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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Catalysts – Analysis"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 10 febbraio 2022

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1

Lomic, Gizela, Erne Kis, Goran Boskovic, and Radmila Marinkovic-Neducin. "Application of scanning electron microscopy in catalysis." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 35 (2004): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt0435067l.

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A short survey of various information obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in the investigation of heterogeneous catalysts and nano-structured materials have been presented. The capabilities of SEM analysis and its application in testing catalysts in different fields of heterogeneous catalysis are illustrated. The results encompass the proper way of catalyst preparation, the mechanism of catalyst active sites formation catalysts changes and catalyst degradation during their application in different chemical processes. Presented SEM pictures have been taken on a SEM JOEL ISM 35 over 2

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2

Su, Shu Hua, Shi Ye Feng, Yuan Fang Zhao, Qiang Lu, Wei Liang Cheng, and Chang Qing Dong. "Comparison of Three Types of NH₃-SCR Catalysts." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 418–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.418.

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The selective catalysis reduction (SCR) is one of the most promising technologies for NOx reduction at present. There are three types of NH3-SCR catalysts in the market, honeycomb catalyst, plate-types catalyst and corrugated catalyst. This paper firstly describes the preparation of the three types of catalysts, and then analyzes their performance. The analysis indicates the catalyst structure plays an important role on their performance. The honeycomb catalyst and plate-type catalyst are widely utilized in world’s coal power station, which should be due to their excellent capabilities of ash

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3

Samoilov, N. A., M. S. Melgunov, and V. A. Zhilina. "Analysis of the performance of the industrial Co-Mo catalyst for hydrotreatment." Kataliz v promyshlennosti 19, no. 5 (September 17, 2019): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0387-2019-5-345-350.

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The process of hydrotreatment of diesel fuel (fraction 180–320 °C) over fresh and spent (after two-year operation in an industrial reactor) Co-Mo catalyst was studied. It was established that the sulfur contents were rather close to one another in the diesel fuel samples treated using the fresh and spent catalysts, even though the specific surface area was 40 % smaller in the spent catalyst compared to that in the fresh sample. Dependence of effective constant keff of hydrodesulfurization on the temperature of low-temperature hydrotreatment (below 320–330 °C) was characteristic of the kinetic

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4

Tišler, Zdeněk, Pavla Vondrová, Kateřina Hrachovcová, Kamil Štěpánek, Romana Velvarská, Jaroslav Kocík, and Eliška Svobodová. "Aldol Condensation of Cyclohexanone and Furfural in Fixed-Bed Reactor." Catalysts 9, no. 12 (December 14, 2019): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9121068.

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Aldol condensation reaction is usually catalysed using homogeneous catalysts. However, the heterogeneous catalysis offers interesting advantages and the possibility of cleaner biofuels production. Nowadays, one of the most used kinds of heterogeneous catalysts are hydrotalcites, which belong to a group of layered double hydroxides. This paper describes the aldol condensation of cyclohexanone (CH) and furfural (F) using Mg/Al mixed oxides and rehydrated mixed oxides in order to compare the catalyst activity after calcination and rehydration, as well as the possibility of its regeneration. The c

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5

Crozier, P. A., and M. Pan. "Quantitative nano-characterization of heterogeneous catalysts." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 398–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100138361.

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Heterogeneous catalysts can be of varying complexity ranging from single or double phase systems to complicated mixtures of metals and oxides with additives to help promote chemical reactions, extend the life of the catalysts, prevent poisoning etc. Although catalysis occurs on the surface of most systems, detailed descriptions of the microstructure and chemistry of catalysts can be helpful for developing an understanding of the mechanism by which a catalyst facilitates a reaction. Recent years have seen continued development and improvement of various TEM, STEM and AEM techniques for yielding

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6

Bergbreiter, David E., Andrew Kippenberger, and Zhenqi Zhong. "Catalysis with palladium colloids supported in poly(acrylic acid)-grafted polyethylene and polystyrene." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 84, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 1343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v06-076.

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Grafts of poly(acrylic acid) on polyethylene powder (PE-g-PAA) or polystyrene (PS-g-PAA) can be used to support Pd(0) crystallites that function like a homogeneous Pd(0) catalyst in some reactions. These Pd–PE-g-PAA catalysts were active in allylic substitution reactions in the presence of added phosphine ligand. A catalyst analogous to the Pd–PE-g-PAA powder catalyst on polystyrene (Pd–PS-g-PAA) was similarly active for allylic substitution and could also be used in Heck reactions at 80–100 °C in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA). Analysis of the product solutions for Pd leachate and a correlation

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7

du Plessis, Hester, Roy Forbes, Werner Barnard, Alta Ferreira, and Axel Steuwer. "In situ reduction study of cobalt model Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314090512.

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Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis is an important process to manufacture hydrocarbons and oxygenated hydrocarbons from mixtures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen (syngas). The catalysis process occurs on for example cobalt metal surfaces at elevated temperatures and pressures. A fundamental understanding of the reduction pathway of supported cobalt oxides, and the intermediate species present during the activation, can assist in developing improved industrial supported cobalt catalysts. Measurements were done during in-situ hydrogen activation of a model Co/alumina catalyst using in-situ synchrotro

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8

van Slagmaat, Christian A. M. R., Khi Chhay Chou, Lukas Morick, Darya Hadavi, Burgert Blom, and Stefaan M. A. De Wildeman. "Synthesis and Catalytic Application of Knölker-Type Iron Complexes with a Novel Asymmetric Cyclopentadienone Ligand Design." Catalysts 9, no. 10 (September 22, 2019): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9100790.

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Asymmetric catalysis is an essential tool in modern chemistry, but increasing environmental concerns demand the development of new catalysts based on cheap, abundant, and less toxic iron. As a result, Knölker-type catalysts have emerged as a promising class of iron catalysts for various chemical transformations, notably the hydrogenation of carbonyls and imines, while asymmetric versions are still under exploration to achieve optimal enantio-selectivities. In this work, we report a novel asymmetric design of a Knölker-type catalyst, in which the C2-rotational symmetric cyclopentadienone ligand

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9

Thongboon, Surached, Pacharaporn Rittiron, Danusorn Kiatsaengthong, Thanaphat Chukeaw, and Anusorn Seubsai. "Propylene Epoxidation to Propylene Oxide Over RuO2, CuO, TeO2, and TiO2 Supported on Modified Mesoporous Silicas." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 3466–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17408.

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Direct gas phase epoxidation of propylene to propylene oxide (PO) using O2 is a challenging problem in catalysis research. Silica-supported ruthenium-copper-based catalysts have been recently reported to be promising for propylene epoxidation. In this work, mesoporous silica supports modified with RuO2, CuO, and TeO2 with and without TiO2 were investigated for propylene epoxidation to PO. The prepared catalysts were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of mesoporous silica supports modified with RuO2, CuO, and TeO2, and the second group consisted of the same components as the fir

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10

Shareef, Muhammad Faizan, Muhammad Arslan, Naseem Iqbal, Nisar Ahmad, and Tayyaba Noor. "Development of Hydrotalcite Based Cobalt Catalyst by Hydrothermal and Co-precipitation Method for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 12, no. 3 (October 28, 2017): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.12.3.762.357-362.

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This paper presents the effect of a synthesis method for cobalt catalyst supported on hydrotalcite material for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The hydrotalcite supported cobalt (HT-Co) catalysts were synthesized by co-precipitation and hydrothermal method. The prepared catalysts were characterized by using various techniques like BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), TGA (Thermal Gravimetric Analysis), XRD (X-ray diffraction spectroscopy), and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). Fixed bed micro reactor was used to test the catalytic activity of prepared cata

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Shareef, Muhammad Faizan, Muhammad Arslan, Naseem Iqbal, Nisar Ahmad, and Tayyaba Noor. "Development of Hydrotalcite Based Cobalt Catalyst by Hydrothermal and Co-precipitation Method for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 12, no. 3 (October 28, 2017): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.12.3.762.357-363.

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This paper presents the effect of a synthesis method for cobalt catalyst supported on hydrotalcite material for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The hydrotalcite supported cobalt (HT-Co) catalysts were synthesized by co-precipitation and hydrothermal method. The prepared catalysts were characterized by using various techniques like BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), TGA (Thermal Gravimetric Analysis), XRD (X-ray diffraction spectroscopy), and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). Fixed bed micro reactor was used to test the catalytic activity of prepared cata

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12

Panurin, Nikita A., Natalya Yu Isaeva, Ekaterina B. Markova, Tatiana F. Sheshko, Alexander G. Cherednechenko, Alena S. Savchenko, Yulia Samoilenko, and Garry Z. Kaziev. "Efficiency of using heteropoly compounds of the type (NH4)2[Co(H2O)4]2[Mo8O27]∙6H2O as catalysts for the production of ethylene." Butlerov Communications 60, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-60-11-85.

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Carrying out heterogeneous acid catalysis with the use of heteropoly compounds has received considerable attention due to the great economic and environmental benefits. In spite of this, its industrial application is limited as there are difficulties in catalyst regeneration (settling) caused by its relatively low thermal stability. The aim of present work was to search and select catalysts related to the class of heteropoly compounds for propane cracking, to test the selectivity of the prosses as well as to discuss possible approaches for solving the problem of catalyst deactivation, that can

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13

Nugrahaningtyas, Khoirina Dwi, Nining Rahmawati, Fitria Rahmawati, and Yuniawan Hidayat. "Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models." Open Chemistry 17, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 1061–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0120.

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AbstractThe synthesis of CoMo/Mordenite (CoMo/MOR) catalysts was conducted using a co-impregnation method at a various Co/Mo ratios. The produced catalysts were then characterized by X-ray diffraction, total acidity analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The activity of the catalyst in a hydrotreatment reaction was evaluated by applying the catalyst as a reduced-catalyst to the hydrocracking (HC) reaction of anisole molecules. Analysis of the diffraction data using the Le Bail refinement technique showed that the metal phase was successfully impregnated into the MOR. In addition, increasi

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14

Cary, Eve Oleta. "Explaining Overheating in China through Institutional Analysis (1992–2010)." Asian Survey 51, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 540–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2011.51.3.540.

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Economic overheating is a significant and recurring problem in modern China. This paper analyzes the many factors causing overheating and argues that there are systemic and largely structural explanations for overheating that arise from a number of theorized catalysts, including a bureaucratic catalyst and a historical catalyst.

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15

Limlamthong, Mutjalin, Nithinart Chitpong та Bunjerd Jongsomjit. "Influence of Phosphoric Acid Modification on Catalytic Properties of γ-χ Al2O3 Catalysts for Dehydration of Ethanol to Diethyl Ether". Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 14, № 1 (15 квітня 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.14.1.2436.1-8.

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In this present work, diethyl ether, which is currently served as promising alternative fuel for diesel engines, was produced via catalytic dehydration of ethanol over H3PO4-modified g-c Al2O3 catalysts. The impact of H3PO4 addition on catalytic performance and characteristics of catalysts was investigated. While catalytic dehydration of ethanol was performed in a fixed-bed microreactor at the temperature ranging from 200ºC to 400ºC under atmospheric pressure, catalyst characterization was conducted by inductively coupled plasma (ICP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 physisorption, temperature-pro

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16

Ma, Yubo, Zhixian Gao, Tao Yuan, and Tianfu Wang. "Kinetics of Dicyclopentadiene Hydroformylation over Rh–SiO2 Catalysts." Progress in Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism 42, no. 2 (May 2017): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/146867817x14821527549013.

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The hydroformylation of dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) to monoformyltricyclodecenes (MFTD) represents a key intermediate step in the conversion of the C5 fraction derived from the petrochemical process to value-added fine chemicals, for example, diformyltricyclodecanes and tricyclodecanedimethylol. Although both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts can catalyse this reaction, the heterogeneously catalysed pathway has received significantly less attention due to its lower catalytic activities. We demonstrate in this work that a low Rh loaded heterogeneous 0.1% Rh–SiO2 catalyst can present a simila

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17

Xiao, Tiancun, Tara Shirvani, Oliver Inderwildi, Sergio Gonzalez-Cortes, Hamid AlMegren, David King, and Peter P. Edwards. "The Catalyst Selectivity Index (CSI): A Framework and Metric to Assess the Impact of Catalyst Efficiency Enhancements upon Energy and CO2 Footprints." Topics in Catalysis 58, no. 10-11 (July 2, 2015): 682–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-015-0401-1.

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AbstractHeterogeneous catalysts are not only a venerable part of our chemical and industrial heritage, but they also occupy a pivotal, central role in the advancement of modern chemistry, chemical processes and chemical technologies. The broad field of catalysis has also emerged as a critical, enabling science and technology in the modern development of “Green Chemistry”, with the avowed aim of achieving green and sustainable processes. Thus a widely utilized metric, the environmental E factor—characterizing the waste-to-product ratio for a chemical industrial process—permits one to assess the

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18

Gould, S. A. C., and M. L. Occelli. "Analysis of fluidized cracking catalysts by Atomic Force Microscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 424–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010013849x.

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In the United States, five million barrels of oil per day or one third of all processed crude oil is catalytically converted with fluidized catalysts, a process which requires 500 tons of catalyst daily. Given these immense quantities, a small percentage difference in the efficiency of the oil conversion to liquid fuel can result in a savings of many millions of barrels of oil annually. In this study we have used a contact mode atomic force microscope (AFM) to study to topography of a set of fluidized cracking catalysts (FCC) from the μm level down to the atomic. We selected this technique bec

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19

Kumakura, Makoto, Hoshimitsu Kiribayashi, Takahiro Saida, Shigeya Naritsuka, and Takahiro Maruyama. "In situ XANES Analysis of Co and Ni Catalysts during Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Growth." MRS Advances 3, no. 1-2 (2018): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.636.

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ABSTRACTIn situ X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) measurements were conducted to elucidate the chemical states of Co and Ni catalysts during single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) growth via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). XANES spectra indicated that both Co and Ni catalysts partially oxidized before heating. It was found that Co catalysts formed carbides during the SWCNT growth. In contrast, Ni catalysts remained metallic state even after the SWCNT growth had begun. These results indicate that during SWCNT growth, carbon atoms dissolve into Co particles, whereas for Ni particles,

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Kang, Myung Jong, and Young Soo Kang. "Efficient Approaches on Photochemical CO2 Reduction to Alcohol by Solar Light with Functional Multi-layered Membrane Catalysts." MRS Advances 3, no. 55 (2018): 3271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.418.

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ABSTRACTSimple and efficient approach for artificial photosynthesis of CO2 reduction into ethanol with flexible functional multi-layered membrane catalysts is suggested. The g-C3N4 and BiVO4 particle were synthesized by self-condensation and hydrothermal method. g-C3N4 membrane catalyst and g-C3N4/BiVO4 layered membrane catalyst were fabricated by casting and shaping of Nafion polymer mixture. XRD, FT-IR and XPS analyses proved that the intrinsic properties of g-C3N4 and BiVO4 were maintained after fabricating flexible functional multi-layered membrane catalyst. The interfacial contact between

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21

Sanaa Tareq, Sarhan, Mohd Izham Saiman, Taufiq-Yap Yun Hin, Abdul Halim Abdullah, and Umer Rashid. "The Impact of Hydrogen Peroxide as An Oxidant for Solvent-free Liquid Phase Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol using Au-Pd Supported Carbon and Titanium Catalysts." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 13, no. 2 (June 11, 2018): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.13.2.1204.373-385.

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The solvent free oxidation of benzyl alcohol was conducted employing Au and Pd supported catalysts, while utilizing hydrogen peroxide 35% (H2O2) as the oxidant, H2O2 is very cheap, mild, and an environment friendly reagent, which produced water as the only by-product. Various proportions of Au-Pd catalysts on carbon and titanium oxide activated as supports were synthesized through the use of sol immobilization catalyst synthesis technique. Characterization of the synthesized catalysts was performed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Field Emission Scanning Electron Mi

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22

Li, Boyu, Abhishek Raj, Eric Croiset, and John Z. Wen. "Reactive Fe-O-Ce Sites in Ceria Catalysts for Soot Oxidation." Catalysts 9, no. 10 (September 28, 2019): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9100815.

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This study investigates the role of oxygen vacancy on Fe-doped CeO2 catalyst activity for soot oxidation. The oxygen vacancy was assessed through Ce3+ content. The Fe content was varied between 0 and 30% for two catalyst preparation methods, co-precipitation (CP) and solution combustion synthesis (SCS). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates that ceria exists as both Ce4+ and Ce3+, while iron is present only as Fe3+. The catalyst’s activity was evaluated by ignition (T10) and combustion (T50) temperatures using thermogravimetric analysis. Optimum Fe contents yielding the highest activity w

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Susanto, Bambang Heru, та Joshua Raymond Valentino Siallagan. "Analysis of NiMoP/γ-Al₂O₃ Catalyst Preparation with Impregnation and Microwave Polyol Methods for Bio-Jet Production". Materials Science Forum 1000 (липень 2020): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1000.257.

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Bio-Jet could be produced by the synthesis of vegetable oil through the hydrodeoxygenation, decarboxylation, decarbonization, and catalytic cracking process. Physical characteristics, activities, and selectivity of the catalyst used will determine the rate, conversion, and yield of the reaction that being carried out. This study aims to compare and obtain the best characteristics of NiMoP/γ-Al2O3 catalysts synthesized using two types of preparation, impregnation and microwave polyol methods, which will be used for bio-jet production. The impregnation method takes more than 24 hours for catalys

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Kumaran, P., S. Mohanamurugan, P. Shankar, R. Vijay, and R. Narayanan. "Experimental Analysis of Different Packed Bed Catalysts for Lean NOx Traps (LNT)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.677.

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In LNT Catalysts, oxidizing agents are added for reducing the levels of NOxemission. In the current work three sets of LNT catalysts were prepared by dipping them in three independent solutions containing i) Barium nitrate, ii) Copper nitrate + Silver nitrate, iii) Copper nitrate + Ferric nitrate + Barium nitrate. These three catalysts were then tested in dual-cylinder four-stroke Simpson 217 DI Diesel engine coupled to electrical dynamometer with wire wound resistance loading device. LNT process was studied and performance of the various chemicals used to reduce the NOx emission under various

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Suprapto, Suprapto, Tikha Reskiani Fauziah, Meiske S. Sangi, Titie Prapti Oetami, Imroatul Qoniah, and Didik Prasetyoko. "Calcium Oxide from Limestone as Solid Base Catalyst in Transesterification of Reutealis trisperma Oil." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 16, no. 2 (March 13, 2018): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21165.

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CaO catalysts were synthesized from limestone by thermal decomposition and coprecipitation methods. The CaO and MgO reference catalysts were also synthesized for comparison. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and the analysis result was refined by Rietica software. CaO catalyst obtained by coprecipitation method has higher purity of CaO and lower MgO content than those of calcined CaO. The catalysts were also characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. FTIR spectra showed that the catalysts can be easily hydrated and carbonated in air. The catal

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Sarosh, A., A. Hussain, E. Pervaiz, and M. Ahsan. "Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of Phthalic Anhydride’s Yield Using Lab Synthesized and Commercially Available (V2O5/TiO2) Catalyst." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 2 (April 19, 2018): 2821–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.1954.

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V2O5/TiO2 is an important catalyst used in many industrial reactions like selective oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride, selective catalytic reduction of NOx, selective oxidation of alkanes, etc. The partial oxidation of o-xylene to synthesize phthalic anhydride is an exothermic reaction and leaves hot spots on the catalyst’s surface. The yield of phthalic anhydride strongly depends on the activity and stability of the catalyst. In this work, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis has been conducted to compare the yield of lab prepared catalyst with the commercially used catalys

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Mohd Zabidi, Noor Asmawati, Tuan Syahylah Tuan Sulong, and Sardar Ali. "Synthesis and Characterization of Cu/ZnO Catalyst on Carbon Nanotubes and Al₂O₃ Supports." Materials Science Forum 916 (March 2018): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.916.139.

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CO2 conversion into valuable chemicals is an attractive option to deal with the increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. In this study, Cu/ZnO catalyst was synthesized on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and Al2O3 supports via incipient wetness impregnation method. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were investigated using TEM, XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption analysis, H2-TPR and XPS. The performance of the synthesized catalysts in a CO2 hydrogenation reaction was evaluated in a fixed-bed reactor at 503 K, 22.5 bar and H2:CO2 ratio of 3:1. TEM images showed that Cu/ZnO

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Lindner, J., A. Sachdev, M. A. Villa-Garcia, and J. Schwank. "A high resolution and Analytical Electron Microscopy study of novel solid state hydrodesulfurization catalysts." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 264–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100153294.

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The removal of sulfur from petroleum feedstocks is of great importance to the oil industry. The process, known as hydrodesulfurization (HDS), is typically catalyzed by Group VIB metal oxides. The workhorse of the industry today is an alumina supported CoO-MoO3 catalyst. Recently, several models have been proposed for the active site responsible for HDS activity, but despite extensive research efforts there is still no clear relationship between structure and activity. We have prepared promoted and non-stoichiometric catalyst samples via a novel solid state synthesis route. These catalysts are

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Vostrikova, N. M., E. D. Kravtsova, and Y. V. Vostrikova. "Analysis of the Engineering Process of Reforming Dead Catalysts for the Extraction of Platinum Group Metals." Materials Science Forum 989 (May 2020): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.989.468.

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The analysis of the engineering process of reforming dead catalysts for the extraction of platinum group metals has been carried out. Fully-dead catalyst, having passed several cycles of regeneration and entitled to utilization, has the considerable carbonaceous deposits, both on external and internal surfaces. Their content averages 5.0% of the mass of the catalyst. The research objectively consisted in selection of the sweet roasting modes, promoting the fullest removal of the dense carbonaceous deposits from the surface of the dead platinum-rhenium catalysts. The kinetics research of carbon

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Abedin, Md Ashraful, Swarom Kanitkar, Nitin Kumar, Zi Wang, Kunlun Ding, Graham Hutchings, and James J. Spivey. "Probing the Surface Acidity of Supported Aluminum Bromide Catalysts." Catalysts 10, no. 8 (August 3, 2020): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10080869.

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Solid acid catalysis is an important class of reactions. The principal advantages of solid acid catalysts as compared to their corresponding fluid acids include minimal waste and ease of product separation. One type of these catalysts is based on aluminum bromide (Al2Br6), which is a stronger Lewis acid than Al2Cl6. In this report, Al2Br6 is grafted on commercial mesoporous silica (CMS), SBA-15 and silica gel to create a solid catalyst similar to the silica-supported Al2Cl6 superacid. These supported Al2Br6 catalysts were characterized by NH3-Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD), pyridine D

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Rosário, Roberta Lopes do, Ronaldo Costa Santos, Alan Silva dos Santos, Alexandre Carvalho, Sylvette Brunet, and Luiz Antônio Magalhães Pontes. "Niobium oxide (Nb2O5) as support for CoMo and NiW catalysts in the hydrodesulfurization reaction of 3-methylthiophene." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 11 (December 2, 2020): e74391110307. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i11.10307.

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The efficiency of niobium oxide as catalytic support of hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysts (CoMo and NiW) has been investigated in the HDS of a model molecule representative of sulfur compounds present in FCC gasoline (3-methylthiophene: 3MT). The NiW catalyst presented higher catalytic activity than CoMo calcined and non-calcined catalyst, however a better ratio pentane/pentene has been achieved by CoMo catalysts, which implies a lower formation of hydrogenated products. Indeed, the activity order for the catalysts evaluated is: NiW/Nb2O5 > CoMo/Nb2O5 calcined support > CoMo/Nb2O5 non

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32

Shtyka, O., Z. Dimitrova, R. Ciesielski, A. Kedziora, G. Mitukiewicz, J. Leyko, W. Maniukewicz, A. Czylkowska, and T. Maniecki. "Steam reforming of ethanol for hydrogen production: influence of catalyst composition (Ni/Al2O3, Ni/Al2O3–CeO2, Ni/Al2O3–ZnO) and process conditions." Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis 132, no. 2 (March 4, 2021): 907–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11144-021-01945-6.

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AbstractEthanol steam reforming was studied over Ni supported catalysts. The effects of support (Al2O3, Al2O3–ZnO, and Al2O3–CeO2), metal loading, catalyst activation method, and steam-to-ethanol molar feed ratio were investigated. The properties of catalysts were studied by N2 physisorption, TPD-CO2, X-ray diffraction, and temperature programmed reduction. After activity tests, the catalysts were analyzed by TOC analysis. The catalytic activity measurements showed that the addition either of ZnO SSor CeO2 to alumina enhances both ethanol conversion and promotes selectivity towards hydrogen fo

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33

Akinlolu, Kayode, Bamgboye Omolara, Tripathi Shailendra, Akinsiku Abimbola, and Ogunniran Kehinde. "Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of partially substituted La1−xBaxCoO3 (x ≥ 0.1 ≤ 0.4) nano catalysts for potential soot oxidation in diesel particulate filters in diesel engines." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 11, no. 1 (April 2020): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1848.2020.00007.

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AbstractThe sol gel method was used in preparing a series of A site partially substituted La1−xBaxCoO3 (x ≥ 0.1 ≤ 0.4) perovskite catalysts coded LBC1, 2, 3, and 4 and their potential as catalysts for soot oxidation were evaluated. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICPAES), Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTG), X-ray analysis (XRD) were used in characterizing the prepared perovskite catalyst. The result shows that at (x≥ 0.2 ≤ 0.4), there was an increase in surface area when we compare it with that of x = 0. The incr

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34

Bateni, Hamed, and Chad Able. "Development of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Dehydration of Methanol to Dimethyl Ether: a Review." Kataliz v promyshlennosti 18, no. 4 (July 23, 2018): 6–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0387-2018-4-6-30.

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Abstract (sommario):

Dimethyl ether (DME) is a promising multisource and multipurpose clean fuel and value-added chemical synthesized from syngas. This process can be either performed in a single stage (direct process) using a dual catalysis system or a two stage (indirect process) where syngas is first converted into methanol and then dehydrated to produce DME. While the dehydration reaction has been studied extensively over multiple decades, to date no review has been conducted on the catalysts involved in the methanol dehydration reaction. This work demonstrates the state of the art in catalyst preparation and

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35

LIU, JINGYUE. "Nanometer-resolution Auger electron spectroscopy and microscopy of small particles." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 720–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010014943x.

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Small metal particles have peculiar physical and chemical properties and they are especially important in catalysis. A detailed understanding of catalytic processes requires knowledge of both the microstructure and the microchemistry of the catalyst system. Although nanometer scale surface topography of supported catalysts can be studied with secondary electron (SE) signals, a chemically specific and surface sensitive signal such as Auger electrons must be used to extract compositional information about the surface species. Auger electron (AE) spectroscopy (AES) and scanning Auger microscopy (

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36

Howe, Alexander G. R., Rhodri Maunder, David J. Morgan, and Jennifer K. Edwards. "Rapid Microwave-Assisted Polyol Synthesis of TiO2-Supported Ruthenium Catalysts for Levulinic Acid Hydrogenation." Catalysts 9, no. 9 (September 5, 2019): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9090748.

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One wt% Ru/TiO2 catalysts prepared by a one-pot microwave-assisted polyol method have been shown to be highly active for Levulinic acid hydrogenation to γ-Valerolactone. Preparation temperature, microwave irradiation time and choice of Ru precursor were found to have a significant effect on catalyst activity. In the case of Ru(acac)3-derived catalysts, increasing temperature and longer irradiation times increased catalyst activity to a maximum LA conversion of 69%. Conversely, for catalysts prepared using RuCl3, shorter preparation times and lower temperatures yielded more active catalysts, wi

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37

Al-asadi, Mohammed, and Norbert Miskolczi. "High Temperature Pyrolysis of Municipal Plastic Waste Using Me/Ni/ZSM-5 Catalysts: The Effect of Metal/Nickel Ratio." Energies 13, no. 5 (March 10, 2020): 1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051284.

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This work is dedicated to the high temperature pyrolysis of municipal plastic waste using Me/Ni/ZSM-5 catalysts. Catalysts were synthetized by wet impregnation. In addition to nickel, synthetic zeolite catalysts contain calcium, ceria, lanthanum, magnesia or manganese. Catalysts were prepared and tested using 0.1, 0.5 and 2.0 Me/Ni ratios. Catalyst morphology was investigated by SEM and surface analysis. Higher concentrations of second metals can block catalyst pore channels due to the more coke formation, which leads to smaller surface area. Furthermore, the chemicals used for the impregnatio

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38

Chomboon, Tanakit, Weerit Kumsung, Metta Chareonpanich, Selim Senkan, and Anusorn Seubsai. "Chromium-Ruthenium Oxides Supported on Gamma-Alumina as an Alternative Catalyst for Partial Combustion of Methane." Catalysts 9, no. 4 (April 4, 2019): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9040335.

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Catalyst screening of γ-Al2O3-supported, single-metal and bimetallic catalysts revealed several bimetallic catalysts with activities for partial combustion of methane greater than a benchmark Pt/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. A cost analysis of those catalysts identified that the (2 wt%Cr + 3 wt% Ru)/γ-Al2O3 catalyst, denoted as 2Cr3Ru/Al2O3, was about 17.6 times cheaper than the benchmark catalyst and achieved a methane conversion of 10.50% or 1.6 times higher than the benchmark catalyst based on identical catalyst weights. In addition, various catalyst characterization techniques were performed to determ

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39

Ledakowicz, Stanisław, Lech Nowicki, Jerzy Petera, Jarosław Nizioł, Paweł Kowalik, and Andrzej Gołębiowski. "KINETIC CHARACTERISATION OF CATALYSTS FOR METHANOL SYNTHESIS." Chemical and Process Engineering 34, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cpe-2013-0040.

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Abstract The results of activity studies of four catalysts in methanol synthesis have been presented. A standard industrial catalyst TMC-3/1 was compared with two methanol catalysts promoted by the addition of magnesium and one promoted by zirconium. The kinetic analysis of the experimental results shows that the Cu/Zn/Al/Mg/1 catalyst was the least active. Although TMC-3/1 and Cu/Zn/Al/Mg/2 catalysts were characterised by a higher activity, the most active catalyst system was Cu/Zn/Al/Zr. The activity calculated for zirconium doped catalyst under operating conditions was approximately 30% hig

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40

Santoso, Aman, Ida Bagus S. Sumari, Novia Nina Safitri, Anugrah Ricky Wijaya, and Daratu Eviana Kusuma Putri. "Activation of Zeolite from Malang as Catalyst for Plastic Waste Conversion to Fuel." Key Engineering Materials 851 (July 2020): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.851.212.

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Abstract (sommario):

Plastic pollution is an environmental problem that has not resolved until now. Pyrolysis is able to be a solution to reduce plastic waste. The use of catalysts will reduce heating temperatures, speed up processing time, and increase product yield. Natural zeolite has the potency as a catalyst in pyrolysis process due to its micropore structure, high acidity and thermal stability. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of active zeolite catalyst on the polypropylene pyrolysis. The main process of this study is pyrolysis of polypropylene (PP) plastic waste without catalysts and

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41

Stevanovic, Sanja, Dusan Tripkovic, Dejan Poleti, Jelena Rogan, Amalija Tripkovic, and Vladislava Jovanovic. "Microwave sinthesys and characterization of Pt and Pt-Rh-Sn electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 76, no. 12 (2011): 1673–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc110405166s.

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Carbon supported Pt and Pt-Rh-Sn catalysts were synthesized by microwave-polyol method in ethylene glycol solution and investigated for the ethanol electro-oxidation reaction. The catalysts were characterized in terms of structure, morphology and composition by employing XRD, STM and EDX techniques. STM analysis indicated rather uniform particles and particle size of below 2 nm for both catalysts. XRD analysis of the Pt/C catalyst revealed two phases, one with the main characteristic peaks of face centered cubic crystal structure (fcc) of platinum and another related to graphite like structure

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42

Fakeeha, Anis Hamza, Ahmed Aidid Ibrahim, Muhammad Awais Naeem, Wasim Ullah Khan, Ahmed Elhag Abasaeed, Raja L. Alotaibi, and Ahmed Sadeq Al-Fatesh. "Methane decomposition over Fe supported catalysts for hydrogen and nano carbon yield." Catalysis for Sustainable Energy 2, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cse-2015-0005.

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AbstractProduction of hydrogen, being an environmentally friendly energy source, has gained a lot of attention in the recent years. In this article, iron-based catalysts, with different active metal loadings, supported over magnesia and titania are investigated for hydrogen production via catalytic decomposition of methane. The catalytic activity and stability results revealed that magnesia supported catalysts performed better than titania supported catalysts. Hydrogen reduction temperature of 500°C was obtained suitable for catalyst activation. For magnesia supported catalysts, only higher lo

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43

Okon, Edidiong, Habiba Shehu, and Edward Gobina. "An Experimental Analysis of Lactic Acid Esterification Process Using Langmuir-Hinshelwood Model." Key Engineering Materials 733 (March 2017): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.733.36.

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In this study, esterification of lactic acid and ethanol to produce ethyl lactate using different cation-exchange resin catalysts was performed at 100 °C. The catalysts used for the esterification process were amberlyst 16 and dowex 50W8x cation-exchange resins. Two simplified mechanisms based on Langmuir-Hinshelwood model were employed to describe the components that adsorbed most on the surface of the catalysts. Fourier Transform Infrared (Nicolet iS10 FTIR) was employed to verify the rationality of the mechanisms. FTIR of the esterification product reflected C=O, H=O and C=C bonds on the sp

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44

Li, Yandong, Guangfen Liang, Chengrui Wang, Yanhong Fang, and Huamei Duan. "Effect of Precipitated Precursor on the Catalytic Performance of Mesoporous Carbon Supported CuO-ZnO Catalysts." Crystals 11, no. 6 (May 22, 2021): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11060582.

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As part of concepts for chemical energy storage of excess chemical energy produced from renewable sources, we investigated the performance of CuO/ZnO catalysts supported on mesoporous carbon to convert CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. In this work, mesoporous carbon was used as the catalyst support for CuO-ZnO catalysts. Four catalysts with different precipitated precursors were synthesized and analyzed by N2-physisorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that catalyst CZ

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45

Alayat, Abdulbaset, Elena Echeverria, Farid Sotoudehniakarani, David N. Mcllroy, and Armando G. McDonald. "Alumina Coated Silica Nanosprings (NS) Support Based Cobalt Catalysts for Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuel Production From Syngas." Materials 12, no. 11 (June 4, 2019): 1810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12111810.

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The effects of Al2O3 coating on the performance of silica nanospring (NS) supported Co catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) were evaluated in a quartz fixed-bed microreactor. The Co/NS-Al2O3 catalysts were synthesized by coating the Co/NS and NS with Al2O3 by an alkoxide-based sol-gel method (NS-Al-A and NS-Al-B, respectively) and then by decorating them with Co. Co deposition was via an impregnation method. Catalysts were characterized before the FTS reaction by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, temperature programmed reduct

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46

Yang, Rui Qin, Xi Kun Gai, Chuang Xing, Jian Wei Mao, and Cheng Xue Lv. "Performance of Cu-Based Catalysts in Low-Temperature Methanol Synthesis." Advanced Materials Research 1004-1005 (August 2014): 1623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1004-1005.1623.

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The reactions of the methanol synthesis were conducted from the CO/CO2/H2 on the Cu-based catalysts using different solvent at 443 K and 3.0 MPa. The alcohol solvent had the activity in the low-temperature methanol synthesis reaction. The activity of the Cu-based catalyst with ZnO as carrier was higher than that of the catalyst with CeO2, Al2O3, or TiO2 as carrier separately in the reaction. The addition of the CeO2 to the Cu/ZnO catalysts improved the copper species dispersion, so that it was easier for the reduction of the Cu/CeO2-ZnO catalyst than that of the Cu/ZnO catalyst according to th

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47

Hamzah, Noraini, Wan Nor Roslam Wan Isahak, Nadia Farhana Adnan, Nor Asikin Mohamad Nordin, Mohamad Bin Kassim, and Mohd Ambar Yarmo. "Catalytic Activity and Physical Properties of Nanoparticles Metal Supported on Bentonite for Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol." Advanced Materials Research 364 (October 2011): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.364.211.

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Abstract (sommario):

Catalysts prepared from a variety of noble metal (Os, Ru, Pd and Au) supported on bentonite using impregnation method were studied and it found these series catalyst system gave different activity and selectivity. Among these catalysts, Os/bentonite and Ru/bentonite catalyst showed high activity in glycerol hydrogenolysis reaction at 150°C, 2.0 MPa initial hydrogen pressure for 7 hours. TEM analysis revealed that these nanometal particles catalyst have different in size and result showed that Os and Ru which have smaller average size in range 1-3 nm gave high activity which are 54.1% and 61.2%

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48

Alsalme, Ali, Aliyah A. Alsharif, Hamda Al-Enizi, Mujeeb Khan, Saad G. Alshammari, Mshari A. Alotaibi, Rais Ahmad Khan, and Mohammed Rafiq H. Siddiqui. "Probing the Catalytic Efficiency of Supported Heteropoly Acids for Esterification: Effect of Weak Catalyst Support Interactions." Journal of Chemistry 2018 (July 24, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7037461.

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Abstract (sommario):

Supported heteropoly acids are an interesting class of solid acid catalysts which possess flexible structure and super acidic properties essentially required for the oil-based biodiesel production. In this study, a series of catalysts containing 25 wt.% of heteropolytungstate (HPW) supported on various clays or SiO2 were prepared, and their catalytic efficiency was evaluated for esterification of acetic acid with heptanol. The as-prepared catalysts were characterized by various techniques including FT-IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy,

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49

Lanre, Mahmud S., Ahmed S. Al-Fatesh, Anis H. Fakeeha, Samsudeen O. Kasim, Ahmed A. Ibrahim, Abdulrahman S. Al-Awadi, Attiyah A. Al-Zahrani, and Ahmed E. Abasaeed. "Catalytic Performance of Lanthanum Promoted Ni/ZrO2 for Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane." Processes 8, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 1502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8111502.

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Abstract (sommario):

Nickel catalysts supported on zirconium oxide and modified by various amounts of lanthanum with 10, 15, and 20 wt.% were synthesized for CO2 reforming of methane. The effect of La2O3 as a promoter on the stability of the catalyst, the amount of carbon formed, and the ratio of H2 to CO were investigated. In this study, we observed that promoting the catalyst with La2O3 enhanced catalyst activities. The conversions of the feed, i.e., methane and carbon dioxide, were in the order 10La2O3 > 15La2O3 > 20La2O3 > 0La2O3, with the highest conversions being about 60% and 70% for both CH4 and C

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50

Gutiérrez-Ortega, Norma, Esthela Ramos-Ramírez, Alma Serafín-Muñoz, Adrián Zamorategui-Molina, and Jesús Monjaraz-Vallejo. "Use of Co/Fe-Mixed Oxides as Heterogeneous Catalysts in Obtaining Biodiesel." Catalysts 9, no. 5 (April 29, 2019): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9050403.

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Abstract (sommario):

Catalyst-type mixed metal oxides with different compositions and Co/Fe ratios were obtained from layered double hydroxides to be used as heterogeneous catalysts in the production of biodiesel. The effect of the Co/Fe ratio on the precursors of the catalysts was analyzed, considering their thermal, textural and structural properties. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric), X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray

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