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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Carnot efficiency"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 6 febbraio 2022

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Carnot efficiency"

Lucia, Umberto. "Carnot efficiency: Why?" Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 392, no. 17 (September 2013): 3513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2013.04.020.

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Polettini, Matteo, and Massimiliano Esposito. "Carnot efficiency at divergent power output." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 118, no. 4 (May 1, 2017): 40003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/118/40003.

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Jennings, R. C., S. Santabarbara, E. Belgio, and G. Zucchelli. "The Carnot efficiency and plant photosystems." Biophysics 59, no. 2 (March 2014): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0006350914020080.

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Su, Shanhe, Yanchao Zhang, Guozhen Su, and Jincan Chen. "The Carnot efficiency enabled by complete degeneracies." Physics Letters A 382, no. 32 (August 2018): 2108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2018.05.042.

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Jacob, K. T. "Fuel Cell Efficiency Redefined: Carnot Limit Reassessed." ECS Proceedings Volumes 2005-07, no. 1 (January 2005): 629–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/200507.0629pv.

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Chen, Lingen, Zewei Meng, Yanlin Ge, and Feng Wu. "Performance Analysis and Optimization for Irreversible Combined Carnot Heat Engine Working with Ideal Quantum Gases." Entropy 23, no. 5 (April 27, 2021): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23050536.

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An irreversible combined Carnot cycle model using ideal quantum gases as a working medium was studied by using finite-time thermodynamics. The combined cycle consisted of two Carnot sub-cycles in a cascade mode. Considering thermal resistance, internal irreversibility, and heat leakage losses, the power output and thermal efficiency of the irreversible combined Carnot cycle were derived by utilizing the quantum gas state equation. The temperature effect of the working medium on power output and thermal efficiency is analyzed by numerical method, the optimal relationship between power output an

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Haseli, Y. "Substance Independence of Efficiency of a Class of Heat Engines Undergoing Two Isothermal Processes." Journal of Thermodynamics 2011 (May 25, 2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/647937.

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Three power producing cycles have been so far known that include two isothermal processes, namely, Carnot, Stirling, and Ericsson. It is well known that the efficiency of the Carnot cycle represented by is independent of its working fluid. Using fundamental relationships between thermodynamic properties including Maxwell's relationships, this paper shows in a closed form that the Ericsson and the Stirling cycles also possess the Carnot efficiency irrespective of the nature of the working gas.

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Ying Ng, Nelly Huei, Mischa Prebin Woods, and Stephanie Wehner. "Surpassing the Carnot efficiency by extracting imperfect work." New Journal of Physics 19, no. 11 (November 7, 2017): 113005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aa8ced.

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Moreno, Daniel, and Marta C. Hatzell. "Efficiency of Carnot and Conventional Capacitive Deionization Cycles." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 122, no. 39 (September 7, 2018): 22480–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b05940.

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Purwanto, A., H. Sukamto, and B. A. Subagyo. "Quantum Carnot Heat Engine Efficiency with Minimal Length." Journal of Modern Physics 06, no. 15 (2015): 2297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2015.615234.

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Tesi sul tema "Carnot efficiency"

Humphrey, Tammy Ellen Physics Faculty of Science UNSW. "Mesoscopic quantum ratchets and the thermodynamics of energy selective electron heat engines." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Physics, 2003. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/19186.

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A ratchet is an asymmetric, non-equilibrated system that can produce a directed current of particles without the need for macroscopic potential gradients. In rocked quantum electron ratchets, tunnelling and wave-reflection can induce reversals in the direction of the net current as a function of system parameters. An asymmetric quantum point contact in a GaAs/GaAlAs heterostructure has been studied experimentally as a realisation of a quantum electron ratchet. A Landauer model predicts reversals in the direction of the net current as a function of temperature, amplitude of the rocking voltage,

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Třináctý, Jiří. "Parní turbína pro fosilní elektrárnu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231811.

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This thesis deals with design is condensing steam turbines burning fossil fuels with nominal capacity of the generator of 250 MW with steam reheating and regenerative eight uncontrolled extraction points. The turbine consists of two bodies: a combined high-intermediate pressure section and low pressure parts with dual way outlet down into the water-cooled condenser. Work includes calculating thermal scheme for 100% and 75% capacity, specific heat consumption calculation and design of the flow HP-MP body. Further strength control and basic engineering design of high-medium- work completed by lo

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Craig, Anthony (Anthony J. ). "Measuring supply chain carbon efficiency : a carbon label framework." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78481.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2012. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (p. 273-293). In the near term, efficiency improvements represent a key option for reducing the impacts of climate change. The growing awareness of climate change has increased the attention regarding the carbon emissions "embedded" in the products we consume. This increased attention creates a need to measure and improve the carbon efficiency of the supply chains that produce those goods. In this thesis we present a meth

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Roberts, Michael Adrian. "Addressing efficiency in enzyme biofuel cells." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/addressing-efficiency-in-enzyme-biofuel-cells(91027198-5ed8-4f27-9366-e69c44d39eb9).html.

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Biofuel cells (BFCs) use either enzymes or bacteria to catalyse a fuel to generate power. Their advantages over conventional fuels is that they do not use precious metals and the high selectivity of biocatalysts mean that no separation membranes are required between the electrodes. However, the application of BFCs is limited by their low power output and poor enzyme lifetimes. This thesis addresses these limitations by investigating aligned carbon nanotubes (aCNTs) as potential electrode materials. These aCNT electrodes offer high surface areas to increase enzyme coverage and hence power outpu

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Viteva, Svetlana. "The informational efficiency of the European carbon market." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/11204.

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This thesis examines the informational efficiency of the European carbon market based on the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). The issue is approached from three different perspectives. I explore whether the volatility embedded in carbon options is a rational forecast of subsequently realized volatility. Then, I investigate if, and to what extent, new information about the structural and institutional set-up of the market impacts the carbon price dynamics. Lastly, I examine whether the European carbon market is relevant for the firm valuations of covered companies. First, perha

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Binkley, Aaron G. "Real estate opportunities in energy efficiency and carbon markets." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42034.

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Thesis (S.M. in Real Estate Development)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2007. This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-69). Global interest in the effects of climate change has grown rapidly in recent years. The US federal government mulls a cap and trade system for large carbon emitters while states implement their own greenhouse gas schemes. Private industries are beginning to see the need to address

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Stephens, Amanda C. "Carbon Neutral Building: Architectural Manifestation of Carbon Efficient Design." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1554210795873197.

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Wang, Zhujuan. "Reinforcing Efficiency of Carbon Nanotubes in Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Composites." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498926.

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Zheng, Zhanghua. "Overall CO2 efficiency assessment for a low carbon energy system." Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619233.

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Decarbonization of the power sector is of great importance for the transition to a sustainable and low-carbon world economy. Estimating carbon efficiency in the power sector is a key step to grasp the impact of demand-side usage changes and evaluate their potential environmental benefits. In order to quantify the environmental benefits of demand-side usage changes, Average Emission Factor (AEF) and Marginal Emission Factor (MEF) have been proposed in the electrical power sector. AEF is defined as the ratio of the total CO2 emitted in the system to the total electricity generated. It is an effe

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Van, den Tempel Almaas Amanda, and Gustav Hillgren. "Carbon tax efficiency : What elevates it, and what undermines it?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-449069.

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The radical rise of global temperatures has put high pressure on the environment, leading to societal pressure towards politicians to reverse the trend. In light of this environmental crisis, economists all over the world agree that carbon taxes are the most cost-effective instrument for reducing carbon emissions. This study uses difference-in-differences analysis to examine the treatment effect of a carbon tax implementation in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Panel data from 24 OECD countries, between 1978 and 2004, is used throughout this study. This study has not found support that di

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Libri sul tema "Carnot efficiency"

Al, Hurd, ed. The carbon efficient city. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2012.

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Skaali, Bruno, and Tomas Knezevic. China's energy efficiency and carbon emissions outlook. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2012.

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Morvaj, Zoran. Energy efficiency - a bridge to low carbon economy. Rijeka: InTech, 2012.

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Shorrock, L. D. Potential carbon emission savings from energy efficiency in housing. [London]: Construction Research Communications Ltd, 1995.

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Oliveira-Martins, Joaquim. Efficiency and distribution in computable models of carbon emission abatement. Paris: OECD, 1998.

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Oliveira-Martins, Joaquim. Efficiency and distribution in computable models of carbon emission abatement. Paris: OECD, 1998.

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Tremblay, William. Barriers to climate change mitigation technologies and energy efficiency. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Anufriev, Valeriy, Yuliya Gudim, and Aytkali Kaminov. Sustainable development. Energy efficiency. Green economy. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1226403.

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The monograph examines the problems of sustainable development and energy efficiency using the scientific and methodological approach proposed by the authors for the development of regional fuel and energy programs based on the KhMAO, the Sverdlovsk region, and the oil and gas production enterprise JSC Yuganskneftegaz, and presents the results of the environmental and economic assessment. This approach allows us to evaluate and select the most effective investment project for the utilization of associated petroleum gas from the point of view of energy, environmental and climate security on com

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Makovich, Lawrence. The cost of energy efficiency investments: The leading edge of carbon abatement. Cambridge, MA: CERA, 2008.

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Blitzer, Charles R. The Potential for reducing carbon emissions from increased efficiency: A general equilibrium methodology. Cambridge, Mass: Dept. of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Carnot efficiency"

den Broeck, C. Van. "Carnot Efficiency Revisited." In Advances in Chemical Physics, 189–201. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470121917.ch6.

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Blankschtein, Daniel. "Heat Engine, Carnot Efficiency, and Sample Problem." In Lectures in Classical Thermodynamics with an Introduction to Statistical Mechanics, 63–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49198-7_8.

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Fishman, George S. "Increasing Efficiency." In Monte Carlo, 255–334. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2553-7_4.

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Goldhammer, Bernhard, Polina Abrashkina, and Christian Busse. "Upstream Carbon Dioxide Assessment at the Product Level." In Efficiency and Logistics, 163–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32838-1_18.

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de Klerk, Arno. "Indirect Liquefaction Carbon Efficiency." In ACS Symposium Series, 215–35. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2011-1084.ch009.

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Kurakawa, Yukihide. "Climate Policy in Power Sector: Feed-in Tariff and Carbon Pricing." In Economics, Law, and Institutions in Asia Pacific, 79–95. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6964-7_5.

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Abstract The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the effects of some mainstream policy schemes in the power sector on the reduction of CO2 emissions. The first part of this chapter is the analysis on the effects of promoting generation (fuel) efficiency of fossil-fuel power generation, specifically assuming more efficient coal-fired power plants that recently indicates increased presence in the Japanese power sector. Improvement in generation efficiency of fossil-fuel power plants is expected to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide mainly from a technological aspect. However, overall effects on carbon reduction in the whole industry would be ambiguous since it also depends on market structure. The increased efficiency in generation leads to an improvement in cost conditions of fossil-fuel power producers relative to their rivals. It enables them to expand their generation and market share. Analyzing the Cournot oligopoly model, it is shown that an improvement in fossil-fuel power generations produces two effects: the ‘saving effect’ and the ‘rebound effect’. The total CO2 emission in the whole industry decrease if the former effect exceeds the other, and vice versa. In addition, it is indicated that a rise in the generation efficiency would increase a difficulty of implementing carbon tax. In the second part of this chapter, I study the combination of feed-in tariff and carbon tax; that would be worthy to investigate since they could possibly complement each other. FIT policy could be financed by the revenue of carbon tax, and a reduction in electricity supply by the carbon tax would be lessen by supporting renewable power generations under FIT. It is demonstrated that FIT had the combined effects: it fosters a competitive environment in addition to indirectly reduces CO2 emissions. The result indicates that the combination of these policies would produce potential welfare gains.

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Plastrik, Peter, and John Cleveland. "Efficient Abundance." In Life After Carbon, 107–32. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-850-3_9.

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Chevallier, Julien. "Understanding the Link Between Aggregated Industrial Production and the Carbon Price." In Green Energy and Efficiency, 111–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03632-8_5.

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Boardman, Brenda. "Creating a Carbon Market." In Energy Efficiency in Household Appliances and Lighting, 845–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56531-1_87.

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Ibikunle, Gbenga, and Andros Gregoriou. "Liquidity and Market Efficiency in Carbon Markets." In Carbon Markets, 165–200. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72847-6_6.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Carnot efficiency"

Gu, Yongjian. "CARNOT HEAT ENGINE EFFICIENCY, EXERGY, AND EXERGY GRADE LINE (XGL)." In 4th Thermal and Fluids Engineering Conference. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/tfec2019.edu.029339.

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Bluestein, Maurice. "Nature's Carnot Engine: The Hurricane." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13359.

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The typical curriculum in a thermodynamics course includes the Carnot cycle, a series of processes that constitute the most efficient heat engine between two constant temperature reservoirs. The conventional view of this cycle is that it is an ideal that cannot be achieved in practice. The spate of hurricanes that battered the U.S. in 2005 has given rise to extensive thermodynamic analysis of these storms with the finding that they in fact replicate the Carnot cycle. Heat energy fuels the storm through evaporation of the warm ocean waters at constant temperature. Work is produced by adiabatic

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Hofer, Douglas C., and S. Can Gulen. "Efficiency Entitlement for Bottoming Cycles." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-91213.

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A significant portion of the new electrical generating capacity installed in the past decade has employed heavy-duty gas turbines operating in a combined cycle configuration with a steam turbine bottoming cycle. In these power plants approximately 1/3 of the power is generated by the bottoming cycle. To ensure that the highest possible combined cycle efficiency is realized it is important to optimize the bottoming cycle efficiency and doing so requires a solid understanding of the efficiency entitlement. This paper describes a new technique for calculating the theoretical efficiency entitlemen

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Martinek, Janna, Melinda Channel, Allan Lewandowski, and Alan W. Weimer. "Thermodynamic Considerations for the Design of Solar-Thermal Chemical Processes." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90376.

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The maximum efficiency of a solar reactor/receiver is limited not by the Carnot efficiency, but rather by the product of the Carnot efficiency and a factor involving both the enthalpy and entropy changes occurring as a result of the chemical reaction. This limiting efficiency can be greater than the Carnot efficiency when the entropy change is positive, and is a function of several parameters including the standard property changes of the reaction, inlet and outlet stream conditions, reactor temperature, conversion, and relative amounts of inert gas. By including this factor in the overall lim

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Sarafian, Haiduke. "Evaluating the Efficiency of the Carnot Cycle with a van der Waals Gas." In Proceedings of the Fifth International Mathematica Symposium. PUBLISHED BY IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS AND DISTRIBUTED BY WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING CO., 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9781848161313_0016.

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Haseli, Yousef. "An Easier Approach to Introduce Entropy in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Classes." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86510.

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The common tutorial method of teaching entropy is far twisted and complicated. The convention is to first present Carnot corollaries followed by a “rational argument” to justify the corollaries. In the next step, the efficiency of Carnot engine is argued to be solely dependent on the thermal reservoirs temperatures. Then, thermodynamic temperature scale is introduced to show QL/QH equals TL/TH followed by the Clausius inequality, and finally introducing entropy S. It is not surprising why entropy has been one of the most difficult concepts to teach or learn. The way it is taught in textbooks i

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Li, Husheng. "Information efficiency of communications for networked control in cyber physical systems: When carnot meets shannon." In 2016 IEEE 55th Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2016.7798536.

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Ruan, Xiulin, Stephen C. Rand, and Massoud Kaviany. "Entropy and Efficiency in Laser Cooling of Solids." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43833.

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The thermodynamics of laser cooling of solids is analyzed. Using the general theory of radiation entropy, the important roles of the optical frequency and the photon distribution function in determining the radiation entropy are identified. The usefulness of a narrowband approximation is established for a wide range of radiant sources. This approximation is then applied to compare the entropies of different light sources, including blackbody radiation, lasers, fluorescence, and the emerging class of random lasers. Based on these results, the Carnot efficiency for laser cooling of solids is det

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Lurie, Eli, and Abraham Kribus. "A Micro Heat Engine Executing an Internal Carnot Cycle." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54266.

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A micro heat engine, based on a cavity filled with a stationary working fluid under liquid-vapor saturation conditions and encapsulated by two membranes, is described and analyzed. This engine design is easy to produce using MEMS technologies and is operated with external heating and cooling. The motion of the membranes is controlled such that the internal pressure and temperature are constant during the heat addition and removal processes, and thus the fluid executes a true internal Carnot cycle. A model of this Saturation Phase-change Internal Carnot Engine (SPICE) was developed including th

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Abdel-Rahim, Yousef M., and S. A. Sherif. "Optimal Allocation of Heat Exchanger Inventory for Maximum COP and Exergetic Performance of a Two-Stage Vapor Compression Cycle." In ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2013-17804.

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In the present study the optimum heat exchanger inventory allocation to maximize the thermal performance of a two-stage vapor compression system with two evaporators has been investigated. Both the cooling (A/C) and heating (H/P) Carnot and non-Carnot non-isentropic cycles have been considered. The optimum operating ranges of cycle parameters that maximize both the coefficient of performance (COP) and exergetic efficiency (η2) of the cycles for both cooling and heating purposes are discussed. The research upon which this paper partly reports covered all possible ranges of cycle parameters usin

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Carnot efficiency"

Wu, K. C. Process Performance and Carnot Efficiency for RHIC Refrigerator. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1119198.

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Wally, Karl. Micropower chemical fuel-to-electric conversion : a "regenerative flip" hydrogen concentration cell promising near carnot efficiency. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/966250.

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none. Process Integration and Carbon Efficiency Workshop Summary Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1225412.

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Schumacher, Katja, and Jayant Sathaye. India's cement industry: Productivity, energy efficiency and carbon emissions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/753014.

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Schumacher, Katja, and Jayant Sathaye. India's aluminum industry: Productivity, energy efficiency and carbon emissions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/753017.

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Frommer, Wolf B. Optimizing Energy Efficiency of Plants: Quantitative Analysis of Carbon Flux. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1439964.

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Thomas, Angela. An Inquiry into the Efficiency of Carbon Pricing Policy: A study of Sweden, United Kingdom, and Japan. Web of Open Science, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37686/nsrl.v1i2.75.

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This study uses an exploratory research methodology to analyse the efficiency of carbon pricing policies in driving sustainable development by effectively reducing carbon emissions, encouraging research and development of alternative energy sources and innovations. The study also attempts to assess the impact of carbon pricing as a driver for inclusive growth. This is through the analysis of relevant indicators to evaluate the distributive policies used by the governments to mitigate the disproportionate effect of lower income households is analysed

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Steinberg, Daniel C., and Erin Boyd. Energy Efficiency Under Alternative Carbon Policies. Incentives, Measurement, and Interregional Effects. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1215308.

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Schumacher, Katja, and Jayant Sathaye. India's iron and steel industry: Productivity, energy efficiency and carbon emissions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/753016.

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Polyzos, Georgios, Jaehyeung Park, and Jaswinder Sharma. Improved Tire Efficiency through Elastomeric Polymers Enhanced with Carbon-Based Nanostructured Materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1490574.

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