Articoli di riviste: "Bird attracting"

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A, Santhwana, Venkitachalam R e Sridhu Prakash. "Checklist of bird species in dharmadam estuary in kannur district of kerala". Kongunadu Research Journal 8, n. 1 (4 giugno 2021): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj.2021.2.

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A total of 20 bird species belongs to 7 orders and 11 families were recorded in Dharmadam estuary in Kannur district. The record of migratory bird Eurasian Curlew and two species near threatened birds within a short period of study and this record indicate that Dharmadam estuary may be attracting more number of migratory bird species. A long-term study is needed to understand the seasonal variation of the bird species in Dharmadam estuary in Kannur district.

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Green, M. Clay, e Paul L. Leberg. "Flock formation and the role of plumage colouration in Ardeidae". Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, n. 5 (1 maggio 2005): 683–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-058.

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It has been hypothesized that white plumage facilitates flock formation in Ardeidae. We conducted four experiments using decoys to test factors involved in attracting wading birds to a specific pond. The first three experiments tested the effects of plumage colouration, flock size, and species-specific decoys on flock formation. The fourth experiment examined intraspecific differences in flock choice between the two colour morphs of the reddish egret, Egretta rufescens (Gmelin, 1789). Wading birds landed at flocks of decoys more often than single or no decoys (P < 0.001) but exhibited no overall attraction to white plumage (P > 0.05). White-plumaged species were attracted to white decoys (P < 0.001) and dark-plumaged species were attracted to dark decoys (P < 0.001). Snowy egrets (E. thula (Molina, 1782)), great egrets (Ardea alba L., 1758), and little blue herons (E. caerulea (L., 1758)) landed more often at ponds that contained decoys resembling conspecifics. At the intraspecific level, all observed reddish egrets selected flocks with like-plumaged decoys. Our results suggest that plumage colouration is an attractant for species with similar plumage, but white plumage is not an attractant for all wading bird species. White plumage may facilitate flock formation in certain species but does not serve as a universal attractant for wading birds of varying plumage colouration and size.

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Vana, Emily R., Elizabeth R. Wrobel e Travis E. Wilcoxen. "Variation in Seroprevalence of Antibodies against Mycoplasma Gallisepticum and Avipoxvirus in Nine Species of Birds with Differential Access to Feeders". Avian Biology Research 11, n. 1 (febbraio 2018): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/175815617x15102264820747.

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Congregation of individuals at high densities is known to increase disease transmission and bird-feeding activities are specifically aimed at attracting many birds to a single location. We surveyed nine potential host species for evidence of infection by each Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Avipoxvirus, or avian pox. We also examined differences in pathogen exposure at sites with bird feeders and sites without bird feeders. Finally, we compared prevalence of birds with antibodies against MG and avian pox to those that showed physical signs of infection. To test for pathogen exposure, we used indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We found species-specific disease dynamics, as House Finches Haemorhous mexicanus had a significantly greater likelihood of having antibodies against MG than any other species. Birds at sites with feeders were more likely to have antibodies against MG. Birds at sites with feeders were no more likely to have antibodies against avian pox, but seroprevalence of avian pox did differ significantly among species. Overall, our findings suggest differential exposure and immune responses to each pathogen among species and that feeders increase the exposure of individuals to MG but not to avian pox, offering valuable new insights into the role of bird feeding activities in disease transmission among birds.

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Falcão Rodrigues, Lourenço, Cristina Mata Estacio, Jesús Herranz Barrera, Ana Eugenia Santamaría Figueroa e Juan Esteban Malo Arrázola. "High-speed railway infrastructure leads to species-specific changes and biotic homogenisation in surrounding bird community". PLOS ONE 19, n. 4 (10 aprile 2024): e0301899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301899.

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Linear infrastructure networks, including railways, are undergoing rapid development in order to connect distant urban areas. Particularly, High-Speed Railways are increasingly seen as a viable alternative to domestic flights in many countries. However, this development of linear infrastructures is known to affect the surrounding faunal communities due to the changes in the landscape and operation of said linear infrastructures. Both positive and negative effects of linear infrastructures on adjacent faunal communities have been reported. In this study, we determined the influence of the High-Speed Railway infrastructure on the bird community that surrounds it. Birds were surveyed by using both linear transect and direct counting methods, both in the area directly adjacent to the railway infrastructure and 500m away from it in a period of two years of surveys. A total of 16114 individuals belonging to 71 species were recorded. The presence of the High-Speed Railway caused species-specific changes in the bird communities that surround it, causing the attraction of some species and the rejection of others. Furthermore, we show that the presence of the infrastructure altered the natural species turnover as the landscape changes by attracting the same bird species regardless of changes in the landscape, and filtering out others. We propose that further work in mitigation and development plans should focus on species-specific measures to assess the risk bird communities are exposed to.

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RABOU, ABDEL FATTAH N. ABD. "Bird fauna encountered at the main campus of the Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza City, Palestine". Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20, n. 2 (17 febbraio 2019): 604–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200242.

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Abstract. Abd Rabou AN. 2019. Bird fauna encountered at the main campus of the Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza City, Palestine. Biodiversitas 20: 604-614. Birds are the most prominent and widespread wildlife species of both natural and urban environments worldwide. The strategic geographic position of Palestine at the meeting point of the three continents; Asia, Africa and Europe, is very crucial for the country's bird diversity. The Gaza Strip has never been studied for bird fauna in its urban environments. Thus, the current study comes to survey the bird fauna at the main campus (82,000 m2) of the Islamic University of Gaza (MC-IUG) as an urban environment. Birds were monitored using direct observations and binoculars for the lasted five years. Bird guidebooks and professional cameras were used throughout the succeeding stages of the study. A total number of 56 bird species, belonging to 26 families and 11 orders were encountered throughout the study at MC-IUG. Passeriformes was the largest order and comprised 35 (62.5%) of the recorded bird species, while the non-passerines constitute the remaining 21 species (37.5%). Muscicapidae was the largest among the recorded families, which was represented by 9 species (16.1%), followed by 8 species of Fringillidae (14.3%) and 5 species of Laniidae (8.9%). Finally, the greening strategy of the Gaza Strip should be adopted by Gazans and the local authorities due to the crucial role of vegetation cover in attracting more biodiversity components; especially bird fauna.

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Dhindsa, Manjit S., Jaswinder S. Sandhu, P. S. Sandhu e H. S. Toor. "Roadside Birds in Punjab (India): Relation to Mortality from Vehicles". Environmental Conservation 15, n. 4 (1988): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900029799.

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Roadside bird mortality is a new environmental dimension in developing countries. With the recent increase in the number of high-speed cars and the simultaneous improvement of roads in India, bird-car strikes and the resultant bird mortality are becoming important. To know how many species frequent roads in Punjab and thus may be prone to be killed by fast vehicles, we censused birds along 420 km of roads of different widths and traffic volumes from a vehicle moving at 50–60 km per hour. We also counted birds along transects c. 1 km away from roads, for comparison.In all, 35 species of birds were recorded on the road proper or within 3 m of either edge. Common Myna (Acridotheres trisitis) was the most abundant species (34.8% of all birds), followed by House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) (29.5%), Ring Dove (Streptopelia decaocto) (13.1%), and House Crow (Corvus splendens) (9.7%). These four species together accounted for c. 87% of the total of all bird species. The off-road community consisted of 68 species. The species-richness of granivorous, insectivorous, omnivorous, and some other birds, was less on or near roads than in the off-road transects, but within each community, species having different feeding habits were in similar proportions. About 93% of the total birds on or near roads (as against 66% off-road) were either granivorous or omnivorous.Our results suggested that granivorous birds are attracted, but insectivorous and other birds are repelled, by roads. Omnivores were equally abundant on and off roads. Food (such as spilled grain) seemed to be the main factor attracting birds to roads. Species diversity and equitability of the bird community on roads (1.82 and 0.51, respectively) were less than those off-roads (3.11 and 0.74, respectively). Wider roads had lower species-diversity and equitability, probably because of the greater volume of traffic on them compared with narrower roads. Species richness and bird abundance seemed not to be affected by roadwidth. Bird mortality on roads is discussed, along with the possibility of roads acting as “ecological traps” for foraging birds.

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Harrap, Frank. "Mt. Helen – Bird-attracting plant/trees: a 26-year study". Ballarat Naturalist (2002:Oct) (ottobre 2002): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.384668.

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Joshi, Omkar, Nisha Singh e P. Sathiyaselvam. "Waterbird diversity of Saman Wetland Complex in Uttar Pradesh: a crucial site for the India’s National Action Plan on migratory birds". Journal of Threatened Taxa 16, n. 6 (26 giugno 2024): 25373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.8750.16.6.25373-25384.

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The Saman Wetland Complex is formed by five major wetlands present in Etawah and Mainpuri districts of Uttar Pradesh. The habitat is majorly a wetland system with scrub vegetation along the edges and surrounded by agricultural fields; attracting a diverse group of bird species. These wetlands are an ideal habitat for Sarus Crane and are also Important Bird Areas. In the past two decades, the anthropogenic activities have deteriorated the habitat and wetlands no longer support the earlier congregation of birds. The study conducted during 2020–2021 provides baseline information on the present status of the Saman wetland complex, waterbird diversity, threats faced by the wetlands & waterbirds, and suggests future management/ conservation strategies.

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Derégnaucourt, Sébastien, Alice Araguas e Bahia Guellaï. "Technological advances for getting insight into the learning capacities of birds in the vocal domain". Interaction Studies 24, n. 2 (3 novembre 2023): 289–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.22043.der.

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Abstract Birds produce different types of sounds in different contexts such as begging for food in youngsters, alerting to a danger, defending a territory or attracting a sexual partner. About half of the bird species are able to transform their vocalizations through imitation, improvisation or invention of sounds. Here we review the different experimental procedures that have been used to study the learning capacities of birds in the vocal domain and in the auditory domain, with a particular emphasis on recent technological developments. Nowadays, it is possible to record individual vocalizations of birds living in social groups or to record continuously the vocal ontogeny of birdsong. In conditioning experiments, new paradigms have successfully replaced food rewards with a socio-sexual reward. It is possible to engage in vocal interactions with a bird using dedicated computer systems. In both the laboratory and more recently in the field, different techniques have been used to train young oscine songbirds to learn from acoustic models. The use of virtual social environments and robots as social agents are also promising avenues. All together, these new techniques will permit researchers to explore more deeply the umwelt of bird species.

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Wielgat, Robert, Daniel Król, Tomasz Potempa, Paweł Kozioł e Agnieszka Lisowska-Lis. "Towards the Automatic Acoustical Avian Monitoring System". Science, Technology and Innovation 4, n. 3 (11 ottobre 2017): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7995.

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One of the crucial aspects of the environmental protection is continuous monitoring of environment. Specific aspect is estimation of the bird species population. It is particularly important for bird species being in danger of extinction. Avian monitoring programs are time and money consuming actions which usually base on terrain expeditions. Certain remedy for this can be automatic acoustical avian monitoring system, described in the paper. Main components of the designed system are: digital audio recorder for bird voices acquisition, computer program automatically recognizing bird species by its signals emitted (voices or others) and object-relational database accessed via the Internet. Optional system components can be: digital camera and camcorder, bird attracting device, wireless data transmission module, power supply with solar panel, portable weather station. The system records bird voices and sends the recordings to the database. Recorded bird voices can be also provoked by the attracting device. Application of wireless data transmission module and power supply with solar panel allows long term operation of digital sound recorder in a hard accessible terrain. Recorded bird voices are analysed by the computer program and labelled with the automatically recognized bird species. Recognition accuracy of the program can be optionally enhanced by an expert system. Besides of labelled sound recordings, database can store also many other information like: photos and films accompanying recorded bird voices/ sounds, information about localization of observation/ recordings (GPS position, description of a place of an observation), information about bird features and behaviour, meteorological information, etc. Database on the base of geographical/ geological digital maps can generate actual maps of bird population (presence, number of individuals of each species). Moreover data-base can trigger alerts in case of rapidly decreasing bird population. It is also possible to obtain new knowledge about bird species with data mining methods. The paper presents collected data on observed bird species (audio recordings, photos and films) as well as results of experiments testing particular components of the automatic acoustical avian monitoring system.

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Klug, Page E., Amy A. Yackel Adams e Robert N. Reed. "Olfactory lures in predator control do not increase predation risk to birds in areas of conservation concern". Wildlife Research 49, n. 2 (4 novembre 2021): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr21022.

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Abstract Context Lethal control of predators is often undertaken to protect species of conservation concern. Traps are frequently baited to increase capture efficacy, but baited traps can potentially increase predation risk by attracting predators to protected areas. This is especially important if targeted predators can escape capture due to low trap success. Snake traps using live mouse lures may be beneficial if traps effectively remove snakes in the presence of birds and do not attract additional snakes to the area. Aims The present study evaluated whether mouse-lure traps in areas occupied by birds (simulated by deploying bird-lure traps) could influence predation risk from an invasive snake on Guam. Methods Snake traps were used, with Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) as a proxy for predation risk, to assess if an adjacent trap with a mouse (Mus musculus) would attract brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) to a focal area and increase contact between an invasive snake and avian prey. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) at stations containing either a bird-lure trap, mouse-lure trap or pair of traps (i.e. one bird-lure and one mouse-lure trap) was evaluated. Key results Bird-lure traps paired with mouse-lure traps did not differ in CPUE from isolated bird-lure traps. At paired stations, CPUE of snakes in mouse-lure traps was 2.3× higher than bird-lure traps, suggesting mouse lures were capable of drawing snakes away from avian prey. Bird-lure traps at paired stations experienced a decay in captures over time, whereas CPUE for isolated bird-lure traps increased after 9 weeks and exceeded mouse-lure traps after 7 weeks. Conclusions Mouse lures did not increase the risk of snakes being captured in bird-lure traps. Instead, mouse-lure traps may have locally suppressed snakes, whereas stations without mouse-lure traps still had snakes in the focal area, putting avian prey at greater risk. However, snakes caught with bird lures tended to be larger and in better body condition, suggesting preference for avian prey over mammalian prey in larger snakes. Implications Strategic placement of olfactory traps within areas of conservation concern may be beneficial for protecting birds of conservation concern from an invasive snake predator.

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Almeida, Alexandre de, Hilton Thadeu Zarate do Couto e Álvaro Fernando de Almeida. "Camouflaging of seeds treated with pesticides mitigates the mortality of wild birds in wheat and rice crops". Scientia Agricola 67, n. 2 (aprile 2010): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162010000200008.

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Seeds used to plant wheat, corn and rice crops in Brazil are treated with the insecticide carbofuran associated with the dye rhodamine B, attracting granivorous birds and causing mortality during sowing. The objective of this study was to evaluate if using camouflaged seeds can minimize mortality caused by the ingestion of seeds with carbofuran. Alternatives for reducing mortality, such as using carbofuran without rhodamine B or replacing carbofuran by carbosulfan, were compared. Three experiments were carried out in regions of known bird mortality in the states of Paraná and São Paulo, Brazil, using conventional sowing over plowed soil in the traditional planting system, 15,896 kg of seeds in 111.46 ha. Bird carcasses were collected and dissected to unveil which poisoned seed treatments had caused birds' deaths. The mortality mounted to 296 birds of 11 species. Eared doves were the most numerous casualties (263). There was significant correlation between mortality and number of consumed seeds. The consumption of camouflaged seeds was lower than that of commercial seeds treated with rhodamine B. The mortality caused by seeds with both rhodamine B and carbofuran was higher than mortality caused by seeds camouflaged only with carbofuran. The replacement of carbofuran with carbosulfan also seemingly reduced mortality, but carbosulfan mortality might have been underestimated as a result of the apparent movement of affected birds after exposure. Seeds treated with carbofuran and rhodamine B and without any dye, were attractive. Because legal requirement for seeds treated with pesticides to be differentiated by dying, the substitution of rhodamine B by camouflaging must be encouraged.

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Erniwati e Y. Santosa. "High Conservation Value area in oil palm landscape as a potential ecotourism destination for birdwatching activity". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1366, n. 1 (1 luglio 2024): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1366/1/012029.

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Abstract HCV (High Conservation Value) areas in oil palm plantations has a potential to become an ecotourism destination, particularly where bird watching is concerned. However, the potential of HCV to become an ecotourism area has not yet been explored. The study aims to identify diversity of bird in different characteristic of HCV in oil palm landscape and to analysis which characteristic of HCV prospect to develop for bird watching ecotourism site. Data were collected using the line transect method in fourteen HCV areas in different plantation estates at different three provinces in Sumatera. The result showed about 87 bird species and 42 families were identified. Number of species recorded ranged from 10 species to 34 species each site. Based on species conservation status of IUCN, three species were listed as Vulnerable, according to CITES list, three species were classified in Appendix II. Eleven species were listed as protected species in Indonesia. The existence of these protected birds might be regarded as the iconic species of HCV areas, attracting tourists for birding. The HCV areas have a diversity of birds with different ecological roles which are thought to be related to the characteristics of the HCVs. The characteristics of HCV areas are; forest cover, riparian forest, or shrub, located in the middle of oil palm plantation had higher diversity of birds. Those kind of HCV characteristics is suitable to be developed as an ecotourism area. The management may utilize this study to design and manage ecotourism interventions, especially for birdwatching action.

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Rajchard, J. "Exogenous chemical substances in bird perception: a review". Veterinární Medicína 53, No. 8 (5 settembre 2008): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1926-vetmed.

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The perception of exogenous chemical substances, olfactory navigation and the use of the olfactory sense by birds to search for food are reviewed. Many results suggest that the olfactory sense is one of the important components of the navigation system in birds. The olfactory mechanisms used by homing pigeons to navigate homeward from distant sites have been well studied. The scent of potential food, carcasses, is a positive attracting percept for Vultures. Procellariiform seabirds (petrels, albatrosses and shearwaters) are able to localize food sources by using their olfactory sense. Procellariforms are sensitive to scented compounds associated with their primary prey: krill-related odors (pyrazines and trimethylamine), odors associated with phytoplankton (dimethyl sulfide – DMS) and ammonia. Anting is a specific type of behavior of over 200 bird species. Birds probably use anting to control ectoparasites, inhibit the growth of fungi or bacteria, to soothe skin irritated during the molting period, and to remove toxic formic acid from ants prior to their consumption. Insectivorous birds react to insect malodorous substances, produced by insect groups as a chemical defense against predators.

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Travis, Amanda R., e Mary T. Haque. "Wiley–Boone Aviary: A Bird Garden". HortScience 31, n. 4 (agosto 1996): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.702.

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The Wiley–Boone Aviary is a collection of domestic/exotic birds established at the Morgan Poulty Center at Clemson Univ. in the mid-1970s. The area receives 3000 visitors per year, mostly school children. To make the site more aesthectically pleasing and conducive to educational programs, a new design was necessary. The Aviary was selected for redesign as an independent project in Fall 1995. Objectives of the design were: 1) creating an area conducive to housing, attracting, and viewing birds; 2) educating visitors through interactive display areas; 3) creating a bird garden that will attract and educate the public while providing natural food sources, cover, and nesting sites. Plants such as Pyracantha coccinea, Amelanchier arborea, and Juniperus virginiana provide winter berries and protection from predators. Final plans feature: 1) individual aviary structures for exotic, game, and domestic birds; 2) open habitats for mallards and song birds; and 3) an amphitheater for educational purposes. Project steps included research, site analysis, preliminary design, and final master plan. As part of fund-raising activities, the master plan was displayed at the spring festival of the South Carolina Botanical Garden. This, combined with publications, will stimulate community awareness and participation as we approach the implementation phase of the project.

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Travis, Amanda R., e Mary T. Haque. "The Wiley-Boone Aviary: A Bird Garden". HortScience 32, n. 4 (luglio 1997): 589D—589. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.4.589d.

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The Wiley-Boone Aviary is a collection of domestic/exotic birds established at the Morgan Poultry Center at Clemson University in the mid-1970s. The area receives 3000 visitors per year, mostly school children. To make the site more aesthetically pleasing and conducive to educational programs, a new design was necessary. The Aviary was selected for redesign as an independent project in Fall 1995. Objectives of the design were: 1) creating an area conducive to housing, attracting, and viewing birds; 2) educating visitors through interactive display areas; 3) creating a bird garden that will attract and educate the public while providing natural food sources, cover, and nesting sites. Plants such as Pyracantha coccinea, Amelanchier arborea, and Juniperus virginiana provide winter berries production and protection from predators. Final plans feature: 1) individual aviary structures for exotic, game, and domestic birds; 2) open habitats for mallards and song birds; and 3) an amphitheater for educational purposes. Project steps include research, site analysis, preliminary design, and final master plan. As part of fund-raising activities, the master plan was displayed at the spring festival of the South Carolina Botanical Garden. This, combined with publications, will stimulate community awareness and participation as we approach the implementation phase of the project in Spring 1997.

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Silaeva, O. L., e A. S. Pedenko. "Aircraft Collisions with Birds (Orders Falconiformes and Accipitriformes)". Biology Bulletin 50, n. 4 (agosto 2023): 656–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062359023600861.

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Abstract Statistical data on aircraft collisions with birds of prey (Falconiformes and Accipitriformes) are analyzed. The basis of the analysis was the results of study at the Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences (IPEE RAS). The reasons and factors attracting birds of prey to airfields are considered. In the period from 2005 to 2022, seven species of birds of prey involved in 29 collisions with aircraft were identified. The largest number of birdstrikes occur with the Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus and the common buzzard Common Buzzard Buteo buteo. Most collisions occur at the airport or in its vicinity; strikes occur 4.3 times more often during take-off than during landing. Primarily the engine or wing structure is damaged by collisions with raptor birds. Recommendations are given to control bird behavior to minimize strikes with birds of prey at the airfield.

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Wu, Tong, e Charles Perrings. "Conservation, development and the management of infectious disease: avian influenza in China, 2004–2012". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, n. 1722 (24 aprile 2017): 20160126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0126.

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There is growing evidence that wildlife conservation measures have mixed effects on the emergence and spread of zoonotic disease. Wildlife conservation has been found to have both positive (dilution) and negative (contagion) effects. In the case of avian influenza H5N1 in China, the focus has been on negative effects. Lakes and wetlands attracting migrating waterfowl have been argued to be disease hotspots. We consider the implications of waterfowl conservation for H5N1 infections in both poultry and humans between 2004 and 2012. We model both environmental and economic risk factors. Environmental risk factors comprise the conditions that structure interaction between wild and domesticated birds. Economic risk factors comprise the cost of disease, biosecurity measures and disease risk mitigation. We find that H5N1 outbreaks in poultry populations are indeed sensitive to the existence of wild-domesticated bird mixing zones, but not in the way we would expect from the literature. We find that risk is decreasing in protected migratory bird habitat. Since the number of human cases is increasing in the number of poultry outbreaks, as expected, the implication is that the protection of wetlands important for migratory birds offers unexpected human health benefits. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Conservation, biodiversity and infectious disease: scientific evidence and policy implications’.

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Zhang, Shanshan, Hong Ying, Gesang Pingcuo, Shuo Wang, Fan Zhao, Yongning Cui, Jian Shi, Hu Zeng e Xiuli Zeng. "Identification of Potential Metabolites Mediating Bird’s Selective Feeding on Prunus mira Flowers". BioMed Research International 2019 (23 giugno 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1395480.

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In peach orchards, birds severely damage flowers during blossom season, decreasing the fruit yield potential. However, the wild peach species Prunus mira shows intraspecific variations of bird damage, indicating that some of the wild trees have developed strategies to avert bird foraging. Motivated by this observation, we formulated the present study to identify the potential flower metabolites mediating the bird’s selective feeding behavior in P. mira flowers. The birds’ preferred (FG) and avoided (BFT) flowers were collected from wild P. mira trees at three different locations, and their metabolite contents were detected, quantified, and compared. The widely-targeted metabolomics approach was employed to detect a diverse set of 603 compounds, predominantly, organic acids, amino acid derivatives, nucleotide and its derivatives, and flavones. By quantitatively comparing the metabolite contents between FG and BFT, three candidate metabolites, including Eriodictiol 6-C-hexoside 8-C-hexoside-O-hexoside, Luteolin O-hexosyl-O-hexosyl-O-hexoside, and Salvianolic acid A, were differentially accumulated and showed the same pattern across the three sampling locations. Distinctly, Salvianolic acid A was abundantly accumulated in FG but absent in BFT, implying that it may be the potential metabolite attracting birds in some P. mira flowers. Overall, this study sheds light on the diversity of the floral metabolome in P. mira and suggests that the bird’s selective feeding behavior may be mediated by variations in floral metabolite contents.

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Arnold, Zachary J., Seth J. Wenger e Richard J. Hall. "Not just trash birds: Quantifying avian diversity at landfills using community science data". PLOS ONE 16, n. 9 (27 settembre 2021): e0255391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255391.

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Landfills provide seasonally reliable food resources to many bird species, including those perceived to be pest or invasive species. However, landfills often contain multiple habitat types that could attract diverse species, including those of conservation concern. To date, little is known about the characteristics and composition of bird communities at landfills relative to local and regional pools. Here we used the community science database eBird to extract avian species occurrence data at landfills across the US. We compared species richness and community similarity across space in comparison to similarly-sampled reference sites, and further quantified taxonomic and dietary traits of bird communities at landfills. While landfills harbored marginally lower species richness than reference sites (respective medians of 144 vs 160), landfill community composition, and its turnover across space, were similar to reference sites. Consistent with active waste disposal areas attracting birds, species feeding at higher trophic levels, especially gulls, were more frequently observed at landfills than reference sites. However, habitat specialists including two declining grassland species, Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna) and Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), as well as migratory waterfowl, were more frequently encountered at landfills than reference sites. Together, these results suggest that landfills harbor comparable avian diversity to neighboring sites, and that habitats contained within landfill sites can support species of conservation concern. As covered landfills are rarely developed or forested, management of wetlands and grasslands at these sites represents an opportunity for conservation.

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Krams, Ronalds, Tatjana Krama, Guntis Brūmelis, Didzis Elferts, Linda Strode, Iluta Dauškane, Severi Luoto, Agnis Šmits e Indrikis A. Krams. "Ecological traps: evidence of a fitness cost in a cavity-nesting bird". Oecologia 196, n. 3 (21 giugno 2021): 735–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-021-04969-w.

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AbstractHabitat quality has direct effects on the evolutionary fitness of breeding organisms, which is why it is believed that animals tend to have an evolved preference for the best possible habitats. However, some animals may mistakenly choose to reproduce in habitats that decrease their fitness, resulting in ‘ecological traps’. In this study, we tested whether great tits (Parus major) attracted to areas affected by outbreaks of the great web-spinning sawfly (Acantholyda posticalis) had fitness detriments characteristic of ecological traps. Sawfly larvae consume pine needles, which decreases resource availability for birds co-habiting the forest. Using artificial nesting sites, we found that great tits inhabiting areas of sawfly outbreaks had similar clutch sizes as tits breeding in healthy forest patches; however, the fledgling number was significantly lower, and fledgling condition was worse in the damaged forests. While moth larvae are the most important food for bird nestlings, the forest patches damaged by sawflies had lower larval biomass. Although most ecological traps occur in environments altered by humans, this study shows that pest insects can lower habitat quality, forming ecological traps. Our results indicate that attracting cavity-nesting birds should be done with caution because it may negatively impact birds’ nutritional status and reproductive fitness.

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Lei, Boyu, Jifa Cui, Chris Newman, Christina D. Buesching, Zongqiang Xie, David W. Macdonald e Youbing Zhou. "Seed dispersers shape the pulp nutrients of fleshy-fruited plants". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, n. 1953 (23 giugno 2021): 20210817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0817.

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The dispersal-syndrome hypothesis posits that fruit traits are a product of selection by frugivores. Although criticized as adaptationist, recent studies have suggested that traits such as fruit or seed size, colour and odour exhibit signatures that imply selection by animal mutualists. These traits imply nutritional rewards (e.g. lipid, carbohydrate), attracting frugivores; however, this remains incompletely resolved. Here, we investigated whether fruit nutrients (lipid, sugar, protein, vitamin C, water content) moderate the co-adaptation of key disperser-group mutualisms. Multivariate techniques revealed that fruit nutrients assembled non-randomly and grouped according to key dispersal modes. Bird-dispersed fruits were richer in lipids than mammal-dispersed fruits. Mixed-dispersed fruits had significantly higher vitamin C than did mammal- or bird-dispersed fruits separately. Sugar and water content were consistently high irrespective of dispersal modes, suggesting that these traits appeal to both avian and mammalian frugivores to match high-energy requirements. Similarly, protein content was low irrespective of dispersal modes, corroborating that birds and mammals avoid protein-rich fruits, which are often associated with toxic levels of nitrogenous secondary compounds. Our results provide substantial over-arching evidence that seed disperser assemblages co-exert fundamental selection pressures on fruit nutrient trait adaptation, with broad implications for structuring fruit–frugivore mutualism and maintaining fruit trait diversity.

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Athiê, S., e M. M. Dias. "Use of perches and seed dispersal by birds in an abandoned pasture in the Porto Ferreira state park, southeastern Brazil". Brazilian Journal of Biology 76, n. 1 (22 gennaio 2016): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.13114.

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Abstract We investigated the efficiency of different kinds of perches in attracting seed disperser-birds and increasing the seed rain in a degraded area located in the northeast region of São Paulo State. We installed seed traps under natural perches (NPs, living trees); simple artificial perches (SAPs) of 3m tall and a crossbar; elaborate artificial perches (EAPs) of 7m tall and three crossbars, and in a control area. Results showed the number of bird-dispersed seeds deposited was proportional to the number of structures for perching. The NPs also have provided other resources for birds such as food and shelter. Comparing visitation between artificial perches, there was greater use of EAPs also for having more perching structures and for being taller, providing better airspace visibility for predatory birds and tyrant-flycatchers, important seed dispersers. Thus, natural and artificial perches with similar characteristics to the EAPs are the most recommended as a base or complementary method for the restoration of degraded areas near to propagules source, also contributing to the maintenance of local fauna.

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Venkatesan, S. Venkatesan, P. Masilamani Masilamani, P. Janaki, T. Eevera, S. Sundareswaran Sundareswaran e P. Rajkumar. "Genetic and Biochemical Characterization Underpinning the Development of Floral Features that Influence Pollination – A Review". Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 18, n. 2 (30 agosto 2021): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2912.

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In the process of sexual reproduction in angiosperms, making viable pollen grain to land on the surface of the receptive stigma of the same flower or other flower is the key process. Major factors like both biotic and abiotic play a crucial role in the process of making pollen to reach stigma during sexual mode of reproduction in angiosperms. In nature, some of the plants pollination take place without the support of any of the above said two factors, in some of the cases transfer of pollen aided by the biotic factors viz., insects, birds, animals etc., Particularly in the process of insect or bird aided pollen transfer, secretion of volatile compound in view of attracting pollinators have multiple role. In addition to above, flower with variety of colour also play a huge role in attraction of pollinators and its aid in timely occurrence of pollination. Further, due to climate change some of the pollinator population also become extinct, under that condition through evolutionary changes plant change their phenotypic expression by that way they attract other group of pollinator in the process of sexual mode of reproduction. Only the plant able to change their adaptation through the evolutionary process or through the event of mutation based on their requirement alone able to survive. This review discusses some of the important strategy adopted by the flowering plants in view of attraction of pollinators.

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Komlyk, Yuliia, e Oleksandr Ponomarenko. "Analysis of the activity of bird communities in city parks: a case study of Dnipro City, Ukraine". GEO&BIO 2023, n. 25 (30 dicembre 2023): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.53452/gb2512.

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The article presents the results of the analysis of bird communities’ activity in the parks of the right-bank part of Dnipro City during the breeding season of 2022–2023. It was established that 51 bird species consistently exhibit activity in the city parks. Among them, more than half (68.6 %) belong to the order Passeriformes. The analysis of the obtained data indicates that common species such as the house sparrow, chiffchaff, great tit, and white wagtail demonstrate the highest activity in all investigated parks and squares. The widespread presence of these species suggests their flexible use of spatial resources in urban parks, indicating their adaptability to anthropogenic environments. Applying the Rodgers–Shannon overlap index allowed determining the similarity degree of bird community parameters. The results indicate significant similarity among communities in several parks in the right-bank part of Dnipro, associated with their small area, proximity to residential buildings, and common tree crown pruning stages. The correlation between bird diversity and the size and characteristics of park territories was investigated. The correlation matrix revealed a clear positive relationship between park area and the number of bird species exhibiting activity. This is attributed to the greater environmental heterogeneity and the presence of resources for survival, which, in turn, enables representatives of different ecological complexes to realise their ecological and spatial niches. This is explained by the greater heterogeneity and the availability of resources for survival, facilitating the realisation of various ecological and spatial niches for different species. Some parks in the right-bank part of the city exemplify a clear connection between park area and bird species diversity. It was found that with an increase in park area by an average of 2.9556 hectares, the number of bird species increases by one. Additionally, a correlation was observed between the number of tree species in the territory and the bird communities’ biodiversity of the park or square, emphasising the importance of the plant cover for preserving and attracting bird diversity.

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Stankiewicz-Volosianchuk, Oksana. "Factors influencing structural characteristics of wetland bird communities in the middle Uzh River flow". Studia Biologica 17, n. 2 (giugno 2023): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/sbi.1702.712.

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Abstract (sommario):

Background. Long-term surveys of wetland bird communities of the Uzh mountain river in Zakarpattia region, along with an analysis of scientific data published over the past century enabled us to identify a set of anthropogenic factors that significantly influence the species and spatial structures of these communities. Two of the factors are specifically related to human disturbance of the riverbed and the floodplain. Namely, installation of hydraulic engineering structures aimed at water regulation and flood protection, as well as direct interventions in the river channel for smoothing the natural bed of the river bottom, removing small sedimentary islands and clearing the vegetation on the river banks. The factor of urbanization is favorable for species that tend to be synanthropic. For other wetland bird species, urbanization plays a positive role in winter. Materials and Methods. The studies were conducted in the middle Uzh River flow, which has a mountainous character. As the highest diversity of the wetland birds in the middle flow of the river is observed within the city of Uzhhorod, the main surveys were conducted right there. Birds were monitored all year round during the years 1994–2002 and 2020–2021. From 2003 to 2019, the studies were conducted sporadically. An annual cycle was subdivided into 6 periods: winter (November 20 – February 20), early spring (February 21 – April 10), breeding (April 11 – June 30), post-breeding (July), early autumn (August–September) and autumn (October – November 19). Results and Discussion. In the course of the monitoring activities on the Uzh River within the city of Uzhhorod, we identified 30 species of wetland birds belonging to 24 genera, 14 families and 10 orders. According to the pattern of their occurrence on the river throughout the year, they include resident nesting (3 species), wintering (3), migratory (4), wandering (4), summering (3) and occasional (13) bird species. Several of these species are new to the river in urban areas, while some others were not spotted there for the past 10–20 years due to a dramatic change in the habitat conditions. Numbers of certain species have also undergone significant changes due to the effects of various anthropogenic factors. The analysis of the results obtained over 30 years of studies allows us to identify 3 factors influencing the species and spatial structure of the wetland birds on the Uzh River. The first is urbanization, attracting numerous bird species. The second is water regulation, i.e. the construction of dams and water storage facilities. This factor causes a negative impact on wetland birds by changing the river water dynamics, slowing the natural flow down, and raising the water level by retaining dams. The last one is a direct intervention into the river bed, which alters the river bottom, destroys riparian vegetation and alluvial islands that form additional micro-meanders in the riverbed, as well as shallow and deep water sections of the river. Conclusion. For the wetland bird species of the mountain rivers, it is crucial to keep the mosaic nature of their habitat. Interventions in the morphology of the riverbed, as well as alterations in the water dynamics of the river due to water management measures, adversely affect the species structure of wetland bird communities and the nature of their presence on the river. The cascades of retaining dams along the mountain rivers can substantially decrease the diversity of typical mountain river species and lead to a decline of these species’ population in the Carpathians. Cities, on the contrary, can serve as refuges for birds in critical winter periods.

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Opalko, Olga, Nataliia Derev'ianko e Anatoly Opalko. "Bird Cherry (Prunus padus L.) in history and culture of Ukrainian and other ethnicities". Journal of Native and Alien Plant Studies, n. 17 (22 dicembre 2021): 176–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.37555/2707-3114.17.2021.248352.

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Abstract (sommario):

Aim. Decorative and confectionery-pharmaceutical value of bird cherry (Prunus padus L.), the complex history of the phytonyms’ formation, the transcendent symbolism and poetics of its image, ideas about bird cherry in different ethnic groups, and the pragmatic need to modernize the traditions they have preserved led to the need for necessitated research. Methods. The authors conducted the retrospective analysis of the formation of the bird cherry’s folklore image; revealed the formation of its modern scientific terminology and botanical nomenclature, attempts to preserve the symbolism of the bird cherry’s folk names in different ethnic groups for future generations and the prospects for introducing P. padus representatives in horticulture. The commonly used methods of theoretical analysis, systematization, comparison, and generalization of specialized literature have been applied (Hurrell et al., 2019). Results. Polyphilia of the subgenus Prunus subg. Padus (Mill.) Peterm. (=Prunus subg. Padus (Moench) Focke), debatable rank and status of P. padus species and the incompleteness of its taxonomy are confirmed. The autochthonous nature of bird cherry in Ukraine is supported by the richness of its dialect folk names. However, the dialect names of bird cherry were not always really motivated. They symbolized the plant in colorful verbal and poetic images and connected it with the oldest sacred traditions. Folk names and symbols of bird cherry in Ukrainian, Russian and Belarusian dialects, variants of its nomenclature and symbolism in the traditions of English-speaking ethnic groups, and the Spanish language's onomastic field had been discussed. Works on the bird cherry’s use in folk medicine and modern pharmacy, and prospects for attracting materials from Prunus spp. Collections of NDP “Sofiyivka” of NAS of Ukraine and experimental farm “Novokahovske” of the Rice Institute of NAS of Ukraine for gardening, horticulture, and breeding are characterized. Conclusions. The ambiguity of the bird cherry’s folklore image in the ideas of close Slavic ethnic groups, the connection of these ideas with the composition of the local dendrological flora, and the traditional value of P. padus and other representatives of the subgenus Padus for traditional and scientific medicine, the prospects of their introduction into horticulture, and the need to involve ethnobotanical lexemes in enlightenment are proved.

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Utami, Retno Nur, Siti Nurul Rofiqo Irwan, Ahmad Sawardi e Alia Bihrajihant Raya. "Daya Tarik Keanekaragaman Burung di Jalur Hijau Jalan Kota Yogyakarta". Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia 26, n. 2 (29 aprile 2021): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18343/jipi.26.2.267.

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Urban greenery plays an important role in providing a biodiversity habitat of vegetation and birds as biotics in the urban ecosystem. The biodiversity can show attractions in Yogyakarta city as a tourism destination in Indonesia. This research was conducted on three types of roads of the secondary artery (SA), secondary collector (SC), and local (L). The bird diversity depended on tree greenery as its habitat and food source. This research aimed (1) to analyze bird diversity on the roadside greenery in Yogyakarta City, and (1) to reveal the attraction of birds on the urban greenery as a tourism attraction. The sample units were selected by the method of stratified random sampling. The bird observation was used by the method of transect line conducted on the three categories of roads in Yogyakarta City. The bird diversity was analyzed by Shannon-Wiener's (H') index diversity, and bird activity was descriptively analyzed. The number of birds found in the greenery was 685 belong to 12 species. The diversity indexes (H') of the birds on the roads of the secondary artery (SA), secondary collector (SC), and local (L) categories were 0.697 (low), 1.001 (medium), and 1.246 (medium). The index shows the equal quality of the bird attractions in the city. The low-medium of index value should be improved to reach a high H'. The improvement should be carried out by landscape planning for urban tourism through planting food source trees or habitat trees for birds on the urban greenery of Yogyakarta. The strength of the urban attraction of birds was also supported by species diversity, conservation status, bird activity, habitat trees, and the ecological function of urban trees on the roadside greenery of Yogyakarta city. Keywords: bird diversity, roadside greenery, urban attraction, urban greenery, Yogyakarta

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Boechat, Rafael Ferreira, Bianca Ferreira da Silva e André Felippe Nunes-Freitas. "Bird-epiphyte interactions in three Atlantic Forest environments in southeastern Brazil". Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27, n. 2 (giugno 2019): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03544454.

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AbstractEpiphytes reach up to 67% of the total plant species richness in some tropical areas and act as diverse food resources that can be crucial in times of food scarcity. The avifauna assists in their reproduction, either through pollination or seed dispersal, thus creating a vast interaction spectrum between both communities within a continuous ecological process. Few scientific studies concerning avian and epiphytic community interactions are available and not much is known on their specific relationships. However, their absence can change existing ecological processes in habitats. With this in mind, a study undertaken at the Reserva Ecológica do Guapiaçu, Cachoeiras de Macacu, RJ analyzed bird and epiphytic interactions in three different environments: forest, fragmented forest and pastureland. The aim was to study how these interactions can vary according to their degree of conservation and successional stage. Three observation points were marked in a forest, nine points in forest fragments and ten observation points in the pastureland, thus providing a total of 1056 observation hours. As a result, 643 avian and epiphytic interactions were registered. We tested differences in the number of interactions between the areas. The initial hypothesis was that the largest number of registered interactions would occur in the preserved forest given its preserved state and existing biodiversity; however, the pasture area presented the highest number and variety of interactions. Most of the birds observed in the different habitats presented a high interaction in pasture areas where resource availability is reduced, making epiphytes an important food supply. Epiphytes permit a valuable network of interactions by attracting a high diversity of birds, especially those that disperse fruit or pollinate flowers, illustrating their importance within a degraded environment.

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GINANTRA, I. Ketut, I. Ketut MUKSIN, Martin JONI e Luh Putu Eswaryanti Kusuma YUNI. "Bird Diversity as a Support of Ecotourism Activities in the Mangrove Ecosystem of Lembongan Island Bali". Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 13, n. 7 (2 dicembre 2022): 1840. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v13.7(63).04.

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Research has been carried out on bird diversity to support ecotourism attractions in the mangrove area of Lembongan Island. The research was conducted in April - August 2021. The focus of this research is the identification, description of bird species and the use of habitats for bird activities. To achieve this goal, the following steps were taken: Identification of bird species based on morphological characteristics, determining the abundance of bird species using the point count method, determining bird activity at each ecosystem site of mangroves with ad libitum sampling method. Bird species diversity was determined by the Shannon-Wiener index. The results of the study found 32 species of birds belonging to 26 families. Most of the birds found were terrestrial birds with 21 species, and water birds (shore birds) with 11 species. Overall, the diversity of bird species in the mangrove ecosystem is in the high category (diversity index 3.03) and the species evenness index is high (evenness index 0.87). The types of vegetation used by birds at the 7 research sites were mangrove vegetation, mangrove associations and dry land vegetation. The presence of birds, bird conservation status, bird activities, habitat use by birds in mangrove habitats are attractive attractions for ecotourism.

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Castilhos de Freitas, Thales, Gustavo Crizel Gomes, Artur Ramos Molina, Ernestino de Souza Gomes Guarino, Cristiano Agra Iserhard e Rafael Beltrame. "Artificial perches increase bird-mediated seed rain in agricultural fallow area in southern Brazil". Web Ecology 22, n. 2 (7 novembre 2022): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-22-59-2022.

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Abstract. One of the main barriers to restoration is the arrival of diaspores in degraded areas. However, this process can be hampered in open areas without trees in the landscape. For that, artificial perches are used to attract and provide a landing area for avian seed dispersers, to enhance seed rain. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of the distance of artificial perches in relation to a forest fragment on the diversity and composition of seed rain in an agricultural fallow area, including alien invasive plant species. We also aimed to record and characterize the bird species that potentially act as seed dispersers. Thus, we used artificial perches at three different distances from a forest fragment (5, 25, and 50 m). Four seed traps were arranged under the perches at each distance, and four control seed traps were interspersed with these and distanced at 7.5 m. Furthermore, we placed four seed traps inside the forest fragment at 5 m from the edge. We also carried out 80 h of focal observation of the avifauna that used artificial perches. A total of 24 655 seeds were sampled across all treatments. There was a significant difference in seed abundance and richness between artificial perches, control seed traps, and forest seed traps. Seed deposition increased with distance from the forest fragment (50, 25, and 5 m). An ordination procedure indicated the formation of three plant seed communities, with the forest community being most distinct. The invasive exotic species Pittosporum undulatum (Australian cheesewood) was the third most abundant in the seed rain. We observed 24 bird species from 12 families using artificial perches. The Tyrannidae family was the most represented. We showed that artificial perches are efficient structures for attracting birds, increasing the richness and abundance of seed species. Artificial perches at 25 and 50 m were more efficient possibly due to the provision of greater visibility for birds. Therefore, artificial perches are efficient in increasing seed rain in the fallow area but should be used with caution in landscapes with the presence of alien species. These findings contribute to increasing knowledge about overcoming the first barrier to ecological restoration, which is the arrival of diaspores in degraded areas, and showing the importance of birds in this process.

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O’Mahen, Patrick. "A Big Bird effect? The interaction among public broadcasting, public subsidies, and political knowledge". European Political Science Review 8, n. 2 (25 febbraio 2015): 311–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175577391500003x.

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Abstract (sommario):

Policymakers in industrialized democracies often debate the efficacy of subsidizing public broadcasters. Surprisingly however, past media and politics research analyzing the effects of public broadcasting on political knowledge does not isolate the effect of subsidies and instead treats all public broadcasters as equals. This study theorizes that subsidized public broadcasters have to worry less about competing with entertainment-oriented commercial broadcasters for advertising revenue than their unsubsidized peers. As a result, they can focus on providing more comprehensive public affairs coverage instead of only worrying about attracting the largest possible audience. To test this theory, I use Eurobarometer data measuring knowledge, media consumption, and demographic variables from 14 countries. I find that watching public broadcasting increases knowledge levels among citizens, while decreasing gaps in knowledge between citizens caused by varying levels of education, income, gender, and political interest. However, as predicted, these benefits only occur in countries that provide significant subsidies for their public broadcasters.

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GINANTRA, I. Ketut, I. Ketut MUKSIN e Martin JONI. "Diversity of Birds for Ecotourism Attractions in the Mangrove Ecosystem of Nature Conservation Forum Putri Menjangan". Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 11, n. 1 (18 aprile 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v11.1(41).07.

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Abstract (sommario):

Research on bird diversity has been carried out to support ecotourism attractions in the mangrove area of Conservation Forum Putri Menjangan. The study was conducted in April-July 2018. The focus of this research was identification, description of bird species and habitat use for bird activities. To achieve this goal, the following steps are taken: (1) Identification of bird species based on morphological characteristics, (2) determining the abundance of bird species by point count method (3) determining the activity of birds in each mangrove zoning with the ad libitum sampling method. The diversity of bird species is determined by the Shannon-wiener index. The results of the study found 39 birds species included in 24 families. In each zoning the mangrove forest shows a variety of diversity. The central mangrove zone is showing the diversity of the most diverse species of birds. The birds use mangrove vegetation to perch, forage. Mudflat and tide in mangrove habitats are used by birds for foraging activities. The existence of birds, bird activity, habitat use by birds in mangrove habitat is an interesting attraction in ecotourism.

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Das, Chandan. "A Review on Understanding the Plant’s Secret Language for Communication and its Application". Haya: The Saudi Journal of Life Sciences 9, n. 01 (5 gennaio 2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjls.2024.v09i01.001.

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Abstract (sommario):

Plants engage in communication through diverse methods, encompassing chemical signals, sound waves, and root networks. These signals serve to convey information about environmental challenges such as drought and disease, and play a role in attracting pollinators or deterring predators. Coined as the "plant's secret language" by Tompkins and Bird in 1973 [1] Tompkins, P., & Bird, C. [1973]. Scientists have identified specific compounds that plants use to signal to one another, including volatile organic compounds [VOCs] and herbivore-induced plant volatiles [HIPVs] that can be released into the air and root exudates that are released into the soil. Recent research has shed light on the mechanisms behind this communication, revealing that plants have a sophisticated network of sensory and signalling pathways that allow them to perceive and respond to various stimuli. The review covers a range of topics, including how plants communicate with each other, how they respond to biotic and abiotic stresses, and how they use this communication to defend against pathogens and predators[herbivore]. It also discusses the potential applications of this knowledge in various fields, such as agriculture, medicine, and environmental monitoring. Overall, this review study highlights the importance of understanding the plant's secret language for communication and its potential applications in various fields like agriculture, conservation, and medicine.

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Banks, Peter B., e Jessica V. Bryant. "Four-legged friend or foe? Dog walking displaces native birds from natural areas". Biology Letters 3, n. 6 (4 settembre 2007): 611–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0374.

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Dog walking is among the world's most popular recreational activities, attracting millions of people to natural areas each year with diverse benefits to human and canine health. But conservation managers often ban dog walking from natural areas fearing that wildlife will see dogs as potential predators and abandon their natural habitats, resulting in outcry at the restricted access to public land. Arguments are passionate on both sides and debate has remained subjective and unresolved because experimental evidence of the ecological impacts of dog walking has been lacking. Here we show that dog walking in woodland leads to a 35% reduction in bird diversity and 41% reduction in abundance, both in areas where dog walking is common and where dogs are prohibited. These results argue against access by dog walkers to sensitive conservation areas.

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Iswandaru, Dian, Hariyono e Fathur Rohman. "Birding and Avitourism: Potential Analysis of Birds in the Buffer Villages Around Conservation Area". Jurnal Sylva Lestari 11, n. 2 (16 maggio 2023): 247–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl.v11i2.681.

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The development of avitourism in villages around the conservation area still needs optimal support to increase welfare and reduce illegal practices like bird hunting. Birds are wild animals that play an essential role in the ecosystem. One of the efforts that have been developed in the buffer village to improve the welfare community and the conservation of birds is avitourism. This study aimed to analyze birds that have the potential as objects and attractions in avitourism. The bird species recorded were 82 species from 39 families. The results of key informants’ perception analysis revealed that 55 bird species (67.07%) have the potential as objects and attractions of avitourism, showing the nocturnal birds, top 50 birds of Way Kambas National Park, and parrot species as the top classification (> 75%). The colorful, raptor, and protected criteria are second with the favorite classification (51-75%). Endemic and migrant criteria are in the third position with the impressive classification (25-50%), and the songbird criteria are the lowest with the interesting classification (< 25%). The existence of birds that have the potential as objects and attraction of avitourism in the villages around Way Kambas National Park indicates that areas can be used in locations for avitourism, including bird photography, to improve welfare. Keywords: Avitourism, birds, buffer villages, Way Kambas National Park

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Jang, Kukjin, Taegeon Song, Dasran Kim, Jinsick Kim, Byeongsoo Koo, Moonju Nam, Kyungil Kwak, Jooyeoun Lee e Myoungsug Chung. "Analytical Method for Bridge Damage Using Deep Learning-Based Image Analysis Technology". Applied Sciences 13, n. 21 (28 ottobre 2023): 11800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132111800.

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Abstract (sommario):

Bridge inspection methods using unmanned vehicles have been attracting attention. In this study, we devised an efficient and reliable method for visually inspecting bridges using unmanned vehicles. For this purpose, we developed the BIRD U-Net algorithm, which is an evolution of the U-Net algorithm that utilizes images taken by unmanned vehicles. Unlike the U-Net algorithm, however, this algorithm identifies the optimal function by setting the epoch to 120 and uses the Adam optimization algorithm. In addition, a bilateral filter was applied to highlight the damaged areas of the bridge, and a different color was used for each of the five types of abnormalities detected, such as cracks. Next, we trained and tested 135,696 images of exterior bridge damage, including concrete delamination, water leakage, and exposed rebar. Through the analysis, we confirmed an analysis method that yields an average inspection reproduction rate of more than 95%. In addition, we compared and analyzed the inspection reproduction rate of the method with that of BIRD U-Net after using the same method and images for training as the existing U-Net and ResNet algorithms for validation. In addition, the algorithm developed in this study is expected to yield objective results through automatic damage analysis. It can be applied to regular inspections that involve unmanned mobile vehicles in the field of bridge maintenance, thereby reducing the associated time and cost.

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Pasitschniak-Arts, Maria, e François Messier. "Predator identification at simulated waterfowl nests using inconspicuous hair catchers and wax-filled eggs". Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, n. 5 (1 maggio 1995): 984–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-115.

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Abstract (sommario):

We tested the efficiency of thin, inconspicuous wire hair catchers and wax-filled eggs to differentiate between mammalian and avian predators of upland nesting ducks. In contrast to a previously tested hair catcher (lacerated metal sheeting, modified bridge-stake design), our hair catcher was designed to be unobtrusive, to avoid attracting predators to nests. In total, 578 simulated nests (78 with metal sheeting and 500 with inconspicuous wire hair catchers) were set up in Thickwood Hills, Saskatchewan. Each nest contained seven fresh chicken eggs and two wax-filled eggs for collecting tooth and beak marks of predators. Predation by mammals and birds accounted for 30 and 70% of depredated nests (n = 78) with metal-sheeting hair catchers compared with 76.5 and 23.5% (n = 143) of nests with inconspicuous wire hair catchers, respectively; metal-sheeting hair catchers created a severe bias toward bird predation. Restricting our analysis to nests with inconspicuous wire hair catchers, hair and feather samples were obtained at 45.1 and 2.2% of depredated nests (n = 317), respectively. Another 30.3% of depredated nests contained marked wax-filled eggs, of which 75% related to mammalian predation and 25% to avian predation. Overall, we could differentiate between mammalian and avian predation in 77.6% of destroyed nests. Based on hair samples, the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) was the dominant predator (75% occurrence) among mammalian species.

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Greenberg, Russell, Mercedes S. Foster e Laura Marquez-Valdelamar. "The role of the white-eyed vireo in the dispersal ofBurserafruit on the Yucatan Peninsula". Journal of Tropical Ecology 11, n. 4 (novembre 1995): 619–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400009184.

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ABSTRACTWhite-eyed vireos (Vireo griseus) winter in the forests and secondary growth of the Yucatan Peninsula whereBursera simaruba(Burseraceae) is an abundant tree. Twenty-five per cent of all white-eyed vireos observed foraging visitedBurseratrees. In addition, presence and abundance of territorial white-eyed vireos in small forest patches were correlated with the size of theBurseracrop. Vireos were the most reliable dispersers ofBurseraseeds. These birds visited 32 of 35 trees observed for at least three hours. They accounted for approximately half of all bird visits, and two-thirds of the seeds dispersed. Most of the other species rarely visited (<5% of visits) or failed to remove seeds from the tree.Peculiarities of phenology and fruit structure may contribute to the tendency ofBurserato be dispersed by relatively few species. The capsules ofBurserafruits do not open when the fruit ripens; birds apparently locate ripe fruit using visual cues, although these are few. In addition, only a small portion of the crop ripens daily over a 7- or 8-month period. The vireo-Bursera simarubarelationship, found regionally on the Yucatan Peninsula, may result from the prolonged fruit ripening period (October-March), the relatively depauperate frugivore community and the relatively high density of smallBurseratrees in the hurricane-disturbed dry forests.Small trees at all times, and all trees from October to February, depend upon territorial vireos for continuous, highly efficient local dispersal of a small number of fruits. In March and April residual fruits ripen rapidly and synchronously, attracting a greater variety of visitors for broad spectrum dispersal during a period of food scarcity. Thus,Burserahas an unusual two-phase phenological pattern, perhaps alternately to take advantage of both specialized and opportunistic dispersers.

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Liang, Qiao. "Investigation and Evaluation of Summer Vegetation in Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport". Academic Journal of Management and Social Sciences 2, n. 3 (20 maggio 2023): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajmss.v2i3.8743.

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The bird ecological chain can be broken by the ecological environment management of the airport and its surrounding areas; it is an effective method for bird strike control. Based on a comprehensive survey of plant populations in Baiyun Airport, it can be seen that there are 68 dominant plant species that are more attractive to birds inside and outside Baiyun Airport. The K-means clustering algorithm is used to cluster the 68 plants in MATLAB. The analysis results show that these 68 plants can be divided into three categories according to their comprehensive attraction to birds. The airport authorities can invest different management resources and adopt different management methods for the three types of plants with different risk, so as to minimize the arrival of birds at the airport.

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Cestari, César. "Anting behavior by the White-bearded Manakin (Manacus manacus, Pipridae): an example of functional interaction in a frugivorous lekking bird". Biota Neotropica 10, n. 4 (dicembre 2010): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032010000400038.

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Behavioral studies of birds have reported several functions for active anting. Maintenance of plumage and prevention from ectoparasites are some examples. In this context, anting by males may be of particular importance in a classical lek mating system, where male-male competition is common and individuals with higher fitness may be more successful at attracting of females. In the present note, I describe the anting behavior of White-bearded Manakin (Manacus manacus) and I relate it to lek breeding and feeding (frugivory) habits of the species. Males used up to seven Solenopsis sp. ants. They rubbed each small ant from 4 to 31 times on undertail feathers until the ants were degraded; ants were not eaten. Males then searched for a new ant in the court. Seeds discarded by males on their individual display courts attract herbivorous ants that are used for anting as a way to maintain feathers and fitness. I hypothesize that anting in White-bearded Manakin may increase the probability of males to attract females to their display courts.

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Reilly, Timothy J., Ron G. Hounsell e Robin Jamail. "NEW BRUNSWICK BIRD DETERRENT STUDY". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, n. 1 (1 aprile 1997): 908–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-908.

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ABSTRACT During October and November 1995, a bird deterrent device (the Marine Phoenix Wailer) was tested in Miramichi Bay, New Brunswick, Canada, for effectiveness in keeping scoter ducks away from juvenile mussel collector lines. Test results indicated that the Wailer was effective in excluding scoters from a circular open-water area within a 500-meter radius. The scenario tested provided a worst case situation for bird deterrent operations: if birds can be repelled from a strong attractant (i.e., food), it is believed that they may be repelled from less attractive areas such as oil-contaminated sites.

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de Freitas, Aline, Fernanda Achete e Susana Beatriz Vinzón. "Characterization of the Coastal Environment as a Baseline for Alternative Tourism Segments Development in Salinópolis, Pará". World 1, n. 3 (9 novembre 2020): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/world1030017.

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Salinópolis in Pará State, Brazil, is a coastal city with a highly seasonal tourism industry. Despite the potentiality of the region, tourism is mainly focused on beach use for recreation. The purpose of this study was to analyze environmental conditions to provide a baseline for development strategies of additional tourism activities, decreasing unwanted impacts, and improving the local economy. We combined wind and pluviosity data, remote sensing, and wave model results for the environmental characterization. Wave climate analysis shows higher waves in the first part of the year, favoring sports like water-surfing. Winds are more intense and parallel to the coast in the second part of the year when rain is low, defining ideal conditions for wind sports, like kitesurfing. Apart from sport activities, appropriately designed beach accesses through mangrove forest would allow a more even distribution of tourists on the beaches. Sustainable walkways projects could include multipurpose structures for beach access and development of ecotourism activities such as environmental education or bird watching. Gastronomic and cultural tourism could also reduce seasonality effects, attracting tourists also during the rainy season.

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Hammerschmidt, K., K. Radyushkin, H. Ehrenreich e J. Fischer. "Female mice respond to male ultrasonic ‘songs’ with approach behaviour". Biology Letters 5, n. 5 (10 giugno 2009): 589–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0317.

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The ultrasonic vocalizations of mice are attracting increasing attention, because they have been recognized as an informative readout in genetically modified strains. In addition, the observation that male mice produce elaborate sequences of ultrasonic vocalizations (‘song’) when exposed to female mice or their scents has sparked a debate as to whether these sounds are—in terms of their structure and function—analogous to bird song. We conducted playback experiments with cycling female mice to explore the function of male mouse songs. Using a place preference design, we show that these vocalizations elicited approach behaviour in females. In contrast, the playback of whistle-like artificial control sounds did not evoke approach responses. Surprisingly, the females also did not respond to pup isolation calls. In addition, female responses did not vary in relation to reproductive cycle, i.e. whether they were in oestrus or not. Furthermore, our data revealed a rapid habituation of subjects to the experimental situation, which stands in stark contrast to other species' responses to courtship vocalizations. Nevertheless, our results clearly demonstrate that male mouse songs elicit females' interest.

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Lavrov, Vitaliy, Nataliia Miroshnyk, Tatiana Grabovska e Tatiana Shupova. "Forest shelter belts in organic agricultural landscape: structure of biodiversity and their ecological role". Folia Forestalia Polonica 63, n. 1 (1 marzo 2021): 48–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2021-0005.

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Abstract The aim of this article is to assess the structure of biodiversity of field protective forest shelter belts to determine the directions of increasing their reclamation and conservation potential in the organic agricultural landscape. Methods of comparative ecology (synecological approach, assessment of α-diversity), forestry, geobotany, ornithology and statistical analysis are used. Changes in species diversity of plants and birds in forest shelter belts around organic fields are characterized. It is established that plantations with developed undergrowth and under-storey are transformed due to the loss of up to 43.5% of trees, liquefaction of the edificatory tier. Transformer species with a wide phytocenotic range predominate in the tree stands. The grass tier is dominated by ruderants (36.5%) and adventive species (24.5%). The share (60%) of species with a mixed life strategy indicates changes in moisture conditions and soil trophism. A 2.4% of shade-loving plants and the presence of 14.7% nitrophils indicate an imbalance in the structure of forest shelter belts. Depletion of species composition, ecological and trophic structure of bird groups testify to the decrease in the capacity of forest shelter belts and their statio diversity, reduction of protective, environment-creating functions and other ecosystem services. In the three-tiered dense forest shelter belts with developed undergrowth and understorey, 10–27 species of birds nest. In general, avifauna is represented by 2 ecological groups (93.1% dendrophiles, 6.9% sclerophiles), divided into 5 types of nesting strategy (with a predominance of hollow-nests 37.0–53.3%), and 5 types of feeding (with a predominance of entomophagous 70.4–90.0%). Twenty-nine species have been identified on nesting, 27 of which are subject to protection at the level of international agreements. There are no adventive species, the index of synanthropization of avifauna is high – 0.85–1.0. For organic technologies to increase the potential of biological protection of fields from entomological pests by attracting insectivorous birds is relevant.

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BORUAH, Ichangdaw, Sasitorn HASIN, Ananya POPRADIT, Vanatpornratt SAWASDEE e SOONTAREE CHEENTAM. "Biodiversity of Birds in Urban Green Space for Support Ecotourism activities in Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University Thailand". Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 12, n. 4 (30 giugno 2021): 1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v12.4(52).25.

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Bird watching is one of the attractive ecotourism activities for travelers and nature enthusiasts, which rapidly growing in Thailand. This study aims to: (1) explore bird diversity in various green spaces in ValayaAlongkorn Rajabhat University (VRU); and (2) examine which bird species dominates the study areas. Bird data were collected using point count techniques in two sessions; early morning, and late afternoon, at VRU from May 2020 to April 2021. Frequency of occurrence value (FQ) was analyzed for classifying status groups of birds in the VRU. Order Passeriformes was numerically the dominant order in our study area, with 22 species (47.7% of total represented species), while the other bird orders were the least dominant, represented by 1 to 5 species in range. A total of 47 species of birds belonging to 29 Families and 12 Orders were recorded. During this study, significantly, the highest bird richness was recorded in agriculture areas (35 ± 2.3 SD), followed by the species from recreation areas (27 ± 1.8 SD) and natural wetland (17 ± 1.7 SD) (P>0.05). Five migrant bird species and 35 resident species were observed, and 10 bird species were recorded in both the seasonal status as migrant and resident species. Most of the bird species are listed as of least concern, while only one species, Mycteria leucocephala, are listed as near-threatened. Nine bird species are classified as common species in the VRU with > 80 % of frequency of occurrence. The pattern of bird diversity in the VRU in general follows the natural condition of green area space in the VRU. Typical characteristics of birds, their habitat and appearing period can develop bird-watching objects, which become interesting attractions for travelers and nature enthusiasts, promoting ecotourism development and efforts to conserve bird diversity.

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Chen, Zhe, Yang Niu, Chang-Qiu Liu e Hang Sun. "Red flowers differ in shades between pollination systems and across continents". Annals of Botany 126, n. 5 (1 giugno 2020): 837–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa103.

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Abstract Background and Aims Floral colour is a primary signal in plant–pollinator interactions. The association between red flowers and bird pollination is well known, explained by the ‘bee avoidance’ and ‘bird attraction’ hypotheses. Nevertheless, the relative importance of these two hypotheses has rarely been investigated on a large scale, even in terms of colour perception per se. Methods We collected reflectance spectra for 130 red flower species from different continents and ascertained their pollination systems. The spectra were analysed using colour vision models for bees and (three types of) birds, to estimate colour perception by these pollinators. The differences in colour conspicuousness (chromatic and achromatic contrast, purity) and in spectral properties between pollination systems and across continents were analysed. Key Results Compared with other floral colours, red flowers are very conspicuous to birds and much less conspicuous to bees. The red flowers pollinated by bees and by birds are more conspicuous to their respective pollinators. Compared with the bird flowers in the Old World, the New World ones are less conspicuous to bees and may be more conspicuous not only to violet-sensitive but also to ultraviolet-sensitive birds. These differences can be explained by the different properties of the secondary reflectance peak (SP). SP intensity is higher in red flowers pollinated by bees than those pollinated by birds (especially New World bird flowers). A transition from high SP to low SP in red flowers can induce chromatic contrast changes, with a greater effect on reducing attraction to bees than enhancing attraction to birds. Conclusions Shades of red flowers differ between pollination systems. Moreover, red bird flowers are more specialized in the New World than in the Old World. The evolution towards colour specialization is more likely to result in higher efficiency of bee avoidance than bird attraction

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Badarab, Fitriah, Endah Trihayuningtyas e M. Liga Suryadana. "Strategi Pengembangan Destinasi Pariwisata di Kepulauan Togean Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah". Journal : Tourism and Hospitality Essentials Journal 7, n. 2 (26 novembre 2017): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/thej.v7i2.9016.

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This research aims to know the strategy of development of Tourism Destinations in the Togian Islands, Regency Tojo Una-Una, Central Sulawesi Province. The island has become a major national tourist's destination in Indonesia between 50 regions in Indonesia. However, the number of tourists visited the island were fluctuated for the last three years. This research examined the tourism strategy formulation based on internal and external factor analysis at the destination. The research used some instruments to compile data, such as observation, interview, questionnaires, and documentation. The research result indicated that there were several strategies that could be implemented in developing the Togian island. The strategies were as follows: 1) developing cultural and natural tours, such as bird watching, beach activities and Bajeu village visits; 2) establishing close relationship and cooperation between public and private sectors; 3) attracting foreign investors; 4) building and maintaining the tourist facilities in some strategic locations; 5) increasing community awareness for developing tourism; 6) developing ethnic-based tour packages. Therefore, some recommendations for the destination are on developing cultural, natural, and culinary tourism; improving the public facilities; developing accessibility; and strengthening cooperation among stakeholders.

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Hoefer, Christopher J. "Marine Bird Attraction to Thermal Fronts in the California Current System". Condor 102, n. 2 (1 maggio 2000): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.2.423.

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AbstractI relate marine bird density to the 55 strongest thermal fronts encountered during a survey of much of the eastern portion of the California Current and the adjacent coastal upwelling region. Elevated densities were recorded for all marine bird taxa except the Leach's Storm-Petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa). The variance explained by the regression models ranged from 3% for the Leach's Storm-Petrel to 85% for all marine birds. The response observed is notably stronger than previous analyses with similar data.

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Prokopy, Ronald J., Sylvia S. Cooley, Luis Galarza, Christopher Bergweiler e Carol R. Lauzon. "BIRD DROPPINGS COMPETE WITH BAIT SPRAYS FOR RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (WALSH) FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)". Canadian Entomologist 125, n. 3 (giugno 1993): 413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent125413-3.

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AbstractPublished studies have shown inconsistent effects of proteinaceous bait sprays against apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh). Explanations of inconsistency could involve the presence of natural food such as bird droppings competing with bait sprays for attraction of flies. Under field, semi-field, or laboratory conditions, we found that: (1) aqueous solutions of 10% proteinaceous bait (Nulure) were significantly more attractive than water to protein-denied but not to protein-provided apple maggot flies; (2) addition of 2% toxicant (malathion 50 EC) did not affect attractiveness of Nulure droplets but did significantly deter feeding by arriving protein-provided flies (though not protein-denied flies); (3) droppings collected from barn swallows, chickens, and unidentified birds on apple trees were significantly more attractive than solutions or droplets of Nulure to protein-denied flies; (4) droppings that were freshly deposited or fresh from cold storage were significantly less attractive than droppings held under ambient conditions for 1 or 2 days; (5) droppings allowed to dry for 1 day at 25 °C, 60% RH were no less attractive than droppings that received water to simulate dew or rainfall; and (6) droppings treated with antibiotics were significantly less attractive than droppings not treated with antibiotics, indicating that bacteria may be involved in generating attractive volatiles. Together, these findings suggest that in situations where natural sources of protein such as bird droppings or insect honeydew are abundant, apple maggot flies may be relatively unaffected by addition of proteinaceous bait to insecticide sprays.

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