Libri: "Cerebral ischaemia"

7

Cerebral Ischaemia: A Neuroradiological Study. Springer, 2011.

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8

Jacques, Bories, and Aymard A, eds. Cerebral ischaemia: A neuroradiological study. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985.

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9

Alarcón, Gonzalo, Marian Lazaro, and Antonio Valentín. Migraine, stroke, and cerebral ischaemia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0033.

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This chapter reviews the electroencephalographic changes associated with migraine, stroke and cerebral ischaemia, and their interpretation to aid in their differential diagnosis. The incidence of stroke and cerebral ischaemia is increasing with population aging. They are some of the most common problems faced in emergency medicine, and their diagnosis can be puzzling. This chapter describes and illustrates the patterns seen in such conditions, such as slowing, frontal intermittent delta activity (FIRDA), periodic lateralized epileptiform discharge (PLED), generalized periodic lateralized epile

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10

R, Caplan Louis, ed. Cerebrovascular ischaemia investigation and management. London: Med-Orion, 1996.

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11

Nicolaides, Andrew N., Wesley S. Moore, Louis R. Caplan, and Edward G. Shifrin. Cerebrovascular Ischaemia: Investigation and Management. Med-Orion Publishing Co Ltd, 1996.

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12

(Editor), Richard C. Green, Alan J. Cross (Editor), Ronald J. Bradley (Series Editor), Robert Adron Harris (Series Editor), and Peter Jenner (Series Editor), eds. Neuroprotective Agents and Cerebral Ischaemia, Volume 40 (International Review of Neurobiology.). Academic Press, 1996.

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13

(Editor), Richard C. Green, Alan J. Cross (Editor), Ronald J. Bradley (Series Editor), Robert Adron Harris (Series Editor), and Peter Jenner (Series Editor), eds. Neuroprotective Agents and Cerebral Ischaemia, Volume 40 (International Review of Neurobiology.). Academic Press, 1996.

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14

Bories, Jacques. Cerebral Ischaemia: A Neuroradiological Study (Neuroradiobiology, Monograph No 6, Vol 27). Springer, 1986.

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15

Gaddam, Samson Sujit Kumar, and Claudia S. Robertson. Cerebral blood flow and perfusion monitoring in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0222.

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Prevention of secondary cerebral ischaemic insults is an important management strategy in acute neurological conditions. Monitoring of cerebral perfusion may aid in early identification of ischaemic insults and help with management. A number of tools are available for this purpose. Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is the simplest assessment of cerebral perfusion, but in some cases ischaemia can be present even with a normal CPP. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) imaging, either with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging techniques, can provide quantitative regional CBF measurement, but on

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16

(Editor), Richard C. Green, Alan J. Cross (Editor), Ronald J. Bradley (Series Editor), Robert Adron Harris (Series Editor), and Peter Jenner (Series Editor), eds. Intl Reveiw of Neurobiology: Neuroprotective Agents & Cerebral Ischaemia, Volume 40 (International Review of Neurobiology). Academic Press, 1997.

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17

(Editor), Richard C. Green, Alan J. Cross (Editor), Ronald J. Bradley (Series Editor), Robert Adron Harris (Series Editor), and Peter Jenner (Series Editor), eds. Intl Reveiw of Neurobiology: Neuroprotective Agents & Cerebral Ischaemia, Volume 40 (International Review of Neurobiology). Academic Press, 1997.

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18

Rothwell, Peter. Cerebrovascular diseases. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0767.

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This chapter is concerned with those diseases of the cerebral and ocular circulation that cause ischaemia or infarction of the brain and eye or spontaneous haemorrhage into or around the brain. The main clinical manifestations of these diseases are transient ischaemic attack and stroke.

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19

Aisiku, Imoigele, and Claudia S. Robertson. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0341.

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Although medical management of traumatic brain injury (TBI) may have improved in developed countries, TBI is still a major cause of mortality and morbidity. The demographics are skewed towards the younger patient population, and affects males more than females, but in general follow a bimodal distribution with peaks affecting young adults and the elderly. As a result, the loss of functional years is devastating. Pathology due to brain trauma is a complex two-hit phenomenon, frequently divided into ‘primary’ and ‘secondary’ injury. Hypoxia, ischaemia, and inflammation all play a role, and the i

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20

Vespa, Paul M. Electroencephalogram monitoring in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0221.

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Electroencephalography monitoring provides a method for monitoring brain function, which can complement other forms of monitoring, such as monitoring of intracranial pressure and derived parameters, such as cerebral perfusion pressure. Continuous electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring can be helpful in seizure detection after brain injury and coma. Seizures can be detected by visual inspection of the raw EEG and/or processed EEG data. Treatment of status epilepticus can be improved by rapid identification and abolition of seizures using continuous EEG. Quantitative EEG can also be used to detec

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21

Leys, Didier, Charlotte Cordonnier, and Valeria Caso. Stroke. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0067_update_002.

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Stroke is a major public health issue. Many are treatable in the acute stage, provided patients are admitted soon enough. The overall incidence of stroke in Western countries is approximately 2400 per year per million inhabitants, and 80% are due to cerebral ischaemia. The prevalence is approximately 12 000 per million inhabitants. Stroke is associated with increased long-term mortality, handicap, cognitive and behavioural impairments, recurrence, and an increased risk of other types of vascular events. It is of major interest to take the heterogeneity of stroke into account, because of differ

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22

Bleck, Thomas P. Pathophysiology and causes of seizures. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0231.

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Seizures result from imbalances between excitation and inhibition, and between neuronal synchrony and dyssynchrony. Current models implicate the cerebral cortex in the genesis of seizures, although thalamic mechanisms (particularly the thalamic reticular formation) are involved in the synchronization of cortical neurons. Often, the precipitants of a seizure in the critical care setting are pharmacological. Several mechanisms linked to critical illness can lead to seizures. Failure to remove glutamate and potassium from the extracellular space, functions performed predominantly by astrocytes, o

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23

Magalhaes, Eric, Angelo Polito, Andréa Polito, and Tarek Sharshar. Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0032.

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Brain dysfunction is a major complication of sepsis and is characterized by alteration of consciousness, ranging from delirium to coma and marked electroencephalographic changes. It reflects a constellation of dynamic biological mechanisms, including neurotransmitter imbalance, macro- and microcirculatory dysfunction resulting in ischaemia, endothelial activation, alteration of the blood-brain barrier impairment with passage of neurotoxic mediators, activation of microglial cells within the central nervous system, cumulatively resulting in a neuroinflammatory state. Sepsis-associated brain dys

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24

Markus, Hugh, Anthony Pereira, and Geoffrey Cloud. Cerebral haemorrhage. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737889.003.0013.

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This chapter covers the several types of cerebral haemorrhage: extradural, subdural, subarachnoid, and intracerebral. Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is an important cause of neurological disability and mortality, although only occasionally present with focal stroke symptoms. Intracerebral haemorrhage usually presents with a stroke, which can only be reliably distinguished from ischaemic stroke by brain imaging. The chapter discusses the diagnosis, investigation, and management of both SAH and intracerebral haemorrhage.

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25

Leys, Didier, Charlotte Cordonnier, and Valeria Caso. Stroke. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0067.

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Abstract (sommario):

Stroke is a major public health issue. Many are treatable in the acute stage, provided patients are admitted soon enough. The overall incidence of stroke in Western countries is approximately 2400 per year per million inhabitants, and 80% are due to cerebral ischaemia. The prevalence is approximately 12 000 per million inhabitants. Stroke is associated with increased long-term mortality, handicap, cognitive and behavioural impairments, recurrence, and an increased risk of other types of vascular events. It is of major interest to take the heterogeneity of stroke into account, because of differ

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26

Leys, Didier, Charlotte Cordonnier, and Valeria Caso. Stroke. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0067_update_001.

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Abstract (sommario):

Stroke is a major public health issue. Many are treatable in the acute stage, provided patients are admitted soon enough. The overall incidence of stroke in Western countries is approximately 2400 per year per million inhabitants, and 80% are due to cerebral ischaemia. The prevalence is approximately 12 000 per million inhabitants. Stroke is associated with increased long-term mortality, handicap, cognitive and behavioural impairments, recurrence, and an increased risk of other types of vascular events. It is of major interest to take the heterogeneity of stroke into account, because of differ

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27

Patarroyo, Sully Xiomara Fuentes, and Craig Anderson. Management of ischaemic stroke. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0236.

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Ischaemic stroke is the most common cause of stroke around the world. It is a complex disease with a range of causes, manifestations, outcomes, and treatments. As the therapeutic time window to rescue or ‘protect’ the brain from ischaemic damage is extremely short, effective treatment requires coordinated systems of care, which commence in the prehospital paramedical setting and continue through the emergency department into the critical care environment, neurology ward, rehabilitation, and re-settlement back home. Successful outcomes from ischaemic stroke can be achieved through the effective

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28

Transient Ischaemic Attacks of the Brain and Eye. W.B. Saunders Company, 1994.

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29

Levine, Steven R., and Seemant Chaturvedi. Transient Ischemic Attacks. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2008.

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30

Levine, Steven R., and Seemant Chaturvedi. Transient Ischemic Attacks. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2008.

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31

Seemant, Chaturvedi, and Levine Steven R, eds. Transient ischemic attacks. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Futura, 2004.

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32

De Deyne, Cathy, Ward Eertmans, and Jo Dens. Neurological assessment of the acute cardiac care patient. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0016_update_001.

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Many techniques are currently available for cerebral physiological monitoring in the intensive cardiac care unit environment. The ultimate goal of cerebral monitoring applied during the acute care of any patient with/or at risk of a neurological insult is the early detection of regional or global hypoxic/ischaemic cerebral insults. In the most ideal situation, cerebral monitoring should enable the detection of any deterioration before irreversible brain damage occurs or should at least enable the preservation of current brain function (such as in comatose patients after cardiac arrest). Most o

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33

De Deyne, Cathy, and Jo Dens. Neurological assessment of the acute cardiac care patient. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0016.

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Abstract (sommario):

Many techniques are currently available for cerebral physiological monitoring in the intensive cardiac care unit environment. The ultimate goal of cerebral monitoring applied during the acute care of any patient with/or at risk of a neurological insult is the early detection of regional or global hypoxic/ischaemic cerebral insults. In the most ideal situation, cerebral monitoring should enable the detection of any deterioration before irreversible brain damage occurs or should at least enable the preservation of current brain function (such as in comatose patients after cardiac arrest). Most o

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34

Ferioli, Simona, and Lori Shutter. Normal anatomy and physiology of the brain. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0219.

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An understanding of the normal anatomy of the brain is essential to the diagnosis of a number of conditions that may be encountered in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Common structural cerebral conditions causing patients to be admitted to the ICU include cerebral trauma (traumatic brain injury), cerebrovascular accidents (both ischaemic and haemorrhagic), and infections. Cerebral conditions with a structural basis occurring after admission to the ICU are not as common as functional abnormalities, such as delirium, and peripheral complications, such as critical illness neuropathy an

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35

J, Reulen H., Philippon Jacques, and European Association of Neurosurgical Societies. Meeting, eds. Prevention and treatment of delayed ischaemic dysfunction in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage: An update. Wien: Springer-Verlag, 1988.

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36

Nageshwaran, Sathiji, Heather C. Wilson, Anthony Dickenson, and David Ledingham. Cerebrovascular disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199664368.003.0004.

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This chapter on cerebrovascular disease discusses the evidence-based management of acute stroke, transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs), and secondary stroke prevention (antiplatelet therapy, risk factor modification, atrial fibrillation (AF), carotid and vertebral artery dissection, and symptomatic carotid artery disease). Drug treatment of intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis are also discussed.

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37

Saeed, Sahrai, and Eva Gerdts. Echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.003.0010.

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Current guidelines recommend extensive cardiovascular imaging in patients who experience ischaemic stroke or a transient ischaemic attack to prevent recurrent stroke. High-quality echocardiography is crucial for detection of the wide range of cardiac and proximal aortic conditions that can predispose to cerebral embolism. These conditions may be classified as major, minor, or uncertain risk sources of embolism. Although both transthoracic (TTE) and transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) have substantial clinical utility in patients with cryptogenic stroke, these methods offer complementary in

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38

Haunton, Victoria, Aung Sett, Amit Mistri, and Martin Fotherby. Stroke. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0227.

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The World Health Organization defines stroke as ‘a clinical syndrome consisting of rapidly developing clinical signs of focal (at times global) disturbance of cerebral function lasting greater than 24 hours (or leading to death) with no apparent cause other than that of vascular origin’. Transient ischaemic attack (TIA) is defined as a rapid presentation of neurological deficit with complete recovery within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms. However, the 24-hour cut-off is arbitrary, has no biological basis, and is of limited use clinically. A shorter duration is now regarded as more appropria

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39

Morrison, Karen. Prevention of cerebrovascular disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0348.

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Stroke is the main cause of neurological morbidity in adults and the third most common cause of death worldwide after ischaemic heart disease and cancer (all forms combined). It is more common in older people, with three-quarters of strokes occurring in people over 65 years of age, and estimates are that overall stroke morbidity will double by the early 2020s. The worldwide figure of increasing incidence of stroke detection masks the fact that mortality from stroke has actually been falling in developed countries since the latter half of the twentieth century while the mortality has continued

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40

Koutroumanidis, Michalis, and Robin Howard. Encephalopathy, central nervous system infections, and coma. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0032.

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This chapter provides an overview of the indications for and the diagnostic and prognostic value of acute video-electroencephalogram (EEG) and continuous video-EEG monitoring in patients with encephalopathies, encephalitides, and coma. Particular emphasis is placed on the detection of non-convulsive seizures and non-convulsive status epilepticus secondary to acute and sub-acute cerebral insults, including post-cardiac arrest hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury, and on the related pitfalls and uncertainties. It also discusses key technical aspects of the EEG recording, including artefact identificat

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41

Henzi, Bettina, and Maja Steinlin. Stroke in children. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.003.0013.

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Stroke in children is a rare, but terrifying disease and its lifelong sequelae weigh heavy on patients and families. It is also increasingly recognized as a socioeconomic burden, ongoing for many years after the acute manifestation. There is a significant delay in diagnosis of childhood stroke. This is caused by several factors: lack of awareness among the public and professionals, childhood-specific manifestations, numerous stroke mimics, and last but not least, limited access to emergency neuroimaging for children. Fast stroke recognition tools need adaption to the special needs in children.

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Libri sul tema "Cerebral ischaemia"

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