Tesi sul tema "Central Morocco"

This thesis explores migration as the abiding imaginative trope in the social life of the Tadla, a rural area of Central Morocco at the feet of the Atlas Mountains where emigration to Southern Europe has been pervasive since the 1980s. Complementing mainstream anthropological literature on migration, which tends to focus on the causes and effects of migratory flows in varied local settings, this study begins with the question of what migration is imagined to be in the first place, and characterises migration’s imposing role in social life through this specific ethnographic understanding. The thesis approaches the phenomenon of migration in the Tadla by grounding its investigation in the native concept of l-barra, ‘the outside’, a polysemic concept that signifies simultaneously specific geographical places (e.g. ‘Europe’), inexhaustible possibilities for better futures, and, more metaphysically, an entity with unique powers over people and things. Two main arguments guide this thesis with respect to l-barra. The first is that l-barra is the constitutive feature of an entire cosmology of migration in the Tadla, in relation to which not only migration but also life more generally is imagined. The second is that by virtue of its constitutive role as a horizon of and for the imagination, this ‘outside’ is also best delineated as an entity-cum-concept that affects social and intimate life in the Tadla in very concrete ways. To develop this argument, the thesis focuses in particular on how migration is both inflected by and in turn inflects local notions of gender and personhood. By tracing how l-barra is implicated in those very practices that define and qualify gendered subjects in the Tadla, the thesis suggests that, in the ethnographic context of Central Morocco, conceptions of gender do not only influence the process of migration, but are also in large part borne of it.

The complexity of the interplay between tectonics and sedimentation increases when salt tectonics is involved because of the ductility of salt and its ability to flow. Discrimination between extensional tectonics and salt-related processes is problematic; especially where salt-related rift basins were inverted as occurred in the Central High Atlas in Morocco. The aim of the present work was to analyse and understand the dynamics of the Central High Atlas diapiric basin during the Early Jurassic rift and subsequent post-rift periods using a multidisciplinary workflow integrating fieldwork, analogue models and subsidence and thermal numerical modelling. Two regions were examined to assess the effects of salt tectonics in the evolution of the basin; the Djebel Bou Dahar platform-basin system represented the fault domain of the rift basin where diapiric activity was not described and the Tazoult-Amezraï area and Imilchil diapiric province corresponding to the unstable domain of the basin characterised by the presence of diapiric salt ridges and minibasins. Results from analogue models highlighted the intrinsic interrelation between extension, diapirism and sedimentation that characterised the diapiric domain of the Central High Atlas. Longitudinal and transverse sedimentary progradations and their timing had a strong impact in the migration of ductile layers, in the growth of diapirs and in their lateral structural variations; triggering well-developed passive diapirs in the proximal domains and incipient reactive diapirs or poorly developed roller-like and passive diapirs in the distal domains of the sediment source. Analogue models including post-diapiric compression fairly reproduced the observed structure in the studied areas. Modelling with 6% and 10% of shortening, slightly lower than the Atlas one, produced the progressive close-up of the two flanks of salt walls and their final welding as well as the steepening of their outward flanks, with dips increasing from 8o-17o prior to compression to 30o-50o after compression. Subsidence curves varied depending on the analysed localities of the rift basin. Djebel Bou Dahar showed long-term and low-rate tectonic and total subsidence (0.06 and 0.08 mm yr-1, respectively). The roughly parallel evolution of both total and tectonic subsidence curves indicates the main extensional tectonic influence on subsidence pattern, as corroborated by the syndepositional activity of the outcropping Sinemurian-Pliensbachian normal faults. In the unstable domain, Amezraï minibasin centre showed tectonic and total subsidence rates between 0.06-0.32 and 0.19-0.98 mm yr-1, rates one order of magnitude higher than in the Djebel Bou Dahar. These subsidence rates were up to two-fold their equivalent rates in the Tazoult salt wall (0.01-0.27 and 0.09-0.74 mm yr-1). In the Imilchil diapiric province lateral shifts of the main subsiding depocenters were recorded during Toarcian to Callovian times (tectonic and total subsidence rates up to 0.23 and 0.90 mm yr-1). The subsidence of the unstable domain was caused by the combination of normal fault extension and salt withdrawal from beneath the minibasins during rifting, being the salt-related subsidence predominant during the post-rift and masking the expected subsidence pattern for a rift-post rift transition. For the first time, 27 new vitrinite reflectance data were used to build the thermal evolution and associated geohistory of the Central High Atlas. Thermal models, with heat flows of 105 mW/m2 (from 189 to 140 Ma) followed by 60 mW/m2 and 70 mW/m2 (from 189 to 182.7 Ma) followed by 60 mW/m2, pointed to a post-Middle Jurassic evolution characterised by long-term and low-rate subsidence and an overburden between 1200-2400 m on the Tazoult-Amezraï area. The comparison of subsidence curves from this study with Saharan Atlas and Tunisian Atlas showed that peak of subsidence in these salt-related domains became younger to the east.
La discriminació entre processos associats a tectònica extensiva i a tectònica salina es problemàtica; especialment en conques diapíriques extensives invertides com és el cas del Alt Atles Central de Marroc (CHA). L’objectiu d’aquesta tesis és analitzar i entendre els processos que interaccionaren a la conca diapírica del CHA durant el rift Juràssic i el subseqüent període post rift, utilitzant una metodologia multidisciplinària que integra treball de camp, models analògics i models numèrics. S’han estudiat dos dominis de la conca: no diapiric i diapiric (diapirisme durant el Juràssic Inferior i Mitjà). Els models analògics mostren que progradacions longitudinals i transversals i el moment quan s’inicien tenen un gran impacte en la migració dels nivells dúctils, en el mode de creixement diapiric i les seves variacions laterals. Els models amb compressió post-diapírica mostren que dita compressió produeix la reducció progressiva de l’amplada de les estructures diapíriques fins al seu tancament complet, així com a un increment dels cabussaments dels flancs com s’ha observat a les zones d’estudi. Les corbes de subsidència varien segons el domini analitzat. El domini no diapiric es caracteritza per un període llarg de baixes taxes de subsidència tectònica i total (0.06 i 0.08 mma-1). El domini diapiric registra taxes de subsidència tectònica i total fins a un ordre de magnitud majors que en el domini no diapiric (0.23 i 0.90 mma-1) i una migració dels depocentres subsidents. La subsidència del domini diapiric s’interpreta, durant el rift Juràssic Inferior, com una combinació d’activitat de falles normals i migració salina, sent aquesta darrera la predominant durant la fase post-extensiva i emmascarant el patró de subsidència esperat en un estadi de transició rift-post rift. Per primera vegada, es presenta la geohistòria de la part central del CHA. Els models tèrmics emprats per a la seva construcció, avaluats amb 27 noves dades de reflectància de vitrinites de la zona d’estudi, suggereixen una evolució post-Juràssic Mitjà caracteritzada per un període llarg de baixa subsidència que hauria enterrat la regió entre 1200-2400 m, en comptes de una complexa historia que inclouria diversos esdeveniments d’exhumació com s’ha enregistrat en altres zones del Alt Atles Marroquí.

Known since the beginning of the century, the Iouaridène ichnosite has never been studied in detail, even if it was frequently cited for the presence of the Breviparopus taghbaloutensis r. The trampled layers belong to the lower member of the probably Upper Jurassic Iouaridène Formation. The sedimentological and stratigraphical work allowed to reconstruct the paleoenvironment as a fluvial flood basin, cyclically flooded. This work identifies 21 trampled layers, bearing probably more than 1000 tracks: a complete ichnocoenosis, with 12 different morphotypes, bearing traces of theropods, sauropods, ornithischians, thyreophora and other vertebrates and invertebrates animals. Such a large number of footprints were used to test and refine statistical and morphometrical methods applied to ichnology: PCA and Landmark analysis. The results, even if preliminary, are very promising and open new perspective for a more quantitave and objective ichnology and ichnotaxonomy.
Conosciuto fino dagli inizi del secolo scorso, l’icnosito di Iouaridène non è mai stato studiato in dettaglio, anche se viene citato spesso dalla letteratura per la presenza della pista di riferimento di Breviparopus taghbaloutensis. I livelli ad impronte appartengono al membro inferiore della Formazione di Iouaridène, presumibilmente di età Giurassica superiore. L’analisi startigrafico-sedimentological lella formazione ha consentito di ricostruire il paleoambiente come una bacino alluvionale fluviale, soggetto a periodiche inondazioni. In questo lavoro sono stati identificqati 21 livelli improntati, contententi probabilmente più di 1000 impronte; una completa icnocenosi, comprendente 12 morfotipi diversi, tra teropodi, sauropodi, ornitischi, tireofori e altri vertebrati ed invertebrati. Un così grande numero di impronte rilevate ha consentito di testare e affianare dei metodi di analisi statistica e morfometrica applciati all’icnologia: la PCA e la Landmark analysis. I risultati, per quanto preliminari, sono molto promettenti e aprono nuove prospettive verso un’icnologia e un’icnotassonomia più quantitative e oggettive.

The Upper Triassic of North Africa contains a number of extensive sandstone units, which are important hydrocarbon reservoirs in Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia. The stratigraphic subdivision of the Triassic reservoirs (TAGI- Triassic Argilo-Gréseux Inférieur) in the main Algerian fields is currently adequate for initial field development. However, doubts exist with regard to chronostratigraphic equivalence of reservoir zones and the identification of key bounding surfaces from field to field. A major problem is the definition of sequence boundaries in continental settings that are detached from direct effects of sea-level changes lacking biostratigraphic control. An accurate method of dating and correlating these sediments is therefore required in order to provide a refined stratigraphic and sedimentological model. Attempting to address these correlation problems, the influence of climate on sedimentation and cyclicity was introduced as an alternative method in order to link continental sequence. The influence of climate has increasingly been recognised as a control on runoff and sediment input into siliciclastic basins (e.g. Perlmutter & Matthews, 1989; 1990; Olsen, 1990; Clemmensen et al., 1994). Furthermore, the Upper Triassic documents an era when vast amounts of land were elevated and subjected to the direct effect of extreme climatic regimes driving sedimentation on the mega-continent. This study of Carnian-Norian continental fluvio-aeolian successions therefore tests the hypothesis whether sediment deposition in low palaeolatitudes of around 10 to 25° N on Pangaea was driven by mega-monsoonal oscillations (sensu Kutzbach & Gallimore, 1989). The study is based on the comparison of time- and facies-equivalent siliciclastic deposits within geographically separate basins integrating outcrop and subsurface data from the Agadir-Essaouira Basins (SW Morocco), the Fundy Basin (E Canada) and subsurface data from the Berkine Basin (Central Algeria). Comparable outcrop and subsurface studies have been undertaken with the ultimate aim of (1) providing analogues for the prolific TAGI (Triassic Argilo-Gréseux Inférieur) of the main Algerian fields; (2) correlating major climatic periods on a regional scale; in order to introduce a semi-chronostratigraphic component; and to (3) consequently assess the temporal and spatial distribution of these prolific fluvio-aeolian reservoir sandstones on a regional scale.

La recharge au niveau des piémonts constitue une source importante de recharge naturelle des eaux souterraines dans les zones arides et semi-aride. Le bassin du Tensift, au centre du Maroc, héberge la plaine du Haouz et l'aquifère alluvial du Haouz dont l'extension spatiale dépasse 6000 km². L'eau souterraine est la source d'eau principale pour les activités agricoles, industrielles et pour l'alimentation en eau potable Cette ressource st considérablement affectée par la surexploitation et le changement climatique. La détermination des sources et des processus de recharge, en particulier au niveau des piémonts, est primordiale pour la gestion efficace des ressources en eau. Malgré son importance, la dynamique de la recharge au niveau des piémonts du Haut-Atlas, comme dans les zones semi-arides autour du globe, reste peu étudiée. L'objectif de la présente étude est d'investiguer, de près, les sources de recharge dans le piémont du Haut-Atlas, en se focalisant sur l'infiltration au niveau des oueds. L'étude est basée sur la combinaison de plusieurs types de de données : prélèvements des seguias, piézométriques, isotopiques, hydrochimiques, teneur en eau des sédiments et température des sédiments récoltés sur le terrain. Les données ont été analysées qualitativement et quantitativement par modélisation. Les données piézométriques et isotopiques (18O et ²H) ont été utilisés pour comparer la recharge naturelle et la recharge induite par irrigation dans le piémont du Haut-Atlas. L'évolution piézométrique a montré que la recharge induite par l'irrigation traditionnelle dépasse celle induite par l'infiltration au niveau des oueds. Cela est en accordance avec la distribution spatiale des signatures isotopiques qui montrent l'influence du captage des eaux par Séguias, en période d'écoulement normal sur la recharge des eaux souterraines. L'évolution hydrochimique des eaux souterraines dans la zone d'étude est influencée par les interactions eau/roche, la dissolution des minéraux carbonatés et des évaporites, l'hydrolyse des silicates et les échanges ioniques entre l'eau et les sédiments. L'influence de l'irrigation par les eaux de surface sur la recharge des eaux souterraines et les pratiques agricoles dans la zone d'étudie ont préservé la bonne qualité de ces eaux et leur adéquation à l'utilisation domestique. La teneur en eau et la température des sédiments mesurés sur un site expérimental dans le lit de l'oued Rheraya, pendant une année entière, ont été utilisés pour caractériser la dynamique de l'infiltration et de la recharge des eaux pendant les périodes d'écoulements. ces données sont aussi exploitées pour le calage d'un modèle du transport d'énergie dans le milieu poreux pour calculer les taux d'infiltration. Pendant toute l'année, la recharge totale calculée est de 425 mm/m². La recharge est principalement induite par les crues et elle est contrôlée par la saisonnalité, l'état antérieur de saturation des sédiments, la durée des évènements, puis la hauteur du niveau de l'eau. Les résultats de cette étude peuvent être incorporés dans les schémas futurs de la gestion et de la préservation des ressources en eau dans le bassin de Tensift
Mountaifront recherge is the recharge of grounwater occuring in the piedmonts of high-elevation mountain often receiving more precipitation due to orographic effects. This type of recharge is the major source of groundwater replenishment in many semi(arid) basins. The Tensift basin in central Morocco hosts the large alluvial plain of Haouz with its vast pheatic aquifer of more than 6000 km². groundwater in the Haouz plain is the main source of water for the socio-economic activities in the area. This groundwater originates from the adjacent high-Atlas ranges. Despite the importance of mountain-front recharge for the socio-economic deveopment in the area, it was never investigated with care but only incorporate in a very limited regional-scale studies providing highly speculative conclusions. The aims of the present study is the close investigation of recharge sources in the mountain-front area of the High-Atlas of Marrakech at the local scale, with an emphasis on infiltration within wadi channels. Hydrophysical data (piezometry, sediment water content and heat), hydrochemical (major ions) and environmental tracers (stable isotopes of water) from field campaigns and experiments were used in this study. The data acquired was analyzed by analytical methods and modeling (heat transport modeling). Coupled groundwater fluctuation measurements and environmental tracers (18O, ²H, and major ions) were used to identify and compare the natural mountain-front recharge to the anthropogenic irrigation recharge. Within the High-Atlas mountain front of the Ourika Basin, Central Morocco, the groundwater fluctuation mapping from the dry to wet season showed that recharge beneath the irrigation area may be higher than recharge along the streanbed. A conceptual model of seasonal groundwater recharge sources in the study area was established. Theses findings highlight that irrigation practices can result in the dominant mountain front racharge process for groundwater. The hydrochemical evolution of groundwater in the mountain-front area is controlled mainly by water-rock interactions through mineral dissolution, silicate weathering and ion exchange. The strong relationship between groundwater and mountain water, enhanced by traditional irrigation, and the ecological agriculture practiced in the area preserved the excellent quality of groundwater. Streambed water content and temperature were continuously logged over a year for the Rheraya intermittent wadi. Over the entire year, the calculated total potential recharge based on heat transfer modeling was 425 mm/m2. During winter and spring when the alluvium has a higher water moisture, this recharge is predominantly generated by floods. Normal streamflow generally generates low infiltration but contributes to wetting the sediment. During the summer, brief flashfloods over dry sediment result in shallower and slow wetting from infiltration, despite of their higher peak streamflow. Results from this study can be incorporated in future management schemes for the water resources preservation in the Tensift basin

À travers une généalogie, réelle ou symbolique, les Ait Sidi Ali Amhawch, descendants de Dadda Ali Ohsain, s'inscrivent assurément dans le champ religieux au milieu rural du Moyen Atlas central. Ainsi, prédisposés à assumer des rôles politiques, les Imhiwach ont construit un pouvoir spirituel et temporel qu’ils ont exercé pendant deux siècles (1715-1932). Forts de leur capital religieux et social, les Imhiwach deviennent des leaders charismatiques, producteurs d'actions et de paroles légitimes. À partir d’une étude ethnographique des expressions culturelles, des traditions orales et rituelles, cette thèse se propose d'apporter un éclairage sur le parcours de la famille Amhawch, en révélant les mouvements qui ont traversé la société du Moyen Atlas et leurs impacts sur les structures anthropologiques, ainsi que sur les perceptions et attitudes des individus. Trois périodes historiques sont mises en avant dans cette étude : la période précoloniale, durant laquelle les Ait Sidi Ali Amhawch ont construit des alliances tribales et se sont opposés au Makhzen (pouvoir traditionnel) ; la période coloniale, au cours de laquelle ils ont mené une résistance armée, qualifiée de guerre sainte, contre l’armée française ; et enfin, la période postcoloniale, marquée par des transformations profondes des institutions sociales et culturelles. Bien que les pratiques rituelles et la tradition orale expriment indubitablement l’ancrage de l’histoire des Imhiwach dans la mémoire collective de la population du Moyen Atlas, cette étude cherche à élucider la dimension sociale, politique et religieuse de la sainteté des Imhiwach au Moyen Atlas central
Through their genealogy, whether real or symbolic, the Ait Sidi Ali Amhawch, descendants of Dadda Ali Ohsain, are certainly part of the religious field in the rural environment of the central Middle Atlas. Thus, predisposed to assume political roles, the Imhiwach built a spiritual and temporal power that they exercised for two centuries (1715-1932). Strengthened by their religious and social capital, the Imhiwach became charismatic leaders, producing legitimate actions and words. Based on an ethnographic study of cultural expressions, oral and ritual traditions, this thesis aims to shed light on the Amhawch family's journey, revealing the movements that have traversed Middle Atlas society and their impact on anthropological structures, as well as on individual perceptions and attitudes. Three historical periods are highlighted in this study: the pre-colonial period, during which the Ait Sidi Ali Amhawch built tribal alliances and opposed the Makhzen (traditional power); the colonial period, during which they led an armed resistance, described as a holy war, against the French army; and finally, the post-colonial period, marked by profound transformations in social and cultural institutions. Although ritual practices and oral tradition undoubtedly express the anchoring of the Imhiwach story in the collective memory of the Middle Atlas population, this study seeks to elucidate the social, political and religious dimension of Imhiwach’s sanctity in the central Middle Atlas

couplant transfert de chaleur et circulation de fluide. L'objectif principal de ce travail est de tester la nature du lien génétique entre l'intrusion et le processus de minéralisation. La première série de résultats s'appuie sur une comparaison avec des exemples naturels de gisements bien connus : i) L'hydrodynamique et la localisation des zones probables de minéralisation sont fortement dépendantes de la profondeur de mise en place du pluton. Au-dessus de 4.5km de profondeur de mise en place, le seuil de perméabilité de 10-16 m² est atteint et les cellules convectives peuvent créer des zones de décharge additionnelles où des minéralisations peuvent avoir lieu ; ii) Pour toutes les profondeurs d'emplacement, la zone en dessous du pluton n'est pas favorable à la précipitation minérale ; iii) Les apophyses focalisent les fluides convectifs et les zones de minéralisation autour d'elles ; iv) La phase de refroidissement n'est pas la phase majeure de convection. La zone advective principale et celle de haute favorabilité peuvent se produire avant et pendant la phase la plus chaude d'emplacement, avant que le magma ne cristallise complètement; v) Les détachements sont capables de fortement modifier et de re-localiser les flux convectifs déclenchés par une intrusion syn-tectonique; vi) Les conditions physiques favorables à la minéraliser sont produites pendant une durée courte autour de la phase la plus chaude de l'intrusion. Même si les arguments chimiques sont absents, la circulation de fluide (induite par la mise en place de magma) joue un rôle principal dans la genèse des gisements d'or associés aux intrusions. De plus, la formation de ce type de gisement est favorisée par l'occurrence d'une auréole thermique fracturée autour de l'intrusion. La seconde série de résultats concerne l'étude du cas naturel de la minéralisation W-Au de Tighza (Jebel Aouam) au Maroc Central. Une campagne d'acquisition de données gravimétriques, l'inversion données et l'utilisation de logiciel 3D, ont permis d'obtenir la géométrie 3D complexe du pluton de Tighza. Les résultats sont les suivants : i) la zone probable de la minéralisation apparaît au début de la mise en place du magma dans la zone perméable (veine W1) et s'étend pour remplir W1 et couvrir la région autour du pluton pendant la phase la plus chaude de mise en place; ii) lors du refroidissement, la zone probable est réduite et limitée à la zone perméable (W1) pendant 0,6 Ma; iii) L'application de la température de fermeture isotopique de la muscovite et de la biotite avec la distribution du R²AI montre que les âges de refroidissement entre la minéralisation au niveau de la veine W1 et l'intrusion ne sont pas séparés de plus de 0,10 Ma. Ceci est confirmé par la datation absolue de la minéralisation de Tighza et permet de discuter la fiabilité des âges obtenus pour la minéralisation dans la veine W1.

L’aléa géologique constitue un axe de recherche en développement constant, les zones habitées étant de plus en plus envahissantes et les exigences pour la maîtrise des aléas étant de plus en plus fortes. Les zones de montagne sont des régions très concernées par différents types d’aléas. Cette étude s’est attachée à l’évaluation de l’aléa Mouvements de terrain (MT) qui constituent l’aléa le plus important dans le Rif Nord — Ouest, Maroc. Ce travail présente une procédure en trois étapes pour l’évaluation de l’aléa mouvements de terrains (AMT). Neuf paramètres disponibles de prédisposition et de déclenchement du milieu géologique (lithologie, fracturation, sismicité, gradient de pente, hypsométrie, exposition des versants, réseau hydrographique, précipitations, et occupation des sols) ont été cartographiés et hiérarchisés dans le but de mieux comprendre leurs interrelations et leurs effets respectifs dans la genèse des MT. Ensuite, la classification, l’inventaire, la description et l’analyse des MT ont été réalisés par interprétation d’images satellitaires THR associée à un travail de terrain. Enfin, l’AMT a été évalué par l’utilisation d’une approche multi-échelle (petite = 1/100 000em, et moyenne = 1/50 000°”j. A petite échelle, cette évaluation a été effectuée par la combinaison de cartes d’index (CCI) où les poids et les pondérations pour chaque paramètre ont été introduits en se basant sur les données statistiques réelles afin de réduire l’aspect subjectif de la méthode. A une échelle moyenne, cette évaluation a été effectuée par l’application et la comparaison de deux approches probabilistes. Il s’agit - de l’approche bivariée de la théorie de l’évidence, et, - de l’approche multivariée des régressions logistiques la première approche s’est avérée plus performante à prédire l’aléa glissements de terrain, alors que la seconde est plus performante pour modéliser l’aléa écroulements et coulées de débris à cette échelle, dans un environnement montagneux maghrébin. Les différentes cartes réalisées constituent un puissant outil d’aide à la décision pour présenter, comparer et discuter des scénarios d’aménagement du territoire : aménagements urbains, ouvrages ou tracés routiers. Ces résultats s’inscrivent dans le cadre du développement durable et permettront d’atténuer les impacts socioéconomiques habituellementconstatés, lors de déclenchement des MT
Geological hazards represent a research topic that is in constant development. Populated areas are ever expanding and the requirements for the control of the hazards they represent are becoming increasingly significant. Orogenic zones are among the areas affected by different types of hazards. This study focuses on the evaluation of mass movement (MM) hazard which is the most common hazard in the Northwest part of the Rifain belt in Morocco. It introduces a three-step procedure to assess mas movement hazard (MMH). Nine contextual variables that characterize the geological environment (lithology, fracturing, seismicity, slope gradient, elevation, aspect, stream’s net, precipitation and land-use) were mapped and classified in order to better understand their interrelationships and their respective effects in the onest of MM. Following this, the classification, inventory, description and the analysis of the MM were carried out by interpretation of high remote sensing data associated to the field study. Finally, MMS was assessed using a multi-scale approach (small = 1/100,000 ; mean = 1/50,000). At the small scale, this assessment was carried out using an index-based approach where the rating nd weighting of each parameter was introduced based on real statistical data to reduce the subjectivity of the method. At the meso-scale, this evaluation was performed by applying and comparing two probabilistic approaches. These are: (i) the bivariate weights of evidence approach (WOEA), and (ii) the multivariate logistic regression approach (LRA). WOEA proved most successful in predicting landslides hazard and LR proved most successfull in modeling rockfalls and debris flow at the meso-scale in a North African mountain environment. The various maps produced constitute a powerful decision-making tool to present, compare and discuss scenarios of town and land-use planning, i. E. Urban planning, works or road plans. These results are part of a sustainable development framework winch allows mitigating the socioeconomic impacts that are usually noticed during the release of MM

L'origine et l'évolution physico-chimiques des fluides carbo-azot2s, et la reconstitution des principaux stades de production et de migration de ces fluides, ainsi que leur rôle dans les processus metallog2niques, au cours du métamorphisme constitue l'objet principal de ce mémoire. Les travaux réalisés sur trois zones métamorphiques, au Maroc (Jebilet centrales, Tichka) et au sud-ouest du massif central français, ont permis de: 1) faire un inventaire des fluides en équilibre avec les schistes noirs et leur phase de production dans des contextes de métamorphisme de contact; 2) d'aborder le rôle de ces fluides dans le contrôle des équilibres entre fluides et minéraux; 3) de proposer une chronologie relative entre les phases de migration des fluides carbo-azotés et des fluides sans espèces volatiles, en relation avec la mise en solution et le dépôt de l'uranium (bondons), de l'or (Tichka) et du graphite (Jebilet). Ce travail basé essentiellement sur l'étude des fluides du système chons, a permis d'obtenir des résultats originaux sur: 1) le calage précis des phases de production et de migration de ces fluides en fonction de l'évolution des conditions p-t-x et des dépôts de minéraux; 2) l'utilisation de plusieurs techniques nouvelles (microspectroscopie infrarouge, microsonde nucléaire) pour la caractérisation des sites de l'azote et la quantification de sa concentration; 3) la présentation d'un modèle de la genèse des minéralisations de graphite

Cadre geodynamique de la marge marocaine. Structure et evolution tectonique et sedimentaire de la marge el jadida. Comparaison des resultats avec ceux connus sur la marge nord-ouest africaine jusqu'au plateau de guinee et sur la marge conjuguee de la nouvelle-ecosse, georges bank

Pendant le viséen-supérieur-Namurien se sont déposés dans les Jebilet Centrales des sédiments argileux matures, contemporains d'une activité volcanique importante. Au cours de la phase namuro-westphalienne, ces sédiments ont subi un plissement accompagné d'un métamorphisme régional épizonal. A la fin de cette phase, ces schistes ont subi un métamorphisme de contact au cours de l'ascension des stocks granitiques de tendance calco-alcaline. Les filons argentifères de Roc Blanc sont subconcordant avec la schistosité des grésopélites. La minéralisation s'y répartit en colonnes et présente une structure rubanée ou bréchique. Elle est composée de trois paragenèses : une paragenèse de haute température à Fe, Cu, Ni, Co, As, Se dans une gangue quartzo-sidéritique. La paragenèse principale est liée à une phase de bréchification. Durant cette phase des fluides de moyenne température 250 à 300°C déposent des sulfures et des sulfosels de Pb, Zn, Ag, Sb, Bi, Sn. Une paragenèse tardive, de basse température, est composée de pyrite et chalcopyrite automorphes et d'argent rouges sur des structures géodiques. Un modèle d'évolution du plomb, à deux stades a été établi. Les données obtenues sont en bon accord avec une différenciation manteau-croûte à 3,7 milliards d'années pour un rapport 238U/204Pb de 9, 54. Les rapports isotopiques des roches "encaissantes" révèlent une histoire complexe de U et Pb. Le domaine restreint des compositions isotopiques des galènes du paléozoïque marocain montre qu'elles dérivent d'une source unique correspondant à un matériel crustal anté-hercynien

The High Atlas is an orogenic system resulting from the Cenozoic-Recent tectonic inversion of Triassic-Jurassic rift systems. Its present setting derives from a long and complex tectono-sedimentary evolution related to the Early Mesozoic opening of the Atlantic Ocean (pre-orogenic period) and, then, to the Cenozoic convergence between the African and European plates which led to a full tectonic inversion. The WSW-ENE trending chain is bounded by the North Atlas Fault to the north and the South Atlas Fault to the south, that represented the master faults of the rifted basins during the pre-orogenic period, then reactivated in inversion during the orogenic period. Early Jurassic syn-rift carbonate platforms, related to a marine ingression, were replaced in the Middle Jurassic-Late Cretaceous by post-rift fluvial and lacustrine environments. The related continental successions, regionally known as Couches Rouges, are not unanimously interpreted in the frame of the tectono-sedimentary evolution of the High Atlas. According to some authors they record localized early compressive-transpressive stages of deformation, others refer them to a period of tectonic quiescence. This study illustrates a revised stratigraphy, facies analyses and paleodrainage reconstruction of the Guettioua (Bathonian) and Jbel Sidal Formations (Barremian), that represents the fluvial units of the Couches Rouges, outcropping at the core of several syncline basins throughout the Central High Atlas. The aim is to understand if there was a tectonic forcing on the development of the Middle Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous fluvial systems. The sedimentological characters observed in the two fluvial formations suggest that they have been deposited by wide ephemeral fluvial systems, characterized by a high variable discharge. The reconstructed paleogeography, based on paleodrainage analysis, shows the fragmentation of the fluvial systems in several drainage basins, separated by local thresholds, uplifting during the sedimentation. Our reconstruction suggests that the post-rift fluvial systems were controlled by the presence of topographic highs in the area of the High Atlas of Marrakech, in the axial part of the chain and at its southern front, next to the South Atlas Fault. This conclusion, together with structural data and tectonic observations collected in some of the study areas, supports the idea that, from the Middle Jurassic, the Central High Atlas were affected by early compressive-transpressive stages of deformation.

Questa ricerca è incentrata sullo sviluppo di contenuti e strategie d'insegnamento che incoraggino l'acquisizione di competenza in arabo parlato. Pertanto, interazione, ascolto e comprensione sono individuate quali abilità chiave ed a fondamento della padronanza dell'arabo per parlanti non madrelingua. Le capacità di ascolto e comprensione rappresentano il primo passo, per poter dopo replicare ed interagire con gli altri parlanti: perciò costituiscono le basi della comunicazione. L'idea che le abilità di ascolto e comprensione richiedano inevitabilmente competenza pragmatica è facilmente intuibile. La padronanza del registro colloquiale, la conoscenza di lessemi ad alta frequenza, forti capacità di discriminazione fonetica, sufficiente memoria linguistica: sono questi gli ingredienti per la 'ricetta della competenza linguistica'. Naturalmente, questi ingredienti si amalgamano al meglio con l'interazione, non con la mera lettura, la traduzione o gli esercizi di grammatica. Una lingua non dev'essere più considerata un campo per lo sviluppo di abilità passive, né il processo d'apprendimento può rimanere centrato sul riconoscimento dei significati (lettura, traduzione). Al contrario, l'apprendimento dev'essere inteso verso l'acquisizione di strumenti utili per la vita quotidiana; la classe e l'ambiente didattico devono essere rappresentativi della realtà. Ignorando tutte le considerazioni precedenti, la maggior parte degli insegnanti di arabo introducono precocemente lo studio della varietà classica (o standard o formale), fin dai livelli di principianti o elementari. Essi, con ogni probabilità, commettono un errore procedurale e pragmatico. Ryding (Ryding in Wahba 2006: 16) ha affermato che lo studio dell' arabo ha dato preferenza ad una 'priorità inversa' ('reverse privileging') nella scelta della varietà di arabo da insegnare. Infatti, è stata assegnata priorità alla varietà standard, che è adottata per funzioni secondarie del linguaggio. Piuttosto, è necessario accordare un ruolo privilegiato all'arabo parlato, utile nelle funzioni primarie e familiari. Molti studiosi come Wahba (Wahba 2006: 150), Younes (Younes 2015: 56), Palmer (Palmer 2007: 111), Chouairi (Chouairi 2009: 40) ed ultimamente Al-Batal (Al-Batal 2018: 9) hanno addirittura sostenuto che insegnare l'arabo moderno standard (MSA) rappresenta un disservizio verso gli studenti, nel senso che non fornisce loro strumenti base per una competenza comunicativa minima. Di conseguenza, gli insegnanti che rifiutano di adattare la loro pratica didattica a questo nuovo orientamento rigettano esplicitamente il percorso mirato alla conquista della competenza pragmatica, inoltre non si attengono alle prescrizioni fissate dal Consiglio d'Europa per le lingue, ad esempio in termini di 'performance' e 'know-how'. Alosh (Alosh 1997: 137) da parte sua ci ha invitato ad aiutare gli studenti nel conseguire degli "standard minimi di performance" ("minimum performance standards"). Questo minimo si può ottenere attraverso una pianificazione precisa, che fissi in anticipo una sequenza specifica d'insegnamento, per coprire tutti gli aspetti necessari allo sviluppo delle varie abilità. Effettivamente, il processo per far sviluppare le abilità di comunicazione nei nostri apprendimenti merita la stesura di un programma educativo dettagliato. La seconda parte della mia tesi, perciò, offre dei piani di studio con una selezione precisa di contenuti didattici suddivisi per moduli, registro per registro: levantino di Beirut, omanita di Ibri, marocchino di Rabat, egiziano de Il Cairo. Fonologia, morfologia e sintassi sono trattate secondo un approccio differente, che richiede massima dedizione e creatività all'insegnante. La grammatica non è affrontata direttamente, ma costituisce solamente un criterio organizzativo degli elementi linguistici da imparare.
Abstract This research focuses on the development of content and teaching strategies that encourage the acquisition of Spoken Arabic. Because of the focus on a speech-oriented approach, interaction, listening, and comprehension are identified as key skills, as well as basics for building a command of Arabic in non-native speakers. Listening and comprehension constitute the first steps in replicating speech, and interacting with other speakers becomes the basis on which we build communication. The idea that listening and comprehension inevitably require pragmatic competence is intuitive. The mastery of the colloquial register, the knowledge of high frequency lexemes, strong aural discrimination skills, and sufficient linguistic memory: all of these ingredients are required for the “recipe for linguistic competence.” Of course, these components are mixed together through interaction, not merely by reading, translation, or grammar exercises. A language should no longer be considered a field for developing passive skills, nor can the learning process remain centered on the recognition of meanings (reading, translation). On the contrary, it must be intended as an effective tool for everyday life; the classroom and the learning environment must be representative of reality. Neglecting all the above considerations, the majority of Arabic teachers introduce early on the study of the classical variety (or standard or formal), starting from elementary levels. They likely without notice commit a procedural and pragmatic mistake. Ryding (Ryding in Wahba 2006: 16) claimed that Arabic studies have been giving preference to a reverse privileging in the variety of Arabic to teach. Priority has been given to the standard variety, which is used for the secondary functions of the language.  We rather need to accord a privileged place to Spoken Arabic, for it is useful in familiar primary functions. Many scholar like Wahba (Wahba 2006: 150), Younes (2015: 56), Palmer (Palmer 2007: 111), Chouairi (Chouairi 2009: 40), and recently Al-Batal (Al-Batal 2018: 9) have stated that teaching MSA does a disservice to students, in the sense it that does not equip them with basic tools for a minimal communicative competence. As a consequence, the instructors who refuse to adapt their practice to this new orientation , explicitly reject the achievement of pragmatic competence goals and do not abide by the requirements posed by the European Council, for example, in term of “performance” and “know how”. Alosh (Alosh 1997: 137) invited to help students in achieving “minimum performance standards”. This “minimum” can be reached through precise planning, setting in advance a specific sequence to cover all the required aspects for skill development. In fact, developing communicative skills in our learners, deserves a precise and detailed instructional schedule. The second part of my dissertation offers a precise sequence for the teaching practice, register per register: Levantine of Beirut, Omani of Ibri, Moroccan of Rabat, Egyptian of Cairo. Phonology, morphology, and syntax are addressed according to a different approach, which requires commitment and creativity from instructors. Grammar is not addressed directly, but constitutes organizational criteria for the linguistic elements to be learned.
Resumen Esta investigación se centra en el desarrollo de contenidos y estrategias de enseñanza que fomenten la adquisición de la lengua árabe hablada. Por lo tanto la interacción, la escucha y la comprensión destacan como competencias clave, y como los elementos básicos para conseguir el dominio del árabe de hablantes no nativos. Escucha y comprensión, que constituyen el primer paso para interactuar con los otros, representan la base sobre la cual construimos la comunicación. La idea de que escuchar y comprender requiere inevitablemente competencia pragmática es incontestable. El dominio del registro coloquial, el conocimiento de lexemas de alta frecuencia, fuertes habilidades de discriminación auditiva y suficiente memoria lingüística: todos estos son los ingredientes necesarios para la “fórmula de la competencia lingüística”. Por supuesto, estos componentes se mezclan mediante la interacción, no mediante ejercicios de lectura, traducción o gramática. Una lengua ya no debería considerarse como un campo para desarrollar habilidades pasivas, ni el proceso de aprendizaje puede permanecer centrado en el reconocimiento de significados (lectura, traducción). Por el contrario, debe ser una herramienta efectiva para la vida cotidiana; el aula y el entorno de aprendizaje deben ser representativos de la realidad. Descuidando todas las consideraciones anteriores, la mayoría de los profesores de árabe introducen en el estudio sobre el de la variante clásica (o estándar o formal) solamente, desde la clase de principiantes. Probablemente cometen un error de procedimiento y de planificación. Ryding (Ryding in Wahba 2006: 16) afirmó que los estudios árabes han dado preferencia a un “privilegio inverso” en la variedad del árabe a enseñar. Se dio prioridad a la variante estándar, que se usa para las funciones secundarias del lenguaje. En cambio, es necesario asignar un papel privilegiado al árabe hablado, ya que esto es útil en las funciones primarias y familiares. Muchos eruditos como Wahba (Wahba 2006:150), Younes (Younes 2015: 56), Palmer (Palmer 2007: 111), Chouairi (Chouairi 2009: 40), y recientemente Al-Batal (Al-Batal 2018: 9) declararon que la enseñanza de Modern Standard Arabic hace un flaco servicio (“disservice”) a los estudiantes, en el sentido de que no los equipa con instrumentos básicos para obtenir una competencia comunicativa mínima. Como consecuencia, los enseñantes que se niegan a adaptar su práctica a esta nueva orientación rechazan explícitamente los objetivos de competencia pragmática y no cumplen los requisitos establecidos por el Consejo Europeo, por ejemplo, en términos de performance y know-how. Por su parte Alosh (Alosh 1997: 137) nos invita a ayudar a los estudiantes a alcanzar minimum performance standards. Este “mínimo” puede alcanzarse mediante una planificación precisa, estableciendo de antemano una secuencia específica para cubrir todos los aspectos necesarios para el desarrollo de las habilidades. De hecho, desarrollar una habilidad comunicativa en nuestros alumnos merece un plan de entrenamiento preciso y detallado. La segunda parte de mi tesis ofrece una secuencia precisa para la práctica de la enseñanza, según el registro elegido: el levantino de Beirut, el omaní de Ibri, el marroquí de Rabat y el egipcio de El Cairo. Fonología, morfología y sintaxis se tratan de acuerdo con un enfoque diferente, que requiere el compromiso y la creatividad de los profesores. La gramática no es un tema docente directo y principal, sino que constituye un criterio organizativo de los varios elementos lingüísticos que aprender.

The research project intends to develop a methodology for the conservation of the architectural heritage in the Maghreb countries, threatened by both natural (in particular seismic events) and anthropic attacks (loss of knowledge and uncritical affirmation of technological cultures incompatible with the previous ones). The field of application of the study was the Medina of Fes in Morocco, considered a representative example of the processes and dynamics in progress. The theme of preservation of cultural heritage is investigated following a multidisciplinary approach in which the purely technical aspects have been addressed by seeking comparison with socio-cultural aspects. In order to gain an in-depth knowledge of the systems and construction types characterizing the area under investigation, it was decided to study the living and construction culture in northern Morocco and specifically in the Fes region, paying attention, thanks to field investigations, on the main critical points of the buildings and on the techniques that can be associated with the “rule of the art”, including those devices that seem to play a role in contrasting the seismic action. In addition, for the same purpose, a survey campaign was carried out on traditional masonry as representative of recurrent types, trying to associate a structural assessment with it and verify its mechanical properties. In particular, the following were carried out: a) physical-mineralogical analyses on mortar and brick samples; b) mechanical characterization tests, i.e. compression tests, indirect traction tests and three-points-bending tests for on brick samples; c) an evaluation of the efficiency of the different wall types through the application of the Wall Quality Index (IQM) integrating it into the GNDT data form; d) tilt tests on wall models to assess the contribution to the resistance in the plane of the walls by the wooden “radications”, characteristic of the local construction technique. The results obtained allowed to support the subsequent analysis phase related to the evaluation of seismic vulnerability, a subject that has not yet been sufficiently studied in the Maghreb area. A methodology is then proposed for assessing the seismic vulnerability calibrated on the specific characteristics of historical settlements (essentially consisting of patio buildings in aggregate) that can be extended and replicated in other similar contexts. The proposed method is based on the II level GNDT Vulnerability Index and allowed the realization of vulnerability curves, fragility curves, damage scenarios for different seismic intensities and loss scenarios. The results of the vulnerability assessment are also presented through their spatial distribution in the form of maps created in the GIS environment. Finally, the proposed methodology for the assessment of seismic vulnerability was applied a second time to the case study imagining that it had performed a consolidation of the building through the implementation of interventions for coherent and mechanically compatible with the historicized building structural reinforcement.