the melting temperature, was calculated in order to compare the melting ability. The results represented that glass batches with lower silica content which possessed lower Hex than ba

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23

Chumanov, I. V., M. A. Matveeva, and D. V. Sergeev. "INFLUENCE OF CONSUMABLE ELECTRODE ROTATION ON ANISOTROPY OF PROPERTIES OF THE BILLET OBTAINED BY ELECTROSLAG REMELTING." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 2 (2019): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-2-91-96.

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The article presents theoretical substantiation of the influence of electroslag remelting technology with rotation of consumable electrode on physicomechanical properties of the formed casting (billet). The technology of electroslag remelting with rotation of consumable electrode around its own axis leads to formation of upward flow of heat in the slag bath, making hydrodynamic environment in mold more rational from the point of using generated heat. During rotation of consumable electrode, centrifugal forces act on liquid metal film formed at the end of the electrode, providing radial flow of

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24

Zhang, Bao Hong, and Zhi Min Zhang. "Effect of Extrusion Ratio on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of As-Cast AZ91D Magnesium Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.237.

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In order to study the effect of deformation extent on microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast AZ91D magnesium alloy, experiments of direct extrusion were performed at temperature of 420 and different extrusion ratios. The microstructure and mechanical properties of billets and extrudates were measured. Experimental results show that the grain size of as-cast AZ91D magnesium alloy can be dramatically refined by extrusion. Direct extrusion can obviously improve the mechanical properties of as-cast AZ91D magnesium Alloy, comparing with the pre-extruded billet, the tensile strength, yi

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Puteev, V. S., S. A. Savchenko, I. A. Pankovets, V. I. Voznaja, and I. V. Astapenko. "Improvement of the technological process of manufacturing bearing grades of steel at the 370/150 mill." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 3 (September 10, 2021): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2021-3-65-73.

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The actual problem of obtaining long products from bearing steel grades with specified microstructure characteristics is considered. The analysis of the capabilities of the existing equipment – a heating furnace and a rolling mill 370/150 of OJSC “BSW – Management Company of the Holding “BMC” was carried out in order to introduce technical measures aimed at reducing carbide heterogeneity in products made of bearing steel grades on the example of steel grade 100Cr6.The influence of different modes of preliminary thermal preparation of continuously cast billets from bearing steel grades on the c

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Zhang, Yin Juan. "Research of Billet Heating Optimal Strategy Oriented to Energy Saving." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 1303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.1303.

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The character of billet heating is studied, in order to improve the billet heating quality and save energy, the prediction model within a billet temperature field is established. The billet heating process is carried on the modeling successful used finite element analysis. Based on analysis of billet heating model and ANSYS software, the temperature field in billet and the temperature setting of reheating furnace are combined, two methods are put forward of temperature optimal setting, the heat transfer situation and temperature field distribution within billet has been reappeared in the bille

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27

Cerri, Emanuela, P. P. De Marco, and Paola Leo. "A Multipass ECAP Study of Modified Aluminium Alloys." Materials Science Forum 604-605 (October 2008): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.604-605.163.

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ECAP (Equal Channel Angular Pressing) is a very interesting method for modifying microstructure in producing UFG (Ultra Fine Grained) materials. It consists of pressing test samples through a die containing two channels, equal in cross section and intersecting at an angle Φ. As a result of pressing, the sample theoretically deforms by simple shear and retains the same cross sectional area to repeat the pressing for several cycles. 2-D and 3-D FEM simulations of both one and four ECAP passes of two modified aluminium alloys were performed in order to investigate the deformation state of process

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Katsivarda, Marianna, Athanasios Vazdirvanidis, George Pantazopoulos, et al. "Investigation of the Effect of Homogenization Practice of 6063 Alloy Billets on Beta to Alpha Transformation and of the Effect of Cooling Rate on Precipitation Kinetics." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 884–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.884.

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A joint research project was accomplished with the aim to determine the effect of homogenization conditions (temperature, time, cooling rate) on the microstructure and hardness of 6063 alloy billets. Homogenization is crucial for the ability to extrude the piece in low cost, but mainly without defects. Thus, it is of importance to determine the most suitable homogenization conditions (temperature, time, cooling rate) and its effect on both microstructure and hardness of 6063 alloy billets. Furthermore, the size and morphology of the AlFeMnSi intermetallic particles (mean diameter, aspect ratio

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Chaengkham, Pongsak, and Panya Srichandr. "Modular Horizontal Continuous Casting Machine: Meeting the Challenge of Flexible Manufacturing of the Future." Key Engineering Materials 419-420 (October 2009): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.419-420.349.

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Manufacturing of the future has to be more flexible and versatile in order to meet the ever changing needs of the customer. Most continuous casting machines today are rather inflexible in that they are designed to cast specific types of alloys and with limited size ranges, thus suitable for the mass production paradigm. This paper reports the design and development of a modular horizontal continuous casting machine (HCCM). The aim is to have a machine that can continuously cast a variety of ferrous alloys from carbon steels, low alloy steels, stainless steels to cast irons, and with ranges of

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Korzhyk, V. N., L. D. Kulak, V. E. Shevchenko, et al. "New Equipment for Production of Super Hard Spherical Tungsten Carbide and other High-Melting Compounds Using the Method of Plasma Atomization of Rotating Billet." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 1485–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.1485.

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In order to ensure high wear resistance of parts and tools, operating at significant dynamic loads in the extreme conditions, the layers different in their function purpose obtained using surfacing methods are widely used. In such surfacing compositions, the powders of high-melting compounds characterized by high hardness and strength, are used as a wear resistant component, for example, alloys of tungsten carbide WC + W2C (cast tungsten carbide), and as binder matrix the plastic and metal alloys are used.The great interest is the development of methods allowing producing powders of cast tungs

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Hnatushenko, V. V., T. A. Zheldak, and L. S. Koriashkina. "Mathematical model of steel consumption minimization considering the two-stage billets cutting." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 2 (2021): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2021-2/118.

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Purpose. To achieve a decrease in energy and resource costs in the multi-stage production of rolled products within a given plan through the development of appropriate mathware. Methodology. The multi-stage problem mathware for producing rolling steel products is developed on the basis of system approach applying fundamental principles of the optimization and operation research theory. Realization of the developed mathematical model allows discovering such a strategy of using steel during the whole manufacturing process, which minimizes not only the steel waste at the moment of its casting in

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Wang, Zhen Yu, Ze Sheng Ji, Hong Yu Xu, and Tie Lei Zhang. "Coarsening Mechanism of Isothermal Heat Treatment for ADC14 Semi-Solid Alloy." Solid State Phenomena 192-193 (October 2012): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.192-193.123.

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Abstract (sommario):

The strain-induced melt activation (SIMA) process is one form of the thixoforming for aluminum alloy. However, the non-uniform stress distribution restricts its application. In order to avoid this problem, a chip recycling strain-induced melt activation (CR-SIMA) process has been developed to prepare semi-solid billet. Microstructures of semi-solid ADC14 aluminum alloy billets heated to different temperatures and held for various times were investigated. The typical semi-solid microstructure with globular solid particles distributed in the liquid matrix is obtained in the temperature range of

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33

Srinivasan, R., B. Cherukuri, and Prabir K. Chaudhury. "Scaling up of Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) for the Production of Forging Stock." Materials Science Forum 503-504 (January 2006): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.503-504.371.

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Abstract (sommario):

Over the past two decades equal channel angular processing (ECAP) and other severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes have been shown, in the laboratory scale, to produce material with promising properties for industrial applications. In particular, ultrafine grain (UFG) metals produced by ECAP process, for example, have been shown to exhibit higher strain rate sensitivity at lower temperatures and higher strain rates. These factors translate to improved hot formability. However, scale up of these processes to manufacture industrial size components has not been widely undertaken. In this stud

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34

Harel, Galia, Menachem Bamberger, Y. Rami, S. Spigarelli, Mohamad El Mehtedi, and Giuseppe Cupitò. "DC Casting - Simulation and Microstructure of Mg-Zn Alloys." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 1518–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.1518.

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Abstract (sommario):

The market share of wrought Magnesium products such as structural and functional components is recently increasing. Extrusion at elevated temperatures is used to produce reliable plastic deformation, since magnesium alloys have limited ductility at room temperature. In order to produce sound extruded products, high quality billets are required. Understanding the influence of direct chill casting conditions on the production properties such as quality, safety, workability and microstructure have a profound importance. Comprehensive computer simulations were used in order to model the casting so

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35

Yang, Tung Sheng, J. Y. Li, and C. Y. Liu. "Study on the Maximum Forging Load and Final Face Width of Powder Spur Gear Forging." Materials Science Forum 697-698 (September 2011): 420–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.697-698.420.

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Abstract (sommario):

Powder forging combines powder metallurgy and forging technology, thus possess the advantages of both processes that result in both stronger and yet more versatile products with complicated geometry and arbitrary alloy compositions. For complete filling up, predicting the power requirement and final face width is an important feature of the powder forging process. In this paper, a finite element method is used to investigate the forging force, the final face width and the density variation of the spur gear powder forging process. In order to verify the FEM simulation results, the experimental

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36

Pallikonda, Mahesh K., and Taysir H. Nayfeh. "Experimental Investigation to Study the Feasibility of Fabricating Ultra-Conductive Copper Using a Hybrid Method." Materials 14, no. 19 (2021): 5560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195560.

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Abstract (sommario):

Ultra-conductive copper (UCC) has an enormous potential to disrupt the existing electrical and electronic systems. Recent studies on carbon nanotubes (CNTs), a new class of materials, showed the ballistic conductance of electricity. Researchers around the world are able to demonstrate ultra-conductivity in micro- and millimeter-length sections using various processing techniques by embedding CNTs in the copper matrix. Although multiple methods promise the possibility of producing copper-based nanocomposites with gains in electrical conductivity, thus far, scaling up these results has been quit

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37

Olmedo, Bladimiro Hernán Navas, and Hernán Alberto Navas Moscoso. "Comparación y Efecto del Homogenizado en Billets de Aluminio AA 6063." KnE Engineering 3, no. 1 (2018): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/keg.v3i1.1437.

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Abstract (sommario):

The lack of comparative studies about the distribution of the main alloying elements along aluminum billet´s AA 6063 widely use in extrusion companies to produce aluminum profiles, It makes necessary to counterpoise the difference between homogenized billet produced in horizontal continuous casting machine and a billet produced in vertical semi-continuous casting process. Applying spectrometric tests to quantify the weight percent of main alloying elements, brings out its own nature of each production process on every billet. Nevertheless, helped out by a metallographic test reveals in one bil

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38

Lorbiecka, Agnieszka Zuzanna, and Božidar Šarler. "A Sensitivity Study of Grain Growth Model For Prediction of ECT and CET Transformations in Continuous Casting of Steel." Materials Science Forum 649 (May 2010): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.649.373.

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Abstract (sommario):

A two dimensional model was developed to predict the grain structure (Equiaxed to Columnar Transformation (ECT) and Columnar to Equiaxed Transformation (CET) in the continuous casting of steel. The processes of nucleation, growth and impingement of the grains are modelled as follows: (I) the nucleation is modeled through a continuous dependency of the nucleation density on temperature by the Gaussian distribution. Different nucleation parameters are used at the boundary and in the bulk region. (II) The growth and impingement are modeled by the Kurz, Giovanola, Trivedi (KGT) model. The Cellular

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39

Luo, Guang Zheng, Xin Liu, Ying Zhi, and Xiang Hua Liu. "Simulation to the Temperature Field for Continuous Casting Billet during Direct Rolling of Free-Heating." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 1890–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.1890.

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Abstract (sommario):

The temperature field of continuous casting billet (CC-billet) is important to carry out the research on direct rolling of free-heating (DROF). The solidification and the heat transfer process of CC-billet from crystallizer to cutting point were studied by finite element method (FEM).The casting speed was improved in order to get reasonable temperature field during DROF.

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40

Clitan, Iulia, Vlad Mureşan, Andrei Florin Clitan, and Mihail Abrudean. "Fractional Order Model Identification for a Billet Unloading Robotic Arm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 841 (June 2016): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.841.234.

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Abstract (sommario):

This paper presents a fractional model identification for a billet unloading robotic arm’s positioning system. First, an integer order model is obtained using a graphical identification method based on a set of experimental data. The experimental data represents the robotic arm’s position, measured using an encoder, at a constant billet displacement. The integer order model was obtained based on the overall performances of the measured robotic arm’s step response. The mean square error between the measured data and the model step response is high, thus, in order to decrease the error and to ob

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41

Zhang, Bao Hong, and Zhi Min Zhang. "Influence of Hot Extrusion on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of As-Cast AZ91 Magnesium Alloy." Materials Science Forum 704-705 (December 2011): 892–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.704-705.892.

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Abstract (sommario):

In order to study the effect of plastic deformation on microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast AZ91 magnesium alloy, experiments of hot direct extrusion were performed at different extrusion temperatures and different extrusion ratios. The microstructure and mechanical properties of extruded billets and extrudate were measured. Experimental results show that the grain size of as-cast AZ91 magnesium alloy can be dramatically refined by extrusion. Hot extrusion can obviously improve the mechanical properties of as-cast AZ91 magnesium Alloy, comparing with the pre-extruded billet, the

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42

Omura, Naoki, Yuichiro Murakami, Ming Jun Li, Takuya Tamura, and Kenji Miwa. "Effect of Volume Fraction Solid and Injection Speed on Mechanical Properties in New Type Semi-Solid Injection Process." Solid State Phenomena 141-143 (July 2008): 761–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.141-143.761.

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Abstract (sommario):

We have developed new type semi-solid injection process, that is, runner-less injection process which can obtain high material yield of about 90% for magnesium alloy. In this process, alloy billets are heated to the semi-solid temperature in the injection cylinder and are injected into a permanent mold. In order to investigate the effects of volume fraction solid and injection speed on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91D magnesium alloy injected into the permanent mold, semi-solid forming testing machine which has the same system as a runner-less injection machine, has been made

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43

Liu, Yun Zhong, and Yuan Yuan Li. "Numerical Simulation of Thermal History in a Novel Spray Forming Process." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 1171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.1171.

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Abstract (sommario):

A novel spray forming process was developed to produce large billets, wide plates or thick tubes with excellent microstructures and high cooling rates. Its uniqueness lies in a combination of the wide-range reciprocating movement and the swing scan of a gas atomizer, and the externally forced cooling of substrate during this spray deposition procedure. Its basic concept is that both good sticking and rapid solidification can be achieved if droplets with high liquid fractions impact a cold substrate, spread fully and then deposit on the surface. In order to control and optimize this new process

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44

Ji, Li. "The Production and Experience of Hot Charging Process of Concasting Billet." Advanced Materials Research 662 (February 2013): 666–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.662.666.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Practice of hot charging process of concasting billet，is a process technology which is encouraged by nation industrial policy. It makes use of the sensible heat of conticasting billet, and can save energy consume, cut production cycle, improve product quality, advance recovery of metal and reduce cost of production. Motor transport, assort thermal retardation in burial pits, transfer component by computer, self-action assort group batching by computer are used by LongSteel, can solve various contradicitions of hot charging process of concasting billet, ensure the order of elevated temperature

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45

Yang, Tung Sheng, and Yu Liang Chang. "Application of FEM and Abductive Network to Determine Forging Force and Billet Dimensions of Near Net-Shape Helical Bevel Gear Forging." Materials Science Forum 920 (April 2018): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.920.205.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

In this paper, the use of the finite element method in conjunction with abductive network is presented to predict the maximum forging force and the volume of billet during near net-shape helical bevel gear forging. The maximum forging load and volume of billet are influenced by the process parameters such as modules, number of teeth, and die temperature. A finite element method is used to investigate the forging of helical bevel gear. In order to verify the prediction of FEM simulation for forging load, the experimental data are compared with the results of current simulation. A finite element

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46

Zhang, Hai Tao, Hiromi Nagaum, Yu Bo Zuo, and Jian Zhong Cui. "Numerical Modeling of Low Frequency Electromagnetic Casting of 7XXX Aluminum Alloys." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 707–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.707.

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Abstract (sommario):

Low frequency electromagnetic casting is a new developed technology that appears in the recent years. In this paper, a comprehensive mathematical model has been developed to describe the interaction of the multiple physics fields during LFEC (low frequency electromagnetic casting) process. The model is based on a combination of the commercial finite element package ANSYS and the commercial finite volume package FLUENT, with the former for calculation of the electromagnetic field and the latter for calculation of the magnetic driven fluid flow, heat transfer and solidification. Moreover, the mo

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47

Li, Mu Yi, Yan Hu, and Hai Hao. "Continuous Casting of a Multi-Crystalline Silicon Billet." Materials Science Forum 833 (November 2015): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.833.112.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

In order to improve the production efficiency, numerical simulation and experiments of continuous casting of a multi-crystalline silicon (mc-silicon) billet were carried out. Modeling works were done firstly to optimize casting recipe and predict billet cooling behaviors, a three-dimensional finite element model for the simulation of thermal field and fluid flow was built. The continuous casting of cylindrical silicon billet was studied considering different casting parameters such as withdrawal speed and heat transfer ability of mold. The simulation results indicate that lower casting speed a

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48

Hou, Jin. "Inward Flow of Surface Materials at Back-Ends of Billets During Al-Extrusion, Part 1: A Finite Element Model." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 121, no. 3 (1999): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2832684.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

In hot extrusion of Al-profiles, the billet-container boundary is characterized by the sticking condition. The outer surface layer of the billet is stuck to the container wall. At the back-end of the billet, the metal flow is complicated. The surface material, which is initially stuck to the wall, will be scraped away by the pad and flow inward into the billet. This kind of inward flow of surface material is usually undesirable and it is important to control such flow so that no surface material should be found in extruded profiles. In order to study this phenomenon, a model is proposed for th

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49

Gasper, Rainer, Alexander Schönbohm, Manfred Enning, and Dirk Abel. "Flatness Based Control of Inductive Heating of X210CrW12 into the Semi Solid State." Solid State Phenomena 141-143 (July 2008): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.141-143.127.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

The inductive heating of the feedstock material is a very important step in the processing of semi solid metals. On the one hand, the billet has to be heated as fast as possible to the target temperature. On the other hand, it must be guaranteed that the outer area does not begin to melt prematurely. Also, at the end of the heating the billet should have an uniform temperature distribution in order to obtain good forming results. A flatness based control will be presented to calculate the induced power over time trajectory from a desired trajectory for the temperature in the middle of the bill

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50

Sabater, Marc, Maria Luisa García-Romeu, and Joaquim de Ciurana. "Input Parameters Determination for Predicting Ram Speed and Billet Temperature for the First Billet." Key Engineering Materials 367 (February 2008): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.367.161.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

The aim of this paper is to present the results of the first step of a defined methodology for the neural network tool development. That first step is to studying the variables that have influence on extrusion process, especially in those that affect billet temperature and extrusion speed. In order to determine those parameters, a preliminary analysis was conducted with experimental data from real industry. Then, a multiple regression analysis was carried out to define which parameters will be the inputs of the neural network prediction tool.

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