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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Blr-1"
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Casas-Flores, Sergio, Mauricio Rios-Momberg, Martha Bibbins, Patricia Ponce-Noyola, and Alfredo Herrera-Estrella. "BLR-1 and BLR-2, key regulatory elements of photoconidiation and mycelial growth in Trichoderma atroviride." Microbiology 150, no. 11 (November 1, 2004): 3561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27346-0.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In fungi, phototropism, the induction of carotenogenesis and reproductive structures, and resetting of the circadian rhythm are controlled by blue light. Trichoderma atroviride, a fungus used in biological control, sporulates in a synchronized manner following a brief pulse of blue light. Due to its apparent simplicity, this response was chosen for pursuing photoreceptor isolation. Two genes were cloned, blue-light regulators 1 and 2 (blr-1 and blr-2), similar to the Neurospora crassa white-collar 1 and 2, respectively. The BLR-1 protein has all the characteristics of a blue-light photoreceptor, whereas the structure of the deduced BLR-2 protein suggests that it interacts with BLR-1 through PAS domains to form a complex. Disruption of the corresponding genes demonstrated that they are essential for blue-light-induced conidiation. blr-1 and blr-2 were also shown to be essential for the light-induced expression of the photolyase-encoding gene (phr-1). Mechanical injury of mycelia was found to trigger conidiation of T. atroviride, a response not described previously. This response was not altered in the mutants. A novel effect of both red and blue light on mycelial growth was found involving another light receptor, which is compensated by the BLR proteins.
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Sánchez-Arreguín, Alejandro, Ana Silvia Pérez-Martínez, and Alfredo Herrera-Estrella. "Proteomic Analysis of Trichoderma atroviride Reveals Independent Roles for Transcription Factors BLR-1 and BLR-2 in Light and Darkness." Eukaryotic Cell 11, no. 1 (November 4, 2011): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.05263-11.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT The genus Trichoderma is one of the most widely used biological control agents of plant-pathogenic fungi. The main mechanism for survival and dispersal of Trichoderma is through the production of asexual spores (conidia). The transition from filamentous growth to conidiation can be triggered by light, nutrient deprivation, and mechanical damage of the mycelium. We conducted proteomic profiling analyses of Trichoderma atroviride after a blue light pulse. The use of two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis allowed us to identify 72 proteins whose expression was affected by blue light. Functional category analysis showed that the various proteins are involved in metabolism, cell rescue, and protein synthesis. We determined the relationship between mRNA levels of selected genes 30 min after a light pulse and protein expression levels at different times after the pulse and found this correlation to be very weak. The correlation was highest when protein and mRNA levels were compared for the same time point. The transcription factors BLR-1 and BLR-2 are vital to the photoconidiation process; here we demonstrate that both BLR proteins are active in darkness and affect several elements at both the transcript and protein levels. Unexpectedly, in darkness, downregulation of proteins prevailed in the Δ blr-1 mutant, while upregulation of proteins predominated in the Δ blr-2 mutant. Our data demonstrate that the BLR proteins play roles individually and as a complex.
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Cohen, Joshua L., Matthew E. Glover, Phyllis C. Pugh, Andrew D. Fant, Rebecca K. Simmons, Huda Akil, Ilan A. Kerman, and Sarah M. Clinton. "Maternal Style Selectively Shapes Amygdalar Development and Social Behavior in Rats Genetically Prone to High Anxiety." Developmental Neuroscience 37, no. 3 (2015): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000374108.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The early-life environment critically influences neurodevelopment and later psychological health. To elucidate neural and environmental elements that shape emotional behavior, we developed a rat model of individual differences in temperament and environmental reactivity. We selectively bred rats for high versus low behavioral response to novelty and found that high-reactive (bred high-responder, bHR) rats displayed greater risk-taking, impulsivity and aggression relative to low-reactive (bred low-responder, bLR) rats, which showed high levels of anxiety/depression-like behavior and certain stress vulnerability. The bHR/bLR traits are heritable, but prior work revealed bHR/bLR maternal style differences, with bLR dams showing more maternal attention than bHRs. The present study implemented a cross-fostering paradigm to examine the contribution of maternal behavior to the brain development and emotional behavior of bLR offspring. bLR offspring were reared by biological bLR mothers or fostered to a bLR or bHR mother and then evaluated to determine the effects on the following: (1) developmental gene expression in the hippocampus and amygdala and (2) adult anxiety/depression-like behavior. Genome-wide expression profiling showed that cross-fostering bLR rats to bHR mothers shifted developmental gene expression in the amygdala (but not hippocampus), reduced adult anxiety and enhanced social interaction. Our findings illustrate how an early-life manipulation such as cross-fostering changes the brain's developmental trajectory and ultimately impacts adult behavior. Moreover, while earlier studies highlighted hippocampal differences contributing to the bHR/bLR phenotypes, our results point to a role of the amygdala as well. Future work will pursue genetic and cellular mechanisms within the amygdala that contribute to bHR/bLR behavior either at baseline or following environmental manipulations.
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Casas-Flores, Sergio, Mauricio Rios-Momberg, Teresa Rosales-Saavedra, Pedro Martínez-Hernández, Vianey Olmedo-Monfil, and Alfredo Herrera-Estrella. "Cross Talk between a Fungal Blue-Light Perception System and the Cyclic AMP Signaling Pathway." Eukaryotic Cell 5, no. 3 (March 2006): 499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.5.3.499-506.2006.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT Blue light regulates many physiological and developmental processes in fungi. In Trichoderma atroviride the complex formed by the BLR-1 and BLR-2 proteins appears to play an essential role as a sensor and transcriptional regulator in photoconidiation. Here we demonstrate that the BLR proteins are necessary for carbon deprivation induced conidiation, even in the absence of light, pointing to the existence of an unprecedented cross talk between light and carbon sensing. Further, in contrast to what has been found in all other fungal systems, clear BLR-independent blue-light responses, including the activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and the regulation of gene expression, were found. Expression of an antisense version of the pkr-1 gene, encoding the regulatory subunit of PKA, resulted in a nonsporulating phenotype, whereas overexpression of the gene produced colonies that conidiate even in the dark. In addition, overexpression of pkr-1 blocked the induction of early light response genes. Thus, our data demonstrate that PKA plays an important role in the regulation of light responses in Trichoderma. Together, these observations suggest that the BLR complex plays a general role in sensing environmental cues that trigger conidiation and that such a role can be separated from its function as a transcription factor.
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Lee, Jong-Gi, Jin-Soo Bae, Yeo-Hoon Yoon, Jun-Ho Lee, and Kang-Young Cho. "Enhancement of Board Level Reliability on Automotive DRAM Package by Optimized Thermal & Mechanical Properties." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2020, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 000073–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2020.1.000073.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract As increased in demand for using memory devices in automotive applications, board level reliability (BLR) has been the one of the critical issue for using FBGA type packages in automotive. The required specification of BLR is listed in various standards (AEC-Q100, Q104 etc) and it is varied by automotive application customers. Most of customers are targeting grade from 1 to 3, however, requirement to memory package is grade 1 (−40°C~125°C). Currently low power (LP) memory device is widely adopted in automotive applications due to its wide bandwidth and high density capability. From package reliability point of view, it is challenge to satisfy the required BLR for target package by 1) dimension optimization, 2) selection of material, 3) mount condition, and 4) work around method. In this paper, the best combination to achieve the highest BLR life time was investigated compared with current mobile application LP4 package. Large pad size with large ball, high content of Ag in solder ball and Ni/Au pad finish were the best combination to result in the longest life time. Various density of LP4 package BLR were also estimated by mechanical simulation based from actual thermal cycling test on the highest Si volume LP4 package.
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Friedl, Martina A., Christian P. Kubicek, and Irina S. Druzhinina. "Carbon Source Dependence and Photostimulation of Conidiation in Hypocrea atroviridis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 1 (November 2, 2007): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02068-07.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT Hypocrea atroviridis is frequently used as a photomorphogenetic model due to its ability to conidiate upon exposure to light. Light is thereby believed to be the primary trigger for spore formation. In contrast, we show here that conidiation is primarily carbon source dependent and that illumination plays a catalytic role; of a total of 95 tested carbon sources, only a small set of carbohydrates, polyols, and sugar acids allowed conidiation in darkness, and on most of them, conidiation was significantly more strongly expressed in light. In addition, there are also a number of carbon sources on which H. atroviridis conidiates in darkness, but light does not further stimulate the process. Yet on another small set of carbon sources (l-sorbitol, d-fucose, d- and l-arabinose, and erythritol), H. atroviridis shows better sporulation in darkness than in light. No sporulation was observed on organic acids and amino acids. Mutants with deletions in the two blue-light receptor proteins BLR-1 and BLR-2 generally showed weaker conidiation on a smaller number of carbon sources than did the parental strain, yet they clearly sporulated on 15 and 27 of the 95 carbon sources tested, respectively. Of the carbon sources supporting sporulation, only 11 supported the conidiation of both mutants, suggesting that the BLR-1 and BLR-2 receptors are variously involved in the carbon source-dependent regulation of spore formation. The addition of cyclic AMP, which has been reported to lead to conidiation in darkness, both positively and negatively affected sporulation and resulted in different effects in the parental strain and the two Δblr mutants. Our data show that the carbon source is the prime determinant for conidiation and that it influences the organism's regulation of conidiation by means of BLR-1 and BLR-2 and their cross talk with cyclic AMP.
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Shardell, Michelle, Neeta Parimi, Lisa Langsetmo, Toshiko Tanaka, Lingjing Jiang, Eric Orwoll, James M. Shikany, Deborah M. Kado, and Peggy M. Cawthon. "Comparing Analytical Methods for the Gut Microbiome and Aging: Gut Microbial Communities and Body Weight in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study." Journals of Gerontology: Series A 75, no. 7 (February 6, 2020): 1267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa034.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Determining the role of gut microbial communities in aging-related phenotypes, including weight loss, is an emerging gerontology research priority. Gut microbiome datasets comprise relative abundances of microbial taxa that necessarily sum to 1; analysis ignoring this feature may produce misleading results. Using data from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study (n = 530; mean [SD] age = 84.3 [4.1] years), we assessed 163 genera from stool samples and body weight. We compared conventional analysis, which does not address the sum-to-1 constraint, to compositional analysis, which does. Specifically, we compared elastic net regression (for variable selection) and conventional Bayesian linear regression (BLR) and network analysis to compositional BLR and network analysis; adjusting for past weight, height, and other covariates. Conventional BLR identified Roseburia and Dialister (higher weight) and Coprococcus-1 (lower weight) after multiple comparisons adjustment (p < .0125); plus Sutterella and Ruminococcus-1 (p < .05). No conventional network module was associated with weight. Using compositional BLR, Coprococcus-2 and Acidaminococcus were most strongly associated with higher adjusted weight; Coprococcus-1 and Ruminococcus-1 were most strongly associated with lower adjusted weight (p < .05), but nonsignificant after multiple comparisons adjustment. Two compositional network modules with respective hub taxa Blautia and Faecalibacterium were associated with adjusted weight (p < .01). Findings depended on analytical workflow. Compositional analysis is advocated to appropriately handle the sum-to-1 constraint.
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McCreary, Erin K., Lloyd Clarke, Rachel V. Marini, Minh-Hong Nguyen, Cornelius J. Clancy та Ryan K. Shields. "656. Prioritizing Gram-Negative Bacteremia (GNB) Cases for Rapid Detection by β-Lactam Resistance (BLR) and Patient Outcomes". Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (жовтень 2019): S301—S302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.724.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Background GNB is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The availability of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) provides an opportunity to improve outcomes. Our goal was to review GNB and its empiric treatment at our center in order to devise rational approaches to diagnostic stewardship and use of RDTs. Methods All patients with GNB from 2010 to 2018 were evaluated. BLR was defined by 2019 CLSI breakpoints; phenotypes are shown in Table 1. Results A total of 2795 GNB cases were included (Table 2); 57% occurred within the first 24 hours of hospitalization and 29.3% in the ICU. The median length of stay (LOS) was 12 days; 17.2% of patients were re-admitted within 30 days. Fourteen- and 30-day mortality rates were 13.7% and 19.5%, respectively. Rates of death were higher (30 days; 26.3% vs. 17.1%; P < 0.001) and median LOS longer (17 vs. 11 days; P < 0.001) among patients with BLR compared with susceptible GNB. Thirty-day mortality rates were highest for CRE (30.1%) and BLR P. aeruginosa (BLR-Pa; 32.8%, Figure 1). 47.7% of BLR GNB were non-CRE/ESBL, which demonstrated higher mortality rates than CRE/ESBL (30 days; 27.6% vs. 21.2%; P = 0.048). Most common empiric regimens prescribed were piperacillin–tazobactam (TZP; 50.3%), cefepime (FEP; 24.2%), carbapenem (9.3%), or other agents (16.2%). 21.6% of GNB patients received inactive empiric treatment (IET). Empiric TZP (21.9%) was more likely to be inactive than FEP (17.5%; P = 0.05), but not a carbapenem (20.7%; P = NS). 57.6% of patients with inhibitor-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (IRE) received TZP empirically. Receipt of IET was associated with higher rates of death (30 days; 22.5% vs. 16.7, P = 0.03) and longer LOS (14 vs. 11 days; P < 0.001) than receipt of active ET. Rates of IET varied by pathogen (Figure 1). Conclusion IET is common against BLR GNB and associated with poor pt outcomes, highlighting the potential for RDTs and diagnostic stewardship teams (DSTs) to improve care. Genotypic RDTs detect most CRE/ESBL, but may miss nearly 50% of BLR GNB cases at our center. BLR-Pa and IRE are pathogens associated with prolonged LOS, and high rates of IET and death. These pathogens could be detected earlier by phenotypic RDTs and prioritized by DSTs to optimize early treatment regimens. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Capetti, Alessandro, Ari Laor, Ranieri D. Baldi, Andrew Robinson, and Alessandro Marconi. "Spectropolarimetry of low redshift quasars: origin of the polarization and implications for black hole mass estimates." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 502, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 5086–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab279.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT We present the results of high signal-to-noise ratio VLT spectropolarimetry of a representative sample of 25 bright type 1 AGN at z &lt; 0.37, of which nine are radio-loud. The sample covers uniformly the 5100 Å optical luminosity at L5100 ∼ 1044−1046 erg s−1, and H α width at FWHM ∼ 1000−10 000 $\rm {\, km \, s}^{-1}$. We derive the continuum and the H α polarization amplitude, polarization angle, and angle swing across the line, together with the radio properties. We find the following: (1) The broad line region (BLR) and continuum polarization are both produced by a single scattering medium. (2) The scattering medium is equatorial and at right angle to the system axis. (3) The scattering medium is located at or just outside the BLR. The continuum polarization and the H α polarization angle swing, can both serve as an inclination indicator. The observed line width is found to be affected by inclination, which can lead to an underestimate of the black hole mass by a factor of ∼5 for a close-to face-on view. The line width measured in the polarized flux overcomes the inclination bias and provides a close-to equatorial view of the BLR in all AGN, which allows to reduce the inclination bias in the BLR based black hole mass estimates.
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Rosales-Saavedra, T., E. U. Esquivel-Naranjo, S. Casas-Flores, P. Martínez-Hernández, E. Ibarra-Laclette, C. Cortes-Penagos, and A. Herrera-Estrella. "Novel light-regulated genes in Trichoderma atroviride: a dissection by cDNA microarrays." Microbiology 152, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 3305–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.29000-0.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The influence of light on living organisms is critical, not only because of its importance as the main source of energy for the biosphere, but also due to its capacity to induce changes in the behaviour and morphology of nearly all forms of life. The common soil fungus Trichoderma atroviride responds to blue light in a synchronized manner, in time and space, by forming a ring of green conidia at what had been the colony perimeter at the time of exposure (photoconidiation). A putative complex formed by the BLR-1 and BLR-2 proteins in T. atroviride appears to play an essential role as a sensor and transcriptional regulator in photoconidiation. Expression analyses using microarrays containing 1438 unigenes were carried out in order to identify early light response genes. It was found that 2.8 % of the genes were light responsive: 2 % induced and 0.8 % repressed. Expression analysis in blr deletion mutants allowed the demonstration of the occurrence of two types of light responses, a blr-independent response in addition to the expected blr-dependent one, as well as a new role of the BLR proteins in repression of transcription. Exposure of T. atroviride to continuous light helped to establish that the light-responsive genes are subject to photoadaptation. Finally, evidence is provided of red-light-regulated gene expression and a possible crosstalk between the blue and red light signalling pathways.
Tesi sul tema "Blr-1"
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Steyaert, Johanna M. "Studies on the regulation of conidiation in species of Trichoderma." Lincoln University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/544.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A characteristic feature of species of Trichoderma is the production of concentric rings of conidia in response to alternating light-dark conditions. In response to a single burst of light, a single ring of conidia forms at what was the colony perimeter. On the basis of these observations, competency to photoconidiate has been proposed to be due to the age and metabolic rate of the hyphal cell. In this study, conidiation was investigated in five biocontrol isolates (T. hamatum, T. atroviride, T. asperellum, T. virens and T. harzianum) using both a morphological and molecular approach. All five isolates produced concentric conidial rings under alternating light-dark conditions on potato-dextrose agar (PDA), however, in response to a 15 min burst of blue light, only T. asperellum and T. virens produced a clearly, defined conidial ring which correlated with the colony margin at the time of light exposure. Both T. harzianum and T. hamatum photoconidiated in a disk-like fashion and T. atroviride produced a broken ring with a partially filled in appearance. On the basis of these results, it was postulated that competency to photoconidiate is a factor of the metabolic state of the hyphal cell rather than chronological age or metabolic rate. The influence of the source of nitrogen on photoconidiation was assessed on pH-buffered (pH 5.4) minimal medium (MM) amended with glutamine, urea or KNO₃. In the presence of glutamine or urea, T. asperellum and T. harzianum conidiated in a disk, whereas, when KNO₃ was the sole nitrogen source, a ring of conidia was produced. Further, in the presence of increasing amounts of glutamine, the clearly defined photoconidial ring produced on PDA by T. asperellum became disk-like. These results clearly demonstrated that primary nitrogen promotes photoconidiation in these isolates and strongly suggests that competency of a hyphal cell to conidiate in response to light is dependent on the nitrogen catabolite repression state of the cell. The experiments were repeated for all five isolates on unbuffered MM. Differences were apparent between the buffered and unbuffered experiments for T. atroviride. No photoconidiation was observed in T. atroviride on buffered medium whereas on unbuffered medium, rings of conidia were produced on both primary and secondary nitrogen. These results show that photoconidiation in T. atroviride is influenced by the buffering capacity of the medium. Conidiation in response to light by T. hamatum and T. virens was absent in all nitrogen experiments, regardless of the nitrogen source and buffering capacity, whereas both isolates conidiated in response to light on PDA. These results imply that either both sources of nitrogen are required for photoconidiation, or a factor essential for conidiation in these two isolates was absent in the minimal medium. Mycelial injury was also investigated in five biocontrol isolates of Trichoderma. On PDA, all isolates except T. hamatum conidiated in response to injury. On nitrogen amended MM, conidiation in response to injury was again observed in all isolates except for T. hamatum. In T. atroviride, injury-induced conidiation was observed on all medium combinations except the pH-buffered MM amended with glutamine or urea and T. virens conidiated in response to injury on primary nitrogen only, regardless of the buffering capacity. These results have revealed conidiation in response to injury to be differentially regulated between isolates/species of Trichoderma. On unbuffered MM amended with glutamine or urea, conidiation in response to injury occurred at the colony perimeter only in T. atroviride. It was hypothesised that the restriction of conidiation to the perimeter may be due to changes in the pH of the agar. The experiment was repeated and the pH values of the agar under the growing colony measured at the time of light induction (48 h) or injury (72 h). The areas under the hyphal fronts were acidified to below the starting value of the medium (pH 5.4) and the centres of the plates were alkalinised. The region of acidification at the time of stimuli correlated with the production of conidia, which implicates a role for crossregulation of conidiation by the ambient pH. The influence of the ambient pH on injury-induced conidiation was investigated in T. hamatum and T. atroviride on MM amended with glutamine and PDA, pH-buffered from pH 2.8 to 5.6. Thickening of the hyphae around the injury site was observed at the lowest pH values on MM in both T. atroviride and T. hamatum, however no conidia were produced, whereas both Trichoderma species conidiated on pH-buffered PDA in a strictly low pH-dependent fashion. This is the first observation of injury-induced conidiation in T. hamatum. The influence of the ambient pH on photoconidiation was assessed in T. hamatum, T. atroviride and T. harzianum using both buffered and unbuffered PDA from pH 2.8 to 5.2. On buffered PDA, no conidiation in response to light was observed above pH 3.2 in T. hamatum, above 4.0 in T. atroviride and above 4.4 in T. harzianum, whereas on unbuffered PDA it occurred at all pH values tested. It was postulated that conidiation at pH values above 4.4 on unbuffered PDA was due to acidification of the agar. The pH values of the agar under the growing colony were measured at the time of light exposure and in contrast to the MM with glutamine experiments, alkalisation of the agar had occurred in both T. atroviride and T. hamatum. No change in medium pH was recorded under the growing T. harzianum colony. These results indicate that low pH-dependence of photoconidiation is directly related to the buffering capacity of the medium. Recent studies have linked regulation of conidiation in T. harzianum to Pac1, the PacC orthologue. In fungi, PacC regulates gene expression in response to the ambient pH. In these studies pH-dependent photoconidiation occurred only on buffered PDA and on unbuffered PDA conidiation occurred at significantly higher ambient pH levels. It is proposed that the influence of ambient pH on conidiation in the isolates used in this study is not due to direct Pac1 regulation. The T. harzianum isolate used in this study produced profuse amounts of the yellow anthraquinone pachybasin. Production of this secondary metabolite was strictly pH-dependent, irrespective of the buffering capacity of the medium. Studies in T. harzianum have linked Pac1 regulation to production of an antifungal α-pyrone. pH-dependence on both buffered and unbuffered media strongly suggests that pachybasin production may also be under the control of Pac1. Photoconidiation studies on broth-soaked filter paper, revealed rhythmic conidiation in the pachybasin producing T. harzianum isolate. Diffuse rings of conidia were produced in dark-grown cultures and, in cultures exposed to light for 15 min at 48 h, the rings were clearly defined. These results show that conidiation is under the control of an endogenous rhythm in T. harzianum and represent the first report of circadian conidiation in a wild-type Trichoderma. A Free-Running Rhythm (FRR) assay was used to investigate rhythmic gene expression in T. atroviride IMI206040 and a mutant derivative, in which the wc-2 orthologue, blr-2, was disrupted. Over a 3 d period, expression of gpd, which encodes the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, oscillated with a period of about 48 h. In the Δblr-2 mutant, the gpd rhythm was absent. These results revealed that in T. atroviride, gpd expression is under the control of an endogenous clock and that clock-regulated expression of gpd is associated with a functional BLR complex. Using degenerate primers, a portion of frq, which encodes the N. crassa clock oscillator FREQUENCY, was isolated from T. atroviride and used to probe the FRR assay northern blots. No frq expression was detected at any time point, which suggests that the circadian clock in Trichoderma does not involve FREQUENCY. In a concurrent study, orthologues of rco-1 (rcoT) were isolated and sequenced from T. atroviride and T. hamatum using a combination of degenerate, inverse and specific PCR. RcoT is an orthologue of the yeast global co-repressor Tup1 and in the filamentous fungi, RcoT orthologues have been demonstrated to negatively regulate conidiation. Genomic analysis of all available rcoT orthologues revealed the conservation of erg3, a major ergosterol biosynthesis gene, upstream from rcoT in ascomycetous filamentous fungi, but not in the ascomycetous yeast or in the basidiomycetes. These studies have significantly contributed to our understanding of the regulatory factors controlling conidiation in Trichoderma and have multiple implications for Trichoderma biocontrol; most notable the promotion of conidiation by primary nitrogen and low pH. Incubation conditions can be altered to suit the nitrogen and pH preferences of a biocontrol strain in order to promote cost effective conidial production, however this is not easily achieved in the soil, where the biocontrol strain must perform in a highly buffered environment optimised for plant growth. Successful use of Trichoderma biocontrol strains may involve the screening and targeting of strains to the appropriate pH conditions or the selection of new strains on the basis of capacity to perform under a given range of conditions.
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Colin, Laurence. "Molecular control of gene expression in the HIV-1 and BLV retroviruses." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209944.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Après intégration dans le génome cellulaire de l’hôte, l’expression des rétrovirus dépend d’éléments agissant en cis localisés dans la longue répétition terminale 5’ (LTR5’) et la région leader, de facteurs de transcription cellulaires et viraux agissant en trans ainsi que de l’organisation chromatinienne du provirus intégré. Notre laboratoire a précédemment identifié dans le génome du rétrovirus HIV-1 (Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1) une région intragénique importante (nt 4079-6026, où nt +1 est le début de U3 dans le LTR5’) composée du fragment 5103, du site hypersensible aux nucléases SH7 et du fragment 5105. Lors de ce travail, nous avons caractérisé physiquement et fonctionnellement différents sites de liaison pour des facteurs de transcription cellulaires localisés dans la région intragénique du virus HIV-1, dont trois sites de liaison pour le facteur inductible AP-1, dans des expériences de retard de migration sur gel et de transfection transitoire. Nous avons montré l’importance de ces trois sites AP-1 pour la réplication virale au niveau transcriptionnel dans des expériences d’infection et d’immunoprécipitation de la chromatine. De plus, nous avons caractérisé l’activité transcriptionnelle associée à la région intragénique du virus HIV-1. D’autre part, la structure nucléosomale du provirus intégré et les modifications épigénétiques associées jouent un rôle crucial pour l’expression des rétrovirus. La répression transcriptionnelle du rétrovirus oncogène BLV (Bovine Leukemia Virus) lui permet d’échapper au système immunitaire de son hôte bovin et favorise ainsi l’apparition de tumeurs. Dans ce contexte, nous avons montré que la méthylation de l’ADN au niveau du promoteur viral permet le maintient de la latence transcriptionnelle. En effet, la méthylation des dinucleotides CpGs localisés dans le LTR5‘ empêche le recrutement in vivo des facteurs de transcription activateurs CREB/CREM/ATF. Nous avons également montré que l’activation transcriptionnelle de l’expression du BLV par la combinaison PMA/ionomycine s’accompagne d’un remodelage chromatinien rapide mais transitoire au niveau du promoteur viral par des expériences de marquage indirect des extrémités et d’immunoprécipitation de chromatine. Nous avons ensuite démontré l’importance du site de liaison pour le facteur de transcription PU.1 et de la E-box 4 qui lie USF-1/-2, tous deux localisés dans la région dont l’accessibilité aux nucléases s’accroît après traitement des cellules, pour l’activation transcriptionnelle de l’expression virale par cette combinaison d’inducteurs. En conclusion, notre travail devrait permettre une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes transcriptionnels et épigénétiques régulant l’expression des rétrovirus HIV-1 et BLV.<br>Doctorat en Sciences<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Flarup, Andrea, and Matilda Abramsson. "Ett plus ett blir två : Introduktion av likhetstecknet i förskoleklass och årskurs 1." Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, Matematikdidaktik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-26386.
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Pettersson, Rebecca. "Vad blir det för bok? : En undersökning om valen av litteratur i Svenska 1." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för litteratursociologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-376545.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Syftet med undersökningen har varit att se hur användningen av skönlitteratur ser ut i Svenska 1. Genom att fokusera på lärarnas val och tankar har jag undersökt vilka titlar som arbetas med i klassrummet inom Svenska 1, samt vilka pedagogiska aspekter som ligger till grund för de litterära val lärarna gör. Mina frågeställningar har varit Vilka skönlitterära författare och verk används i Svenska 1? Går det att tala om en kanon? samt Vad är det som ligger till grund för valet av skönlitteratur i Svenska 1? Vilka är de didaktiska utgångspunkterna? Undersökningen bygger på två typer av metoder. En kvantitativ enkätundersökning med 34 svarande som genomförts via en Facebookgrupp för svensklärare. Samt en kvalitativ intervjuundersökning då jag intervjuat två lärare. Dessa två metoder kompletterar varandra i och med att enkätundersökningen bidrar med underlag och intervjuerna kan fylla i eventuella frågor. Det finns ett antal begrepp som använts vid flera tillfällen i uppsatsen som jag anser behövs förtydligas. Jag har bland annat valt att diskutera begreppet kanon eftersom att jag upplever kanon som ett viktigt begrepp för att kunna undersöka och diskutera skönlitteratur i skolan. I undersökningen presenterar jag Lars Brinks diskussion kring kanon och refererar även till Harold Bloom. Jag har definierat begreppet ungdomslitteratur och har då använt mig av nationalencyklopedins definition. För att relatera min undersökning till tidigare forskning har jag har utgått ifrån Lars Brinks undersökning från 2006 där han undersökt hur lärare värderat olika aspekter när de valt sin litteratur. Han beskriver hur en av de aspekter som lärare upplever som viktigast är om boken tillhör en kanon. Han kommer även fram till att aspekter som eleverna enkelt kan relatera till hamnar längre ner på listan, som exempelvis ungdoms- och populärlitteratur. Jag har också använt mig av Ingrid Mossberg Shüllerqvists forskning som också bygger på lärares syn på litterära val i klassrummet. Hennes resultat skiljer sig från Brinks och hon kommer fram till att de lärare hon intervjuat menar att de blir mer och mer elevorienterade när de väljer bokval och att de upplever att populär- och ungdomslitteraturen får en allt större plats i skolan. Två ytterligare forskare som jag valt att förhålla mig till är Birgitta Bommarco och Gunilla Molloy, de har båda ett fokus på varför man ska läsa och hur elever ska läsa för att kunna ta till sig av litteraturen på ett så bra sätt som möjligt. De båda lyfter att lärare gärna läser med elever för att uppmuntra till mer läsning, samt att eleverna lär sig bäst om de har möjlighet att relatera till litteraturen, Bommarco menar därför att det är viktigt att läraren väljer litteratur tillsammans med eleverna. När jag relaterar mitt resultat till den tidigare forskningen går det att hitta både likheter och skillnaden. Min första frågeställning löd: Vilka skönlitterära författare och verk används i Svenska 1? Går det att tala om en kanon? Resultatet visar att det är en stor variation på vilka böcker som används. Bland de 34 lärarna som besvarade enkäten nämndes det att de sammanlagt arbetat med 43 böcker det senaste året. Det framgick även att det vanligaste alternativet för Svenska 1 var att eleverna själva fick välja böcker. Detta beskrev även en av de två lärare jag intervjuat. Hon motiverade detta genom att förklara att hon vill att läsningen i Svenska 1 ska vara inbjudande och uppmuntra till mer fortsatt läsning. Resultatet liknar därför Mossberg Shüllerqvists som menar att lärare tenderar till att ha en mer elevorienterad litteraturlista. Mitt resultat visade också att de 29 av de 43 nämnda titlarna var böcker som jag anser kunde klassas som populärlitteratur. Även många av de titlar som blev nämnda vid fler än ett tillfälle kunde klassas som populärlitteratur vilket visar på att populärlitteratur var vanligt förekommande i klassrummet. Mitt resultat visade även på att en del klassiker användes, men inte i samma höga utsträckning och av lika många lärare. Många lärare berättade också att de arbetade mer med klassikerna i senare Svenska 2. Även om det framgick att lärare hade ett klassikertänk i bakhuvudet när de valde litteratur är det tydligt att en varierad litteraturlista som anpassats till klassen är mer viktig än att läsa tunga klassiker tillsammans med eleverna i Svenska 1. Min andra frågeställning undersöker vad det är som ligger till grund för valet av skönlitteratur i Svenska 1? Där stämmer mitt resultat inte helt överens med Lars Brinks. Jag lyckades skapa följande nio kategorier utifrån mitt resultat: Elevernas intresse, elevernas förkunskaper, koppling till kursplan, tillgänglighet, tankeväckande, lärarens intresse, klassikertänk, litterär kvalité och tillgång till material. Jag kunde även dela in dessa i tre överkategorier: praktiska, elevorienterade och kanonorienterade. Det framgick att det var de mer elevorienterade, som elevernas intressen eller elevernas färdigheter som upplevdes som mest viktiga bland lärarna. Sedan kom de mer praktiska som huruvida texterna gick att arbeta med i klassrummet i relation till kursplan eller om de fanns i klassuppsättning. Den överkategorin som var minst viktig är den jag valt att kalla kanonorienterad, alltså huruvida boken klassas som en klassiker eller om det är en bok av ”god kvalité”. Mitt resultat är emellertid inte helt enhetligt. Det är nämligen en av de intervjuade lärarna som menar att den viktigaste aspekten när hon väljer litteratur är om den finns i klassuppsättning. Samma lärare värderar också om det finns färdigt arbetsmaterial till boken väldigt högt. Detta skulle kunna bero på att hon är relativt nyexaminerad då den andra intervjuade läraren menar att det blir enklare att använda sig av olika böcker med tiden och att erfarenheten gör att hon vågar testa olika typer av böcker. Jag upplever ändå att det går att se ett resultat som visar att det fokus på kanon som Brink visar i sin undersökning från 2006 inte längre förekommer på samma sätt år 2018 utan att det idag finns ett större fokus på att anpassa läsningen efter eleverna.
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Åberg, Dagny. "Den som leker med elden kan bli bränd : Rimlighetsbedömning i årskurserna 1 och 3." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Lärarutbildningen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-39647.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper investigates the theoretical meaning of plausibility in mathematics from a teacher’s perspective. The study applies a phenomenographic research approach and uses empirical content analysis. The theory used comes from the writings on plausibility assessment from McIntosh (2008). Furthermore, Karlsson & Kilborn’s (2015) and Kilpatrick, Swafford & Findell’s (2001) writings on mathematical modeling has been applied. The data gathered in this study comes from interviewing 6 teachers. The results show that teachers in the study do not work explicitly but rather work implicitly with assessment in plausibility as a complement to their general teaching of mathematics. The results further show that the teachers have the mathematical knowledge and competence to educate in plausibility but that they lack the theoretical- and didactic knowledge to apply it in their teaching. There is also very little research, if any, in this area which is a concern for the development of teaching plausibility assessment.
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Wang, Huating. "Studies of deltaretrovirus assemby and release." The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1092413433.
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Jacobsson, Helén, and Ulrica Wengdahl. ""Det blir en bild i huvudet" : En studie kring högläsning i förskoleklass och årskurs 1." Thesis, University of Kalmar, University of Kalmar, University of Kalmar, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-1983.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
<p>Syftet med följande arbete har varit att undersöka hur högläsningen fungerar i dagens skola genom observationer av hur läraren planerar inför högläsningen, genom bokvalet och läsplatsen. Undersökningen har även fokuserat på den interaktion som sker i klassrummet i samband med högläsningen samt hur läraren under högläsningen arbetar med bearbetningen av den lästa texten. Undersökningsmetoden har varit videoobservationer under 12 högläsningstillfällen i förskoleklass och årskurs 1. Valet av ålderskategori gjordes för att eleverna på dessa stadier ännu inte har fått flyt i sin egen läsning och då är högläsningen av läraren ett viktigt undervisningstillfälle.</p><p>Resultat i studien visar att interaktionen mellan lärare och elever skiljer sig åt från lärare till lärare men också mellan olika högläsningsstunder med samma lärare. Detta beror bland annat på valet av bok. Det förekom även skillnader mellan sätten att ställa frågor, där vissa frågor var så kallade öppna frågor som ledde till mer vardagliga samtal utifrån texten. Det var också vid dessa frågor som man kunde notera att flerstämmighet rådde i klassrummen. Det förekom även mer slutna frågor, oftast i samband med ordförståelseträning, och då gällde handuppräckning hos eleverna.</p>
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Zetterstrand, Frida. "Ibland blir 1+1 inte 2 : En undersökning om mellanstadielärares kunskaper om att använda hjälpmedel och strategier för att hjälpa elever med dyskalkyli." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för Lärarutbildning, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-8949.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Syftet med studien är att ta reda på mer om dyskalkyli, vad det innebär och vad mellanstadielärare i årskurs 4-6 har för kunskaper om att använda hjälpmedel och strategier för att hjälpa elever med dyskalkyli. I undersökningen deltog 23 lärare från nio skolor i två olika kommuner. Undersökningen genomfördes med hjälp av en enkät med öppna svarsalternativ och är därmed en både kvalitativ och kvantitativ studie. I arbetet kommer resultatet av enkäterna att redogöras och kopplas till litteratur samt diskuteras. Målet med detta arbetet har varit att undersöka vad lärare har för kunskaper om att använda sig av hjälpmedel och strategier för att hjälpa elever med dyskalkyli. Kunskapen om dyskalkyli och hur lärare ska arbete kring detta bör förbättras. Ett flertal av lärarna i undersökningen har inte fått någon utbildning om dyskalkyli och känner därmed att deras kunskaper om att använda sig av hjälpmedel och strategier för att hjälpa elever med dyskalkyli inte är tillräckliga.
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Rose, Jane Lande. "Integrin-mediated alterations in chromatin and DNA repair proteins." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1109963299.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xix, 295 p.; also includes graphics (some col.) Includes bibliographical references (p. 277-295). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Lyberg, Nathalie. "Vägen till att bli algebraisk : En läromedelanalys för årskurs 1-3 om hur läromedel framställer prealgebra." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för matematik och datavetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-44373.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Undersökningar visar att svenska elevers resultat sjunker inom algebran och så har det varit i flera år. Inget ämne är så beroende av sitt läromedel som i ämnet matematik. Därför är syftet med denna uppsats att undersöka prealgebran i matematikböcker för årskurs 1-3 där grunden ska läggas inför algebran. Vad visar forskningen och är läromedlen utifrån forskningens resultat? Har läromedlen det som behövs för att eleverna ska kunna bli algebraiska? Är frågor som jag kommer att besvara. De grundlärobokserier som analyseras är vanligt förkommande i Sverige och är: Favorit matematik, Mästerkatten, Prima matematik, Eldorado och Mattedetektiverna. Resultatet visar dock att inget av läromedlen har alla delar som styrker eleverna till att bli algebraiska.<br>Studies show that Swedish pupils' performance falls within the algebra and it have been that way for years. No subject is so dependent of their teaching materials as in mathematics. Therefore, the purpose of this essay is to examine prealgebran in math books for grades 1-3 where the basis must be laid before algebra. What does the research show? Are the teaching materials based on the research results? Do the teaching materials have what it takes for students to be algebraic? These questions are going to be answered in this essay. The books that are analyzed are common in Sweden and are: Favorite mathematics, Prima mathematics, Eldorado and the Math detectives. The result of this essay shows that none of the teaching materials have all the elements that the research show is important so the pupils can be algebraic.
Libri sul tema "Blr-1"
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Bartz, Richard E. Bly 1: Descendants of William Teft Bly. [St. Paul, MN] (1528 Huron St., St. Paul, 55108-2318): R.E. Bartz, 1999.
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United States. Bureau of Land Management. BLM: Reengineering for quality : round 1. [Washington, D.C.]: The Bureau, 1993.
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United States. Bureau of Land Management. BLM: Reengineering for quality : round 1. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, 1993.
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SOFAD. The human respiratory system : BLG-5061-1: Learning guide. [Montréal]: SOFAD, 2006.
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Convegno, internazionale della ceramica (35th 2002 Albisola Italy). Atti: XXXV Convegno internazionale della ceramica, 2002 : ceramica in blu : diffusione e utilizzazione del blu nella ceramica : Savona, 31 maggio-1 giugno. Albisola (Savona): Centro ligure per la storia della ceramica, 2003.
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Situmorang, Julaga. Pengembangan model pengajaran keterampilan psikomotorik untuk pelatihan BLK/KLK Depnaker dalam upaya peningkatan kualitas tenaga kerja: Laporan penelitian hibah bersaing IX/1 perguruan tinggi. [Medan]: Lembaga Penelitian, Universitas Negeri Medan, 2001.
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Ruegg, David Seyfort. Two prolegomena to Madhyamaka philosophy: Candrakīrtiʹs Prasannapadā Madhyamakavṛttiḥ on Madhyamakakārikā I.1, and Tsoṅ kha pa Blo bzaṅ grags pa / Rgyal Tshab Dar ma rin chen's Dkaʾ gnad/gnas brgyad kyi zin bris : annotated translations. Wien: Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien, Universität Wien, 2002.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Resources. Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests, and Lands. Transfer of BLM-managed lands to the states: Hearing before the Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests, and Lands of the Committee on Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session on H.R. 2032 ... August 1, 1995--Washington, DC. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1995.
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Transfer of BLM-managed lands to the states: Hearing before the Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests, and Lands of the Committee on Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session on H.R. 2032 ... August 1, 1995--Washington, DC. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1995.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Resources. Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests, and Lands. Transfer of BLM-managed lands to the states: Hearing before the Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests, and Lands of the Committee on Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session on H.R. 2032 ... August 1, 1995--Washington, DC. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1995.
Cerca il testo completoCapitoli di libri sul tema "Blr-1"
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de los Campos, Gustavo, Paulino Pérez, Ana I. Vazquez, and José Crossa. "Genome-Enabled Prediction Using the BLR (Bayesian Linear Regression) R-Package." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 299–320. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-447-0_12.
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Wahl, Angela, and J. Victor Garcia. "Oral HIV-1 Transmission in BLT Humanized Mice." In Humanized Mice for HIV Research, 247–54. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1655-9_20.
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Bláha, Ivo, Jiří Velek, Věra Černá, and Olga Hrušková. "Synthesis of biologically active BLV and HTLV-1 proteases." In Peptides 1992, 304–5. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1470-7_127.
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Sylvie, Pollastri. "Construire un comté: Sinopoli (1330-1335)." In La signoria rurale nell’Italia del tardo medioevo. 2 Archivi e poteri feudali nel Mezzogiorno (secoli XIV-XVI), 13–72. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-301-7.05.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Charles I of Anjou restored the counties according to the Norman system; his successors im- proved them and let them become a space of local power inside the the Royal districts, the gi- ustizierati. At the same time some aristocratic families consolidated themselves, like the Ruffo of Calabria, lords of Sinopoli, who obtained the comital title in 1334. The paper analyses two important records: the cartulario 1 and the cartulario 17, integrating them with all the availa- ble documents. The cartulario 17 contains platea dating from 1335, which includes one or two older texts written in Greek and translated into Latin. It is at the same time an inventory and a municipal statute. The cartulario 17 is the main source for studying the creation, composition and ruling of the county of Sinopoli, not to mention the various world of the subjects to the lords, according to their status (vassallus) or their possessions as freemen (burgenses). We have also suffeudatarii and other people depending on the baron, like the raccomandati.
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Grundei, Albrecht H., Dietrich Steinhoff, Hans-Jürgen Dageförde, and Dieter Wilke. "Ausführungsvorschriften zu §§ 5 und 15 Abs. 1 und 4 der Bauordnung für Berlin (BauO Bln) über Flächen für die Feuerwehr auf Grundstücken — Feuerwehrflächen — (AV FwFI)." In Bauordnung für Berlin, 609–14. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-89734-3_20.
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"CHAPTER 1. BLUR." In Surrealism at Play, 29–71. Duke University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781478003434-004.
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Cinna, C. Heluius. "6 (1 Bl., C)." In Fragments of Roman Poetry c.60 BC–AD 20, edited by Adrian S. Hollis, 14–29. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00075425.
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Caluus, C. Licinius Macer. "34 (1 Bl., C.)." In Fragments of Roman Poetry c.60 BC–AD 20, edited by Adrian S. Hollis. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00075462.
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Egnatius, _. "43 (1 Bl., C.)." In Fragments of Roman Poetry c.60 BC–AD 20, edited by Adrian S. Hollis. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00075475.
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Memmius, C. "45 (1 Bl., C.)." In Fragments of Roman Poetry c.60 BC–AD 20, edited by Adrian S. Hollis. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00075479.
Testo completoAtti di convegni sul tema "Blr-1"
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Li, Cheng-Yi, Chang-I. Peng, Sandy Huey-Jen Hsu, Cheng-Chung Chang, and Gou-Jen Wang. "Non-Enzymatic and Electrodeless Detection of Direct Bilirubin Using Metal Enhanced Fluorescence Effect." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22022.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract In this study, a metal enhanced fluorescence (MEF) approach using the homemade Ag nanowires for enzyme free and electrodeless detection of direct bilirubin (d-BLR) was successfully developed. The average diameter and length of the fabricated Ag nanowires were measured to be around 80 nm and 25 μm, respectively. Solvent effect experiments found that EtOH is more suitable as the solvent for d-BLR. The experimental results found that the linear detection range is from 1 to 10 μM, which can be used for detecting abnormal d-BLR concentration from 5 to 10 μM. The MEF approach not only enhanced the bilirubin fluorescence, but also improved the linearity of the standard curve. Furthermore, we also found that the fluorescence intensity of the chip-based MEF is much higher than that of the solution-based MEF. It is believed that the proposed enzyme free and electrodeless d-BLR detection platform is highly feasible for clinical applications.
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Gaubatz, Matthew D., and Steven J. Simske. "Barcode-based calibration of a 1-D blur restoration pipeline." In 2010 17th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icip.2010.5651946.
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Sambruna, Rita M., C. Megan Urry, John Stocke, Eric Perlman, Ron Kollgaard, Eric Feigelson, Diana Worrall, Paolo Padovani, Laura Maraschi, and Aldo Treves. "PSPC observations of the 1 Jy BL Lacs." In The soft x-ray cosmos: ROSAT science symposium and data analysis workshop. AIP, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.46656.
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Шамсиев, A. Shamsiev, Шамсиев, and M. Shamsiev. "Some results of research autonomous plasma formation (apf)." In XXIV International Conference. Москва: Infra-m, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23118.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article analyzes the results of the study of autonomous plasma formations (APF), received at facilities BL-1 and BL-2.
 Particularly noted a significant reduction in power installation BL-2 (2,5-3,6 kvt) compared with a peak power of BL-1 (641,25kvt), while maintaining the density of the discharge current&#62; = 104 A\mm2.Analyzed generalized characteristics APF plants (averaging 100 experiments) and their unusual properties, which were observed only once and are not amenable to scientific explanation.
 Presented photos (8 pictures), the most typical installation APF BL-2 and made an attempt to explain their unusual behavior. It is shown that the installation of the BL-2 provides a wide range of opportunities for further detailed study of the properties of the APF, and in particular in terms of their practical use. 
 The disadvantage of setting the BL-1 and BL-2, as of today, is the formation at the same time, a minimum of 2 APF. What makes certain difficulties in the calculation of their features.
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Chandrasekaran, Srinivasan, R. Sundaravadivelu, R. Pannerselvam, S. Madhuri, and D. Shyamala Varthini. "Experimental Investigations of Offshore Triceratops Under Regular Waves." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-49826.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
For the development of marginal deep water oil fields many new platform concepts and design are emerging. Offshore triceratops is a relatively new concept for ultra deep water oil exploration. Triceratops has desirable characteristics of both TLP and Spar. It consists of deck structure supported on three buoyant leg structures (BLS) connected through ball joints. These joints make them a stable and heave restrained system; they do not pitch and roll but have limited surge and sway. The three BLS structures are connected to sea floor by tethering system. The present study discusses detailed experimental investigations carried out to analyze the structural response on the 1:150 scaled model of triceratops under regular waves. Influence of ball joints and tether tension variation on deck response is studied. Based on the experimental studies conducted, it is seen that deck response of Triceratops is relatively lower than BLS; deck remains horizontal for the encountered wave loads.
6
Lugongolo, Masixole Y., Sello Lebohang Manoto, Saturnin Ombinda-Lemboumba, and Patience Mthunzi-Kufa. "Laser irradiation reduces HIV-1 infection in TZM-bl cells." In Frontiers in Optics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2016.ff2a.7.
Testo completo
7
Novak, Julie. "Phase 1 clinical experience with BLZ-100 for near-infrared fluorescence guided tumor resection." In Optical Molecular Probes, Imaging and Drug Delivery. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/omp.2017.omw3d.1.
Testo completo
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Gunn, E. J., and C. A. Hall. "Aerodynamics of Boundary Layer Ingesting Fans." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-26142.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Boundary Layer Ingesting (BLI) turbofan engines could offer reduced fuel burn compared with podded engines, but the fan stage must be designed to run continuously with severe inlet distortion. This paper aims to explain the fluid dynamics and loss sources in BLI fans running at a cruise condition. High-resolution experimental measurements and full-annulus unsteady CFD have been performed on a low-speed fan rig running with a representative BLI inlet velocity profile. A three-dimensional flow redistribution is observed, leading to an attenuation of the axial velocity non-uniformity upstream of the rotor and to non-uniform swirl and radial angle distributions at rotor inlet. The distorted flow field is shown to create circumferential and radial variations in diffusion factor with a corresponding loss variation around the annulus. Additional loss is generated by an unsteady separation of the casing boundary layer, caused by a localised peak in loading at the rotor tip. Non-uniform swirl and radial angles at rotor exit lead to increased loss in the stator due to the variations in profile loss and corner separation size. An additional CFD calculation of a transonic fan running with the same inlet profile is used to show that BLI leads to wide variations in rotor shock structure, strength and position and hence to loss generation through shock-boundary layer interaction, but otherwise contained the same flow features as the low-speed case. For both fan geometries, BLI was found to reduce the stage efficiency by around 1–2% relative to operation with uniform inlet flow.
9
Cafferty, Kara G., David J. Muth, Jacob J. Jacobson, and Kenneth M. Bryden. "Model Based Biomass System Design of Feedstock Supply Systems for Bioenergy Production." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-13559.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Engineering feedstock supply systems that deliver affordable, high-quality biomass remains a challenge for the emerging bioenergy industry. Cellulosic biomass is geographically distributed and has diverse physical and chemical properties. Because of this feedstock supply systems that deliver cellulosic biomass resources to biorefineries require integration of a broad set of engineered unit operations. These unit operations include harvest and collection, storage, preprocessing, and transportation processes. Design decisions for each feedstock supply system unit operation impact the engineering design and performance of the other system elements. These interdependencies are further complicated by spatial and temporal variances such as climate conditions and biomass characteristics. This paper develops an integrated model that couples a SQL-based data management engine and systems dynamics models to design and evaluate biomass feedstock supply systems. The integrated model, called the Biomass Logistics Model (BLM), includes a suite of databases that provide 1) engineering performance data for hundreds of equipment systems, 2) spatially explicit labor cost datasets, and 3) local tax and regulation data. The BLM analytic engine is built in the systems dynamics software package Powersim™. The BLM is designed to work with thermochemical and biochemical based biofuel conversion platforms and accommodates a range of cellulosic biomass types (i.e., herbaceous residues, short-rotation woody and herbaceous energy crops, woody residues, algae, etc.). The BLM simulates the flow of biomass through the entire supply chain, tracking changes in feedstock characteristics (i.e., moisture content, dry matter, ash content, and dry bulk density) as influenced by the various operations in the supply chain. By accounting for all of the equipment that comes into contact with biomass from the point of harvest to the throat of the conversion facility and the change in characteristics, the BLM evaluates economic performance of the engineered system, as well as determining energy consumption and green house gas performance of the design. This paper presents a BLM case study delivering corn stover to produce cellulosic ethanol. The case study utilizes the BLM to model the performance of several feedstock supply system designs. The case study also explores the impact of temporal variations in climate conditions to test the sensitivity of the engineering designs. Results from the case study show that under certain conditions corn stover can be delivered to the cellulosic ethanol biorefinery for $35/dry ton.
10
Khanyile, Thulile, Maria Papathanasopoulos, Andrew Forbes, and Patience Mthunzi. "Photo-translocation of anti-HIV-1 drugs into TZM-bl Cells." In Optical Molecular Probes, Imaging and Drug Delivery. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/omp.2013.mm2c.4.
Testo completoRapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Blr-1"
1
Petrello, Jaclyn. Closure report for corrective action unit 110. Area 3 rwms U-3AX/BL disposal unit, Nevada Test Site, Nevada, Revision 1, with ROTC-1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1253780.
Testo completo
2
Czerniakowski, L. A. Sr 87/86 isotope analyses of the following North Slope well materials: Alaska State F #1, washed cuttings (13,980' - 13,990'); West Mikkelsen State #1, Canning River Unit Blk A #1, Mikkelsen Bay State 13-09-19, and Point Thomson Unit #2. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/19248.
Testo completo
3
Hellström, Lisa, and Linda Beckman. Att främja hälsa och förebbygga ohälsa bland ungdomar : En nationell och internationell kartläggning över initiativ och insatser. Malmö universitet, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24834/isbn.9789178771103.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Med denna rapport vill vi förmedla hopp till unga, öka kunskapen, med-vetenheten och minska skammen kring psykisk ohälsa. Unga uttrycker själva att de vill ha mer kunskap om psykisk hälsa och skolan lyfts ofta som en bra plattform. Många unga vet inte vart de ska vända sig för att få hjälp med psykiska besvär och de har behov av att bli lyssnade på. När-varande vuxna som lyssnar behövs, dock saknar många vuxna kunskap om psykiska besvär och diagnoser kopplat till psykisk ohälsa.Psykisk hälsa bland unga är en viktig samhällsfråga som de senaste åren har fått mer uppmärksamhet i samhällsdebatten. Flera satsningar har gjorts av civilsamhällesaktörer och offentliga aktörer. Samtidigt visar den internationella kartläggningen att det är svårt att påvisa långsiktiga effek-ter av alla de satsningar som görs. Det kan finnas flera orsaker till detta. Det finns dock insatser som verkar mer lovande och här finns en möjlighet för beslutsfattare att göra skillnad för ungas psykiska hälsa. Förutom att bespara unga onödigt lidande är dessa insatser ofta samhällsekonomisktkostnadseffektiva, eftersom de på sikt leder till minskat vårdsökande och bättre förutsättningar för unga att klara skolan och i förlängningen arbets-livet. Sådana satsningar går även i linje med Barnkonventionen artikel 24 om alla barns rätt till bästa möjliga hälsa, som sedan 2020 är lag i Sverige. Utifrån kartläggningen har vi följande rekommendationer 1. Rusta unga med färdigheter om psykisk ohälsaUnga bör få tillgång till de kunskaper och färdigheter som enligt forsk-ning visat sig lovande för att främja psykisk hälsa och förebygga ohälsa. Internationellt ges flera av dessa insatser inom ramen för sko-lan. De behöver utveckla sina färdigheter i hur man tolkar och förstår sina egna känslor och sin kropp och vad som är vanlig livssmärta, hur man kan hantera den och när man behöver kontakta vården. Därför bör ett nationellt initiativ som når alla barn tas för att främja barn och ungas kunskap och färdigheter om psykisk hälsa för att rusta dem för livet. Det bör även inkludera information om vart man kan vända sig om man behöver ytterligare stöd eller vård. Unga ska vara delaktiga i utformningen av ett sådant initiativ. 2. Ge vuxna kunskap och verktyg om psykisk hälsa – för att underlätta stöd till ungaBarn och unga behöver närvarande vuxna som har förmågan att lyssna, fånga upp och vägleda dem. Det är inte ovanligt att vuxna i barns och ungas närhet upplever osäkerhet och saknar kunskap om psykiska besvär och diagnoser. Därför behöver vuxna, framförallt föräldrar och yrkes-verksamma som jobbar nära unga, få bättre kunskap och verktyg för hur de ska möta unga på ett bättre sätt. Satsningar på att höja föräldrars kun-skap om psykisk hälsa bör göras, exempelvis i form av föräldrastödspro-gram och folkbildning. Lärare bör även ges grundläggande kunskaper om psykisk hälsa inom ramen för lärarutbildningen. 3. Insatser bör följas upp under en längre tidInsatser för att främja psykisk hälsa bör planeras, implementeras och ut-värderas med långtidsuppföljningar (>12 månader). Detta för att bättre kunna bedöma de långsiktiga effekterna och för att kunna utveckla och anpassa insatserna efterhand.
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Vargas-Herrera, Hernando, Juan José Ospina, Carlos Alfonso Huertas-Campos, Adolfo León Cobo-Serna, Edgar Caicedo-García, Juan Pablo Cote-Barón, Nicolás Martínez-Cortés, et al. Informe de Política Monetaria - Julio de 2021. Banco de la República de Colombia, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr3.-2021.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
1.1 Resumen macroeconómico En el segundo trimestre la economía enfrentó varios choques, principalmente de oferta y de costos, la mayoría de los cuales no fueron anticipados, o los previstos fueron más persistentes de lo esperado, y que en conjunto interrumpieron la recuperación de la actividad económica observada a comienzos de año y llevaron la inflación total a niveles superiores a la meta. La inflación básica (sin alimentos ni regulados: SAR) aumentó, pero se mantuvo baja y acorde con lo esperado por el equipo técnico. A comienzos de abril se inició una tercera ola de pandemia, más acentuada y prolongada que la anterior, con un elevado costo en vidas humanas y algún impacto negativo en la recuperación económica. Entre mayo y mediados de junio los bloqueos de las carreteras y los problemas de orden público tuvieron un fuerte efecto negativo sobre la actividad económica y la inflación. Se estima que la magnitud de estos dos choques combinados habría generado una caída en niveles en el producto interno bruto (PIB) con respecto al primer trimestre del año. Adicionalmente, los bloqueos causaron un aumento significativo de los precios de los alimentos. A estos choques se sumaron los efectos acumulados de la disrupción global en algunas cadenas de valor y el incremento en los fletes internacionales que desde finales de 2020 vienen generando restricciones de oferta y aumentos de costos. Todos estos factores, que afectaron principalmente el índice de precios al consumidor (IPC) de bienes y de alimentos, explicaron la mayor parte del error de pronóstico del equipo técnico y el aumento de la inflación total a niveles superiores a la meta del 3 %. El incremento en la inflación básica y de los precios de los regulados fue acorde con lo esperado por el equipo técnico, y se explica principalmente por la eliminación de varios alivios de precios otorgados un año atrás. A todo esto se suma la mayor percepción de riesgo soberano y las presiones al alza que esto implica sobre el costo de financiamiento externo y la tasa de cambio. A pesar de los fuertes choques negativos, el crecimiento económico esperado para la primera mitad del año (9,1%), es significativamente mayor que lo proyectado en el informe de abril (7,1%), signo de una economía más dinámica que se recuperaría más rápido de lo previsto. Desde finales de 2020 las diferentes cifras de actividad económica han mostrado un crecimiento mayor que el esperado. Esto sugiere que los efectos negativos sobre el producto de las recurrentes olas de contagio estarían siendo cada vez menos fuertes y duraderos. No obstante, la tercera ola de contagio del Covid-19, y en mayor medida los bloqueos a las vías y los problemas de orden público, habrían generado una caída del PIB durante el segundo trimestre, frente al primero. Pese a lo anterior, los datos del índice de seguimiento a la economía (ISE) de abril y mayo han resultado mayores que lo esperado, y las nuevas cifras de actividad económica sectoriales sugieren que el impacto negativo de la pandemia sobre el producto se sigue moderando, en un entorno de menores restricciones a la movilidad y de mayor avance en el ritmo de vacunación. Los registros de transporte de carga (junio) y la demanda de energía no regulada (julio), entre otros, indican una recuperación importante después de los bloqueos en mayo. Con todo lo anterior, el incremento anual del PIB del segundo trimestre se habría situado alrededor del 17,3 % (antes 15,8 %), explicado en gran parte por una base baja de comparación. Para todo 2021 el equipo técnico incrementó su proyección de crecimiento desde un 6 % hasta el 7,5 %. Este pronóstico, que está rodeado de una incertidumbre inusualmente elevada, supone que no se presentarán problemas de orden público y que posibles nuevas olas de contagio del Covid-19 no tendrán efectos negativos adicionales sobre la actividad económica. Frente al pronóstico del informe pasado, la recuperación de la demanda externa, los niveles de precios de algunos bienes básicos que exporta el país y la dinámica de las remesas de trabajadores han sido mejores que las esperadas y seguirían impulsando la recuperación del ingreso nacional en lo que resta del año. A esto se sumaría la aún amplia liquidez internacional, la aceleración en el proceso de vacunación y las bajas tasas de interés, factores que continuarían favoreciendo la actividad económica. La mejor dinámica del primer semestre, que llevó a una revisión al alza en el crecimiento de todos los componentes del gasto, continuaría hacia adelante y, antes de lo esperado en abril, la economía recuperaría los niveles de producción de 2019 a finales de 2021. El pronóstico continúa incluyendo efectos de corto plazo sobre la demanda agregada de una reforma tributaria de magnitud similar a la proyectada por el Gobierno. Con todo eso, en el escenario central de este informe, el pronóstico de crecimiento para 2021 es del 7,5 % y para 2022 del 3,1 %. A pesar de esto, el nivel de la actividad económica seguiría siendo inferior a su potencial. La mejora en estas proyecciones, sin embargo, está rodeada de una alta incertidumbre. En junio la inflación anual (3,63 %) aumentó más de lo esperado debido al comportamiento del grupo de alimentos, mientras que la inflación básica (1,87 %) fue similar a la proyectada. En lo que resta del año el mayor nivel del IPC de alimentos persistiría y contribuiría a mantener la inflación por encima de la meta. A finales de 2022 la inflación total y básica retornarían a tasas cercanas al 3 %, en un entorno de desaceleración del IPC de alimentos y de menores excesos de capacidad productiva. En los meses recientes el aumento en los precios internacionales de los fletes y de los bienes agrícolas, y las mayores exportaciones de carne y el ciclo ganadero han ejercido presiones al alza sobre el precio de los alimentos, principalmente de los procesados. A estas fuerzas persistentes se sumaron los bloqueos de las vías nacionales y los problemas de orden público en varias ciudades registrados en mayo y parte de junio, los cuales se reflejaron en una fuerte restricción en la oferta y en un aumento anual no esperado del IPC de alimentos (8,52 %). El grupo de regulados (5,93 %) también se aceleró, debido a la baja base de comparación en los precios de la gasolina y a la disolución de parte de los alivios a las tarifas de servicios públicos otorgados en 2020. Como se proyectaba, la inflación SAR repuntó al 1,87 %, debido a la reactivación de los impuestos indirectos de algunos bienes y servicios eliminados un año atrás, y por las presiones al alza que ejercieron los alimentos sobre las comidas fuera del hogar (CFH), entre otros. En lo que resta del año se espera que el aumento en los alimentos perecederos se revierta, siempre y cuando no se registren nuevos bloqueos duraderos a las vías nacionales. El mayor nivel de precios de los alimentos procesados persistiría y contribuiría a mantener la inflación por encima de la meta a finales de año. La inflación SAR continuaría con una tendencia creciente, en la medida en que los excesos de capacidad productiva se sigan cerrando y registraría un aumento transitorio en marzo de 2022, debido principalmente al restablecimiento del impuesto al consumo en las CFH. Con todo esto, para finales de 2021 y 2022 se estima una inflación total del 4,1 % y 3,1 %, y una inflación básica del 2,6 % y 3,2 %, respectivamente. El comportamiento conjunto de los precios del IPC SAR, junto con continuas sorpresas al alza en la actividad económica, son interpretados por el equipo técnico como señales de amplios excesos de capacidad productiva de la economía. Estos persistirían en los siguientes dos años, al final de los cuales la brecha del producto se cerraría. El mayor crecimiento económico sugiere una brecha del producto menos negativa que la estimada hace un trimestre. Sin embargo, el comportamiento de la inflación básica, especialmente en servicios, indica que el PIB potencial se ha recuperado de forma sorpresiva y que los excesos de capacidad siguen siendo amplios, con una demanda agregada afectada de forma persistente. Esta interpretación encuentra soporte en el mercado laboral, en donde persiste un desempleo alto y la recuperación de los empleos perdidos se estancó. Adicionalmente, los aumentos en la inflación en buena medida están explicados por choques de oferta y de costos y por la disolución de algunos alivios de precios otorgados un año atrás. Los pronósticos de crecimiento y de inflación descritos son coherentes con una brecha del producto que se cierra más rápido y es menos negativa en todo el horizonte de pronóstico con respecto al informe de abril. No obstante, la incertidumbre sobre los excesos de capacidad es muy alta y es un riesgo sobre el pronóstico. Las perspectivas de las cuentas fiscales de Colombia se deterioraron, Standard & Poor’s Global Ratings (S&P) y Fitch Ratings (Fitch) redujeron su calificación crediticia, los bloqueos y problemas de orden público afectaron el producto y el país enfrentó una nueva ola de contagios de Covid-19 más acentuada y prolongada que las pasadas. Todo lo anterior se ha reflejado en un aumento de las primas de riesgo y en una depreciación del peso frente al dólar. Esto ha ocurrido en un entorno favorable de ingresos externos. Los precios internacionales del petróleo, del café y de otros bienes básicos que exporta el país aumentaron y han contribuido a la recuperación de los términos de intercambio y del ingreso nacional, y han mitigado las presiones al alza sobre las primas de riesgo y la tasa de cambio. En el presente informe se incrementó el precio esperado del petróleo para 2021 a USD 68 por barril (antes USD 61 bl) y para 2022 a USD 66 bl (antes USD 60 bl). Esta mayor senda presenta una convergencia hacia precios menores que los observados recientemente, como resultado de una mayor oferta mundial esperada de petróleo, la cual más que compensaría el incremento en la demanda de este bien básico. Por ende, se supone que el aumento reciente de los precios tiene un carácter transitorio. En el escenario macroeconómico actual se espera que las condiciones financieras internacionales sean algo menos favorables, a pesar de la mejora en los ingresos externos por cuenta de una mayor demanda y unos precios del petróleo y de otros productos de exportación más altos. Frente al informe de abril el crecimiento de la demanda externa fue mejor que el esperado, y las proyecciones para 2021 y 2022 aumentaron del 5,2 % al 6,0 % y del 3,4 % al 3,5 %, respectivamente. En lo corrido del año las cifras de actividad económica muestran una demanda externa más dinámica de la esperada. En los Estados Unidos y China la recuperación del producto ha sido más rápida que la registrada en los países de la región. En estos últimos la reactivación económica ha estado limitada por los rebrotes del Covid-19, las limitaciones en la oferta de vacunas y el poco espacio fiscal para enfrentar la pandemia, entre otros factores. La buena dinámica en el comercio externo de bienes se ha dado en un entorno de deterioro en las cadenas de valor y de un aumento importante en los precios de las materias primas y en el costo de los fletes. En los Estados Unidos la inflación sorprendió al alza y su valor observado y esperado se mantiene por encima de la meta, al tiempo que se incrementó la proyección de crecimiento económico. Con esto, el inicio de la normalización de la política monetaria en ese país se daría antes de lo proyectado. En este informe se estima que el primer incremento en la tasa de interés de la Reserva Federal de los Estados Unidos se dé a finales de 2022 (antes del primer trimestre de 2023). Para Colombia se supone una mayor prima de riesgo frente al informe de abril y se sigue esperando que presente una tendencia creciente, dada la acumulación de deuda pública y externa del país. Todo esto contribuiría a un incremento en el costo del financiamiento externo en el horizonte de pronóstico. La postura expansiva de la política monetaria sigue soportando unas condiciones financieras internas favorables. En el segundo trimestre la tasa de interés interbancaria y el índice bancario de referencia (IBR) se han mantenido acordes con la tasa de interés de política. Las tasas de interés promedio de captación y crédito continuaron históricamente bajas, a pesar de algunos incrementos observados a finales de junio. La cartera en moneda nacional detuvo su desaceleración anual y, entre marzo y junio, el crédito a los hogares se aceleró, principalmente para compra de vivienda. La recuperación de la cartera comercial y de los desembolsos a ese sector fue importante, y se alcanzó de nuevo el elevado saldo observado un año atrás, cuando las empresas requirieron niveles significativos de liquidez para enfrentar los efectos económicos de la pandemia. El riesgo de crédito aumentó, las provisiones se mantienes altas y algunos bancos han retirado de su balance una parte de su cartera vencida. No obstante, las utilidades del sistema financiero se han recuperado y sus niveles de liquidez y solvencia se mantienen por encima del mínimo regulatorio. A partir de este informe se implementará una nueva metodología para cuantificar y comunicar la incertidumbre que rodea los pronósticos del escenario macroeconómico central, en un entorno de política monetaria activa. Esta metodología se conoce como densidades predictivas (DP) y se explica en detalle en el Recuadro 1. Partiendo del balance de riesgos que contiene los principales factores que, de acuerdo con el juicio del equipo técnico, podrían afectar a la economía en el horizonte de pronóstico, la metodología DP produce distribuciones de probabilidad sobre el pronóstico de las principales variables (v. g.: crecimiento, inflación). Estas distribuciones reflejan el resultado de los posibles choques (a variables externas, precios y actividad económica) que podría recibir la economía y su transmisión, considerando la estructura económica y la respuesta de política monetaria en el futuro. En este sentido, permiten cuantificar la incertidumbre alrededor del pronóstico y su sesgo. El ejercicio DP muestra un sesgo a la baja en el crecimiento económico y en la brecha del producto, y al alza en la inflación. El balance de riesgos indica que las disyuntivas para la política monetaria serán potencialmente más complejas que lo contemplado en el pasado. Por el lado de las condiciones de financiamiento externo, se considera que el mayor riesgo es que se tornen un poco menos favorables, en un escenario en el cual la Reserva Federal de los Estados Unidos incremente con mayor prontitud su tasa de interés. Esto último, ante un crecimiento económico y del empleo mayor que el esperado en los Estados Unidos que genere presiones significativas sobre la inflación de ese país. A esto se suma la incertidumbre sobre el panorama fiscal en Colombia y sus efectos sobre la prima de riesgo y el costo del financiamiento externo. En el caso del crecimiento, la mayoría de los riesgos son a la baja, destacándose los efectos de la incertidumbre política y fiscal sobre las decisiones de consumo e inversión, la aparición de nuevas olas de contagio de la pandemia del Covid-19 y sus impactos sobre la actividad económica. En el caso de la inflación, se incorporó el riesgo de una mayor persistencia de los choques asociados con la disrupción de las cadenas de valor, mayores precios internacionales de las materias primas y de los alimentos, y una recuperación más lenta que la esperada de la cadena agrícola nacional afectada por los pasados bloqueos a las vías. Estos riesgos presionarían al alza principalmente los precios de los alimentos y de los bienes. Como principal riesgo a la baja se incluyó un alza de los arriendos menor que el esperado en el escenario central, explicada por una demanda débil y por una mayor oferta en 2022 dadas las altas ventas de vivienda observadas en el presente año. Con todo, el crecimiento económico presenta un sesgo a la baja y, con el 90 % de confianza, se encontraría entre un 6,1 % y 9,1 % para 2021 y entre el 0,5 % y 4,1 % para 2022. La brecha del producto tendría un sesgo a la baja, principalmente en 2022. El sesgo de la inflación es al alza, y se encontraría entre el 3,7 % y 4,9 % en 2021, y el 2,2 % y 4,7 % en 2022, con un 90 % de probabilidad. 1.2 Decisión de política monetaria En las reuniones de junio y julio la JDBR decidió mantener la tasa de política monetaria inalterada en 1,75 %.
5
Gas chromatograms of cuttings from the following North Slope wells: Toolik Fed #1, Kavearak Pt. 32-25, BLK 54 #1, Bush Fed #1, Long Island #1, and Nechelik #1. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/18996.
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Gas chromatography of the following well materials: Gulf Oil Corporation Beauford Sea BLK 54 #1, and Amoco Production Company No Name Island #1. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/19136.
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Gas chromatograms from the following 7 North Slope wells: Aufeis Unit #1, Shaviovik Unit #1, Toolik Fed #1, Canning River Unit Blk A #1, West Kuparuk State 3-11-11, Drew Pt. #1, and OCS Y-0195-1 (Tern Island #1). Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/19002.
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