Articoli di riviste: "Carbide and nitride precipitation"

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Mitchell,, A., S. L. Cockcroft,, C. E. Schvezov,, A. J. Schmalz,, J. Ν. Loquet, e J. Fernihough,. "Primary Carbide and Nitride Precipitation in Superalloys Containing Niobium". High Temperature Materials and Processes 15, n. 1-2 (gennaio 1996): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp.1996.15.1-2.27.

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Salem, Islam, Mohamed Kamal El-Fawkhry, Ahmed A. Abdel-Khalek, M. H. Khedr e Taha Mattar. "Exo-Inoculant Modification of Secondary Phase Precipitation in H13 Tool Steel". Key Engineering Materials 835 (marzo 2020): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.835.13.

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Secondary phase carbides in term of type and morphology are considered as the most challenge facing the applications of hot work tool steel. AISI H13 tool steel is one of the most applicable hot work tool steel grades. M23C6, M6C and MC are the common secondary carbides that are forming throughout the martensite matrix of H13 tool steel. In this research, nanoinoculant silicon nitride was added to the molten H13 tool steel to act as an inoculant for the secondary carbide categories through ladle treatment process. By using OM and SEM, it was observed that nanoinoculant has the great impact in the nucleation of secondary carbides into fine shape, in particular M23C6 type. In addition, mechanical tests proved that the nucleation of secondary carbides promotes the mechanical properties of hot work H13 tool steel to its ultimate. Impact toughness of the inoculated H13 tool steel was observed with higher value than that was done at the ordinary H13 tool steel. At the meantime, wear resistance of inoculated H13 tool steel was multiplied two times higher than as delivered H13 tool steel.

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Zhang, Yaocheng, Zhuguo Li, Pulin Nie e Yixiong Wu. "Carbide and nitride precipitation during laser cladding of Inconel 718 alloy coatings". Optics & Laser Technology 52 (novembre 2013): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2013.03.023.

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Peng, Jun, Liang Niu, Yong Guo, Li Xia Liu e Sheng Li An. "Effect of V, Ti, and Ce on Structure and Performance of NM400". Advanced Materials Research 1094 (marzo 2015): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1094.311.

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To improve the performance of NM400, V, Ti and Ce were added in NM400. The effect of alloy on grain size, precipitation, hardness and toughness was studied. The result shows that V and Ti can improve the performance by grain refiner and dispersion-strengthening. By further adding Ce, the size of grain and precipitations of V and Ti is significantly reduced, the solid solution quantity of V and Ti and the amount of precipitation are increased, and the precipitation shape transforms from cube to sphere. Therefore the hardness and toughness of steel are greatly improved. In this study, 0.2% V and 0.2% Ti were added into NM400. As a result, the precipitation of V and Ti, in form of carbide and nitride, was the smallest and dispersed, and the grain size was the smallest, which leaded to the best performance. The conclusion is that, to ameliorate the performance of NM400, the optimal additive amount of V and Ti is 0.2% no matter whether adding Ce or not.

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Padilha, Angelo Fernando, D. J. M. Aguiar e R. L. Plaut. "Duplex Stainless Steels: A Dozen of Significant Phase Transformations". Defect and Diffusion Forum 322 (marzo 2012): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.322.163.

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During processing or use, duplex stainless steels are subject to a great number of significant phase transformations, such as solidification, partial ferrite transformation to austenite, ferrite eutectoid decomposition to sigma phase plus austenite, chi phase precipitation, chromium carbide precipitation, chromium nitride precipitation, ferrite spinodal decomposition, phase dissolution during solution annealing, forming of two types (epsilon and alpha prime) of strain induced martensite, martensite reversion to austenite, ferrite and austenite recrystallization. This paper summarizes the phase transformations that occur (individually or combined) in duplex stainless steels and presents some new results.

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Ducki, Kazimierz J., Jacek Mendala e Lilianna Wojtynek. "TEM and X-Ray Examinations of Intermetallic Phases and Carbides Precipitation in an Fe-Ni Superalloy during Prolonged Ageing". Solid State Phenomena 212 (dicembre 2013): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.212.15.

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The influence of prolonged ageing on the precipitation process of the secondary phases in an Fe-Ni superalloy of A-286 type has been studied. The samples were subjected to a solution heat treatment at 980°C for 2 h and water quenched, and then aged at temperatures of 715, 750 and 780°C at holding times from 0.5 to 500 h. Structural investigations were conducted using TEM and X-ray diffraction methods. The X-ray phase analyses performed on the isolates were obtained by anodic dissolution of the solid samples. After solution heat treatment the alloy has the structure of twinned austenite with a small amount of undissolved precipitates, such as carbide TiC, carbonitride TiC0.3N0.7, nitride TiN0.3, carbosulfide Ti4C2S2, Laves phase Ni2Si, and boride MoB. The application of ageing causes precipitation processes of γ-Ni3(Al,Ti), G (Ni16Ti6Si7), η (Ni3Ti), β (NiTi) and σ (Cr0.46Mo0.40Si0.14) intermetallic phases, as well as the carbide M23C6. It was found that the main phase precipitating during alloy ageing was the γ intermetallic phase.

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Kokawa, Hiroyuki, W. Z. Jin, Zhan Jie Wang, M. Michiuchi, Yutaka S. Sato, Wei Dong e Yasuyuki Katada. "Grain Boundary Engineering of High-Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steel". Materials Science Forum 539-543 (marzo 2007): 4962–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4962.

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Large amount of nitrogen addition into an austenitic stainless steel can improve the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance remarkably as far as the nitrogen is in solid solution. However, once the nitrogen precipitates as nitride, it results in deteriorations in the properties of the high nitrogen austenitic stain steel. During welding, a high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel is ready to precipitate rapidly immense amounts of chromium nitride in the heat affected zone (HAZ), as intergranular or cellular morphologies at or from grain boundaries into grain interiors. The nitride precipitation reduces seriously the local mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The present authors have demonstrated that a thermomechanical-processing as grain boundary engineering (GBE) inhibited intergranular chromium carbide precipitation in the HAZ of a type 304 austenitic stainless steel during welding and improved the intergranular corrosion resistance drastically. In the present study, the thermomechanical-processing was applied to a high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel containing 1 mass% nitrogen to suppress the nitride precipitation at or from grain boundaries in the HAZ during welding by GBE. GBE increases the frequency of coincidence site lattice (CSL) boundaries in the material so as to improve the intergranular properties, because of strong resistance of CSL boundaries to intergranular deteriorations. The optimum parameters in the thermomechanical-processing brought a very high frequency of CSL boundaries in the high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel. The GBE suppressed the intergranular and cellular nitride precipitation in the HAZ of the high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel during welding.

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Zhang, Yi, Guang Xu, Ming Xing Zhou, Hai Lin Yang e Min Wang. "The Effect of Reheating Temperature on Precipitation of a High Strength Microalloyed Steel". Applied Mechanics and Materials 508 (gennaio 2014): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.508.8.

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High-strength steels are usually microalloyed with niobium (Nb), titanium (Ti) and vanadium (V), individually or in combination. The reheating temperature during austenization has a significant influence on the precipitation of microalloyed steels. The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of reheating temperature on precipitates of microalloying elements. The research results show that reheating temperature should be high enough to ensure the dissolution of carbide and nitride precipitates in order to improve the precipitation strengthening of microalloying elements during rolling and cooling. The results provide the theoretical reference for the determination of reheating technology of microalloyed steels.

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Cho, Eun-Chel, Martin A. Green, Gavin Conibeer, Dengyuan Song, Young-Hyun Cho, Giuseppe Scardera, Shujuan Huang et al. "Silicon Quantum Dots in a Dielectric Matrix for All-Silicon Tandem Solar Cells". Advances in OptoElectronics 2007 (28 agosto 2007): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/69578.

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We report work progress on the growth of Si quantum dots in different matrices for future photovoltaic applications. The work reported here seeks to engineer a wide-bandgap silicon-based thin-film material by using quantum confinement in silicon quantum dots and to utilize this in complete thin-film silicon-based tandem cell, without the constraints of lattice matching, but which nonetheless gives an enhanced efficiency through the increased spectral collection efficiency. Coherent-sized quantum dots, dispersed in a matrix of silicon carbide, nitride, or oxide, were fabricated by precipitation of Si-rich material deposited by reactive sputtering or PECVD. Bandgap opening of Si QDs in nitride is more blue-shifted than that of Si QD in oxide, while clear evidence of quantum confinement in Si quantum dots in carbide was hard to obtain, probably due to many surface and defect states. The PL decay shows that the lifetimes vary from 10 to 70 microseconds for diameter of 3.4 nm dot with increasing detection wavelength.

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Berns, Hans, Sascha Riedner e Birger Hussong. "Influence of Molybdenum and Copper on the Corrosion Resistance of High Strength Austenitic Steels". Materials Science Forum 638-642 (gennaio 2010): 2979–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.2979.

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Joint alloying of 0.85 to 1.1 mass% C + N raises the strength and cold work hardening of steels with 18 to 19 mass% Cr and Mn each and allows to produce them at atmospheric pressure. A yield strength of 600 MPa is combined with a true fracture stress of almost 2500 MPa and ≈ 70 % elongation. However, there is a risk of carbide/nitride precipitation during quenching of thicker cross sections after solution annealing. The addition of Mo and Cu affects the corrosion resistance as well as the precipitation. Submersion test and current density/potential tests in several aqueous solutions characterize the corrosion behaviour. Tests on intercrystalline corrosion are used to detect the precipitation as a function of quenching rate. It is shown that the C/N ratio is of key importance in improving the properties.

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Tian, Qianren, Guocheng Wang, Xinghu Yuan, Qi Wang e Seetharaman Sridhar. "Complex Precipitates of TiN-MCx in GCr15 Bearing Steel". Metals 9, n. 6 (3 giugno 2019): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9060641.

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Nitride and carbide are the second phases which play an important role in the performance of bearing steel, and their precipitation behavior is complicated. In this study, TiN-MCxprecipitations in GCr15 bearing steels were obtained by non-aqueous electrolysis, and their precipitation mechanisms were studied. TiN is the effective heterogeneous nucleation site for Fe7C3 and Fe3C; therefore, MCxcan precipitate on the surface of TiN easily. The chemistry component of MCx consists of M3C and M7C3 (M = Fe, Cr, Mn) and Cr3C2. TiN-MCx with high TiN volume fraction, TiN forms in early stage of solidification, and MCx precipitates on TiN surface after TiN engulfed by the solidification advancing front. TiN-MCx with low TiN volume fraction, TiN and MCx form in late stage of solidification, TiN can not grow sufficiently and is covered by numerous precipitated MCxparticles.

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Rice, P. M., R. E. Stoller e J. Bentley. "Energy-filtered imaging of precipitates in FeCuN alloys". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (13 agosto 1995): 542–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100139081.

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The microstructures of a series of model ferritic alloys are being characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The alloys have varying concentrations of Cu (0 to 0.9 wt%), N (5 to 120 appm), and other solutes to allow a systematic study of the effects of various elements on embrittlement. The first step in this process is the characterization of the alloys in their as-received state: solution treated at 775°C for 17 h, quenched in a salt bath at 450°C for 180 s, and subsequently air cooled.The imaging portion of this initial study is complete; however, several questions about the chemical content of many of the precipitates remain unanswered. The heat treatment described above resulted in extensive precipitation, especially in the high N alloys. It is difficult to distinguish between α” nitride platelets and the ε-carbide platelets which formed in many of the alloys. High-angle tilting is difficult with these ferromagnetic specimens, and the g · R = 0 invisibility criterion previously used for distinguishing the α” nitrides has given ambiguous results.

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Sprauel, J. M., e H. Michaud. "Contribution to X-ray analysis of carbo-nitrided steel layers". Journal of Applied Crystallography 34, n. 5 (25 settembre 2001): 549–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889801008810.

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The non-destructive X-ray diffraction method is used to analyse carbo-nitrided steel layers after wear testing. These measurements are carried out on the two major phases of the material,i.e.the martensite and the retained austenite. Such measurements are particularly difficult for three reasons. First, strong gradients exist across the wear track. Second, the diffraction peaks obtained for the martensite are broadened, as a result of the overlap of different reflections of the tetragonal structure. Third, the studied material is multiphase. Its major phases are martensite and austenite, but it also contains carbide and nitride clusters, which lead to incoherent scattering of X-rays. A new quantitative phase analysis method is thus proposed to define the volume fractions of these different constituents of the material. This method accounts for the evolution of the background level during wear. A micro-mechanical model is then developed to process the diffraction peak positions obtained for the martensite and the retained austenite. This model defines the `true' stress and carbon content of both phases. It also allows separation of the reflections of the martensite. The true widths of the diffraction peaks, which characterize the plastic deformation, can thus be quantified. Results for wear-test specimens show a strong plastic deformation of the retained austenite during contact fatigue. This leads to a partial transformation of this phase into martensite. In the martensite, on the contrary, the plastic deformation remains low but the carbon content decreases. This is caused by a stress-induced precipitation of carbides.

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Choi, Il Dong, Sung Gyu Kang, Ji Hyun Jang, Sung Bok Lee e Moon Hi Hong. "Effect of Copper Sulfide on the Fatigue Properties of Bake Hardening Steels". Materials Science Forum 654-656 (giugno 2010): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.186.

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Bake hardening steels have to resist strain aging to prevent the yield strength increment and stretcher strain during press process and to enhance the bake hardenability during baking process after painting. The bake hardening steels need to control the solute carbon and the solute nitrogen to improve the bake hardenability. Ti and/or Nb alloying for nitride and carbide precipitation and low carbon content below 0.003% are used to solve strain aging and formability problem for automotive materials. However, in the present study, the effect of micro-precipitation of copper sulfide on the bake hardenability and fatigue properties of extremely low carbon steel has been investigated. The bake hardenability of Cu-alloyed bake hardening (Cu-BH) steel was slightly higher (5MPa) than that of Nb-alloyed bake hardening (Nb-BH) steel, but the fatigue limit of Cu-BH steel was far higher (45MPa) than that of Nb-BH steel. All samples showed the ductile fracture behavior and some samples revealed distinct fatigue stages, such as crack initiation, stable crack growth and unstable crack growth.

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Duranton, P., J. Devaux, M. Larreur, R. Fortunier e J. M. Bergheau. "Three-dimensional numerical simulation of the nitriding process". Journal de Physique IV 120 (dicembre 2004): 777–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:2004120090.

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This paper presents a three-dimensional numerical simulation of a nitriding process applied to an industrial component. The aim of the simulation is to predict the residual stresses and distortions due to volume changes induced by chromium nitride (CrN) and carbides (M23C6 et M4C3) formation. The simulation is performed in two steps. The diffusion of nitrogen and the precipitation of chrome nitride and carbides are first simulated. Then stresses and strains are calculated, assuming an elastic behaviour of the component, and using a volume expansion due to the precipitate concentration. The proposed approach is applied on a gear tooth. Small holes and details were neglected. For symmetry reasons, only half a tooth is taken into account. As the main phenomena take place through the first millimetre from the outer surface, a special attention was paid on meshing. The mesh used for the diffusion and precipitation analysis is composed of 1 130 000 nodes and 1 110 000 elements. For the mechanical analysis, a coarser mesh including only 165 000 nodes and 290 000 elements was used.

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Yuan, Chao, Jian Ting Guo e Lan Zhang Zhou. "Effect of Nitrogen on Microstructure and Properties of a Cast Cobalt-Base Superalloy". Advanced Materials Research 278 (luglio 2011): 472–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.278.472.

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The effect of the nitrogen on the microstructure and properties of a cast Co-based superalloy K640S was investigated with the different level ranged from 24 ppm to 85 ppm. The results indicate that almost all nitrogen exist in the form of nitride precipitation in the vacuum induction melting. It is found that high N level would extend the solidification window during the solidification process, and then increase the quantity of the carbide eutectic phases and led to the distribution in the network form of the eutectics in the interdendritic regions. High nitrogen content (more than 40 ppm) can reduced the mechanical properties of the testing alloy. So, it is suggested that the nitrogen in the recycled Co-based superalloys should be controlled at a suitable level in order to avoid the degradation of their properties.

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Kapoor, Monica, Ronald O’Malley e Gregory B. Thompson. "Atom Probe Tomography Study of Multi-microalloyed Carbide and Carbo-Nitride Precipitates and the Precipitation Sequence in Nb-Ti HSLA Steels". Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 47, n. 5 (2 marzo 2016): 1984–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-016-3398-6.

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Kolli, Javaheri, Kömi e Porter. "On the Role of Grain Size and Carbon Content on the Sensitization and Desensitization Behavior of 301 Austenitic Stainless Steel". Metals 9, n. 11 (6 novembre 2019): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9111193.

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The effect of grain size in the range 72 to 190 μm and carbon content in the range 0.105–0.073 wt.% on the intergranular corrosion of the austenitic stainless steel 301 has been investigated. Grain boundary chromium depletion has been studied directly using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy combined with scanning transmission electron microscopy and indirectly using double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation tests. In addition, chromium depletion has been modelled using the CALPHAD Thermo-Calc software TC-DICTRA. It is shown that the degree of sensitization measured using the double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation tests can be successfully predicted with the aid of a depletion parameter based on the modelled chromium depletion profiles for heat treatment times covering both the sensitization and de-sensitization or self-healing. Additionally, along with intergranular M23C6 carbides, intragranular M23C6 and Cr2N nitrides that affect the available Cr for grain boundary carbide precipitation were also observed.

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Fujita, Kosuke, Masato Ueda, Masahiko Ikeda e Kotaro Hayashi. "Monitoring of Tempering Behavior in Fe-C-Mn Alloys by Precise Measurement of Electrical Resistivity". Advanced Materials Research 922 (maggio 2014): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.922.173.

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Mechanical properties in metallic materials are generally determined by microstructure, which is controlled by thermo-mechanical treatment in addition to its composition. Tempering is the conventional process of heat-treated steel. Therefore, understanding microstructural change during the process is especially important. As is well known, electrical resistivity measurement gives useful information regarding microstructures and lattice defects. In this technique, average information can be obtained from larger volume of specimens than TEM specimens as 108 times. So the purpose of this study was to monitor electrical resistivity changes related to microstructural changes during tempering in Fe-0.19 C-1.5 Mn, Fe-0.35 C-1.5 Mn alloys. Bar shaped specimens were cut from the sheets of steels. The specimens were heat-treated in austenite region and then quenched with ice-water. Then tempering was cumulatively carried out by direct dipping in a nitrate bath held at 423-673 K. Electrical resistivities at 77 K (in liquid nitrogen) and 300 K were measured in each state by a direct current (DC) four-point method. The resistivities abruptly decreased and then gradually decreased by the tempering. First drop and following decreasing of resistivities are corresponding to vanishing vacancies in martensite and precipitation of carbide, respectively. The organized resistivites by Hollomon-Jaffe parameter showed infections during the carbide precipitation. The points must be related to transition of precipitation mode.

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Han, Kwan H., e Hyun E. Lee. "A microstructural study of rapidly solidified and heat-treated austenitic Fe–Mn−Al–Mo–W–Nb–C alloys". Journal of Materials Research 10, n. 6 (giugno 1995): 1371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.1371.

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The microstructural characteristics of melt-spun and heat-treated austenitic Fe−28Mn−8.6Al−0.5Mo−0.7W−0.5Nb−1.1C (in wt. %) alloys have been investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy. The melt-spun alloy contained fine austenitic cells and some intercelluar Nb(C, N) precipitates. Detailed observations revealed fine {100} modulations in the matrix of the cells, as well as a concomitant L′I2 atomic ordering arising from it. These observations indicate that the onset of decomposition of the initial austenite phase occurred during the rapid solidification process. Aging of the melt-spun alloy at 823–1173 K produced various microstructures, including a general precipitation of Nb(C, N) in the matrix. On isochronal annealing for 1 h, this matrix Nb(C, N) precipitation commenced at 1073 K with the formation of metastable coherent K-carbide (K′) near cell boundaries. On annealing at temperatures above 1123 K, only the Nb(C, N) precipitates were formed, on a fine scale, being accompanied by the formation of precipitate-free regions in the vicinity of cell and grain boundaries. Both intercellular and matrix Nb(C, N) precipitates obeyed a cube-to-cube orientation relationship with austenite. The general matrix precipitation of Nb(C, N) and formation of precipitate-free regions are discussed in terms of a vacancy (defect)-depletion effect. Finally, it was demonstrated that, by employing a double heat-treatment schedule of annealing at 1173 K followed by aging at 823 K, a novel microstructure consisting of fine dispersoids of Nb(C, N) carbo-nitride, distributed over the matrix of {100} modulated structure, could be produced.

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Phillips, D. S., e G. J. Vogt. "Plasma Synthesis of Ceramic Powders". MRS Bulletin 12, n. 7 (novembre 1987): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400066963.

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Condensation from plasmas has been shown to yield very fine, high purity powders from even the most refractory materials. Elementary particles in these powders are often single crystals, as fine as 50 nm diameter. These particles vary widely in agglomeration state; in some systems they are essentially independent, while in others hard agglomerates as large as several microns are observed. In this article the geometric aspects of reactor design which are thought to influence these powder structures are reviewed, along with three case studies in powder microstructure. Finally, the structure of the “typical” plasma powder is compared with expectations from alternative preparation routes.The development of new, energy-efficient processing strategies for ceramic fabrication has become a rapid growth field over the last ten years. Most of these strategies rely on minimizing diffusion requirements during densification by improving both the chemical homogeneity and the initial density of the powder compact to be consolidated; both requirements dictate unusual care in the synthesis of the starting powders. In the oxide systems most extensively studied to date, the required powders can often be produced by precipitation from aqueous solutions and/or emulsions. In the carbide and nitride systems widely envisaged for the next generation of structural applications, these techniques are difficult and gas-phase synthesis routes appear more attractive. In fact, even the leading practitioners of the precipitation arts write enthusiastically of aerosol synthesis methods for the oxides.

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Jegou, Sebastien, Laurent Barrallier e Regis Kubler. "Residual Stress Development during Nitriding of Steels". Materials Science Forum 681 (marzo 2011): 370–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.681.370.

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Nitriding is a well-established thermochemical surface treatment of carbon micro-alloyed steels aiming enhancing surface properties such as fatigue, wear and corrosion resistances. The idea is taking benefits from the high hardening level due to a fine nitride precipitation and also the compressive residual stress state. Due to some complex interactions of phenomena during nitriding, the last has not been completely explained yet. When interest is focused on stress depth gradient and time evolution, difficulties find origins in pronounced heterogeneities whether it is the chemical gradient due to nitrogen diffusion, the resulting gradient of microstructure or the gradient of volumetric misfits. Relaxation of residual stresses is so usually described using a thermally controlled creep phenomenon due to the couple of diffusion and stress, but depend on phenomenological descriptions. A key point is also disregard that is the diffusion of carbon and its redistribution across the nitrided surface during the treatment. Based on experimental characterizations of model carbon iron-based alloys, the role of phase transformations, especially carbides, is explored in order to give better understandings of the residual stress development during nitriding.

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Liang, X. Z., M. F. Dodge, W. Liang e H. B. Dong. "Precipitation of chromium nitride nano-rods on lamellar carbides along austenite-ferrite boundaries in super duplex stainless steel". Scripta Materialia 127 (gennaio 2017): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.09.004.

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Kanayev, A. T., М. А. Jaxymbetova e I. М. Kossanova. "QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE YIELD STRESS OF FERRITE-PEARLITIC STEELS BY STRUCTURE PARAMETERS". Series of Geology and Technical Sciences 447, n. 3 (15 giugno 2021): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-170x.64.

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In various sectors of the economy, requirements are imposed on the quality of metallurgical products. The event that improves the quality of metallurgical products - thermomechanical treatment (TMT). TMT allows reducing the specific consumption of steel, increasing the service life, reliability and durability of products, which is tantamount to an increase in the volume of finished metal products. The problem of applied materials science is the establishment of a quantitative relationship between the structure and properties of steels and alloys, it underlies the development and creation of new effective ways to improve the operational characteristics of metal products. In the production of long products, (TMT) is increasingly used, which is a combination of two methods of strengthening steels: deformational by plastic deformation and thermal by phase transformations. Revealing the features of the properties of heat-treated steels makes it possible to approach the solution of this problem. The main mechanisms of hardening are solid solution hardening by alloying with relatively cheap alloying elements (Mn, Si) and dislocation and precipitation hardening using hardening heat treatment and microalloying of steel with carbide and nitride-forming elements V (C, N). The article quantifies the approximate contribution of various strengthening mechanisms to the yield stress of carbon and low-alloy steels. For St5ps steel (hot-rolled state), the yield stress is given by solid-solution and grain-boundary hardening (37.4.0% and 28.6%), in low-alloy steel 16G2AF (36.7% and 27.1%), the role of dispersion hardening (28.0%).Thermomechanical treatment of steel grade St.5ps leads to an increase in the value of dislocation hardening up to 27.6% due to an increase in the density of dislocations and the retention of most of the dislocations in the rolled stock during accelerated cooling of hot-deformed austenite.

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Matus, K., M. Pawlyta, G. Matula e K. Gołombek. "Characterization of Nanometric-Sized Carbides Formed During Tempering of Carbide-Steel Cermets". Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, n. 2 (1 giugno 2016): 747–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0127.

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Abstract The aim of this article of this paper is to present issues related to characterization of nanometric-sized carbides, nitrides and/or carbonitrides formed during tempering of carbide-steel cermets. Closer examination of those materials is important because of hardness growth of carbide-steel cermet after tempering. The results obtained during research show that the upswing of hardness is significantly higher than for high-speed steels. Another interesting fact is the displacement of secondary hardness effect observed for this material to a higher tempering temperature range. Determined influence of the atmosphere in the sintering process on precipitations formed during tempering of carbide-steel cermets. So far examination of carbidesteel cermet produced by powder injection moulding was carried out mainly in the scanning electron microscope. A proper description of nanosized particles is both important and difficult as achievements of nanoscience and nanotechnology confirm the significant influence of nanocrystalline particles on material properties even if its mass fraction is undetectable by standard methods. The following research studies have been carried out using transmission electron microscopy, mainly selected area electron diffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The obtained results and computer simulations comparison were made.

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Martinelli, Antonio E., Rubens M. Nascimento, Tarcisio E. de Andrade, Augusto J. A. Buschinelli, Jorge C. L. B. S. Pereira, Sonja M. Gross e Uwe Reisgen. "Wetting Oxide and Non-Oxide Ceramics with Active Metals". Materials Science Forum 730-732 (novembre 2012): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.730-732.164.

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Brazing has been used to join structural ceramics to devices mostly manufactured using metal alloys. Direct brazing employs filler alloys containing an active metal, usually Ti, to wet the ceramic substrate. However, the cost of active filler alloys is usually around 10 times higher than that of active metal-free alloys. In addition, the concentration of the active metal is usually small, thus limiting the formation of a continuous reaction layer onto the entire ceramic surface. Alternatively, ceramic substrates can be previously metallized and fully coated with an active element to be wetted by conventional active metal free filler alloys. Ceramics can be metallized by different techniques, including mechanical metallization. It consists in frictioning an active metal bit, traditionally made of Ti, against the ceramic. Conventional tools can be used and the method is easily automated to large batches. Moreover, contrary to other techniques, mechanical metallization is carried out at room temperature and no hazardous fluxing agents are used. Although Ti is traditionally employed in mechanical metallization, the technique is not limited to it. Indeed, the exclusive use of Ti univocally determines the microstructure of the resulting ceramic/titanium and titanium/filler alloy interfaces. Although the formation of a reaction layer is beneficial to the mechanical strength and reliability of brazed components, precipitation zones and intermetallics embrittle the joints and affect their mechanical behavior. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to assess the potential use of alternative active metals in the mechanical metallization of structural oxide (alumina e zirconia) and non-oxide (silicon carbide and nitride) ceramics. Ceramic substrates were mechanically metallized using Ti, Ta, Nb and Zircaloy 2 (mainly 98.25 % Zr and 1.45% Sn). These metals are abundant in Brazil and therefore strategically important. The wettability of the metallized surfaces was evaluated using three commercially available active metal free filler alloys: VH 780 (Ag-28 Cu), VH 950 (Au – 18 Ni) and SCP 2 (Ag – 31.5 Cu – 10 Pd). The results showed that it was possible to mechanically metallize all ceramic surfaces with the active metals investigated. The wetting tests revealed limited potential for the use of Nb and Ta. On the other hand Zircaloy 2 was successfully employed as active metal for both oxide and non oxide ceramics.

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27

Zajac, Stanislaw. "Precipitation of Microalloy Carbo-Nitrides Prior, during and after γ/α Transformation". Materials Science Forum 500-501 (novembre 2005): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.500-501.75.

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A brief summary is given of the desired effects of precipitation of microalloy nitrides and carbides in austenite and ferrite prior, during and after g−a transformation. Precipitation of microalloy compounds of Nb(C,N), TiC and V(C,N) is discussed in relation to several grain refinement and precipitation strengthening mechanisms. An improved understanding of the thermodynamics and kinetics of precipitation and phase transformations is presented using the approach based on the chemical driving force. Nucleation of intragranular polygonal ferrite on VN particles that grow in austenite and the formation of acicular ferrite inside the austenitic grains in Vsteels is described. The role of carbon in increasing the driving force for nucleation is elucidated and the benefits of using microalloy carbo-nitrides for precipitation strengthening of bainitic steels are reviewed. An expanded view on the role of microalloy carbo-nitrides in grain refinement and precipitation strengthening is presented.

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28

Llorca-Isern, Núria, Isabel López-Jiménez, Héctor López-Luque, Maria Victoria Biezma e Antoni Roca. "Study of the Precipitation of Secondary Phases in Duplex and Superduplex Stainless Steel". Materials Science Forum 879 (novembre 2016): 2537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.2537.

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The aim of this work is to study the precipitation mechanism of the intermetallic phases present in duplex stainless steels (UNS S32205 and UNS S32750), as well as to find out the most suitable method for detecting and analyzing accurately these secondary phases, particularly Sigma-phase, Chi-phase, nitrides and carbides. The samples were characterized after a solution annealing at 1080oC followed by an isothermal treatment at 830oC from 1 min to 9 h, with the purpose of figuring out the mechanism of chi-phase nucleation and nitrides formation in relation with the sigma-phase. The study has two main objectives: 1) to find out the most suitable technique for the detection, identification and quantification of the secondary phases, obtaining the best results with the combination of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and backscattered electron detector (BSE) in comparison with the optical microscopy (MO); 2) to study the influence of the chemical composition on the nucleation mechanism of the intermetallic phases. It has been concluded that molybdenum balance content in chi-phase related to sigma phase is close to two, consequently the kinetics of nucleation and growth of these phases is remarkably faster when this alloying element content in the steel is higher. Chromium nitrides and carbides were also observed to precipitate as a result of the heat treatments carried out to the specimen wherein chromium nitrides role is a favorable site for the nucleation of sigma and chi phases.

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29

Nakajima, Tsuyoshi, e Toru Shirasaki. "Chemical Vapor Deposition of Tungsten Carbide, Molybdenum Carbide Nitride, and Molybdenum Nitride Films". Journal of The Electrochemical Society 144, n. 6 (1 giugno 1997): 2096–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1837747.

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30

Knowles, Kevin M., e Servet Turan. "Boron nitride–silicon carbide interphase boundaries in silicon nitride–silicon carbide particulate composites". Journal of the European Ceramic Society 22, n. 9-10 (settembre 2002): 1587–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0955-2219(01)00481-2.

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31

Pinedo, Carlos Eduardo, e André Paulo Tschiptschin. "Low temperature plasma carburizing of AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel and AISI F51 duplex stainless steel". Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 66, n. 2 (giugno 2013): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0370-44672013000200011.

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In this work an austenitic AISI 316L and a duplex AISI F51 (EN 1.4462) stainless steel were DC-Plasma carburized at 480ºC, using CH4 as carbon carrier gas. For the austenitic AISI 316L stainless steel, low temperature plasma carburizing induced a strong carbon supersaturation in the austenitic lattice and the formation of carbon expanded austenite (γC) without any precipitation of carbides. The hardness of the carburized AISI 316L steel reached a maximum of 1000 HV due to ∼13 at% carbon supersaturation and expansion of the FCC lattice. For the duplex stainless steel AISI F51, the austenitic grains transformed to carbon expanded austenite (γC), the ferritic grains transformed to carbon expanded ferrite (αC) and M23C6 type carbides precipitated in the nitrided case. Hardness of the carburized case of the F51 duplex steel reached 1600 HV due to the combined effects of austenite and ferrite lattice expansion with a fine and dispersed precipitation of M23C6 carbides.

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32

Markholiya, T. P., I. I. Kozelkova, T. M. Bragina e L. M. Aksel'rod. "Reaction-sintered carbide-nitride systems". Refractories 31, n. 9-10 (settembre 1990): 550–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01282790.

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33

Ludlow, V., K. G. Bain, S. Riaz, K. Muller, J. Wans, G. Alvarez de Toledo, S. Zajac e D. Senk. "Precipitation of nitrides and carbides during solidification and cooling in continuous casting". Revue de Métallurgie 103, n. 1 (gennaio 2006): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal:2006151.

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34

Li, Jing Yuan, Fei Fang, Yi De Wang, Bo Li e Xiang Jun Zhang. "Influences of Carbon and Nitrogen Content on the Precipitation of 18Cr18Mn Steel". Materials Science Forum 789 (aprile 2014): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.789.297.

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The effect of carbon and nitrogen contents on microstructure and the mechanism of precipitation of 18Cr18Mn steels at as-cast and aging treatment state were investigated by thermodynamics calculation, optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The experimental results show that the increase in carbon and nitrogen contents promotes the precipitation of carbides and nitrides, respectively, inhibiting σ phase precipitation during solidification process. The rod-like σ phases present in 18Cr18Mn0.44N as-cast steel with 0.025%C. The coarse lamellar structure Cr23C6 phases with a space width of 0.34μm exist in 18Cr18Mn0.44N as-cast steel with 0.16%C. However, Cr23C6 and σ phase disappear in the interior of the grains and a small amount of nitrides exist only in grain boundaries of 18Cr18Mn0.72N0.020C as-cast steel. The precipitation of Cr23C6 and σ phases are greatly inhibited in high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels at 800°C aging treatment. Additionally, Cr2N, the main precipitation phase, nucleates at austenitic grain boundary and grows towards inner grains with a lamellar morphology. Moreover, the quantity of Cr2N increases and incubation time of it decreases as nitrogen or carbon content increasing.

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35

Sundararaman,, M., e P. Mukhopadhyay,. "Carbide Precipitation in Inconel 718". High Temperature Materials and Processes 11, n. 1-4 (gennaio 1993): 351–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp.1993.11.1-4.351.

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36

Michal, G. M., e J. A. Slane. "Carbide Precipitation in Electrical Steels". JOM 38, n. 1 (gennaio 1986): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03257952.

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37

Andrén, H. O., S. Karagöz, Cai Guangjun, L. Lundin e H. Fischmeister. "Carbide precipitation in chromium steels". Surface Science Letters 246, n. 1-3 (aprile 1990): A172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2584(90)90040-e.

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38

Andrén, H. O., S. Karagöz, Cai Guangjun, L. Lundin e H. Fischmeister. "Carbide precipitation in chromium steels". Surface Science 246, n. 1-3 (aprile 1991): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(91)90422-o.

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39

Gómez, Manuel, Lucía Rancel e Sebastián F. Medina. "Effects of Nb, V, Ti and Al on Recrystallisation/Precipitation Interaction in Microalloyed Steels". Materials Science Forum 638-642 (gennaio 2010): 3388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3388.

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Recrystallisation/precipitation interaction in four steels having Nb, V, Ti, and Al, respectively, as microalloying elements has been studied by means of hot torsion tests. Remarkable differences were found in the results obtained for each steel. Nb and V-microalloyed steels presented long inhibition plateaus, but the steel with Al displayed a very short plateau. Finally the steel with Ti did not show plateau. This means that Nb and V precipitates (nitrides and carbides) can inhibit the static recrystallization but this does not happen for Al and Ti (which form nitrides). The difference between activation energies allows to predict the efficiency of different precipitates to strengthen the austenite during hot rolling. RPTT diagrams showed the interaction between both phenomena, along with the strain induced precipitation kinetics and precipitate coarsening. It is found that AlN particles nucleate and grow faster than NbCN or VN.

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40

NAKAJIMA, T., e T. SHIRASAKI. "ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Vapor Deposition of Tungsten Carbide, Molybdenum Carbide Nitride, and Molybdenum Nitride Films." ChemInform 28, n. 43 (3 agosto 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199743026.

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41

Penha, R. N., L. B. Silva, C. S. P. Mendonça, T. C. Moreira e M. L. N. M. Melo. "Effect of ageing time on microstructure and mechanical properties of SAF 2205 duplex stainless steel". Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 1, n. 91 (1 maggio 2018): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1382.

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Purpose: SAF 2205 duplex stainless steels (DSSs) are materials characterized by a favourable combination of the properties of ferritic and austenitic stainless steels. This type of stainless steel presents good weldability, corrosion resistance especially for stress corrosion cracking (SCC). However, this steel presents an unavoidable disadvantage that is its potential microstructural instability. Although duplex stainless steels design idea is to present two main types of microstructure, other phases and carbides or nitrides can precipitate. In the case of DSS SAF 2205, in addition to austenitic and ferritic microstructure, during heat treatment processing, welding or use may occur precipitation of undesirable intermetallic phases such as chi, Widmanstätten austenite, sigma besides carbides and nitrides. The precipitation of s-phase is associated with effects that cause both reduction of toughness and decreases the corrosion resistance on austenitic, ferritic and duplex stainless steels. Design/methodology/approach: This study evaluated the aging treatment effect on hardness, impact toughness and ferrite content of a SAF 2205 duplex stainless steel. Samples were solubilized at 1150°C, quenched in water and aged at 850°C during 1, 5, 10, 30, 60 or 180 minutes. After aging, cooling was to room temperature in air. Findings: Aging time promoted s-phase precipitation and hardness increase. Hardness and ferrite volume measurements, microscopy and the prediction of sigma phase bases the discussion. Impact toughness decreased with time aging and intermetallic phase precipitation. Research limitations/implications: As future work could be performed some corrosion test, vary the cooling rate after aging, and using other techniques to identify phases. Focus the research at lower aging times to try the describe Cr partitioning process to form sigma phase. Practical implications: High aging time should be avoided for SAF 2205 DSS. Originality/value: Usually sigma-phase precipitation on DDS is correlated to welding process. This paper correlates it to aging heat treatment.

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42

Biasini, V., S. Guicciardi e A. Bellosi. "Silicon nitride-silicon carbide composite materials". International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 11, n. 4 (gennaio 1992): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-4368(92)90048-7.

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43

Saucedo-Muñoz, Maribel L., Toshiyuki Hashida, Yutaka Watanabe, Tetsuo Shoji e Victor M. Lopez-Hirata. "Effect of Precipitation on Cryogenic Toughness in N-Containing Austenitic Stainless Steels". Materials Science Forum 539-543 (marzo 2007): 4914–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4914.

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Three types of austenitic stainless steels JK2, JJ1 and JN1 were isothermally aged at temperatures from 600 to 900°C for 10 to 1000 minutes in order to study the microstructural evolution and its effect on the fracture toughness at cryogenic temperatures. The Charpy V-Notch fracture energy at 77 K showed a significant decrease with aging time in JJ1 and JN1 steels because of their higher contents of C and N. In contrast, the fracture energy corresponding to the aged JK2 steel decreased gradually with aging time. The abundant intergranular precipitation of carbides and nitrides seems to be the responsible for the fracture toughness deterioration in the aged JJ1 and JN1 steels. On the other hand, the intergranular precipitation of carbides was less abundant in the aged JK2 steel. The scanning electron microscope fractographs of the CVN test specimens corresponding to the aged JJ1 and JN1 steels showed mainly an intergranular brittle fracture and its fraction increased with aging time and temperature. In general, the presence of a more abundant intergranular precipitation resulted in a more rapid decrease in toughness with aging time.

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44

Lin, Kai, Hong Qi Shi, Li Qun Ma e Yi Ding. "The Analysis and Research of Secondary Phases Generated during Isothermal Aging of Duplex Stainless Steels". Applied Mechanics and Materials 193-194 (agosto 2012): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.193-194.411.

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The properties and precipitation rules of secondary phases generated during isothermal aging of duplex stainless steels and factors affecting the precipitates were reviewed in this article. These secondary phases include carbides(M23C6,M7C3), nitrides(Cr2N,CrN) and intermetallic phases(σ-phase, χ-phase, Fe3Cr3Mo2Si2, R-phase, π-phase, α′-phase). With the right understanding about the phases, the aim is the suitable heat-treating processes would be chose to avoid the unfavorable influences of secondary phases.

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45

Zou, De Ning, Rong Liu, Jiao Li, Kun Wu e Xiao Hua Liu. "Precipitation Behavior of High-Nitrogen Low-Nickel Austenitic Stainless Steel at Intermediate Temperature". Materials Science Forum 724 (giugno 2012): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.724.359.

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The precipitation behavior of nitrides and carbides occurred in aging process for 10Cr21Mn16NiN austenitic stainless steel at intermediate temperature was investigated by use of thermodynamic calculation, metallography and electron microscopy analysis. The precipitates evolved from chain-like initiatively along grain boundaries at lower aging temperature, to that along grain boundaries and inside the grain of austenite with more content as the temperature rising gradually. When aging at 800 °C, precipitates became layered tablet shaped and the composition was ascertained the mixture of Cr2N and M23C6. At a certain temperature, the volume fraction of precipitates for the aged testing steel by air cooling was slightly higher than that by water quenching.

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46

CARINCI, G. M., M. G. HETHERINGTON e G. B. OLSON. "M2C CARBIDE PRECIPITATION IN AF1410 STEEL". Le Journal de Physique Colloques 49, n. C6 (novembre 1988): C6–311—C6–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1988654.

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47

Klinkenberg, Christian, Klaus Hulka e Wolfgang Bleck. "Niobium Carbide Precipitation in Microalloyed Steel". steel research international 75, n. 11 (novembre 2004): 744–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.200405837.

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48

Chen, S., P. A. Beaven e R. Wagner. "Carbide precipitation in γ-TiAl alloys". Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 26, n. 8 (aprile 1992): 1205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(92)90564-u.

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49

Gu, Z., J. H. Edgar, B. Raghothamachar, M. Dudley, D. Zhuang, Z. Sitar e D. W. Coffey. "Sublimation growth of aluminum nitride on silicon carbide substrate with aluminum nitride–silicon carbide alloy transition layer". Journal of Materials Research 22, n. 3 (marzo 2007): 675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2007.0077.

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The advantages of depositing AlN–SiC alloy transition layers on SiC substrates before the seeded growth of bulk AlN crystals were examined. The presence of AlN–SiC alloy layers helped to suppress the SiC decomposition by providing vapor sources of silicon and carbon. In addition, cracks in the final AlN crystals decreased from ∼5 × 106/mm2 for those grown directly on SiC substrates to less than 1 × 106/mm2 for those grown on AlN–SiC alloy layers because of the intermediate lattice constants and thermal expansion coefficient of AlN–SiC. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of pure single-crystalline AlN upon both AlN–SiC alloys and SiC substrates. X-ray topography (XRT) demonstrated that strains present in the AlN crystals decreased as the AlN grew thicker. However, the XRT for AlN crystals grown directly on SiC substrates was significantly distorted with a high overall defect density compared to those grown on AlN–SiC alloys.

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CHINO, Atsushi, Mutsumi IHIDA e Hideo IWATA. "Determination and Precipitation Behavior of σ-phase, Carbides and Nitrides in Duplex Stainless Steels". Tetsu-to-Hagane 75, n. 10 (1989): 1936–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.75.10_1936.

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