Tesi sul tema "Biodiversité urbaine – Île-de-France (France)"
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Verfaillie, Fabien. "Quelles méthodes pour évaluer la biodiversité et ses services en milieu urbain ? : cas des pollinisateurs et de la pollinisation". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MNHN0011.
Testo completoThe purpose of this thesis is to identify, test and compare different methods studying the biodiversity in an urban area. Pollinators and their ecological service have been here hosen as reference, considering their key role in the ecosystems. Existing methods are much diversified. They can ask for best naturalists or average to make the sample. These methods also use devices, more or less attractive or even destructive for some animal families. Consequently, results are sometimes contradictory. This thesis valuates the opportunity to use each method to answer as best as possible to the questions asked, while taking into consideration the workforce available and concerned
Auvray, Alexandre. "Intégrer les enjeux de biodiversité dans l'aménagement des quartiers à fortes contraintes techniques ? : quartiers de gare, acteurs et paysages". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PA01H086.
Testo completoStation districts are characterised by a distinctive set of technical functions and stakeholder structures, which set them apart from other urban forms. These districts are essential for cities and the transition to low-carbon mobility. Historically, they have been designed and managed by specialists who have devised solutions to the planning constraints associated with the presence of passenger flows. However, this know-how is now being reconsidered in light of the challenges of urban ecology. Indeed, the urban characteristics of station districts affect landscape connectivity, thus influencing the life cycle of wildlife and, consequently, the maintenance of biodiversity. In order to gain insight into these issues, the thesis situates its geographical framework within the context of the Transilien line N, situated in the western region of the Île-de-France area. The landscape connectivity of over 70 animal species is analysed using ecological network modelling tools derived from landscape ecology. The contribution of station districts to ecological networks is evaluated by comparing these districts with other urban fabrics of a similar nature situated at a distance from railway networks. The results demonstrate that the impact of urban density on the ecological network varies between station areas and non-station areas. In rural settings, station districts exert a diminished influence on landscape connectivity relative to the broader urban fabric. Conversely, in densely populated regions, certain station districts exhibit a distinctive positive influence compared to the surrounding urban fabric. These findings offer potential avenues for development, aimed at mitigating adverse effects or restoring connectivity. In order to facilitate the translation of these fndings into the practices of operational players, namely station district planners and biodiversity stakeholders, a participatory approach was employed, consisting of the organisation of four workshops distributed throughout the course of the thesis. The sociology of translation was employed to design these workshops and to analyse the processes of co-elaboration and co-evaluation of the models. Stakeholders, acting as intermediaries representing different communities (e.g. wildlife, scientific or planning professions), were able to provide their opinions on the models’ ability to represent matters of importance to them. At the same time, more than 50 interviews were carried out with the various actors involved in issues relating to the railway and biodiversity : environmental associations, employees of various SNCF companies and subsidiaries, local authorities. Following the "modes of existence" approach, these interviews highlighted the hybrid collectives of humans and non-humans who participate in, support and frame the social interactions between station areas and biodiversity. Thus, specific organisational structures or standardisation documents may act as obstacles to the consideration of biodiversity. On the other hand, certain key actors in the projects or certain extra-company collaborative initiatives support good practice. Driving change towards a ’biodiverse station area’ therefore requires new collaborative practices and new non-humans to support them, while enabling sufficiently faithful and sufficiently permissive translations
Teillac-Deschamps, Pauline. "Introduction en milieu anthropisé : cas de la tortue de Floride en Ile-de-France". Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112319.
Testo completoPreserving our planet, the species and the spaces that comprise it, is the main goal of Conservation Biology. Biological invasions, after successful introductions, are recognised to be one of the major cause of species extinction. Being able to manage those species rely on the knowledge of ecosystem functioning, for the introduced ecosystems. However, only a few part of introduced species become invasive. Decisions over these species often mix biological, ecological aspects and ethical considerations. In a world with a growing human pressure, taking only wilderness into account for preserving biodiversity is not sustainable. Integrating human beings is a key factor for conservation processes. From restoration and reservation ecology, new reconciliation ecology is of growing importance for a decade, that emphasis the need to develop human activities with respect to the wilderness needs. More than reconciliation, some authors now underline the frequent disconnection between city dwellers and the nature they do not even know anymore. The management of exotic species in urban contexts might not be the same than in reserve areas where lots of endangered species are. During my PhD, I studied a particular case of introduced species that mixes ecological and social aspects: the introduction of a former exotic pet, the Slider turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans, in French freshwater ecosystem
Scapino, Julie. "De la friche urbaine à la biodiversité : Ethnologie d’une reconquête : (La petite ceinture de Paris)". Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MNHN0006/document.
Testo completoThe attention for biodiversity has drawn to cities: it is now necessary to take care of species and ecosystems even in the most artificialized environments. Yet, hosting a wild nature disturbs the order and cleanliness criteria ruling urban spaces, and changes the professional cultures of their designers and managers. By the end of 2011, Paris adopted a Biodiversity Plan. Based on ecological science knowledge, its aim is to reinforce the presence of flora and fauna in the capital and to change city-dwellers’ perceptions on wild nature in cities. This policy is confronted to the ethnography of a vast urban wasteland, which is a territorial issue for Parisian biodiversity: the petite ceinture. Built during the XIXth century around Paris, this railway line, unused on a large portion, has been colonized by fauna and flora. Although public access is not permitted, this area is nevertheless intensely frequented by many inhabitants. The study among informal users focused on their relations to the place and the nature within it. The lack of official function and the loosy surveillance allow a diverse, transgressive and inventive social life. If nature is not central in the relations to the wasteland, it is a component of the place’s identity. The free development of plants is recognized for its rarity in an ultra-controlled urban world, while their ecological interest is not much mentioned. At the same time, the petite ceinture is being institutionalized. On one side, a differentiated management is implemented since 2006 by a staff whose action participates in ordering the space. On the other side, Paris City Hall converts some spots of the linear into community and public gardens. The case study of a promenade in the XVth arrondissement reveals a true attention towards biodiversity. But the recapture of the railway goes together with new modalities of controlling life, and the normalization of the place and its social practice. Wild grass and informal practices emerge where control comes loose. If bad weeds have been rehabilitated, maybe it is possible to change our perspective on the social fertility of the wasteland
Marelli, Carolina. "Traduire la biodiversité urbaine : enquête autour d’une mesure". Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100073.
Testo completoThe issue of urban biodiversity has become an important part of public policy at all levels. Originally conceived as a generic endorsement of a biodiversity conservation ethics, aimed at joining up with the major international objectives of urban sustainability, urban biodiversity is today undergoing a process of technicization, meant to translate a set of concepts into measurable objectives. It is precisely on this conceptual crossroads that the present analysis focuses, namely, between the abstract notion of urban biodiversity and its translation into tangible features. Starting from the assumption that ‘quantification’ is first of all an agreement on what one wants to measure of a concept, this research explores what an urban biodiversity measure might be. In other words, we question both the internationally recognized measure developed by a team of Singaporean experts, the so-called City Biodiversity Index (what the measure is), and the existence of other ways of producing a measurement without the help of a quantitative convention (what the measure might be). From such theoretical framework two distinct types of field works derived: the first, with the Singaporean team leading the index’s creation process; the second, with an association of urban beekeepers in Fontenay-sous-Bois, working to preserve urban biodiversity. By an experimental comparison of the two measurement processes, we were able, on the one hand, to figure out how a notion is translated into a measure and, on the other, to challenge the very contents of the notion. We sought to demonstrate that the current urban biodiversity measure is a space of “competition by instruments”, namely, a space of power exercised by Singapore’s city-state with the aim of becoming the urban biodiversity international model. The daily experience of the urban beekeepers, instead, showed that there are alternative ways to concretely translate the notion of urban biodiversity, i.e., through indications rather than indicators, and create in this way a concreate measure of the concept. Finally, by comparing the two contexts, we have been able to observe and analyze the emergence of ‘shared spaces of intelligibility’ and thus of others potential configurations of the notion of urban biodiversity
Riboulot-Chetrit, Mathilde. "Les habitants et leur jardin : relations au vivant, pratiques de jardinage et biodiversité au coeur de l'agglomération parisienne". Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01H058.
Testo completoThis thesis investigates the role of inhabitants and their garden in the management of ordinary biodiversity, based on three towns located within the Greater Paris. This core issue leads us to explore the inhabitants-gardeners' sensitivity towards the living world, to assess the connection between this sensitivity and gardening techniques and, more fundamentally, to consider the link between this sensitivity towards the living, gardening practices and the biodiversity that exists in domestic gardens. This study is based on a database mainly composed of a questionnaire survey (585), enriched by iconographic material (110 pictures taken by the respondents) and by 59 botanical surveys conducted by ecologists. Thus, we demonstrate that inhabitants develop a multidimensional connection with their garden in which nature, order and aesthetics play a central role. Within these plural connections, we identify as biophilic the respondents who justify their interest for the garden by a specific care for the living. Domestic gardens are thus the support to a particular connection to biodiversity distinguished by gardening techniques more considerate of the living. We implement an Index to gauge the state of the Potential Biodiversity in Gardens (IPBG). This index reveals that gardens, areas undertaken by inhabitants-gardeners, are also areas of biodiversity, furthermore when their owners are considered as biophilic. With the aim of improving biodiversity in private green areas, we propose to overstep the connection to nature advocated in several scientific work and by governmental policies, and to encourage a connection to the living and a new aesthetic of the garden
Jean, Aurélien. "Contribution à l'étude des parois complexes végétalisées : évaluation de la performance énergétique globale en climat tropical humide". Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0028.
Testo completoThe aim of this article is to present a vulgarized introduction to the vegetated complex partitions field, called VCP. To reach this goal, the green roof notions, their uses and implications are defined. The theory is illustrated by a Reunion Island case study, which allows to list several impacts of the green walls utilization
Berthier, Alizé. "Oiseaux urbains ? : les conditions d'une cohabitation humains - animaux dans le Grand Paris". Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H034.
Testo completoThis thesis focuses on human – animal relationships in a densely inhabited city, through the study of discourses about urban birds in the Greater Paris. Since public policies promoting urban biodiversity are growing, this research questions city dwellers’ bird acceptation or reject criteria, as well as management policies implemented in regards birds. Thus, this work wants to depict conditions of cohabitation with a part of ordinary urban biodiversity, based on quantitative (980 questionnaires) and qualitative methods (19 interviews) and inhabitants letters analysis (170 texts). Birds appeared to be widely loved animals in cities, but this positive appreciation depends on perceived specific diversity and the territorial contexts of the encounters between city dwellers and birds. By comparing the appreciations of Carrion crow (Corvus corone) and Ring-necked parakeet (Psittacula krameri), it is shown that cultural representations of birds can be reversed due to species behavior and population dynamics, along with urban territories’ status. City dwellers complain about birds when they cause damage to everyday life territories, revealing urban imaginaries where animals are more or less at their proper place. City administrators’ discourses create a dichotomy between the birds that fall within the type of biodiversity that needs to be promoted and the species with whom cohabitation is problematic. The latter are rarely considered as belonging to that type of biodiversity
Carneiro, Ferreira Francisco Antônio. "Les réserves de biosphère : une réponse pour concilier développement urbain et conservation de la biodiversité ? : Expériences comparées d’urbanisation et de protection dans trois réserves de biosphères (Brésil, France Chine)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PA030019.
Testo completoUrban development is an important driver of environmental change on a global scale, which has exerted enormous pressure on ecosystems thanks to rapidly changing population densities and displacement, particularly migration from rural to urban areas. In this context, in which conservation and development objectives have historically been antagonistic, nature reserves have emerged as the main global strategy for biodiversity conservation. In order to verify the limits and possibilities of reconciling environmental protection and urban development, this study used the perspective of socio-environmental assessment studies, focusing on the issue of relations between society and the environment in urbanization processes around biosphere reserves. In this sense, it identifies different points of intersection between the theme of urban planning experiences and the notion of sustainable development. In the comparative analysis of three biosphere reserve cases - Mata Atlântica (Brazil), Yancheng (China) and Camargue (France) - we examine the experience of occupying of the transition zones of these biosphere reserves, located in coastal areas. The case studies offer additional information to reinforce the hypothesis that the urban development process in transition zones of the reserves has involved the reinforcement of predatory social and ecological strategies of urban and peri-urban occupation. The socio-economic and socio-cultural fragmentation of nature and local communities has contributed to the intensification of environmental pollution indices and the reduction of biological productivity in coastal regions. Finally, the work recognized the importance of strengthening an integrated and participatory planning system capable of correcting and preventing the deterioration of the natural and built environment caused by urban and peri-urban ocupation. it is considered essential to open up interdisciplinary research efforts to explore alternative policies for the sector, such as ecotourism
O desenvolvimento urbano é um importante motor da mudança ambiental em escala global, que tem exercido uma enorme pressão sobre os ecossistemas, graças à rápida mudança das densidades populacionais e deslocamentos, particularmente a migração das áreas rurais para as áreas urbanas. Neste contexto, em que os objetivos de conservação e de desenvolvimento tem sido historicamente antagônicos, as reservas naturais apresentam-se como a principal estratégia global de conservação da biodiversidade. A fim de verificar os limites e possibilidades de conciliar a proteção ambiental e o desenvolvimento urbano, neste estudo utilizou-se a perspectiva dos estudos de avaliação socioambiental, centrando-se na questão das relações entre a sociedade e o ambiente nos processos de urbanização em torno das reservas da biosfera. Nesse sentido, identifica diferentes pontos de intersecção entre o tema da planejamento urbano e a noção de desenvolvimento sustentável. Na análise comparativa dos três casos de Reservas da Biosfera - Mata Atlântica (Brasil), Yancheng (China) e Camargue (França) - examina a experiência de ocupação das áreas de transição dessas reservas biosfera, situadas em regiões costeiras. Os estudos de caso fornecem informações adicionais que reforçam a hipótese de que o processo de desenvolvimento urbano em zonas de transição das reservas envolvem o fortalecimento de estratégias sociais e ecológicas predatórias de ocupação urbana e periurbana. A fragmentação sócio-econômica e sociocultural da natureza e das comunidades locais tem contribuído à intensificação dos índices de poluição ambiental e a diminuição da produtividade em regiões costeiras. Finalmente, o trabalho reconheceu a importância de fortalecer um sistema de planejamento integrado e participativo que possa corrigir e prevenir o agravamento dos verdadeiros focos de deterioração do ambiente natural e construído induzido pela ocupação urbana e peri-urbana. Considera-se imprescindível a abertura do esforço de pesquisa interdisciplinar, para a exploração de políticas alternativas para o setor, como o ecoturismo. Palavras-chave: Urbanização, desenvolvimento urbano-turístico, ocupação periurbana, desenvolvimento sustentável, reservas da biosfera, ecoturismo
Korsu, Emre. "Mécanismes et implications des disparités socio-spatiales et de la ségrégation urbaine : le cas de la région parisienne". Institut d'urbanisme de Paris (Créteil, Val-de-Marne), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA120052.
Testo completoThis work is a contribution to the analysis of processes that foster socio-spatial disparities within urban agg and of the social implications of these disparities. It purchases the double goal of evaluating the contributions of spatial and non-spatial factors to the dynamic of socio-spatial disparities and of testing the hypothesis of negative extemal effects due to the spatial concentration of poor populations. Conceming the first objective, a number of studies has been developed in order to evaluate the role of three factors in te widening of the social gap between communes of the Ile-de-France region during te 1980s : residential mobility, family structure of households and economic inequalities. Concerning the second objective, a statistical analyse was conceived in order to determine whether ceteris paribus, youth encountered a higher risk of dropping out of school without any certificate when living in the poor areas of the Parisian agglomeration
Chesneau, Isabelle. "Obsolescence architecturale et régénération urbaine : renouvellement du parc de bureaux en Ile-de-France". Paris 10, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA100144.
Testo completoSakhy, Ariane. "Îlots de chaleur et morphologie urbaine de l'agglomération parisienne : conséquences sur la mortalité durant la canicule de 2003". Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC042.
Testo completoThe radiative conditions of strong heat in urban areas contribute to constitute the urban heat island effect. The latter is characterised by high night-time temperatures. Furthermore, these high temperatures have deadly consequences on the health during heat waves. This doctoral research aims at examining in Paris agglomeration the relationships between the extreme heats of 2003, the urban morphology and the mortality. A first aspect of this research deals about the relationship between the temperatures, the urban morphology and urban land use. Indeed, the urban morphology and the presence of green area1 have significant impacts on the variability of temperatures in urban areas. Our results show that surface temperatures are generally high-related to these variables. The second aspect of this research concerns the spatial distribution of mortality and excess mortality during the 2003 heat wave. We demonstrate that the strongest relationships are between mortality, excess mortality and night-time surface temperatures. However, the intensity of these relationships is globally quite average. This is why a comparison with sonne demographic, social and economic indicators is led. Each variable brings a part of answers about the spatial distribution of mortality and excess-mortality, but none provides a decisive explicative part. Taking these results into account, a hierarchical clustering is considered for a better understanding of the complexity of the relation between ail these indicators. We obtain four spatial clusters. These results suggest the role of social disparities on mortality and excess mortality during periods of heat waves
Reynes, Hélène. "Les transports collectifs sont-ils inadaptés en Île-de-France ?" Paris 4, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA040173.
Testo completoIn recent years, economic activity and population concentration, in the Île-de-France region, has increasingly become dispersed from its center. However the transport network is mainly centered around Paris. Urban planning tries to tackle this anomaly. Today the transport network in the suburbs is inadequate. The roads are congested and public transport cannot meet the needs of commuters. In order to decrease private transportation, and reduce pollution, the infra suburb transport network must be developed. All new infrastructures are very expensive, and while the majority of the transport budget is dedicated to Paris, the intra suburb transport network will remain underdeveloped
Odet, Anne. "Une nouvelle politique urbaine: les démolitions-reconstructions des logements sociaux des grands ensembles : quelles ambitions pour le renouvellement du parc social en Ile-de France?" Paris 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA040182.
Testo completoThe thesis is based on the hypothesis that town planning implies a public responsibility in regard to social discrepancies. It will examine the ability of the 2003-710 act of the 08/01/2003 to improve the situation in Ile-de-France's sensitive suburbs. The causal relationship between urban shape (towers, blocks) and social life are in question. The physical surroundings oh high-density housing schemes convey values that differ culturally, architecturally and in the apprehension of the landscape. A paradox makes its presence felt between housing policy and town policy : the operations of urban renewal of council houses available to rent in Ile-de-France result in a increased housing shortage which touches the power people in the first place. Government-funded solutions are being proposed. Taking practices, expectations and mental representations of the inhabitants into account, a study on the space structure of those neighbourhoods and the restructuring of their outdoor spaces contribute to the recomposition of physical and social ties in order to preserve the essence of the city
Callen, Delphine. "La " fabrique péri-urbaine ", système d'acteurs et production des ensembles pavillonnaires dans la Grande Couronne francilienne". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00651441.
Testo completoHumain-Lamoure, Anne-Lise. "Faire des territoires de démocratie locale : géographie socio-politique des quartiers en Ile-de-France". Paris 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA010638.
Testo completoDa, Cunha Charlotte. "Quelle prise en compte de la diversité dans les enjeux de performances de l'activité agricole en Ile de France? : expérimentation d'une démarche d'évaluation participative multicritère". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010VERS020S.
Testo completoIn this International Year of Biodiversity, biodiversity is more than ever considered in scientific and institutional literature, as an irreducible element of sustainability that must be integrated in all economic sectors. This thesis aims at arguing and testing a participatory multi-criteria approach to understand how the environment, including biodiversity, can be taken into account in agricultural activities. Based on two case studies on different scales (territory and farm), this thesis examines to what extent biodiversity is integrated by actors of agricultural activities. These applications show that the proposed approach is an efficient tool for identification of their issues, which reveal a weak consideration of biodiversity concerns
Lebeau, Boris. "L' intercommunalité francilienne : le cas nord parisien". Paris 13, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA131021.
Testo completoAfter ten years of an unprecedented development of intercommunlity with is own tax system in Ile-de-France, a question is raised, i. E. The ability of that new institutional network to make the management of the metropolitan area more rational. Subordinated to the political decisions of the elected representatives in charge of its implementation and competing with the more standard institutional players, intercommunality struggles to assert itself as a relevant frame public policy. Far from confining itself to an inventory of the shortcomings of governance in Ile-de-France, this thesis also insists on a core problem facing a geographer: is it possible or not to provide a system of administrative division both coherent and efficient in a metropolitan area of such a large dimension? We will both use geographical concepts (of territory, boundary, discontinuity) and minutely analyse the political, economic, social and territorial aspects of intercommunality in order to emphasize that the different territories of the city are always changing. The geographical point of view therefore suggests that functional and institutional territories can only be partially consistent with each other and that beyond intercommunality some paradigms of urban development probably have to be rethought
Tovar, Élisabeth. "La ségrégation urbaine : représentation économique et évaluation éthique : une application à l'île de France des années 1990". Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0075.
Testo completoThis thesis encompasses the general problematic of the "new urban question". Its objective is to question the reality of the urban segregation of the Francilian region during the 1990s. We first define the three theoretical elements that delimit the parameters of this phenomenon's evaluation: the conception of individual well-being and its measure, the general ethical frame used to assess the aggregated level of well-being and the definition of segregation itself. We propose a definition of the individual well-being (the "effective social condition") compatible with Sen's capability approach, and we choose an ethical criterion sensitive to inequality. After specifying the statistical tools relevant to an operationalisation of the capability approach, we conduct an empirical application that leads us to the conclusion that many spatial units were indeed segregated in Île-de-France during the 1990s
N'Gou, N'Cho. "L'industrialisation des villes nouvelles de l'agglomération parisienne". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986CLF20008.
Testo completoDarly, Ségolène. "Faire coexister ville et agriculture au sein des territoires périurbains : antagonismes localisés et dynamiques régionales de la conflictualité : analyse du cas de l'Ile de France". Paris, EHESS, 2009. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01744762.
Testo completoWe analyse in this thesis the conflicts that influence the spatial coexistence of urban and agricultural activities within periurban territories. We study more precisely the spatial and territorial dimensions of these conflicts, in order to describe their regional dynamics. We base our conclusions on the observation of two sets of conflicts, located in the Ile-de-France region and gathered from the screening of daily press articles and administrative justice decisions. These indirect datas are also completed by several interviews and one local study of a small territory located in the Val-de-Marne (94). In the first part of the document, we point out the ways of action that are currently followed by actors during land use conflicts, and we propose a set of analysis tools designed to study their spatial and territorial dimensions. In the second part, we draw the regional tendances of conflictuality, using the datas extracted from the press and the justice decisions. At last, in the third part, we map the conflict spaces and identify conflict territories located in the commuter belt. From these results, we evaluate the influence of two sets of geographical factors (spatial and socioeconomical) on the emergence of conflicts
Glodt, Hélène. "Qualité perçue de l'éclairage urbain, dans la ville, la nuit". Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100100.
Testo completoThere are numerous researches that focus on effects of lighting on man. They generally show an impact on light estimation, cognitive performance, mood and behaviours but this type of research is generally conducted in indoor artificial lighting. Very few focus on outdoor night lighting except Hanyu (1997) who examined relationship between two sets of variables: visual properties and affective appraisals in night time neighbourhood experience. Our main purpose was to examine how people evaluate the outdoor night lighting. We sought to find out people's expectations of the various functions of urban lighting, to know what criteria they use to evaluate a good lighting. In this study, we expected that individuals and contextual factors as age, gender, length of time spent living in a given area and localization would influence the evaluation of the functionality and quality of lighting, and the evaluation of quality of life
Schwoertzig, Eugénie. "Contribution des corridors fluviaux à la dynamique de la biodiversité végétale urbaine". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAH005/document.
Testo completoUrban ecology, which has emerged over the last thirty years, focused in particular on studying thebiodiversity and on functioning of ecosystems in cities. This work explores urban riparian corridors and their rolein the dynamic of plant communities based on a gradient of urbanization. Indeed, riparian corridors provide astructural connection between the city and the countryside, and their conservation involves preciselyunderstanding their ecological functionality. The objectives of this work are to highlight the effect of the urbanization gradient on the composition and structure of plant communities along a river to determine whether the existence of urban riparian corridors effectivelycontributes to the colonization of adjacent areas. Two rivers, the Bruche and the Rhin Tortu - Ziegelwasser, arestudied in their most urban downstream part in the metropolitan area of Strasbourg, eastern France. [...]
Costes, Nicolas. "Choix de localisation des entreprises, intervention publique et efficacité urbaine : Une analyse théorique et empirique de la réglementation des choix de localisation des activités de bureau en Île-de-France". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00363846.
Testo completoLe recours aux techniques de l'économétrie spatiale me permet de tester l'influence des dispositifs réglementaires et fiscaux instaurés dans le cadre de la politique régionale d'aménagement et d'identifier les déterminants de la répartition spatiale de l'offre nouvelle de bureaux. Les résultats obtenus me permettent d'affirmer que les instruments mobilisés ont un impact très limité.
J'en conclus que, contrairement aux objectifs qu'elle s'est fixés, la réglementation des choix de localisation des activités de bureau n'a permis ni de mettre fin aux clivages existants dans le développement économique et urbain, ni de corriger les disparités en matière d'accès à l'emploi...ni d'améliorer l'efficacité économique de la région Île-de-France
Aboulkacem, El Mehdi. "Infrastructures de transport urbain et frictions du marché du travail". Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL12021/document.
Testo completoWe explore in this thesis some aspects of the role played by the urban transport infrastructures in reducing the labor market frictions caused by the spatial separation between the places of residence and the job opportunities locations. To do so, this thesis is written in three chapters.In the first, we build a series of spatial matching functions linking jobless workers to vacant positions. These functions depend on the transport infrastructures parameters and are not conditional on the structure of the city in which the matching process occurs. In the second chapter we present an innovative public policy evaluation instrument used for measuring the impact of the Paris region transport infrastructures performances on the local unemployment rates and for predicting the impact of the Grand Paris Express on these rates. This instrument can be used in other contexts and for other regions. Last but not least, the third chapter analyses the determinants of the home-workplace distance of two-worker households' workers living in Paris region. The objective is to provide some clues to understand the transportation demand generated by the constant growth of the part of this kind of households and to anticipate it while designing the future planning policies
Glatron, Sandrine. "L'évaluation des risques technologiques majeurs en milieu urbain : approche géographique : le cas de la distribution des carburants dans la région Ile-de-France". Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010684.
Testo completoTechnological hasards have now a societal dimension, as shown by the necessity for the town planner to consider them, since the French law of 1987. During the elaboration of urban plans, local (Land of urban, local (Land Use Plan) or regional, the technological hazards must be taken into account. An original assesment method is built, using this legal constraint - the control of urban development around dangerous industrial sites. It consists in counting the potential damages wihin the area concerned by the consequences of an accident. This area is calculated for the most serious accident, called "penalizing" accident, because of the determinist assessment method we use in France. This assessment doesn't concern only the dangerous plants. It is implemented for the hole steps of an industrial branch, including the transport. Flows are very closely linked to the spatial firm organisation. The assessing method elaborated takes account of this close link, when it proposes a common evaluation for plant - hazards and transport - hazards. It allows the verification of the following hypothesis : there might be risks transferts from the plant to the dangerous substances transports if the georgraphy of the firm was changed, as the storage or production plant is localized elsewhere. The evaluation method is undertaken for the end of the petroleum industrial branch, i. E. Storage and retail road distribution of fuel oils, in the Ile-de-France Region. It uses the spatial analysis described in the land use map worked out by the IAURIF (Town Planning Institut of the Ile-de-France Region)
Demailly, Kaduna-Ève. "Jardiner les vacants : fabrique, gouvernance et dynamiques sociales des vacants urbains jardinés du nord-est de l'Île-de-France". Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010599/document.
Testo completoSince the early 2000’s, gardened vacant lands – i.e. interstitial lots characterized by obsolete land-use, temporarily taken over and vegetalised by inhabitants – have emerged in France. The regulation by municipalities of such initiatives yields an institutional construct designated as jardin partagé. Gardened vacant land constitutes a specific type of jardin partagé because they are developed on a temporary and vacant lot. The thesis addresses gardened vacant land as territorial marker of social and political processes of “producing” and “living” the contemporary city. The thesis combines qualitative and quantitative methodologies based on 48 case-studies, located in the north-eastern Île-de-France. As argued, the institutionalization of associative gardened areas is an unprecedented fact. Yet, while theses spaces are co-produced and then users are fully involved in the management of vacant gardened, they have a limited role in the decision making process. If the diffusion of institutionalized gardened vacant lands certainly reflects a political commitment, it also emphasizes the increasing profits produced by such negotiated land-use, that are instrumental for municipalities, in order to promote increased safety, enhanced political outreach, and beautification. Finally, social and environmental impacts vary depending on several conditions. On the one hand, the emergence of social bonding is limited to the space of the garden, due to its hybrid status of “club”. On the other hand, gardened vacant lands are rather understood as a toolbox, in order to enhance the quality of life, the environmental education, as well as territories dedicated to ecology and biodiversity
Tonnelat, Stéphane. "Interstices urbains Paris - New York : entre contrôles et mobilités, quatre espaces résiduels de l'aménagement". Paris 12, 2003. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002133370204611&vid=upec.
Testo completoRodriguez, Delphy. "Caractérisation de la pollution urbaine en Île-de-France par une synergie de mesures de surface et de modélisation fine échelle". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS341.
Testo completoThe harmful effects of air pollution need a high-resolution concentration estimate. Ambient pollutant concentrations are routinely measured by surface monitoring sites of local agencies (AIRPARIF in Paris area, France). Such networks are not dense enough to represent the strong horizontal gradients of pollutant concentrations over urban areas. And, high-resolution models that simulate 3D pollutant concentration fields have a large spatial coverage but suffer from uncertainties. Those both information sources exploited independently are not able to accurately assess an individual’s exposure. We suggest two approaches to solve this problem : (1) direct pollution measurement by using low cost mobile sensors and reference instruments. A high variability across pollution levels is shown between microenvironments and also in the same room. Mobile sensors should be deployed on a large scale due to their technical constraints. Reference instruments are very expensive, cumbersome, and can only be used occasionally. (2) by combining concentration fields of the Parallel Micro-SWIFT-SPRAY (PMSS) model over Paris at a horizontal resolution of 3 meters with AIRPARIF local ground stations measurements. We determined “representativeness areas” - perimeter where concentrations are very close to the one of the station location – only from PMSS simulations. Next, we developed a Bayesian model to extend the stations measurements within these areas
Liogier, Estelle. "Langue "du quartier" et français "standard" dans le répertoire verbal d'adolescents de cité". Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05H090.
Testo completoThis thesis deals with young Parisian surbanites’ linguistic reperroire, with a specific emphasis on the relative importance of local vernacular and formai language in this repertoire. We studied ten speakers, each placed in two situations: spontaneous chat between peers and face-to-face conversation with a teacher. We set up several variables and mnvestigated their stylistic and social value. Teenager’s French repertoire was described as a continuum-discontinuum composed of four speech varieties. We observed different positions towards main reference groups : the local urban environment (“cité”), the school, the country of origin. In confronting situation, young people negociate their position each time they choose a marked (unexpected) code. The opposition we code / they code is then revisited with different aims : pragmatic, expressive, humoristic. . . The maintenance of two varieties of languages in teenagers’ repertoire appears finally necessary for cornmunicating inside and outside of the group
Zylberberg, Laurent. "De la région de Paris à l'Ile-de-France : construction d'un espace politique". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992IEPP0009.
Testo completoThe local political-administrative system in the Ile-de-France is something very specific. The regional institutions were inherited from an administrative structure : wich began from the "delegation general and finally became the district de la region de paris". The idea of a regional political territory slowly emerged from the notion of regional development. The creation of the district at the beginning of the 60's marked a rupture in the principles of the regional development of the ile-de-france. This new institution is based on a particular type of administration as well as the collaboration of technical personnel. The schedule of regional planning published in 1965, overhauled in 1969 ans 1975 stressed the necessary growth of the paris region. The designing of the new departments in 1964 as well as the development of the new towns, are the foundation of these new principles. In fact, the repartition of the powers in the region is reflected in the story of the development of the paris region. Moreover the repercussions of which are reflected on political organisations (SFIO, PCF). This study tries to show the different stages of the building of a political space and the specificities of the Ile-de-France in the french local political-administrative system
Oualhaci, Akim. "Corps, honneur, et domination dans les espaces urbains marginalisés en France et aux États-Unis : Comparaison de la marginalité urbaine et de la domination ethno-raciale à Paris et New York". Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100103.
Testo completoThis work is a comparative analysis of ethnoracial domination and urban marginality in the United States and France which aims to study two social spaces of relegation, the black ghetto in the U. S. And the working-class suburbs in France. To compare two urban areas in two different societies is to analyze the social mechanisms that allow their production and reproduction, by establishing a socio-historical analysis of the mechanisms and institutions that have led to the dehistoricization and sustainability of urban marginality and ethnoracial division, but also the mental representations, made from "above" and from "below" associated with it. The ethnographic study of bodybuilding and Thai boxing in the black American ghetto and the French working-class suburb has allowed us to account for the incorporation of the social through a bodily practice and its translation into social strategies. Because they have adopted a new cosmogony, the young men of working-class suburb and the black ghetto build a carnal solidarity in practice and reproduce the social honor of the group challenged by various social mechanisms of stigmatization and marginalization in a the context of job insecurity and unemployment. At the same time, these bodily practices prevent practitioners from getting involved in a deviant career because they occupy and fix the agents, and because they internalize a set of "values" that give a meaning and a direction to their everyday life
Savidan, Lise. "L'appropriation du modèle de quartiers durables sous climat tropical : mise en place d'une grille d’indicateurs de durabilité urbaine appliquée au quartier de Ravine Blanche sur l'île de La Réunion". Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0028.
Testo completoThe urban sustainability is a contemporary preoccupation, because of the international environnemental & social events which take place at the end of the 20th century. Sustainable neighbourhoods are solutions proposed to take in account the new societal stakes into the urban sphere. The intervention scales seems to be adequate to test new conceptions solutions. This phd tried to describe how the concept is adapted into tropical field. In a first part we propose to describe the general concept of sustainability, its emergence conditions, its majors principles and the subjects that gathered or drove apart the scientific community. In a second part we present some specificities of tropical cities, we propose conceptions principles adapted to the climate. We create a tool to evaluate urban sustainability in tropical neigbourhoods. Composed of fifty urban indicators separated into three majors axis, this tool allows to evaluate the durability nivel of urban projects at a quarter scale. We propose three nivel of performance to evaluate durability: Basis, Performant, Very Performant. In a third part of the document, we apply the tool on Ravine Blanche quarter, located into a humide tropical climate, in Reunion island (Indian Ocean). According to the results, thanks to sustainable project of renovation applied on the quarter, Ravine Blanche reaches a Basis level of durability.This phd, allows to evaluate in tropical territories how the concepters take in account the sustainability, comparing to the general concept. It proposes to the urban concepters adapted solutions to deal with the hot climate
Cladière, Mathieu. "Sources, transfert et devenir des alkylphénols et du bisphénol A dans le bassin amont de la Seine : cas de la région Île-de-France". Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1118/document.
Testo completoThis thesis focuses on occurrence and fate of seven alkylphenols and bisphenol A (BPA) on a basin divided into a heavily urbanized part and a second part which underscore intense agricultural activities : the Seine River basin (Île-de-France Region). This study was divided into four different approaches. The first approach consists in studying the contamination of urban sources. To this end, the effluents of the five biggest wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) of the IDF Region, combined sewer overflows (CSO), urban runoff and total atmospheric fallouts were considered. This study highlight that BPA mainly occurs in wet-weather urban sources (CSO and urban runoff) while WWTP effluents are dominated by the nonylphenoxy acetic acid (NP1EC) which is a 4 nonylphenol (4 NP) precursor. The 4-NP was found in all investigated urban sources at level close to a hundred of nanogram per liter (ng.l-1). The second approach focuses on the assessment of contamination of natural matrices such as receiving surface water and soils at different scales. The first scale is the study of the Orgeval River basin which is representative of basins unpolluted by urban activities, while the second scale accounts the entire IDF region including the Parisian Metropolitan area. These two scales revealed the large spread of 4-NP to all investigated natural matrices within the Seine River basin. At the scale of the IDF Region, the influence of the Parisian Metropolitan Area was demonstrated on NP1EC and BPA concentrations within the Seine River. On a third step, the biodegradability of nonylphenolic compounds was investigated according to an innovative approach. The biodegradation rates were determined directly within the Seine River according to the ProSe model (Centre de Géoscience, école des Mines ParisTech) and specific sampling campaigns performed on the Seine River. The biodegradation rates found during this study disclosed high variabilities according to biological conditions of the Seine River. Actually, after an algal bloom, the biodegradation rates were found between 10 and 35 times higher than those established under common biological conditions. At last, the fluxes exported by the Seine River, at annually scale, were compared to those emitted by all investigated urban sources. At the scale of year 2010, fluxes of 4-NP and BPA emitted by all investigated urban sources are not predominant compared with those exported by the Seine River at the outlet of the Parisian Metropolitan Area. This result confirms the large spread of 4-NP and BPA at the scale of the entire IDF Region likely due to their important uses since the 1960's. This result also raises some questions about the origins of such fluxes found in Seine River and about the contamination of the upstream part.This thesis was performed within the framework of the PIREN-Seine and OPUR (Observatoire des Polluants URbains) research programs
Tassin, Jacques. "Dynamique et conséquences de l'invasion des paysages agricoles des Hauts de la Réunion par Acacia Mearnsii de Wild". Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30096.
Testo completoJuste, Nicolas. "Une politique de mobilité est-elle une alternative pertinente à la rénovation urbaine ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ULILA001.
Testo completoIn Europe, as in the United States, public authorities pay particular attention to the existence within our cities of neighborhoods that concentrate social problems. Post-war social housing estates, American black ghettos, formerly dynamic city centers - these neighborhoods take many forms and are the focus of specific programs in most countries. In France, action in these areas is known as "Politique de la Ville". The various programs put in place consider that the spatial concentration of poverty is at the root of the disorders observed. Guided by this premise, the public authorities have consistently sought to increase the social mix in these neighborhoods by diversifying the housing stock and population.Despite the sums involved, the results of the urban policy are mixed and difficult to assess. Could it be that improving the situation in these neighborhoods by increasing their social mix is a dead end? Is it possible to improve the lot of residents in neighborhoods where poverty is concentrated more effectively through a policy of increasing individual mobility? This question forms the core of this thesis, which is divided into three chapters.The first chapter is a methodological discussion dealing mainly with the objective that such a policy should pursue. We show that a mobility policy, if it results in improved accessibility to jobs, can be a convincing alternative policy. But we also show that the link between good job accessibility and low unemployment is not self-evident.The second chapter is devoted to the development of a complex urban model to understand the effects of a change in transport supply on the organization of a city in a context of job dispersion and lack of full employment among low-skilled workers. We propose original mechanisms for the distance to jobs and the location of unemployment, enabling us to obtain a city organization close to that observed empirically in a number of French conurbations. The main lesson is that good accessibility to jobs can be accompanied by an increase in the unemployment rate, as the neighborhood becomes attractive to job-seekers.The third and final chapter is an empirical and statistical analysis designed to compare the mechanisms used in the second chapter with real data from the Hauts-de-France and Île-de-France regions. We define and calculate two indicators of job accessibility, one of which represents the level of tension in the job market. We use these indicators, along with a set of control variables, to model the neighborhood unemployment rate using a simultaneous equation error term spatial dependence model (SUR-SEM). An increase in job accessibility will tend to raise the unemployment rate, as the neighborhood becomes more attractive to the unemployed. But if this accessibility translates into a lower level of tension in the job market, it will, on the contrary, translate into a lower unemployment rate.It turns out that the composition of the housing stock has a far greater impact on a neighborhood's unemployment level than its level of accessibility to jobs. But there's no reason to believe that this drop in unemployment is valid for the city as a whole. Poverty is diluted, so to speak. A reduction in the level of tension on the job market by improving people's mobility, on the other hand, will lead to a fall in the unemployment rate at both neighborhood and city level
Jacquot, Maxime. "Biodiversité et fonctionnement écologique des agroécosystèmes à base de manguiers à La Réunion". Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0036/document.
Testo completoIn agroecosystems, the use of biodiversity for natural control of arthropod pests aims to propose an agroecological crop protection, as an alternative to current agrochemical protection. Our study focused on mango agroecosystems in Reunion Island, with the goal of understanding the factors that influence biodiversity and control of arthropod pests. This agroecosystem is characterized by a large diversity (797 arthropod species and 114 plant species) and our results highlight the positive bottom-up and top-down controls of biodiversity in communities. We also highlight the services provided by the dominant species of invasive ants in pest regulation. Two species provide a predation service, and one reduces the diversity of natural enemies of omnivores and appears to explain the negative relationship between omnivore diversity and predation. Finally, we highlight the positive effect of parasitoid diversity and predator diversity on, respectively, the abundance of Seychelles mealybugs and on predation in general. The only significant landscape effect measured in our work is the positive effect of the proportion of mango orchards on the abundance of South African citrus Thrips. These results allow us to identify two factors in the agroecological protection of mango orchards in Reunion: the management of diversified ground cover in orchards; and collective landscape management by limiting the proportion of mango orchards
Touchard, Ophélie. "L'action urbaine écologique de Bordeaux Métropole : le plafond de verre de la nature ou la conflictualité tacite des pratiques de l'aménagement". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BOR30004.
Testo completoIn the light of the contemporary urban planning action, this Phd offers to examine the integration of ecosystems in the urban planning practices of Bordeaux Métropole (France). Relying on an interdisciplinary approach of urban planning and political science, this analysis is part of the research on the plural visions of Nature as an urban space and aims to improve understanding the current weakness of environmental policy actions. An action-research project (2014-2017) with the Communauté Urbaine de Bordeaux (nowadays Bordeaux Métropole) enabled to unfold an ethnographic immersion of urban planning public practices. The case of Bordeaux Métropole illustrates the contradictory management of the environmental challenge in urban areas. The increasing integration of ecological practices does not succeed in implementing a sustainable and operational dimension of spatial planning. There is a tacit and latent conflict of the ecological urban practices of what we could call an « Ecological Glass Ceiling ». Contemporary urban planning practices seems to encounter difficulties to characterize an ecological spatial policy framework which is nor a regulatory and dual zoning (natural areas), neither a wide and scientific concept (biodiversity). Through this Glass Ceiling hypothesis, we will thereby observe how urban ecosystems are still remained unconceived in the on-going urban planning practices
Gurvil, Clément. "Les paysans de Paris du milieu du XVe siècle au début du XVIIe siècle". Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0049.
Testo completoIn the 16th century, Paris and [its] extensions outside the walls ("faubourg", land and parisches) accommodate plenty of peasants. Quite well integrated into the life of the city, they participate in public celebrations, are involved in local vigilante groups, get married and go to mass with other Parisians. Besides, they act as go between urban and rural worlds : while ploughing fields, vineyards and market gardens they own or rent, they supply the city with food. However, from the end of the end of Hundred Year's War to the reign of Henri IV, the face of parisian landscape has deeply changed. Indeed, the spreading estates, leaving less space for farming area, compel the peasants to adapt or go. As a result, gardeners replaced husbandmen, and gardens, cereal fields
Kirman, Sarah. "Cycles biogéochimiques et biodiversité en forêt tropicale humide : étude d'une succession primaire sur coulées basaltiques (La Réunion, Océan Indien)". Aix-Marseille 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX30002.
Testo completoThe aim of this study is to determine the role of biodiversity in biogeochemical cycles in tropical humid forests, on a chronosequence of basaltic flows from 0 to 500 yrs (La Réunion Island, Indian Ocean). In the mature forest, inter and intra annual variations of litterfall and element fluxes are observed. Element fluxes and litterfall both display a positive relation with temperature. An increase of litter production occurs during the cyclone season. Biodiversity and biomass increase with the age of the flows. The specific composition is dominated by a small number of species, which control the uptake, storage and cycling of elements. Elemental distribution in the biomass is closer to that of the parent-rock during the first stages of plant succession (concentrated in Si, Al, Fe and Ti), this composition changes with time and in the mature forest Ca, K and P are dominant
Saifane, Manal. "Le pilotage de la politique publique de la biodiversité, vers son expérimentation au Liban : transposition des dispositifs français facilitant l'évolution des pratiques en matière de planification urbaine". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL125.
Testo completoWith the aim of supporting Lebanese decision makers in the choice of public environmental policy reforms to take into account biodiversity in urban projects, the ambition of this research is to study the opportunity of transferring existing mechanisms of sustainable development in France to Lebanon. Thus, the purpose of this thesis is to analyze the progressive integration of biodiversity in the planning system. It is about identifying transferable actions to Lebanon with the Benchmarking method. This approach is complemented by an observation of institutional reforms and the implementation modalities of public action. The transposition of mechanisms to Lebanon requires the implementation of diagnosis shared by all stakeholders because the Lebanese context is different : many constraints limit the development of sustainable and efficient planning. Nevertheless, defining a co-led project requires decision makers to adopt a strategic vision of the urban project. This process goes through a concerted phase where a citizen participation involved. As for the mobilization of the stakeholders, it is based on the proposal of innovative approaches that were formulated theoretically and empirically. On the one hand, we introduced the concept of green index allowing stakeholders to assess the environmental quality of a project. On the other hand, we have modeled a city concept, called Soft City, where nature is everywhere in the city, with a view to applying it in Beirut. To facilitate its experimentation, methodological guides and monitoring and evaluation frameworks were developed for the concerned stakeholders in order to encourage them to implement the innovative tools and concepts
Huang, Jiao. "L'intégration des Services Écosystémiques et de la Multifonctionnalité pour la préservation des terres agricoles péri-urbaines : analyse multi-scalaire dans le cas de la région Ile-de-France". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0091.
Testo completoPeri-urban agriculture is in great challenge because of the pressure from urban extension or the expansion of natural and recreational spaces. Multifunctional Agriculture (MFA) and Ecosystem Services (ES) are two strategies that recognize and manage multiple services and disservices from agriculture beyond food and material production. MFA and ES are closely related and highly complementary. Each has advantages and also shortcomings. However, the two communities have limited interaction and exchange.The objective of the dissertation is to contribute to integrated approaches of MFA and ES for peri-urban agricultural research. It (i) develops an integrated framework of ES and MFA for peri-urban agriculture based upon a comparative review on agricultural research working on the two strategies and application in the Region of Ile-de-France, (ii) and also demonstrates how the integrated approach of MFA and ES works on concrete problems linked to peri-urban agriculture with two in-depth studies on management of abandoned farmlands and agricultural recycling of urban wastes in Ile-de-France Region, respectively. Multi-scale analyzes were carried out for the two in-depth studies.The integrated framework of ES and MFA for peri-urban agriculture distinguishes four categories of ES/function combinations: (i) includes provisioning ES and related functions.(ii) landscape amenity and cultural ES and related functions. (iii) agricultural recycling of urban wastes and the underpinning ES of waste breaking down and fertilization. (iv) environmental functions, which characterize the contributions of farmers to the maintaining of multiple regulating and supporting ES in agroecosystem and surrounding semi-natural habitats.The in-depth study about management of abandoned farmlands identifies that land abandonment in urban area is especially linked to the New Towns and the pole of Airport Charles-de-Gaulle. In rural area, the reason is usually linked to poor agronomical conditions. Perceptions of local actors of ES and disservices of abandoned farmlands differ with the geographical area and scale. The actors prefer a MFA strategy for the reuse of abandoned farmlands.The second in-depth study finds out that the production of sewage sludge spatially mismatches with the distribution of agricultural lands. Land application of sewage sludge is withdrawing from the peri-urban area in the western part of Ile-de-France. Contrarily, green waste compost is becoming popular. A framework concludes the multiscale influences on the supply-demand relationship regarding urban wastes, followed by a classification of seven categories of farmers.The integrated framework of ES and MFA, and the multi-scale approach for in-depth studies will be interesting for application in other conditions. Comparison between different countries will help to understand the differences and common points in ranking the importance of different functions and formulate efficient instruments for the preservation of peri-urban agriculture
Fonseca, Brenno. "Gouvernance des terres agricoles et analyse des conflits d'usage des sols. Les cas de l'agglomération de São Paulo et de la région Île-de-France". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB017.
Testo completoAgricultural production near urban areas is largely dependent on different land uses and conflicts between territorial stakeholders. By analysing the conflicts between stakeholders and the orientations of regional public policies, we are able to put forward ideas for the governance of peri-urban agricultural land, which is sought to contribute to local food resilience, leisure activities for the population and the maintenance of a natural living environment. The aim of the thesis is to analyse, through the study of territorial conflicts, the determining factors for maintaining agricultural production and land management in the vicinity of two major global urban centres: the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (RMSP) and the Greater Paris Region (Île-de-France).The investigative methodology is based on different sources of information, in order to better understand and identify the perspectives of action of actors and local policies: interviews with local experts, analysis of the regional daily press, as well as monitoring of social networks, blogs and local news websites. The results reveal the characteristics of local players, both supporters and opponents of regional agricultural activity.Despite the specific features of each region, they are characterised by the existence of similar conflicts, projects and challenges: conflicts linked to the pressure of urban sprawl, the housing market and the construction of urban infrastructure on urban fringes; initiatives led by civil society and public authorities aimed at protecting agricultural land and local agricultural production; fragilities linked to the price of agricultural land and the sustainability of support for agricultural activities.The example of the RMSP highlights conflicts linked to the presence of illegal urban sprawl in rural areas, the fragility of the governance of environmental protection zones where agricultural production is permitted, and the intermittent nature of support programmes for local agriculture depending on the different interests of the public authorities. The case of Île-de-France is marked by a more institutionalised structure for decisions on agricultural use of land under urban influence, with concerted but no less conflictual management between the State, local authorities and the farming profession, where decisions are largely based on the administration's political orientation and affinity for these forms of local agriculture
Cunty, Claire. "Système d'information géographique et sécurité : une application pour la RATP". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008685.
Testo completoDieudonné, Elsa. "Analyse multi-instrumentale de l'influence de la variabilité de la hauteur de couche limite sur la distribution verticale des oxydes d'azote en région parisienne". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00807665.
Testo completoRobert-Boeuf, Camille. "Les jardins collectifs : entre urbanisation de la campagne et agrarisation de la ville : mise en regard de l'Ile-de-France et de Kazan". Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100131.
Testo completoCollective gardens of Île-de-France and the Kazan region are examples of one of the oldest forms of urban gardening in Europe and they are at the interface between the city and the countryside. At the local level, despite their domestic and private roles, gardens also referring to a community structured around complex norms and tensions between different generations of gardeners. These communities are based on agricultural work, strong neighborhood relations which is why they can be analysed through the concept of idealized peasant community. At the metropolitan level, collective gardens affirm an agrarisation of the city because they build an agri-urban way of live, promoting a low urban density and new eating habits. Moreover, they make connections between urban and rural actors. Finally, tension between agrarization and urbanization highlights the role of gardens in the city’s construction, as they maintain agricultural land in a context of urban spreading and densification. In this approach, the franco-russian comparison particularly supports a reflection on the hybridization of agrarization and urbanization with the affirmation of a right to land in resonance with the right to the city
Коллективные сады из Иль-де-Франс и Казаны являются одной из древнейших форм городского садоводства в Европе, которая находятся между городским и сельским миром. На местном уровне, несмотря на их домашнюю и частную роль, сады строят сообщества, структурированные вокруг сложных норм и напряженности между разными поколениями садоводов. Эти сообщества - основаны на сельскохозяйственной работе и крепких соседских отношениях, поэтому их можно проанализировать с помощью концепции идеализированного крестьянского сообщества. На уровне метрополии, коллективные сады утверждают аграризацию города и создают сельско-городской образ жизни, способствуя созданию менее плотного городского пространства и новых привычек питания. Кроме того, они устанавливают связи между городскими и сельскими населением. Наконец, напряженность между аграризацией и урбанизацией подчеркивает роль садов в строительстве города, поскольку они сохраняют сельскохозяйственные земли в условиях распространения и уплотнения городов. При таком подходе, франко-российское сравнение особенно подчеркивает гибридизацию аграризации и урбанизации с подтверждением права на землю и права на город
Foti, Ludovic. "Évaluation des effets de la pression urbaine sur la qualité des sols de la région Île-de-France sous deux types de végétations (pelouses et bois)". Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066481/document.
Testo completoIn a world where more than half of the world's population lives in cities, green spaces are a fundamental component of the urban landscape, providing many environmental services (e.g. air and water purification, wind and noise filtering, urban heat island attenuation), but also social and psychological services (e.g. development of social bonds, stress reduction) which are of crucial importance for the habitability of modern cities and the well-being of urban dwellers. The effectiveness of ecological services provided by green areas in the city depends on the quality of their soils and their general functioning, but also on the abiotic and biotic conditions in which they are located. Numerous studies have highlighted the direct and indirect impact of human activities on urban soils. The anthropogenic pressures they undergo alter their characteristics in a complex way, thus affecting their quality. Urban soil quality is therefore a major challenge for the sustainability of the cities of tomorrow. This thesis project sought to assess the urban pressure effects on the soil quality components of the Paris region public green spaces through the use of an innovative urban pressure gradient, and according to two land-use types (lawns and woods). Secondly, this work also sought to determine whether differential scanning calorimetry coupled with evolved gaz analyzer (DSC–EGA) was a suitable method for assessing the organic matter of urban soils (SOM), and on a regional scale. All soils selected in this thesis project are classified as Anthrosol
Cunty, Claire. "Système d'information géographique et sécurité : une application pour la RATP". Phd thesis, Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010529.
Testo completoBaronce, Georges André. "Les espaces de délinquance dans les villes réunionnaises : essai de modélisation". Thesis, La Réunion, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LARE0022.
Testo completoStudying Crime in geography is analysing petty crimes and offences as a whole, on a given period and a given ~pace . In people' s consciousness, this phenomenon is similar to various violent events broadcast on medias like street fittigs destruction, thefts, aggressions.These violent acts have most of the time, no other consequences than the loss of things or grievous bodily harms. Now, Crime can not be reduced to a simple urban phenomenon that will be listed by the police as statistics, it is also a urban production factor. This studyunderlines its different consequences, visible and invisible on urban space : transformation of the terri tory, appearance of new ones, disruption of people's spatial awareness and how they use it accordingly. We also wondered about the realities of a city without criminality
Piganiol, Marie. "Quartiers de reconnexion : genèse et production d'un nouveau modèle urbain". Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IEPP0041.
Testo completoThe dissertation recounts the genesis and production of a new urban model which appeared in many French cities in the beginning of the 21st century. Coming under different labels, such as “eco-districts” or “sustainable districts”, a series of local urban operations initially launched independently, eventually acquired a common social reform dimension. Harmonious social mixing, neighborly relations and a vibrant urban life, and the reconciliation between the city and “nature”, make up this urban ideal which I therefore propose to call “reconnection”. The latter is analyzed through in-depth ethnography (interviews, long-term observations, quantitative data, iconographic and written documents analyses) of three “reconnecting districts” under construction in and around Paris, and by connecting these local urban operations with national policies (studied through field work at the French Ministry of Housing) developed in a wider international context (most notably, the COP21 international climate summit in Paris). The thesis examines the processes by which those urban operations are first set on local political agendas, it analyzes how some of them become trend-setters in France as well as demonstrators of exportable French urban savoir-faire around the world, and finally studies how those new districts’ promises of “reconnection” translate within land and housing markets and take shape through urban and architectural conception work. I argue that this new urban model emerges through an incremental process made up of multiple valuation operations and based on the incessant circulations of reconnection promises among cities, intermediary and national governments as well as economic actors. Ultimately, this thesis aims at contributing to the economic sociology of urban change, to the sociology of promises and innovations, and to the political sociology of models