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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Biotransformation"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 25 luglio 2025

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1

Yildirim, Kudret, Ahmet Uzuner, and Emine Yasemin Gulcuoglu. "Biotransformation of some steroids by Aspergillus terreus MRC 200365." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 75, no. 6 (2010): 665–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc2009545.

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The biotransformations of testosterone, epiandrosterone, progesterone and pregnenolone byAspergillus terreusMRC 200365 for five days were described. The biotransformation of testosterone afforded testolactone. The biotransformation of epiandrosterone afforded 3β-hydroxy-17a-oxa-D-homo-5α-androstan-17-one. The biotransformation of progesterone afforded androst-4-ene-3,17-dione and testolactone. The biotransformation of pregnenolone afforded 3β-hydroxy-17a-oxa-D-homoandrost-5-en-17-one and testolactone.

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2

Yildirim, Kudret, and Semra Yilmazer-Keskin. "Biotransformation of (–)-verbenone by Aspergillus tamarii and Aspergillus terreus." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 75, no. 6 (2010): 649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc2009092.

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The biotransformations of (–)-verbenone by Aspergillus tamarii and Aspergillus terreus were described. The biotransformation of (–)-verbenone with A. tamarii and A. terreus for 7 days gave (–)-10-hydroxyverbenone. The biotransformation of (–)-verbenone by A. tamarii resulted in a higher yield. A. tamarii and A. terreus were first two microorganisms to hydroxylate (–)-verbenone.

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3

Fu, Yu Wan, Hua Sun, Yan Jun Shen, Xi Chen, and Min Wang. "Biotransformation of Digitoxin by Aspergillus Ochraceus." Advanced Materials Research 343-344 (September 2011): 1281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.343-344.1281.

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Biotransformations of natural products have great potential for preparation of lead compounds. In this paper, the biotransformation of digitoxin (1) with Aspergillus ochraceus afforded two products, identified as digitoxigenin (2) and sarmentogenin (3) by HR-MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR.

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4

Li, Peng, Ruixue Su, Ruya Yin, et al. "Detoxification of Mycotoxins through Biotransformation." Toxins 12, no. 2 (2020): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12020121.

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Mycotoxins are toxic fungal secondary metabolites that pose a major threat to the safety of food and feed. Mycotoxins are usually converted into less toxic or non-toxic metabolites through biotransformation that are often made by living organisms as well as the isolated enzymes. The conversions mainly include hydroxylation, oxidation, hydrogenation, de-epoxidation, methylation, glycosylation and glucuronidation, esterification, hydrolysis, sulfation, demethylation and deamination. Biotransformations of some notorious mycotoxins such as alfatoxins, alternariol, citrinin, fomannoxin, ochratoxins

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5

Sorrentino, Julia Medeiros, Rafaela Martins Sponchiado, Natália Olegário Dos Santos, et al. "BIOTRANSFORMATION OF METRONIDAZOLE BY CUNNINGHAMELLA ELEGANS ATCC 9245." Drug Analytical Research 3, no. 1 (2019): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2527-2616.94032.

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Drug biotransformation studies appear as an alternative to pharmacological studies of metabolites, development of new drug candidates with reduced investment as well as the most efficient production of chemical structures involves and drug quality control studies. A wide range of reactions in biotransformations process is catalyzed by microorganisms. Fungi can be considered as a promising source of new biotransformation reactions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of metronidazole biotransformation through the filamentous fungus Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 9245. The monitoring

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6

Johnson, David R., Damian E. Helbling, Tae Kwon Lee, et al. "Association of Biodiversity with the Rates of Micropollutant Biotransformations among Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plant Communities." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 2 (2014): 666–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03286-14.

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ABSTRACTBiodiversities can differ substantially among different wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) communities. Whether differences in biodiversity translate into differences in the provision of particular ecosystem services, however, is under active debate. Theoretical considerations predict that WWTP communities with more biodiversity are more likely to contain strains that have positive effects on the rates of particular ecosystem functions, thus resulting in positive associations between those two variables. However, if WWTP communities were sufficiently biodiverse to nearly saturate the se

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7

Holland, Herbert L., Nancy Ihasz та Brendan J. Lounsbery. "Formation of single diastereomers of β-hydroxy sulfoxides by biotransformation of β-ketosulfides using Helminthosporium species NRRL 4671". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 80, № 6 (2002): 640–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v02-091.

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Single biotransformations of 1-(phenylthio)-2-propanone and 1-(p-methoxyphenylthio)-2-propanone by the fungus Helminthosporium species NRRL 4671 resulted in both sulfur oxidation to the sulfoxide and carbonyl reduction to the alcohol. The corresponding (SS,SC)-1-sulfinyl-2-propanols were obtained as single diastereomers following simple crystallization.Key words: biocatalysis, biotransformation, carbonyl reduction, Helminthosporium sp. NRRL 4671, sulfoxidation.

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8

Łużny, Mateusz, Dagmara Kaczanowska, Barbara Gawdzik, et al. "Regiospecific Hydrogenation of Bromochalcone by Unconventional Yeast Strains." Molecules 27, no. 12 (2022): 3681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123681.

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This research aimed to select yeast strains capable of the biotransformation of selected 2′-hydroxybromochalcones. Small-scale biotransformations were carried out using four substrates obtained by chemical synthesis (2′-hydroxy-2″-bromochalcone, 2′-hydroxy-3″-bromochalcone, 2′-hydroxy-4″-bromochalcone and 2′-hydroxy-5′-bromochalcone) and eight strains of non-conventional yeasts. Screening allowed for the determination of the substrate specificity of selected microorganisms and the selection of biocatalysts that carried out the hydrogenation of tested compounds in the most effective way. It was

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9

Ward, O. P. "Application of baker's yeast in bioorganic synthesis." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (1995): 1043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-355.

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Baker's yeast has been widely used as a biocatalyst in organic synthesis, primarily because it is inexpensive and readily available. The majority of studies on the biotransformation capability of yeast deal with reductions of carbonyl groups and carbon–carbon double bonds. Reactions involving carbon–carbon bond formation are of great interest in chemical synthesis. Most of these biocatalytic reactions have been carried out in aqueous media. The conversion of benzaldehyde and pyruvate to L-phenylacetyl carbinol (a precursor of ephedrine) was one of the first commercial processes to utilize an e

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10

Ito, S. "Biotransformation." Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 96, no. 3 (2014): 281–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2014.133.

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11

Sakamoto, Takeshi, John M. Joern, Akira Arisawa, and Frances H. Arnold. "Laboratory Evolution of Toluene Dioxygenase To Accept 4-Picoline as a Substrate." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 9 (2001): 3882–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.9.3882-3887.2001.

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ABSTRACT We are using directed evolution to extend the range of dioxygenase-catalyzed biotransformations to include substrates that are either poorly accepted or not accepted at all by the naturally occurring enzymes. Here we report on the oxidation of a heterocyclic substrate, 4-picoline, by toluene dioxygenase (TDO) and improvement of the enzyme's activity by laboratory evolution. The biotransformation of 4-picoline proceeds at only ∼4.5% of the rate of the natural reaction on toluene. Random mutagenesis, saturation mutagenesis, and screening directly for product formation using a modified G

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12

Holland, Herbert L., Cynthia G. Rand, Peter Viski, and Frances M. Brown. "Microbial oxidation of benzyl sulfides and bibenzyl by Mortierella isabellina and Helminthosporium species." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 69, no. 12 (1991): 1989–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v91-287.

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The biotransformation of 1,2-diphenylethane by the fungus Mortierella isabellina ATCC 42613, and that of a series of alkyl benzyl sulfides by the fungi M. isabellina and Helminthosporium species NRRL 4671 have been studied. Mortierella hydroxylates 1,2-diphenylethane in low yield, giving (S)-1,2-diphenylethanol with an enantiomeric purity of 33%. Bioconversions of deuterium-labelled and racemic 1,2-diphenylethanol by M. isabellina demonstrate that this organism performs reversible oxidation/reduction of the alcohol. Biotransformations of n-alkyl benzyl sulfides by H. species give predominantly

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13

Marks, Gerald S., Brian E. McLaughlin, Heather F. MacMillan, Kanji Nakatsu, and James F. Brien. "Differential biotransformation of glyceryl trinitrate by red blood cell – supernatant fraction and pulmonary vein homogenate." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 67, no. 5 (1989): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y89-066.

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We have demonstrated previously that glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) undergoes biotransformation to two glyceryl dinitrate (GDN) metabolites in the human red blood cell – supernatant fraction (RBC–SF) by hemoglobin-mediated and sulfhydryl-dependent enzymatic mechanisms. In the present study, we have shown that biotransformation of GTN in rabbit RBC–SF yields a glyceryl-1,2-dinitrate (1,2-GDN)/glyceryl-1,3-dinitrate (1,3-GDN) ratio of 5.3. Following inhibition of hemoglobin-mediated biotransformation of GTN by carbon monoxide (CO), the 1,2-GDN/1,3-GDN ratio was 2.1. Following inhibition of sulfhydryl

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14

Li, Hui, and Zhenyu Wang. "Comparison in antioxidant and antitumor activities of pine polyphenols and its seven biotransformation extracts by fungi." PeerJ 5 (May 23, 2017): e3264. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3264.

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Microbial transformation can strengthen the antioxidant and antitumor activities of polyphenols. Polyphenols contents, antioxidant and antitumor activities of pine polyphenols and its biotransformation extracts byAspergillus niger,Aspergillus oryzae,Aspergillus carbonarius,Aspergillus candidus,Trichodermas viride, Mucor wutungkiaoand Rhizopus spwere studied. Significant differences were noted in antioxidant and antitumor activities. The highest antioxidant activities in Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), DPPH radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity

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15

Özşen Batur, Ö., Ö. Atlı, and İ. Kıran. "Biotransformation of oleic acid and antimicrobial and anticancer activities of its biotransformatıon extracts." Bulgarian Chemical Communications 51, no. 2 (2019): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.34049/bcc.51.2.4831.

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Oleic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid found in significant quantities in various edible oils. Scientific studies have shown that oleic acid and its derivatives exhibit a variety of biological activities including antimicrobial and anticancer activities. In the present work, biotransformation of oleic acid was carried out initially using 27 different microbial strains. Extracts obtained from biotransformation with Alternaria alternata (clinical isolate) and Aspergillus terreus var. africanus (clinical isolate) were used in antimicrobial and anticancer activity studies. The in vitro antimicrob

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16

Schwenk, Michael. "Mucosal Biotransformation." Toxicologic Pathology 16, no. 2 (1988): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019262338801600206.

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17

Abraham, Wolf-Rainer. "Phylogeny and Biotransformation. Part 5*: Biotransformation of Isopinocampheol." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 49, no. 9-10 (1994): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1994-9-1004.

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Abstract Biotransformation of isopinocampheol with 100 bacterial and fungal strains yielded 1-, 2-, 4-, 5-, 7-, 8 - and 9-hydroxy-isopinocampheol besides three rearranged monoterpenes, one of them bearing the novel isocarane skeleton. A pronounced enantioselectivity between (+)- and (-)-isopinocampheol was observed. The phylogenetic position of the individual strains could be seen in their ability to form the products from (+)-isopinocampheol. The formation of 1,3-dihydroxypinane is a domain of bacteria, while 3,5- or 3,7-dihydroxypinane was mainly formed by fungi, especially those of the phyl

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18

Ravindran, Selvan, Amlesh J. Tambe, Jitendra K. Suthar, Digamber S. Chahar, Joyleen M. Fernandes, and Vedika Desai. "Nanomedicine: Bioavailability, Biotransformation and Biokinetics." Current Drug Metabolism 20, no. 7 (2019): 542–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200220666190614150708.

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Background: Nanomedicine is increasingly used to treat various ailments. Biocompatibility of nanomedicine is primarily governed by its properties such as bioavailability, biotransformation and biokinetics. One of the major advantages of nanomedicine is enhanced bioavailability of drugs. Biotransformation of nanomedicine is important to understand the pharmacological effects of nanomedicine. Biokinetics includes both pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics of nanomedicine. Physicochemical parameters of nanomaterials have extensive influence on bioavailability, biotransformation and biokinetics of n

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19

Majeed, Atheer Ahmed. "Biocatalysis and Biotransformation for Pharmaceuticals Synthesis." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 5 (2020): 6279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i5/pr2020608.

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20

Roy, Proloy Sankar Dev, Brajeshwar Singh, Vikas Sharma, and Chandan Thappa. "Biotransformation: A Novel Approach of Modulating and Synthesizing Compounds." Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 1, no. 2 (2022): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.1.2.8.

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Transformation of potential compounds into utilizable and beneficial forms is often cost involving and time consuming. Chemical transformation though was an existing opportunity catering our needs but due to environmental impacts and cost- benefit ratio analysis it proved futile and a new branch of transformation came into existence termed as biotransformation. Biotransformation is an excellent opportunity of tailoring compounds to cater our needs in a simple and is an eco-friendly approach. Biotransformation allows conversion of one component to another compound by application of biological s

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21

Grabarczyk, Małgorzata, Anna Duda-Madej, Fedor Romanenko, et al. "New Hydroxylactones and Chloro-Hydroxylactones Obtained by Biotransformation of Bicyclic Halolactones and Their Antibacterial Activity." Molecules 29, no. 12 (2024): 2820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29122820.

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The aim of this study was to obtain new halolactones with a gem-dimethyl group in the cyclohexane ring (at the C-3 or C-5 carbon) and a methyl group in the lactone ring and then subject them to biotransformations using filamentous fungi. Halolactones in the form of mixtures of two diasteroisomers were subjected to screening biotransformations, which showed that only compounds with a gem-dimethyl group located at the C-5 carbon were transformed. Strains from the genus Fusarium carried out hydrolytic dehalogenation, while strains from the genus Absidia carried out hydroxylation of the C-7 carbon

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22

Doong, R. A., and S. C. Wu. "The Effect of Oxidation-Reduction Potential on the Biotransformations of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 1-2 (1992): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0396.

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Two batch experiments with acetate as the primary substrate and different combinations of chlorinated hydrocarbons as the secondary substrate were carried out to evaluate the effect of the redox potential of the environment on the biotransformations of chlorinated hydrocarbons. In both single and mixed contaminant(s) systems, biotransformations of 100 µg/L of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and carbon tetrachloride (CT) were observed, but that of 1,1,1-trichloroethane(1,1,1-TCA) was not observed within 108 days. Chlorinated hydrocarbons acted as electron traps and scavenged the electrons when they u

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Dvořáková, Marcela, Irena Valterová, and Tomáš Vaněk. "Biotransformation of a Monoterpene Mixture by in vitro Cultures of Selected Conifer Species." Natural Product Communications 2, no. 3 (2007): 1934578X0700200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0700200302.

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Biotransformation of monoterpenes is a mild and promising method for the production of stereospecific and regiospecific organic compounds. It is advantageous, especially for the preparation of substances with complicated structures and for those that need to be classed as “natural products“. Our study has focused on the biotransformation of a monoterpenic mixture, turpentine, by Picea abies and Taxus baccata suspension cultures. We identified the biotransformation products and compared the metabolite compositions of the tissue cultures. The major biotransformation products of turpentine were t

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24

McDonald, Bernard J., and Brian M. Bennett. "Cytochrome P-450 mediated biotransformation of organic nitrates." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 68, no. 12 (1990): 1552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y90-236.

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The vascular biotransformation of organic nitrates appears to be a prerequisite for their action as vasodilators. In the current study, we assessed the involvement of cytochrome P-450 in the denitration of glyceryl trinitrate and the enantiomers of isoidide dinitrate. Denitration of organic nitrates by the microsomal fraction of rat liver was NADPH dependent and followed apparent first-order kinetics. Under aerobic conditions, the t1/2 of D-isoidide dinitrate was significantly shorter than that of L-isoidide dinitrate (11.9 vs. 14.1 min, p ≤ 0.05), which is consistent with the greater potency

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Serra, Stefano. "Enzyme-Mediated Synthesis of Sesquiterpenes." Natural Product Communications 10, no. 1 (2015): 1934578X1501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501000136.

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This review article focuses mainly on the scientific developments concerning the enzyme-mediated synthesis of sesquiterpenes which have been reported in the academic and patent literature during the last twenty years. Nevertheless, this is not a comprehensive description of every single biotransformation involving sesquiterpenes. Only synthetic approaches that have represented a new and innovative perspective from a scientific standpoint are reported. More specifically, the review describes in depth how the use of metabolic engineering of the microbial biotransformations and of the isolated en

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Gorbunova, T. I., D. O. Egorova, V. I. Saloutin, and O. N. Chupakhin. "Aerobic bacterial degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls and their hydroxy and methoxy derivatives." Russian Chemical Reviews 93, no. 11 (2024): RCR5138. http://dx.doi.org/10.59761/rcr5138.

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Polychlorinated biphenyls are persistent organic pollutants hazardous to humans and to the environment. The products of biotransformation of these compounds can exist in natural objects as hydroxy and methoxy derivatives. This review summarizes the biodegradation pathways of polychlorinated biphenyls under the action of aerobic bacterial strains. The possibility of complete biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls and their derivatives under laboratory conditions is demonstrated. This information is valuable for researchers specializing in the biotransformations and toxicity of polychloroar

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Krawczyk-Łebek, Agnieszka, Monika Dymarska, Tomasz Janeczko, and Edyta Kostrzewa-Susłow. "Fungal Biotransformation of 2′-Methylflavanone and 2′-Methylflavone as a Method to Obtain Glycosylated Derivatives." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17 (2021): 9617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179617.

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Methylated flavonoids are promising pharmaceutical agents due to their improved metabolic stability and increased activity compared to unmethylated forms. The biotransformation in cultures of entomopathogenic filamentous fungi is a valuable method to obtain glycosylated flavones and flavanones with increased aqueous solubility and bioavailability. In the present study, we combined chemical synthesis and biotransformation to obtain methylated and glycosylated flavonoid derivatives. In the first step, we synthesized 2′-methylflavanone and 2′-methylflavone. Afterwards, both compounds were biotran

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Pereira dos Santos, Valmore Henrique, Dorval Moreira Coelho Neto, Valdemar Lacerda Júnior, Warley de Souza Borges, and Eliane de Oliveira Silva. "Fungal Biotransformation: An Efficient Approach for Stereoselective Chemical Reactions." Current Organic Chemistry 24, no. 24 (2020): 2902–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272824999201111203506.

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Abstract:: There is great interest in developing chemical technologies to achieve regioselective and stereoselective reactions since only one enantiomer is required for producing the chiral leads for drug development. These selective reactions are provided by traditional chemical synthetic methods, even under expensive catalysts and long reaction times. Filamentous fungi are efficient biocatalysts capable of catalyzing a wide variety of reactions with significant contributions to the development of clean and selective processes. Although some enzymes have already been employed in isolated form

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Yildirim, Kudret, Fatih Gulsan, and Ilknur Kupcu. "Biotransformation of testosterone and progesterone by Penicillium digitatum MRC 500787." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 75, no. 6 (2010): 675–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc2009550.

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The biotransformation of testosterone and progesterone by Penicillium digitatum MRC 500787 for 5 days is described. The biotransformation of testosterone afforded 5α-androstane-3,17-dione, 3α-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one and androst-4-ene-3,17-dione. The biotransformation of progesterone afforded 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione.

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Stewart, David H., L. Douglas Hayward, and Brian M. Bennett. "Differential biotransformation of the enantiomers of isoidide dinitrate in isolated rat aorta." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 67, no. 11 (1989): 1403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y89-225.

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Previous studies have demonstrated that the D-enantiomer of isoidide dinitrate (IIDN) is 10-fold more potent than the L-enantiomer for relaxation and cyclic GMP accumulation in isolated rat aorta. To test whether preferential biotransformation of D-IIDN to a species that activates guanylate cyclase is the basis for this observed enantioselectivity, paired segments of rat aorta were exposed to D- and L-IIDN and the tissue accumulation of the parent compound and the formation of their respective metabolites (D- and L-isoidide mononitrate, IIMN) were determined. The extent of relaxation of rat ao

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Kaur, Baljinder, Debkumar Chakraborty, and Balvir Kumar. "Phenolic Biotransformations during Conversion of Ferulic Acid to Vanillin by Lactic Acid Bacteria." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/590359.

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Vanillin is widely used as food additive and as a masking agent in various pharmaceutical formulations. Ferulic acid is an important precursor of vanillin that is available in abundance in cell walls of cereals like wheat, corn, and rice. Phenolic biotransformations can occur during growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and their production can be made feasible using specialized LAB strains that have been reported to produce ferulic acid esterases. The present study aimed at screening a panel of LAB isolates for their ability to release phenolics from agrowaste materials like rice bran and the

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Marti, Thierry D., Milo R. Schärer, and Serina L. Robinson. "Microbial Biocatalysis within Us: The Underexplored Xenobiotic Biotransformation Potential of the Urinary Tract Microbiota." CHIMIA 77, no. 6 (2023): 424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2023.424.

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Enzymatic biotransformation of xenobiotics by the human microbiota mediates diet-drug-microbe-host interactions and affects human health. Most research on xenobiotics has focused on the gut microbiota while neglecting other body sites, yet over two-thirds of pharmaceuticals are primarily excreted in urine. As a result, the urinary microbiota is exposed to many xenobiotics in much higher concentrations than in the gut. Microbial xenobiotic biocatalysis in the bladder has implications for urinary tract infections and the emergence of antibiotic resistance. However, we have limited knowledge of b

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Zappaterra, Federico, Stefania Costa, Daniela Summa, et al. "Biotransformation of Cortisone with Rhodococcus rhodnii: Synthesis of New Steroids." Molecules 26, no. 5 (2021): 1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051352.

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Cortisone is a steroid widely used as an anti-inflammatory drug able to suppress the immune system, thus reducing inflammation and attendant pain and swelling at the site of an injury. Due to its numerous side effects, especially in prolonged and high-dose therapies, the development of the pharmaceutical industry is currently aimed at finding new compounds with similar activities but with minor or no side effects. Biotransformations are an important methodology towards more sustainable industrial processes, according to the principles of “green chemistry”. In this work, the biotransformation o

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Holsztynska, Elzbieta J., and Edward F. Domino. "Biotransformation of Phencyclidine." Drug Metabolism Reviews 16, no. 3 (1985): 285–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03602538508991437.

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Y. Orabi, Khaled, Farouk S. El-Feraly, Waleed A. Al-Sulmy, and Mohammed A. Al-Yahya. "Biotransformation of Vulgarin." Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 13, no. 5 (2013): 777–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557511313050013.

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Davidkova, Tatiana, Hirosato Kikuchi, Kohyu Fujii, et al. "Biotransformation of Isoflurane." Anesthesiology 69, no. 2 (1988): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198808000-00010.

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Bol, J., and J. E. Smith. "Biotransformation of Aflatoxin." Food Biotechnology 3, no. 2 (1989): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08905438909549704.

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Kharasch, Evan D. "Biotransformation of Sevoflurane." Anesthesia & Analgesia 81, Supplement (1995): 27S—38S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199512001-00005.

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DAVIDKOVA, T., H. KIKUCHI, F. FUJII, et al. "Biotransformation of Isoflurane." Survey of Anesthesiology 33, no. 1 (1989): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132586-198902000-00011.

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Fessner, Wolf-Dieter, and J. Bryan Jones. "Biocatalysis and biotransformation." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 5, no. 2 (2001): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1367-5931(00)00177-0.

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Dordick, Jonathan S., and Douglas S. Clark. "Biocatalysis and biotransformation." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 6, no. 2 (2002): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1367-5931(02)00315-0.

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Nakayama, Grace R. "Biocatalysis and biotransformation." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 6, no. 2 (2002): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1367-5931(02)00319-8.

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McGibbon, Graham A. "Interactive Biotransformation Maps." Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News 32, no. 10 (2012): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/gen.32.10.09.

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Linhart, Igor, and Jaromír Novák. "Biotransformation of diethenylbenzenes." Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 530 (January 1990): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82332-4.

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Chen, Tom S., Xiaohua Li, Dan Bollag, Yeuh-chuen Liu, and Ching-jer Chang. "Biotransformation of taxol." Tetrahedron Letters 42, no. 23 (2001): 3787–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00557-3.

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Akhtar, Muhammad T., Khozirah Shaari, and Robert Verpoorte. "Biotransformation of Tetrahydrocannabinol." Phytochemistry Reviews 15, no. 5 (2015): 921–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11101-015-9438-9.

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Hauer, Bernhard, and Stanley M. Roberts. "Biocatalysis and biotransformation." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 8, no. 2 (2004): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2004.02.013.

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Robertson, Dan E., and Uwe T. Bornscheuer. "Biocatalysis and biotransformation." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 9, no. 2 (2005): 164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.02.015.

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Reetz, Manfred T., and Bernhard Hauer. "Biocatalysis and biotransformation." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 11, no. 2 (2007): 172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.02.035.

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Badria, F. A., A. M. Zaghloul, G. T. Maatooq та S. H. El-Sharkawy. "BIOTRANSFORMATION OFα-SANTONIN". International Journal of Pharmacognosy 35, № 5 (1997): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09251619708951286.

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