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Schlautman, Brandon, Cynthia Bartel, Luis Diaz-Garcia, Shuizhang Fei, Scott Flynn, Erin Haramoto, Ken Moore e D. Raj Raman. "Perennial groundcovers: an emerging technology for soil conservation and the sustainable intensification of agriculture". Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 5, n. 2 (11 maggio 2021): 337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20200318.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Integrating perennial groundcovers (PGC) — sometimes referred to as living mulches or perennial cover crops — into annual cash-crop systems could address root causes of bare-soil practices that lead to negative impacts on soil and water quality. Perennial groundcovers bring otherwise absent functional traits — namely perenniality — into cash-crop systems to preserve soil and regenerate water, carbon, and nutrient cycles. However, if not optimized, they can also cause competitive interactions and yield loss. When designing PGC systems, the goal is to maximize complementarity — spatial and temporal separation of growth and resource acquisition — between PGC and cash crops through both breeding and management. Traits of interest include complementary root and shoot systems, reduced shade avoidance response in the cash-crop, and PGC summer dormancy. Successful deployment of PGC systems could increase both productivity and profitability by improving water- and nutrient-use-efficiency, improving weed and pest control, and creating additional value-added opportunities like stover harvest. Many scientific questions about the inherent interactions at the cell, plant, and ecosystem levels in PGC systems are waiting to be explored. Their answers could enable innovation and refinement of PGC system design for multiple geographies, crops, and food systems, creating a practical and scalable pathway towards resiliency, crop diversification, and sustainable intensification in agriculture.
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Franco, José G., Marisol T. Berti, John H. Grabber, John R. Hendrickson, Christine C. Nieman, Priscila Pinto, David Van Tassel e Valentín D. Picasso. "Ecological Intensification of Food Production by Integrating Forages". Agronomy 11, n. 12 (18 dicembre 2021): 2580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122580.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Forage crops have the potential to serve multiple functions, providing an ecological framework to sustainably intensify food production, i.e., ecological intensification. We review three categories of forages (annual forages, perennial forages, and dual-use perennial crops/forages) we believe hold the greatest promise for ecologically intensifying food production. Annual cover crops can provide additional forage resources while mitigating nutrient losses from agricultural fields when they are intercropped with, interseeded into, or following an annual crop, for instance. The integration of perennial forages either temporally, such as annual crop rotations that include a perennial forage phase, or spatially, such as the intercropping of perennial forages with an annual cash crop, provide weed suppression, soil quality, and yield and crop quality benefits. Dual-use crops/forages can provide forage and a grain crop in a single year while providing multiple ecological and economic benefits. However, tradeoffs in balancing multiple functions and limitations in reducing the risks associated with these practices exist. Advancing our understanding of these systems so we can overcome some of the limitations will play a critical role in increasing food production while promoting positive environmental outcomes.
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Garba, Ismail Ibrahim, e Alwyn Williams. "Integrating Diverse Cover Crops for Fallow Replacement in a Subtropical Dryland: Implications on Subsequent Cash Crop Yield, Grain Quality, and Gross Margins". Agronomy 13, n. 1 (16 gennaio 2023): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010271.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Integrating cover cropping into crop–fallow rotation has been considered a key component of ecological intensification that could mitigate negative productivity and sustainability challenges associated with conventional fallow practices. However, the adoption of cover crops in water-limited environments has been limited by potential soil water and nitrogen (N) costs and resulting yield penalties. We examined the impacts of diverse cover crops on fallow soil water and mineral N dynamics and the legacy impacts on subsequent cash crop productivity and profitability. The cover crops used (forage oat—Avena sativa L. [grass], common vetch—Vicia sativa subsp. sativa L.)/fababean—Vicia faba L. [legume], forage rape—Brassica napus L. [brassica]) differed in functional traits related to growth, phenology, and soil water and N acquisition and use strategies. We found that grass-associated cover crops generally supported higher cash crop grain yield and profit than brassica- or legume-associated cover crops, mainly due to moderate biomass accumulation and water use and persistent groundcover. Cash crop grain yields increased by +19% and +23% following forage oat cover crop, with concomitant gains in gross margins of +96$ ha−1 and +318$ ha−1 for maize and winter wheat compared to conventional fallow. In contrast, maize grain yield following brassica-associated cover crops ranged from +8 to −21% and reduced gross margins by −229 to −686$ ha−1 relative to conventional fallow. Legume- and brassica-associated cover crops had the lowest mungbean and winter wheat grain yield and gross margins compared to conventional fallow and the added stubble. Cash crop yields were related to cover crop biomass production, biomass N accumulation, residue carbon to N ratio, and legacy impacts through effects on soil water availability at cash crop sowing. Given the additional grain yield and gross margin benefits following grass-associated cover crops, they may provide a potential alternative fallow soil water and N management option that could improve crop productivity and cropping system resilience in water-limited environments.
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Chavarría, Diego N., Romina A. Verdenelli, Emiliano J. Muñoz, Cinthia Conforto, Silvina B. Restovich, Adrián E. Andriulo, José M. Meriles e Silvina Vargas-Gil. "Soil microbial functionality in response to the inclusion of cover crop mixtures in agricultural systems". Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 14, n. 2 (1 giugno 2016): e0304. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2016142-8395.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Agricultural systems where monoculture prevails are characterized by fertility losses and reduced contribution to ecosystem services. Including cover crops (CC) as part of an agricultural system is a promising choice in sustainable intensification of those demanding systems. We evaluated soil microbial functionality in cash crops in response to the inclusion of CC by analyzing soil microbial functions at two different periods of the agricultural year (cash crop harvest and CC desiccation) during 2013 and 2014. Three plant species were used as CC: oat (Avena sativa L.), vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) which were sown in two different mixtures of species: oat and radish mix (CC1) and oat, radish and vetch mix (CC2), with soybean monoculture and soybean/corn being the cash crops. The study of community level physiological profiles showed statistical differences in respiration of specific C sources indicating an improvement of catabolic diversity in CC treatments. Soil enzyme activities were also increased with the inclusion of CC mixtures, with values of dehydrogenase activity and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis up to 38.1% and 35.3% higher than those of the control treatment, respectively. This research evidenced that CC inclusion promotes soil biological quality through a contribution of soil organic carbon, improving the sustainability of agrosystems. The use of a CC mixture of three plant species including the legume vetch increased soil biological processes and catabolic diversity, with no adverse effects on cash crop grain yield.
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Heidenreich, Anja, Christian Grovermann, Irene Kadzere, Irene S. Egyir, Anne Muriuki, Joseph Bandanaa, Joseph Clottey et al. "Sustainable intensification pathways in Sub-Saharan Africa: Assessing eco-efficiency of smallholder perennial cash crop production". Agricultural Systems 195 (gennaio 2022): 103304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103304.
Testo completo
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van der Lee, Jan, Laurens Klerkx, Bockline Bebe, Ashenafi Mengistu e Simon Oosting. "Intensification and Upgrading Dynamics in Emerging Dairy Clusters in the East African Highlands". Sustainability 10, n. 11 (21 novembre 2018): 4324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114324.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Based on farmer and value chain actor interviews, this comparative study of five emerging dairy clusters elaborates on the upgrading of farming systems, value chains, and context shapes transformations from semi-subsistent to market-oriented dairy farming. The main results show unequal cluster upgrading along two intensification dimensions: dairy feeding system and cash cropping. Intensive dairy is competing with other high-value cash crop options that resource-endowed farmers specialize in, given conducive support service arrangements and context conditions. A large number of drivers and co-dependencies between technical, value chain, and institutional upgrading build up to system jumps. Transformation may take decades when market and context conditions remain sub-optimal. Clusters can be expected to move further along initial intensification pathways, unless actors consciously redirect course. The main theoretical implications for debate about cluster upgrading are that co-dependencies between farming system, market, and context factors determine upgrading outcomes; the implications for the debate about intensification pathways are that they need to consider differences in farmer resource endowments, path dependency, concurrency, and upgrading investments. Sustainability issues for consideration include enabling a larger proportion of resource-poor farmers to participate in markets; enabling private input and service provision models; attention for food safety; and climate smartness.
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Green, Erik. "State-Led Agricultural Intensification and Rural Labour Relations: The Case of the Lilongwe Land Development Programme in Malawi, 1968–1981". International Review of Social History 55, n. 3 (dicembre 2010): 413–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859010000180.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
SummaryThis article deals with cash crop production and its impact on labour relations in postcolonial African peasant agriculture. The focus is on the Lilongwe Land Development Programme (1968–1981) in Malawi. The aim of the programme was to enable African farmers to increase yields and make them shift from the cultivation of tobacco and local maize to groundnuts and high-yielding varieties of maize. The programme failed to meet its goals, because of contradictory forces set in motion by the programme itself. The LLDP enabled a larger segment of farmers to engage in commercial agriculture, which caused a decline in supplies of local labourers ready to be employed on a casual or permanent basis. Increased commercial production was thus accompanied by a de-commercialization of labour relations, which hampered the scope for better-off farmers to increase yields by employing additional labourers. By using both written and oral sources, this article thus provides an empirical case that questions the conventional view that increased cash-crop production in twentieth-century rural Africa was accompanied by a commercialization of labour relations. It concludes that the history of rural labour relations cannot be grasped by simple linear models of historical change, but requires an understanding of local contexts, with a focus on farming systems and factors that determine the local supply of and demand for labour.
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Theriault, Veronique, e David L. Tschirley. "How Institutions Mediate the Impact of Cash Cropping on Food Crop Intensification: An Application to Cotton in Sub-Saharan Africa". World Development 64 (dicembre 2014): 298–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.06.014.
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CHIBWANA, CHRISTOPHER, CHARLES B. L. JUMBE e GERALD SHIVELY. "Agricultural subsidies and forest clearing in Malawi". Environmental Conservation 40, n. 1 (16 agosto 2012): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892912000252.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
SUMMARYForests are an important source of environmental services and livelihoods in Africa, thus it is important to determine potential drivers of forest loss. Over recent decades, forest cover has been declining steadily in Malawi. This paper attempts to evaluate the influence of agricultural input subsidies on forest conversion in Malawi. A two-stage regression model analysis of 2009 farm survey data from Chimaliro and Liwonde Forest reserves in Kasungu and Machinga districts, respectively, did not reveal direct evidence of policy-induced forest clearing for agricultural expansion. Instead, subsidy-induced agricultural intensification of food crops, especially maize, appeared to have reduced the rate and extent of forest clearing among households in Malawi compared with households not benefiting from subsidies. However, indirect negative impacts on forests arose due to offtake of trees to construct drying sheds for tobacco, a local cash crop. These findings have implications for designing strategies for simultaneously conserving forests while promoting food security in rural areas, and shed light on the direct and indirect effects of input subsidies.
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AMEDE, TILAHUN, e ROBERT J. DELVE. "MODELLING CROP–LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS FOR ACHIEVING FOOD SECURITY AND INCREASING PRODUCTION EFFICIENCIES IN THE ETHIOPIAN HIGHLANDS". Experimental Agriculture 44, n. 4 (ottobre 2008): 441–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479708006741.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
SUMMARYAn action research process was conducted with communities in Gununo, southern Ethiopia (2000–2003), to develop alternative cropping strategies for achieving their food security and cash needs. Farmers identified three major production objectives depending on their household priorities and socio-economic status. In Group I, farmers are currently food insecure and want to produce enough food from their own farms. In Group II, they produce enough food but want to fulfil their financial needs. In Group III, farmers rely on off-farm activities and want to increase cash income. The current system mostly fulfils the nutritional requirement of Group II. Groups I and III were highly food deficit from their own farms, with production covering less than seven months per year and fulfilling <50% of the recommended daily allowances (RDA) for human nutrition. Using a linear programming optimization model, it was possible to fulfil the RDA of Group I by reallocating the cropping area of maize, sweet potato, coffee and wheat to potato, enset and kale in proportions of 50, 29 and 15%, respectively. To satisfy both financial and nutritional needs of Group II, an increase in the proportion of coffee and beans by about 29 and 7.3%, respectively, over the current land allocation was needed. This shift would triple their cash income. The cash income of Group III increased four-fold by full replacement of the cereals and root crops by coffee (48%) and teff (52%), though the total income was not enough to secure food security due to their small landholdings. In farms of Groups I and II, the shift to the suggested cropping will reduce soil erosion by about 40%, while it will have no effect on farms of Group III. This shift will reduce the quantity and quality of livestock feed, except for Group I. Moreover, it will increase the farm crop water requirement 17.5 and 37% in Groups I and III (resource poor households) and reduce it in resource rich households of Group II. These changes did not imply extra labour in any groups. Whilst this model can optimize systems for food security and cash income, its research for development value is in identifying possible intensification strategies for farming systems and their implications on the farming systems, rather than generating practical recommendations for all cropping systems.
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Classen, Alice, Marcell K. Peters, Stefan W. Ferger, Maria Helbig-Bonitz, Julia M. Schmack, Genevieve Maassen, Matthias Schleuning, Elisabeth K. V. Kalko, Katrin Böhning-Gaese e Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter. "Complementary ecosystem services provided by pest predators and pollinators increase quantity and quality of coffee yields". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, n. 1779 (22 marzo 2014): 20133148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3148.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Wild animals substantially support crop production by providing ecosystem services, such as pollination and natural pest control. However, the strengths of synergies between ecosystem services and their dependencies on land-use management are largely unknown. Here, we took an experimental approach to test the impact of land-use intensification on both individual and combined pollination and pest control services in coffee production systems at Mount Kilimanjaro. We established a full-factorial pollinator and vertebrate exclosure experiment along a land-use gradient from traditional homegardens (agroforestry systems), shaded coffee plantations to sun coffee plantations (total sample size = 180 coffee bushes). The exclusion of vertebrates led to a reduction in fruit set of ca 9%. Pollinators did not affect fruit set, but significantly increased fruit weight of coffee by an average of 7.4%. We found no significant decline of these ecosystem services along the land-use gradient. Pest control and pollination service were thus complementary, contributing to coffee production by affecting the quantity and quality of a major tropical cash crop across different coffee production systems at Mount Kilimanjaro.
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Melketo, Tagesse A., Endrias Geta e Stefan Sieber. "Understanding Livelihood Diversification Patterns among Smallholder Farm Households in Southern Ethiopia". Sustainable Agriculture Research 9, n. 1 (29 novembre 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v9n1p26.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Smallholder farm households face an increasing need of looking for alternative income sources to supplement their small scale on-farm incomes. However, livelihood diversification is a complex phenomenon and it involves different forms. This study, therefore, delves to realize the patterns of livelihood diversification strategies adopted by the smallholder farmers at Kembata-Tembaro zone, Southern Ethiopia. The study was based on cross-sectional survey data from 384 farm households that were selected through a combination of three-stages: cluster, simple random, and proportional to the size of population sampling techniques. A mix of instruments including interview- schedule, focus group discussions, key informant interviews and field observations were used to acquire primary data. Descriptive statistics in combination with multidimensional approaches involving cluster analysis were used to analyze the quantitative data. The qualitative data were analyzed using word descriptions and verbatim discussions. It was found that the diversification patterns of the smallholder farm households in the study area took different forms involving alteration of land use patterns, intensification of crops and livestock productions, and non/off-farm activities. Superiority order of livelihood strategies in terms of the average annual cash income obtained by the households was set. Accordingly, commercial crop stands first followed by livestock rearing and subsistence crop production as second and third, respectively. It was suggested that livelihood diversification can only be a viable strategy to achieve sustainable rural livelihoods if the farmers are capacitated so that they can choose the right remunerative livelihood strategy among the existing options.
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Kumar, B. Mohan, e TK Kunhamu. "Ecological and historical perspectives of rice cultivation in Kerala: a synthesis". Oryza-An International Journal on Rice 58, n. 2 (30 giugno 2021): 241–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35709/ory.2021.58.2.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Rice, the staple food for the people of Kerala, is cultivated since time immemorial in the state. The 15th century Malayalam book of verse titled Krishi Gita describes the cultivation systems and locally adapted varieties of rice for various ecological and geographic regions of medieval Kerala. Although rice constitutes the principal crop of the state, its area has been declining since the mid-1970s: i.e., from 8.82 lakh hectares in 1974-75, the area has dropped to 2.02 lakh hectares in 2018-19 (77.1% reduction). The production has also declined from 13.76 lakh tonnes in 1972-73 to 5.78 lakh tonnes in 2018-19. While low per capita land availability (0.13 ha) has led to increasing land use intensification in Kerala, abandoned farmlands are also increasing, which is paradoxical. Conversion of paddy fields to cash crops is widespread. The net result is a major decline in area and production of rice in Kerala, which has made serious inroads into the state's food production capacity. In addition, it affected the diverse kinds of ecosystem services provided by the crop. Rice ecology in the state is varied and is strongly conditioned by local climate and land forms. It rangesfrom below sea-level cultivation (e.g., Kuttanad, Pokkali and Kole lands) to rice paddies in the High Ranges of Idukki and Wayanad (800-1500 m above sea-level). Rice cultivation also has profound environmental implications including climate change impacts. This paper reviews the literature on ecological and historical aspects of rice production in Kerala.
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Walker, Brett L. "Commercial Growth and Environmental Change in Early Modern Japan: Hachinohe's Wild Boar Famine of 1749". Journal of Asian Studies 60, n. 2 (maggio 2001): 329–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2659696.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The only aspect of this bizarre famine that historians really know for sure is that the Hachinohe chroniclers of the day remembered it as the “wild boar famine” (inoshishi kegachi) of 1749. From what can be pieced together from the few available sources, thousands of peasants from Hachinohe died when an intensification of slash-and-burn farming, fueled by economic growth during the Tokugawa period (1600–1868), combined with terrestrial and climatological environmental changes and converged on this small northeastern domain. This convergence disrupted local agricultural cycles, caused food shortages, and, ultimately, pitted the human population against wild boar in a life-or-death struggle for survival. Like other domains, Hachinohe had faced worsening economic conditions throughout the eighteenth century, and so it took advantage of the commercialization of the economy by sponsoring cash-crop farming in the form of soybean cultivation to meet the growing financial demands of doling out retainer stipends and paying the other high costs of life in the Tokugawa polity. As peasants cleared new swaths of land for soybean cultivation, however, they in turn sparked changes in the land that led to an explosion of the wild boar population. Wild boar thrived in the newly deforested terrain—a terrain that, with its ample brush and many tuberous plants, supplied them with shelter and food.
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Upadhyaya, Tanka Prasad. "Role of Agriculture in Economic Development of Assam". Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 2, n. 6 (30 giugno 2022): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/cognizance.2022.v02i06.002.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Assam economy represents a unique example of poverty amidst plenty. In spite of being richly endowed with natural resources, the State lags behind the rest of India in many aspects. The cultivation in Assam is inundated by several problems; some of them are natural and some others are manmade. In this context, some of the major issues directly relating to the agricultural sector are small and fragmented land-holdings, lack of quality seed and planting materials, limited use of fertilizers, natural disasters, limited irrigation facility, lack of mechanization, disease and pest problems etc. Further, a considerable quantity of products harvested in Assam perishes due to lack of adequate storage and processing facility as well as due to absence of sound marketing facilities. Social factors such as low literacy levels lack of awareness about the benefits of modern high-value agriculture, inadequate training programmes for farmer etc. also contributes to the challenges for agricultural development in Assam. In order to improve the contribution of the agricultural sector to the overall development of the state, there is an urgent need to develop some appropriate, regionally differentiated strategy. Crop intensification and diversification with multiple cropping such as intercropping, mixed cropping, multi-storied cropping system, agro-forestry etc. are the need of hours to meet the challenges of natural hazardous and climate change effect. However, sustainable development is the only way to promote rational utilization of resources and environmental protection without hampering economic growth. “Integrated Farming Systems” hold special position as in this system nothing is wasted, the byproduct of one system becomes the input for other, as it refers to agricultural systems that integrate livestock and crop production. Additionally, the system help poor small farmers, who have very small land holding for crop production and a few heads of livestock to diversify farm production, increase cash income, improve quality and quantity of food produced and exploitation of unutilized resources. The Government will have to play a much greater and active role in Assam for promoting the agricultural development process.
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Cochard, Roland, Dung Tri Ngo, Patrick O. Waeber e Christian A. Kull. "Extent and causes of forest cover changes in Vietnam’s provinces 1993–2013: a review and analysis of official data". Environmental Reviews 25, n. 2 (giugno 2017): 199–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2016-0050.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Within a region plagued by deforestation, Vietnam has experienced an exceptional turnaround from net forest loss to forest regrowth. This so-called forest transition, starting in the 1990s, resulted from major changes to environmental and economic policy. Investments in agricultural intensification, reforestation programs, and forestland privatization directly or indirectly promoted natural forest regeneration and the setting-up of plantation forests mainly stocked with exotic species. Forest cover changes, however, varied widely among regions due to specific socio-economic and environmental factors. We studied forest cover changes (including natural and planted forests) and associated drivers in Vietnam’s provinces from 1993–2013. An exhaustive literature review was combined with multivariate statistical analyses of official provincial data. Natural forest regrowth was highest in northern mountain provinces, especially in the period 1993–2003, whereas deforestation continued in the Central Highlands and Southeast Region. Forest plantations increased most in mid-elevation provinces. Statistical results largely confirmed case study-based literature, highlighting the importance of forestland allocation policies and agroforestry extension for promoting small-scale tree plantations and allowing natural forest regeneration in previously degraded areas. Results provide evidence for the abandonment of upland swidden agriculture during 1993–2003, and reveal that spatial competition between expanding natural forests, fixed crop fields, and tree plantations increased during 2003–2013. While we identified a literature gap regarding effects of forest management by para-statal forestry organizations, statistical results showed that natural forests increased in areas managed for protection/regeneration. Cover of other natural forests under the organizations’ management, however, tended to decrease or stagnate, especially more recently when the organizations increasingly turned to multi-purpose plantation forestry. Deforestation processes in the Central Highlands and Southeast Region were mainly driven by cash crop expansion (coffee, rubber) and associated immigration and population growth. Recent data trends indicated limits to further forest expansion, and logging within high-quality natural forests reportedly remained a widespread problem. New schemes for payments for forest environmental services should be strengthened to consolidate the gains from the forest transition, whilst improving forest quality (in terms of biodiversity and environmental services) and allowing local people to actively participate in forest management.
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Arrobas, Margarida, Leonardo Bomfim Belotto, Juliana Aparecida Marchetti, Valdemar Barroso, Soraia Raimundo, Luís César Cassol, Carlos Manuel Correia e Manuel Ângelo Rodrigues. "Excessive Delay in Nutrient Release by Controlled-Release Fertilizers Can Reduce Chestnut Yield". Horticulturae 8, n. 11 (14 novembre 2022): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111067.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Farmers are increasing the use of fertilizers in chestnut, the only cash crop produced in the mountainous areas of northeastern Portugal. This calls for more studies to guide them towards a more ecological intensification. The effects of three controlled-release fertilizers, two that release nutrients over three months (BoskGrow 20:05:20_3m, Exactyon 18:05:13_3m) and one over six months (Exactyon 18:05:12_6m), and an organic amendment authorized for organic farming (Humix 12:03:05) were compared with an untreated control during a three-year field trial (2019–2021). BoskGrow 20:05:20_3m, Exactyon 18:05:13_3m and Humix 12:03:05 gave significantly higher nut yields (90.6 to 97.0 kg tree−1, average 2019 + 2021) than Exactyon 18:05:12_6m (66.3 kg tree−1) and the control (69.5 kg tree−1). Leaf concentrations of nitrogen and potassium tended to be higher in the BoskGrow 20:05:20_3m and Exactyon 18:05:13_3m treatments, and they were stated as the most important causes in the establishment of the two productive groups. Humix 12:03:05, although less concentrated in nutrients, led to a chestnut yield at the level of the most productive treatments, possibly due to the multiple positive effects of organic matter on soil and plants. Under the conditions of this experiment, where rainfall is low in the summer, fertilizers whose nutrient release takes a long time, such as Exactyon 18:05:12_6m, seem not to be a good fertilization option due to reduced nutrient uptake and increased levels of soil inorganic nitrogen at the end of the growing season. Humix 12:03:05 emerged as a possible solution for organic producers.
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Dykha, Mariia, Anastasiia Mohylova, Tetiana Ustik, Kseniia Bliumska-Danko, Valentina Morokhova e Li Tchon. "Marketing of Start-ups and Innovations in Agricultural Entrepreneurship". Journal of Agriculture and Crops, n. 81 (19 dicembre 2021): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jac.81.27.34.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Agricultural development is a determining factor in ensuring food security. The intensification and innovation of agriculture is a prerequisite for meeting the food needs of the world’s population. Any innovative activity is Entrepreneurial and is based on the search for new ideas and their assessment; finding the necessary resources; Enterprise creation and management; receiving cash income, and personal satisfaction with the achieved result. The specificity of innovation is its riskiness, so often, investors simply ignore insufficiently substantiated projects. Currently, the due diligence procedure is gaining popularity, during which an investment study is carried out to establish the risks of a proposed capital transaction and develop a competent mayor to manage them. In the article, the authors considered the features and difficulties of marketing for startups and innovations in agricultural entrepreneurship and proposed a due diligence procedure to improve it. Due diligence is actions aimed at obtaining an objective picture of the object of financing. Due diligence is necessary both before investing, merging or buying a company and before starting any kind of cooperation with startups and innovations. The authors considered introducing the due diligence procedure and alternative ways of acquiring a business, indicated and analyzed the main stages of the financial due diligence procedure, and gave an example of the report of the diligence procedure for an agricultural startup.
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Sampath, Prasanna Venkatesh, Gaddam Sai Jagadeesh e Chandra Sekhar Bahinipati. "Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Prospects for the Future". Water 12, n. 10 (30 settembre 2020): 2738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102738.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The COVID-19 pandemic is adversely impacting food and nutrition security and requires urgent attention from policymakers. Sustainable intensification of agriculture is one strategy that attempts to increase food production without adversely impacting the environment, by shifting from water-intensive crops to other climate-resistant and nutritious crops. This paper focuses on the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh by studying the impact of shifting 20% of the area under paddy and cotton cultivation to other crops like millets and pulses. Using FAO’s CROPWAT model, along with monsoon forecasts and detailed agricultural data, we simulate the crop water requirements across the study area. We simulate a business-as-usual base case and compare it to multiple crop diversification strategies using various parameters—food, calories, protein production, as well as groundwater and energy consumption. Results from this study indicate that reduced paddy cultivation decreases groundwater and energy consumption by around 9–10%, and a calorie deficit between 4 and 8%—making up this calorie deficit requires a 20–30% improvement in the yields of millets and pulses. We also propose policy interventions to incentivize the cultivation of nutritious and climate-resistant crops as a sustainable strategy towards strengthening food and nutrition security while lowering the environmental footprint of food production.
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Stoop, Willem A. "The scientific case for system of rice intensification and its relevance for sustainable crop intensification". International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 9, n. 3 (agosto 2011): 443–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2011.583483.
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RISCHKOWSKY, B., E. F. THOMSON, R. SHNAYIEN e J. M. KING. "MIXED FARMING SYSTEMS IN TRANSITION: THE CASE OF FIVE VILLAGES ALONG A RAINFALL GRADIENT IN NORTH-WEST SYRIA". Experimental Agriculture 40, n. 1 (2 dicembre 2003): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479703001480.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The changes taking place in the mixed farming systems of northwest Syria were examined by re-visiting, in 1996 and 2000, five villages along a rainfall gradient. The villages had been surveyed first in 1977–79. In those villages with moderate rainfall, intensification of crop production, namely a trend towards cereal monoculture and the planting of tree crops, did not lead to specialization in cropping at the expense of sheep ownership. In contrast, households in the areas too dry for most rainfed crops except barley (Hordeum vulgare) were more likely to sell their sheep because they depended heavily on off-farm income. Increases in crop yields were found but these only benefited the families in villages in the higher rainfall zones. Conversely, with the exception of ewe fertility, there was little evidence of improvements in sheep productivity. The mixed farming systems in the five villages sampled are still passing through a period of transition, and the cropping component will undoubtedly continue to change. This is less likely to happen to the small ruminant component in the near future unless the sector is given higher priority in national policy. As a strategy to increase feed production and balance the crop rotations, the prospects for closer crop/livestock integration at the farm level are limited by the many difficulties associated with the introduction of leguminous pasture and forage crops.
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Sezirahiga, Jean Bosco, e Marie Claire Mukamazimpaka. "Crop Intensification Project Activities and Livelihood Improvement in Rwanda: A Case of Maize Farmers In Munyaga Sector, Rwamagana District". Journal of Advance Research in Food, Agriculture and Environmental Science (ISSN: 2208-2417) 7, n. 10 (31 ottobre 2021): 01–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnfaes.v7i10.1082.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Fruit main objective of this research is to examine the impact of Crop Intensification Program activities on the improvement of livelihoods in Rwanda. Concerning the sampling technique, the methodology to be used in information collection was questionnaire and interview guide that was conducted together with observation which was helpful in interpreting results. This research was conducted at the maize farmers in four cells located in Munyaga sector totaling 99 households making up the sample of respondents which was chosen randomly from the total of 6978 maize farmers. The findings proves that there is a relationship between increased land cultivation and increased diet and food security (p=.479 with sig=.000) between increased land cultivation and improved health (p=.730 of sig=.000) between increased seeds, yield and improved household income (p=.936 with sig=.000) between improved household income and improved health (p=.630 of sig=.000) between increased diet and food security and improved health (p=.688 with sig=.000) because all calculated p- values are less than the 0.01 level of significance. Therefore, this implies that there is a relationship between predictors of crop intensification project activities and livelihood improvement of maize farmers in Munyaga Sector of Rwamagana District in Rwanda. The R coefficient of 0.820 reveals that crop intensification project activities has a positive relationship on the health improvement. The coefficient of determination .672 R square also indicates that crop intensification project activities explain 67.2 % the variability of progressing in improved health status. Therefore, this shows that predictors of crop intensification project activities such as increased land of cultivation, improved seeds and yields affect the progress of improved health by 67.2% in CIP Munyaga Sector of Rwamagana District in Rwanda. Therefore, referring on the findings of the work the researcher is recommending local authorities to encourage farmers to join associations for crop intensification in order to enhance their livelihoods, to provide efficient management of the peasant masses to make possible means easier for maize farmers to access the most modern maize growing equipment, educate farmers in fertilizer use and integrated soil fertility and crop management and maintain an enabling market environment that encourage private sector investments. The researcher would like to recommend to improve access of information on market, price, supply availability, provide information to investors related to crop profitability, accessibility to finance, and to have considerable collaboration with sector and district agronomists in order to achieve production target. In conclusion, the findings have revealed that the livelihood of maize farmers has improved after joining crop intensification because the same results have proved a positive and significant relation between crop intensification project activities and livelihood improvement in Munyaga Sector, Rwamanaga District of Rwanda.
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Klein, Alexandra-Maria, Bernard E. Vaissière, James H. Cane, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter, Saul A. Cunningham, Claire Kremen e Teja Tscharntke. "Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, n. 1608 (27 ottobre 2006): 303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3721.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The extent of our reliance on animal pollination for world crop production for human food has not previously been evaluated and the previous estimates for countries or continents have seldom used primary data. In this review, we expand the previous estimates using novel primary data from 200 countries and found that fruit, vegetable or seed production from 87 of the leading global food crops is dependent upon animal pollination, while 28 crops do not rely upon animal pollination. However, global production volumes give a contrasting perspective, since 60% of global production comes from crops that do not depend on animal pollination, 35% from crops that depend on pollinators, and 5% are unevaluated. Using all crops traded on the world market and setting aside crops that are solely passively self-pollinated, wind-pollinated or parthenocarpic, we then evaluated the level of dependence on animal-mediated pollination for crops that are directly consumed by humans. We found that pollinators are essential for 13 crops, production is highly pollinator dependent for 30, moderately for 27, slightly for 21, unimportant for 7, and is of unknown significance for the remaining 9. We further evaluated whether local and landscape-wide management for natural pollination services could help to sustain crop diversity and production. Case studies for nine crops on four continents revealed that agricultural intensification jeopardizes wild bee communities and their stabilizing effect on pollination services at the landscape scale.
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Degife, Azeb W., Florian Zabel e Wolfram Mauser. "Land Use Scenarios and Their Effect on Potential Crop Production: The Case of Gambella Region, Ethiopia". Agriculture 9, n. 5 (10 maggio 2019): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9050105.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Agricultural intensification and cropland expansion are the key policies to increase food production in Ethiopia. Gambella is one of the regions in Ethiopia which is highly suitable for agriculture; however, the local people still face food shortages. We therefore investigated the potential for intensification and cropland expansion. In this study, we developed land use scenarios of agricultural intensification and expansion and analysed their effect on potential crop production in the region and estimated the population that could be nourished as a result. We distinguished between different degrees of intensification, ranging from low input rainfed to high input irrigated agriculture and different degrees of expansion, considering the best 30% or 50% of land to be utilized for expansion. While the results reveal that irrigation had almost no effect on potential yields, they also show that the potential calorie production in all scenarios far exceeds the current and possible future caloric requirements of Gambella’s population. For example, for the top 50% expansion scenario, calorie production increased by +428% for the low input and by +1092% for the high input scenarios. Thus, Gambella could nourish up to 21 million people and serve as a bread basket for the entire country, which could improve national food security.
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Yushkevich, L. V., A. G. Shchitov e I. V. Pakhotina. "AGROTECHNICAL FEATURES OF SPRING WHEAT PRODUCTIVITY FORMATION AFTER RAPE PLANT IN THE FOREST STEPPE OF WESTERN SIBERIA". Vestnik of Ulyanovsk state agricultural academy 212 (25 dicembre 2021): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18286/1816-4501-2021-4-46-52.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
There is a great number of repeated and permanent spring wheat crops with insufficient areas occupied by forecrops of the first group in the grain-sowing zones of the Omsk region, which leads to a decrease of soil fertility, productivity and grain quality. The aim of the research is to reveal the influence of rapeseed forecrop on fertility, phytosanitary state of agrophytocenosis, productivity and technological properties of spring wheat grain in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia. Complex studies were carried out in a stationary crop rotation of Omsk Agrarian Scientific Center (rapeseed-wheat-soybean-wheat) in 2011-2017. The effectiveness of different intensity impact of soil cultivation systems in crop rotation and effectiveness of intensification means were studied in a two-factor experiment on meadow-black soil. The influence patterns of agricultural technologies on soil fertility elements, phytosanitary state of agrophytocenosis, productivity and technological parameters of grain were established. It was found that in case of intensity decrease of soil cultivation systems in a crop rotation, especially with limited application of intensification means, there is a spring wheat yield decrease after rapeseed forecrop by 0.17 t / ha. Grain yield increases to 2.88 t / ha in case of complex usage of chemicals, with a decrease of variability over years (variation coefficient) from 55 to 37% or by 1.5 times. The application of fungicides reduces the development and prevalence of infections on the upper layer of leaves and increases yield by 0.56 t / ha or by 27.5%. An increase of the mass of 1000 grains, the nature of grain, the content of protein and gluten was observed on the variant of intensive cultivation technology.
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Cudlínová, Eva, Valny Giacomelli Sobrinho, Miloslav Lapka e Luca Salvati. "New Forms of Land Grabbing Due to the Bioeconomy: The Case of Brazil". Sustainability 12, n. 8 (22 aprile 2020): 3395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083395.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The present study discusses new forms of land grabbing related to biofuel production in the light of bioeconomic development. With a specific focus on Brazil, this article debates whether biofuel production is associated with (i) an expansion of agricultural land use—regarded as a process of unsustainable crop intensification or (ii) an increase in crop yield, driven by technical innovation with stable land use—intended as a form of sustainable intensification. We conclude that, in the case of Brazil, the current bioeconomy cannot be assumed to be environmentally sustainable. Starting from Brazil’s experience, the (apparent and latent) relationship between bioeconomy and land grabbing requires a refined investigation in both wealthier and emerging economies, with the aim of proposing effective strategies to achieve truly sustainable development in the primary sector.
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Khaidad, Auvi, Romano Romano e T. Fauzi. "Analisis Penerapan Intensifikasi Pada Tanaman Cabe Di Lahan Tanaman Kopi Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Di Kecamatan Atu Lintang." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 6, n. 3 (1 agosto 2021): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v6i3.17593.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Planting of coffee crops will be a problem for farmers when coffee crops have not produced. Farmers will lose income for approximately two years before these main crops produce. Through the intensification program of chili and coffee crops are expected to increase and overcome the loss of income of farmers. This study aims to analyze the growth of coffee plants and productivity of intermittent plants, named chili. The method used in this study is Multi Purpose Project (case study). The results of this study showed that the income obtained by farmers in farming intensification of coffee and chili plants in Atu Lintang subdistrict is Rp 47.702.150 on average per farmer / growing season. Coffee and chili intensification farming is worth to run because the B/C Ratio obtained from coffee and chili farming is much greater than 1, which is 4. Production costs amounting to Rp 11.097.850 are only production costs in the first growing season, but farmers only need to spend Rp 10.412.433. Each village spends a different cost to conduct intensification activities of coffee and chili plants.
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Kumar, Vikram, e Sumit Sen. "Assessment of Spring Potential for Sustainable Agriculture: A Case Study in Lesser Himalayas". Applied Engineering in Agriculture 36, n. 1 (2020): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13520.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
HighlightsSpring flows are the primary source of water for rural Himalayan communities.An attempt was made to understand the potential of spring discharge as an alternative irrigation source.Improved management of resources is vital to account for agricultural water use.Managing water resources is a collective endeavor for achieving water security.Abstract.With increasing population and restricted water and land resources, there is a growing concern for better planning of the available water and land resources. In the mountainous regions or mountains, there is limited land with uncertain water availability as the rainfall patterns pose a major threat to the livelihood of the people. Therefore, it becomes necessary to quantify and manage the available water resources in a sustainable way. People in the Himalayas are mainly dependent on the springs for drinking water, but not much attention has been dedicated to the development and conservation of these springs. A spring in the Tehri-Garhwal district of Uttarakhand state of India, has been continuously monitored to quantify the available water for domestic use and agriculture. In this study, an attempt is made to understand the potential of a spring for agricultural water use by evaluating the crop water requirement and potential improved strategies to increase the water productivity. Analysis proves that crop evapotranspiration is higher (946-1062 mm) for crops with extended duration (165-180 days) as compared to evapotranspiration (92.91 mm) of short duration (60 days) crops. The total water requirement for major crops in the area is 6411.35 mm and the monitored spring has the potential to supplement this water requirement. Adopting the system of rice intensification to increase the rice yield (by 49%), increases the water productivity. The sensitivity analysis of benefit to cost suggests that, an increase in the crop yield by 30% can increase the revenue in the study area by Rs.3687197, which is 217% more than the input costs. Therefore, it is essential to optimize the available water and area for irrigation to achieve the global water security for increasing population. Further, utilizing springs as potential irrigation sources will support rural community in meeting domestic water requirement and achieving environmental sustainability. Findings of this study will help in planning and implementing management strategies that are resilient in the face of future changes and improve the economic condition of farmers. Keywords: Crop evapotranspiration, Himalaya, Optimization, Sensitivity analysis, Spring.
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Desta, Mare Addis, Gete Zeleke, William A. Payne e Wubneh Belete Abebe. "Temporal and Spatial Changes in Crop Patterns, Use of Inputs and Hydrological Alteration in the Case of Fogera Floodplain, Ethiopia". Ecologies 2, n. 4 (13 dicembre 2021): 380–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecologies2040022.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
More than half of the world’s population consumes rice. Recently, the area sown with modern rice varieties has expanded, and the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has increased in various countries. Wetland hydrology is also influenced by chemical and physical characteristics. Hence, this research focused on temporal and spatial changes in crop patterns, input usage, and hydrology in the Ethiopian Fogera floodplain, with the following objectives: (a) What are the spatial and temporal trends in crop production patterns? (b) What input changes have occurred to produce rice and other crops? (c) What hydrological changes have occurred in the area with intensification of production systems? Primary data were gathered through a questionnaire, focus group discussions, interviews, and field observations. Secondary data were obtained from Landsat imageries, the SWAT model, water flow measurements, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). NDVI results indicated that the area cultivated for rice is increasing while the area of other crops is decreasing. Agricultural inputs are used in rice systems but were not used before the introduction of rice. Recession farming activities have also diminished wetland areas. Water flow showed a decrease, whereas Nitrogen and Phosphorus showed an increase with Pearson’s correlation values −0.069 and −0.072, respectively. Flow of water was negatively correlated with N and P water concentration, whereas N and P contents were positively correlated. In conclusion, growth of intensive rice systems has had negative environmental consequences on wetland ecology. Therefore, policies to regulate and manage wetland uses are recommended.
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Agustini, Sri, Suparman Suparman e Hia Cinta Tridamayanti. "Landuse Planning for Food Crop Areas Development Using Land Resource Evaluation Approach and GIS Application (a Case Study of Pulang Pisau District, Central Kalimantan Province)". Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal : Journal of Suboptimal Lands 9, n. 1 (1 aprile 2020): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33230/jlso.9.1.2020.471.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Agustini S, Suparman S, Tridamayanti HC. 2020. Landuse planning for food crop areas development using land resource evaluation approach and gis application (a case study of Pulang Pisau District, Central Kalimantan Province). Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal: Journal of Suboptimal Lands 9(1): 64-72.In order to promote sustainable landuse, the need of landuse planning is urgently required and it can be designed based on the result of spatial land resource data management. Land resource evaluation is main component for landuse planning which this procedure was applied to determine land allocation for arable lands for rice farming development. The use of geographic information system (GIS) technology was also employed not only for spatial data management, but they could also be applied to support decision making within establishing landuse planning. The objective of this study was to allocate the arable lands for extensification and intensification regions as main part of landuse planning for food crops areas development. In the case of Pulang Pisau District, land allocation for extensification and intensification regions were mainly found in southern part and mostly located at watershed areas with each total areas respectively of 380,261 hectares (36.81%) and 29,941 hectares (2.90% of total areas of Pulang Pisau District). In order to support these potential areas, specific programs could then be formulated to increase the yield and productivity for these regions.
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Haliniarz, Małgorzata, Dorota Gawęda, Bożena Nowakowicz-Dębek, Agnieszka Najda, Sylwia Chojnacka, Justyna Łukasz, Łukasz Wlazło e Monika Różańska-Boczula. "Evaluation of the Weed Infestation, Grain Health, and Productivity Parameters of Two Spelt Wheat Cultivars Depending on Crop Protection Intensification and Seeding Densities". Agriculture 10, n. 6 (15 giugno 2020): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10060229.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Spelt wheat is one of the oldest wheat with very high nutritional value. It does not have particular climatic requirements and tolerates adverse environmental conditions well. The versatile advantages of spelt wheat make it attractive to farmers, plant breeders, food technologists, and consumers. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different crop protection systems and seeding densities on yield, weed infestation, and grain health of the spelt wheat cultivars “Rokosz” and “Schwabenspelz”. The research showed that the spelt wheat cultivars studied responded differently to production intensification. The use of crop protection chemicals in the crop of the cultivar “Rokosz” resulted in lower weed infestation and in obtaining higher yields. In the case of the cultivar “Schwabenspelz”, production intensification did not have a significant effect on its productivity and quantitative weed infestation parameters. Therefore, this cultivar can be recommended for cultivation in farms with extensive farming methods, for example, in organic farms. In both cultivars studied, an increase in seeding density and chemical plant protection with fungicide caused lower grain contamination with mycotoxins, and the content of individual mycotoxins did not exceed the maximum levels set for grain intended for food and animal feed purposes.
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Martínez-Valderrama, Jaime, Emilio Guirado e Fernando Maestre. "Unraveling Misunderstandings about Desertification: The Paradoxical Case of the Tabernas-Sorbas Basin in Southeast Spain". Land 9, n. 8 (11 agosto 2020): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9080269.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
From its origins, the concept of desertification has been controversial. The prevailing confusion between two desertification visions, one that considers it as the expansion of deserts and another that emphasizes its anthropogenic component, has been transferred to society. Here we illustrate misunderstandings about desertification using a very illustrative case from the Tabernas-Sorbas Basin (Almeria, Spain), where striking badlands that are often used as an image of desertification coexist with an intensive olive agriculture that is irreversibly deteriorating the only oasis in continental Europe (Los Molinos spring). The olive tree is a traditional Mediterranean dryland crop and until the 1950s only about 200 ha were irrigated in this area. However, the profitability of the crop has caused irrigation to expand to 4400 ha in the last two decades. The process of intensification has been reinforced giving way to super-intensive irrigation, which involves going from 210 to 1550 trees/ha, which in a few years already occupies more than 1500 ha. The effects on the water balance of the aquifer feeding these crops have been severe, and the flow of the Los Molinos spring has gone from more than 40 L/s for the period 1970–2000 to the current 7.28 L/s. Unraveling the mechanisms of land degradation and its main drivers are the first step to propose management actions to achieve a more sustainable use of resources and to combat desertification.
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Makuma-Massa, Henry, Kibwika Paul, Nampala Paul, Manyong Victor e Yami Mastewal. "Effectiveness of bylaws in supporting sustainable crop intensification: A case of potato farming in Southwestern Uganda". Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development 13, n. 2 (30 giugno 2021): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jaerd2021.1244.
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Klimek-Kopyra, Agnieszka, Reinhard W. Neugschwandtner, Tomasz Gląb, Andrzej Oleksy e Tadeusz Zając. "Impact of crop stand, Rhizobium inoculation, and foliar fertilization on pea root parameters". Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment 71, n. 2 (23 ottobre 2020): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/boku-2020-0008.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
SummaryEcological intensification of crop production involves the use of intercrops and the rational use of inoculation and fertilization in case of intercrops including legume species. The root system plays an important role in the productivity of crops. Therefore, effects of the inoculation treatments (Nitragina) or foliar fertilization (Photrel) or a combination of both were assessed on root parameters of pea grown as pure stand or intercrops with linseed or wheat in a 3-year experiment in Poland. Crop stand composition influenced the root parameters of pea with a higher root length density (RLD) in the root fractions of 0.1–1 mm of pea in pea/linseed intercrops than in the pure stand, a higher mean root diameter (MRD) in pure pea and intercrops of pea with linseed than with wheat, and also a tendency of a higher root dry matter (RDM) in pure pea and pea/linseed than in pea/wheat in 2 out of the 3 years. RLD was higher with Photrel than with Nitragina in root fractions of 0.1–0.5 mm. Treatments did not affect the MRD, but a combination of Nitragina + Photrel increased the RDM in 1 year. Intercropping of pea with linseed and the application of a foliar fertilizer might be a strategy to improve pea root characteristics.
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Mansour, Sherine Fathy, e Dalia Elsaid Abozaid. "The Impact of Integrated Management for Salt Tolerant Forage Production on Small Farmers Poverty Egypt Case Study (Sahl El-Tina)". Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 4, n. 10 (15 ottobre 2016): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v4i10.825-831.676.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study examines the impact of New Integrated Management Package (IMP) adoption on income and poverty among fodder farming household in Sahl El-Tina. The IMP such as Rate, time, and methods of nitrogen fertilization and other fertilization, Leaching requirements for some crops, Intercropping system, Use of suitable crop genotype/variety, Use of modern irrigation systems or modified systems to save water, date, rate and method of planting. The study aims mainly to improve the lives of small farmers through the level of dissemination and application of cultivation techniques forage crops tolerant to salinity through develop and disseminate technologies packages of forage production. And reducing their probability of falling below the poverty line. Therefore suggest that intensification of the investment on IMP dissemination is a reasonable policy instrument to raise incomes and reduce poverty among fodder farming household. It used instrumental variables (IV)-based estimator to estimate the Local Average Treatment Effect (LATE) of adoption of IMP on income and poverty reduction, using cross-sectional data of 200 farmers from Shal El-Tina. The findings reveal a robust positive and significant impact of IMP adoption on farm household income and welfare measured by per capita expenditure and poverty reduction. Specifically, the empirical results suggest that adoption of IMP raises household per capita expenditure and income by an average of 529.27$ and 1371$ in Shal El-Tina per cropping season respectively, thereby reducing their probability of falling below the poverty line. Therefore suggest that intensification of the investment on IMP dissemination is a reasonable policy instrument to raise incomes and reduce poverty among fodder farming household, although complementary measures are also needed. The incidence of poverty was higher among non-IMP adopters (55.2%) than IMP adopters (49.5%). In addition, both the depth and severity of poverty were also higher (20.85% and 15.42%) among non-adopters than the adopters (18.48% and 9.88%). All three poverty measures indicate that poverty was more prevalent and severe among non-adopters compared to adopters.
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Ficiciyan, Anoush, Jacqueline Loos, Stefanie Sievers-Glotzbach e Teja Tscharntke. "More than Yield: Ecosystem Services of Traditional versus Modern Crop Varieties Revisited". Sustainability 10, n. 8 (9 agosto 2018): 2834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082834.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Agricultural intensification with modern plant breeding focuses on few high-yielding crops and varieties. The loss of traditional crop species and variety diversity contributes to the current decline of provisioning, regulating, and cultural ecosystem services, as reported in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Access to local and adapted varieties is pivotal for resilient agroecosystems, in particular under current global change. We reviewed the scientific literature to understand the role of different crop varieties for ecosystem services, comparing the performance and perception of traditional landraces versus modern varieties and ask the following questions: 1. Do landraces and modern varieties differ in terms of provisioning and regulating ecosystem services? 2. When and why do farmers prefer cultural ecosystem services of landraces over high-yielding varieties? Based on 41 publications, our results document that modern varieties are preferred over landraces because of their typically higher provisioning services such as crop yield. However, landraces often guarantee higher provisioning services under non-optimal farming conditions. Landraces can show high resilience under harsh environmental conditions and are a trusted source achieving stable crop yield (e.g., under droughts stress). Regulating services such as resistance against pests and diseases appear to often become lost during breeding for high-yielding, modern varieties. Furthermore, small-scale farmers typically prefer local landraces due to regional cultural features such as family traditions and cooking characteristics for special dishes. In conclusion, both landraces and modern varieties have merit depending on the farmers’ priorities and the social-ecological context. In any case, maintaining and restoring the huge diversity of landrace varieties is necessary for sustaining current and future needs.
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Urrego-Mesa, Alexander, Juan Infante-Amate e Enric Tello. "Pastures and Cash Crops: Biomass Flows in the Socio-Metabolic Transition of Twentieth-Century Colombian Agriculture". Sustainability 11, n. 1 (26 dicembre 2018): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010117.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article aims to situate a national case study of the global periphery at the core of the debate on the socio-ecological transition by drawing on new data of biomass flows in twentieth-century Colombia. We draw up a century-long annual series converting a wide set of indicators from Net Primary Production (NPP) into the final socioeconomic uses of biomass, distinguishing around 200 different categories of crops, forests, and pastures. Our calculations draw on FAOSTAT and several corpuses of national statistics. The results show a fall of 10% in total NPP related to land-use changes involving forest conversion. Throughout the twentieth century, pasture was the most relevant among domestic extraction. Allocations of cash crops to industrial processing rose while the figure for staple crops for primary food consumption stagnated. The critical role of cattle throughout all periods and the higher yields of the industrial cash crops are behind this profile. This might also mean the start of a new trend of using pasture land for more profitable export crops, which establishes a new inner frontier of land-use intensification. Lastly, the article points out the phases of the socio-metabolic transition of biomass, explores the changes in biomass flows by looking at the history of the main drivers, and identifies the socio-ecological impacts of deforestation and industrial agribusiness.
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Van Campenhout, Bjorn, e Emmanuel Bizimungu. "Risk and returns of sustainable crop intensification: The case of smallholder rice and potato farmers in Uganda". Development Policy Review 36 (11 luglio 2018): O605—O633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12356.
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Sida, Tesfaye Shiferaw, Frédéric Baudron, Alain Ndoli, Dereje Tirfessa e Ken E. Giller. "Should fertilizer recommendations be adapted to parkland agroforestry systems? Case studies from Ethiopia and Rwanda". Plant and Soil 453, n. 1-2 (4 settembre 2019): 173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04271-y.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Aims This study aimed to disentangle tree-crop-fertilizer interactions in agroforestry systems, which has been suggested as an entry point for sustainable intensification of smallholder farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Although tree-crop systems generate multiple economic and ecological benefits, tree-crop competition commonly occurs. We hypothesized that mineral fertilizers affect facilitative and competitive interactions differently in tree-crop systems. Methods Tree-crop-fertilizer interactions were explored for wheat growing under Faidherbia albida, and maize growing under Acacia tortilis and Grevillea robusta through omission trials of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in open fields and fields under tree canopy, using a split plot design. The experiments were conducted in Ethiopia and Rwanda, replicated four times, and over two seasons. Results Our results demonstrated that the presence of F. albida significantly improved N and P use efficiencies, leading to significantly higher (P < 0.001) grain yields in wheat. This tree species contributed around 64 kg ha−1 yr.−1 of mineral N. The P use efficiency of wheat under F. albida was double that of open field wheat. By contrast, G. robusta and A. tortilis trees lowered nutrient use efficiencies in maize, leading to significantly less maize grain yields compared with open fields receiving the same fertilization. Probabilities of critically low crop yields and crop failure were significantly greater for maize growing under the canopy of these species. Conclusions Our results showed that recommended fertilizer rates led to facilitative interaction only with F. albida, highlighting that fertilizer recommendations need to be adapted to agroforestry systems.
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Henry, Makuma-Massa, Paul Kibwika e Paul Nampala. "The Interplay between Informal and Formal Bylaws in Supporting Sustainable Crop Intensification in the Uganda Potato Production System". Sustainable Agriculture Research 11, n. 2 (5 marzo 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v11n2p1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The study assessed the interplay between informal and formal bylaws in supporting sustainable crop intensification, using a case of potato crop production in southwestern Uganda. The study used a descriptive case study design to understand and accurately describe the experiences of farmers in the potato crop subsector in the region. This involved mixed study approaches that ensured coded meaning of consistent responses to the study, and descriptive statistics facilitated sequential understanding of findings and how each related to one another in respective themes. The numerical scores enriched the findings by authenticating the qualitative outcomes of the study to minimize bias. The study used review of documents and literature; six Focus Group Discussions; and 22 Key Informant Interviews to gather diverse experiences of respondents patterns of responses, the main factors or categories, and key responses under every category. The Study found that the greatest informal bylaw was eucalyptus growing (50 percent), followed by permission to graze (18 percent), and control damping (18 percent). The widely represented formal bylaws had a comparatively lesser role in supporting SCI, although with greater emphasis on quality seed (22 percent). Formal bylaws were stronger at setting clear boundaries between users and resources (18 percent), users having procedures for making own rules (11 percent), regular monitoring of resources and users (15 percent), issue sanctions (16 percent), conflict resolution (15 percent), and coordinated activities (3 percent) than informal bylaws. The major benefits for operating as institution were the collective strategy for the market (26 percent), which was less to guarantee sustainable livelihoods for farmers. Individual farmers were driven by desire for faster benefits (13) and preferred following own rules (12 percent). There was more emphasis on market access, regardless of the nature of produce output (35 percent), whether the market worthy or not, and less on environment sustainability. The informal and formal bylaws are separate but united for a common purpose of intensifying potato crop production. Nonetheless, even when combined, they are not strong enough to support SCI. There is a need to strength bylaws on soil and water conservation, improved and quality seed potato and environment sustainability to support SCI, which provide the basis of greater markets and sustainable livelihoods.
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Singh, A. K., e R. Thakur. "A Scenario-Based Land and Irrigation Capability Assessment for Crop Intensification-A Case Study of Jharkhand, Eastern India". Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 65, n. 2 (2017): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-0228.2017.00019.6.
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Chennamaneni, Srinivasa Rao, Suhas P. Wani, Girish Chander e K. L. Sahrawat. "Balanced Nutrient Management for Crop Intensification and Livelihood Improvement: A Case Study from Watershed in Andhra Pradesh, India". Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 45, n. 19 (25 settembre 2014): 2515–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2014.912298.
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Elliott, John, e Les Firbank. "Sustainable Intensification: A Case for Innovation in Science and Policy". Outlook on Agriculture 42, n. 2 (giugno 2013): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/oa.2013.0124.
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Tooker, John F., Matthew E. O'Neal e Cesar Rodriguez-Saona. "Balancing Disturbance and Conservation in Agroecosystems to Improve Biological Control". Annual Review of Entomology 65, n. 1 (7 gennaio 2020): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025143.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Disturbances associated with agricultural intensification reduce our ability to achieve sustainable crop production. These disturbances stem from crop-management tactics and can leave crop fields more vulnerable to insect outbreaks, in part because natural-enemy communities often tend to be more susceptible to disturbance than herbivorous pests. Recent research has explored practices that conserve natural-enemy communities and reduce pest outbreaks, revealing that different components of agroecosystems can influence natural-enemy populations. In this review, we consider a range of disturbances that influence pest control provided by natural enemies and how conservation practices can mitigate or counteract disturbance. We use four case studies to illustrate how conservation and disturbance mitigation increase the potential for biological control and provide co-benefits for the broader agroecosystem. To facilitate the adoption of conservation practices that improve top-down control across significant areas of the landscape, these practices will need to provide multifunctional benefits, but should be implemented with natural enemies explicitly in mind.
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Alavaisha, Edmond, Madaka Tumbo, Jacqueline Senyangwa e Sixbert Mourice. "Influence of Water Management Farming Practices on Soil Organic Carbon and Nutrients: A Case Study of Rice Farming in Kilombero Valley, Tanzania". Agronomy 12, n. 5 (10 maggio 2022): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051148.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Water scarcity and nutrient availability for rice farming have become great matters of concern in the contexts of climate change and land use change globally. Both interact and contribute to crop productivity at the expense of nutrients and future water sustainability. The objective of this study was to understand the on-farm potential response of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorous (TP) to water management practices in rice farming within the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania. Soil samples were collected from three villages in the study area at four depths: 0–20, 20–30, 30–40, and 40–50 cm. Four water management regimes, namely: A = traditional flooding (rainfed) without intensification of rice farming; B = traditional flooding (rainfed) involving a system of rice intensification (SRI); C = alternative wetting and drying (AWD) involving SRI for one cropping season; D = abandoned fields (fallow); and E = AWD involving SRI for two cropping seasons, were investigated as regards their impact on SOC, TN, and TP. There were significant (p < 0.05) effects of water management regimes on SOC, TN, and TP. AWD involving SRI for one cropping season indicated a positive effect on SOC and TN across all depths as compared to other practices. We conclude that water management practice that involves AWD with SRI for one cropping season is a plausible approach to maintaining high SOC and TN, with the potential for increasing crop production while minimizing water consumption.
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Malec, Karel, Zdeňka Gebeltová, Mansoor Maitah, Seth Nana Kwame Appiah-Kubi, Jitka Sirohi, Kamil Maitah, Joseph Phiri et al. "Water Management of Czech Crop Production in 1961–2019". Agriculture 12, n. 1 (26 dicembre 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12010022.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study aims to evaluate the water balance of the crop mix of the Czech Republic and the tendencies of its development during the period 1961–2019. For calculating water deficits, methodology from ČSN 750434 (Czech technical standards) was used and on its basis, the deficits of the ten most frequently represented crops of the Czech Republic were calculated. These results were then put into the context of the development of precipitation totals and the development of average annual temperatures in the observed period. Furthermore, statistical tools were used for the identification of relationships between the observed variables and the tested hypotheses to verify the statistical significance of the observed changes. The results show that the overall irrigation deficit nearly doubled in Czech agriculture when comparing the averages for the periods 1961–1970 and 2010–2019. This change was evaluated as statistically significant. Furthermore, there were also statistically significant increases in water deficits in the cases of wheat, barley, rye, oats, legumes, and rapeseed. The sowing areas of the observed crops recorded statistically significant change in all cases. Only in the case of wheat, maize and rapeseed were there increases in sowing area, specifically 146%, 642.4%, and 1132.7%, respectively. For other crops, a decrease in sowing areas was observed. This finding points to decreasing commodity diversity in Czech agriculture, which, in combination with a high degree of intensification and selected agrotechnical practices, contributes to a lower retention capacity for the soil and landscape to retain water, which in turn influences the overall water balance of the Czech agrarian sector.
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Mykhailova, Liubov, Andrii Mykhailov, Liudmyla Korenivska, Lyudmyla Khromushyna e Marharyta Chuprina. "Formation of strategic management of hemp cultivation in a developing country: A case of Ukraine". Problems and Perspectives in Management 19, n. 2 (6 aprile 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(2).2021.01.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
After a long period of decline and persecution, there is a revival and rapid development of the cannabis industry around the world: the use of this unique crop is expanding rapidly, and finally, it was transferred from a narcotic to an agricultural one (except for Ukraine). Nowadays, the Ukrainian hemp industry has practically gone unnoticed by the state, scientists, practitioners and society. At the same time, it has development prospects and can play a significant role for rural areas and the national economy. The paperis aimed at exploring the possibilities of growing hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and justifying the need for strategic management of the development of the cannabis industry in Ukraine. Based on the analysis of hemp production, it is established that during the years of Ukraine’s independence, the area of hemp crops has decreased almost 8 times; the number of producers is limited; hemp processing plants do not function; the yield of technical hemp seeds has a slight tendency to increase andapproximates 6-7 kg/ha. The prospects for cannabis cultivation require building strategic management of the cannabis industry to address key issues and mitigate threats. The key elements of the production development strategy are identified as improving institutional and financial support at the state level. The main guidelines of strategic management of hemp cultivation are: simplification of regulation for producers; intensification of agribusiness entities; increasing production volumes; and improving the competitive environment in the hemp market. It is proved that the strategic development of the hemp industry requires developing hemp processing enterprises; disseminating knowledge among the population about the usefulness and benefits of this multi-purpose culture. To substantiate the effectiveness of strategic decisions, the algorithm was proposed for assessing the effectiveness of growing different types of hemp products by different technologies, which is carried out using economic and mathematical modeling.
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Koliada, O., O. Bliznjuk, N. Masalitina, A. Belinska, O. Varankina e I. Belykh. "CASE STUDY OF SOYBEAN INOCULATION WITH BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS". Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving, n. 3 (12 settembre 2022): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-5364.2022.3.01.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Soybean is a powerful biological fixer of molecular nitrogen. Increasing the intensification of nitrogen fixation of the culture is facilitated by inoculation – the settlement of the root zone with effective strains of symbiotic nodule bacteria. Bubble symbiotic bacteria fix molecular nitrogen and transform it into a form available for cultures. Also, nodule bacteria synthesize amino acids and vitamins of group B and other biologically active substances, which in general has a positive effect on the growth and development of soybeans and ensures high crop productivity. Peculiarities of the interaction of leguminous plants and nodule bacteria in field conditions depend on a number of factors, such as the genotype of plants, species composition, the number and activity of nitrogen fixers, the properties of soils, their water and temperature regimes, and the level of agricultural technology.
The effectiveness of soybean inoculation with biotechnological preparations based on nitrogen-fixing microorganisms was analyzed. In Ukraine, a number of biotechnological preparations on the basis of nodule bacteria such as Nitragin, Rhizotrophin, Rhizoaktiv, Rhizobophyte, Rhizohumin, Azotophyte, Azorchis have been created and tested. According to the results of the scientific literature analysis and the conducted research, a positive effect of biotechnological preparations use on the formation of nodules on soybean roots and the increase in the intensity of nitrogen fixation was established. Positive changes in the indicators of the crop yield structure under the influence of inoculation were also monitored. It has been confirmed that the productivity of soybeans has increased due to the biotechnological preparations use based on symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria. It has been proven that the inoculation of soybeans with biotechnological preparations is an effective measure that ensures an increase in the productivity of soybeans, an improvement in the quality of the obtained products, contributes to the intensification of the formation of nodules on the roots, and as a result, enhances the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.
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Rose, Maren, Ingo Pahlmann e Henning Kage. "Modified crop rotations for a sustainable intensification? A case study in a high-yielding environment with recurrent nitrogen surplus". European Journal of Agronomy 142 (gennaio 2023): 126644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2022.126644.
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Clay, Nathan, e Brian King. "Smallholders’ uneven capacities to adapt to climate change amid Africa’s ‘green revolution’: Case study of Rwanda’s crop intensification program". World Development 116 (aprile 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.11.022.
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