Tesi sul tema "Channel reciprocity"

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 68-73).
This project's goal was to develop a simulation model to conduct design analysis and to illustrate the positive and negative aspects of utilizing channel reciprocity versus interleaving. There were three project objectives. The first was to create a numerical model of a laser communications system that included either channel reciprocity or interleaving to mitigate the effects of atmospheric turbulence. This model was implemented in MATLAB* and Simulink*. The second task integrated the model with a graphical user interface (GUI), which provides the user a choice of different configurations and solutions based on the user's design specifications. For example, the user may elect to sweep the scintillation index to see the impact that a variety of turbulence levels have on the bit error rate (BER). The user has the ability to sweep each variable and observe the performance. With this model, the user objectively compares optical communication systems with and without the utilization of channel reciprocity. Scenarios may be run to determine which settings provide the most optimized quality of service (QoS) metrics. The third goal was to test the QoS of both cases against theoretical values in order to check the validity of the MATLAB and Simulink models. These three objectives were met, and channel reciprocity techniques were determined to be an excellent choice for specific conditions. Given the same transmit power, channel reciprocity with and without forward error correction (FEC) achieves a far lower BER than a system that utilizes interleaving and FEC. This low BER is achieved by setting the gating threshold for the transmission of information well above the signal to noise (SNR) requirement. Latency issues could arise, but they are managed in this model by setting the buffer input to output ratio such that the output is always at least twice the input. Although reciprocity without FEC is not a viable solution for all scenarios, it was found that it makes sense to utilize reciprocity without FEC for some cases. However, reciprocity with FEC is recommended for all cases that have round trip durations that are less than the coherence time.
by Neal Eichenberg.
S.M.

L’essor spectaculaire des systèmes de communications sans fil a entrainé une forte augmentation du trafic des données qui ne devrait cesser de croître au cours des prochaines années. La future génération de réseaux cellulaires (5G) doit être capable de supporter cette croissance du trafic, tout en présentant une consommation énergétique réduite par rapport aux réseaux existants. Parmi les différentes technologies étudiées, le retournement temporel (RT) se présente comme un sérieux candidat pour répondre à ces contraintes. En effet, les nombreuses études théoriques sur le sujet ont montré que la combinaison du RT et de l’OFDM possède des performances intéressantes, notamment grâce à ses propriétés de compression temporelle et de focalisation spatiale. Cependant, les hypothèses prises dans les études théoriques ne sont pas toujours compatibles avec la réalisation pratique d’un tel système. L’objectif de ces travaux de thèse est donc de proposer des solutions aux hypothèses non réalistes, afin de les mettre en oeuvre dans la réalisation d’un prototype combinant RT et OFDM dans un contexte MISO. Dans un premier temps, la mise en oeuvre de l’estimation du canal au niveau de l’émetteur et de la synchronisation du système MISO RT-OFDM est étudiée. Ensuite, une solution de calibration au niveau de l’émetteur est proposée pour compenser le caractère non réciproque du canal de propagation vu de la bande de base. L’ensemble de ces solutions ainsi que les propriétés de focalisation du RT sont validés à partir de mesures expérimentales sur le prototype réalisé. Enfin, la mise en oeuvre du premier prototype de modulation spatiale à la réception utilisant le RT est présentée
The spectacular growth of wireless communications systems has led to a sharp increase in data traffic, which should continue to grow over the next few years. The future generation of cellular networks (5G) must be able to support this growth of traffic, while presenting reduced energy consumption compared to existing networks. Among the different studied technologies, time reversal (TR) is a serious candidate to meet these constraints. Indeed, the numerous theoretical studies on the subject have shown that the combination of TR and OFDM has interesting performance, specifically thanks to its temporal compression and spatial focusing properties. However, the assumptions made in the theoretical studies are not always compatible with the practical implementation of a real system. The objective of this thesis is to propose solutions to unrealistic theoritical hypotheses, in order to implement them in a real hardware prototype combining TR and OFDM in a MISO context. First, the implementation of the channel estimation at the transmitter side, and the synchronization of the MISO TR-OFDM system is studied. Then, a calibration solution at the transmitter is proposed to compensate for the non-reciprocal nature of the baseband propagation channel. All these solutions as well as the focusing properties of TR are validated by experimental measurements using the developed prototype. Finally, the implementation of the first TR prototype of spatial modulation at the receiver side is presented

Since the early 1990s, institutional approaches to organizations have increasingly focused on explaining the role of agency in processes of institutional creation and transformation. The paradox of embedded agency, the question of how actors can become motivated and enabled to transform supposedly taken-for-granted practices, structures and norms has become the fundamental puzzle of contemporary institutional theory. Recent attempts to resolve this puzzle under the label of “institutional work” focus on practices aimed at creating, maintaining, and disrupting institutions, but portray them as planned, discrete episodes that unfold in isolation from everyday organizational or social life. Thereby, the label highlights institutionalists’ current neglect of work in its literal meaning as actors’ everyday occupational tasks and activities. The detachment of institutional work from practical work constitutes a significant blind spot in institutionalists’ understanding of agency and calls for research that examines the reciprocity of institutions and work. Drawing on illuminating constructs from theories of practice, this study extends existing field-level approaches to the paradox of embedded agency. It argues for a practice-based institutionalism that focuses on individual actors and the role of their collective micro-level praxis in constituting macro-level institutions. It re-connects institutional arguments to every-day activity rather than organizational or managerial action, unpacks the micro-practices and micro–politics by which actors negotiate institutional contradictions and demonstrates the reciprocity of institutions and work. The research addresses the detachment of institutional and practical work through a single-case study of a global law firm’s banking group. It explores what banking lawyers do when they ‘do deals’ and how their practical work may attain institutional relevance. Positioned at the intersec-tion of local laws, international financial markets, commercial and professional logics, banking lawyers operate across multiple institutional frameworks. Observations and accounts of their work provide particularly rich insights into the dynamics of institutional persistence and change, because they illustrate empirically how contradictory institutionalized concepts, practices and logics are experienced, negotiated, and constituted at work.

This thesis shows how democratic politics requires a commitment to pluralism as engagement and encounter of the other in their otherness. I contend that it is necessary to commit to such an idea of pluralism because of the problem of incomplete understanding. I establish this premise by drawing on Hans-Georg Gadamer’s account of human finitude. Based on this premise, I argue that the instantiation of Gadamer’s principle of openness leads democratic politics to pluralism as engagement and encounter of the other. Further, I develop accounts of asymmetric reciprocity, reflexivity, and agonism as modes of democratic politics that instantiate the principle of openness. In chapter 1, I establish discourse as a necessary element for democratic politics by drawing from the way Jurgen Habermas uses ‘discourse ethics’ to address the problems of understanding in plural societies. In chapter 2, I demonstrate how incomplete understanding poses a problem for discourse and gives rise to interpretive conflicts by drawing from Gadamer’s account of human finitude. Here I also develop an account of openness as a suitable principle for beings with incomplete understanding based on Gadamer’s idea of hermeneutical experience. In chapters 3-5, I develop accounts of asymmetric reciprocity, reflexivity, and agonism as modes of democratic politics that instantiate the principle of openness. I do so by drawing from Iris Young’s, John Dryzek’s, and Chantal Mouffe’s approaches to the problems that plurality poses to discourse ethics and democratic politics.

This synthesis article joins the authors of the special issue "Gender perspectives in resilience, vulnerability and adaptation to global environmental change" in a common reflective dialogue about the main contributions of their papers. In sum, here we reflect on links between gender and feminist approaches to research in adaptation and resilience in global environmental change (GEC). The main theoretical contributions of this special issue are threefold: emphasizing the relevance of power relations in feminist political ecology, bringing the livelihood and intersectionality approaches into GEC, and linking resilience theories and critical feminist research. Empirical insights on key debates in GEC studies are also highlighted from the nine cases analysed, from Europe, the Americas, Asia, Africa and the Pacific. Further, the special issue also contributes to broaden the gender approach in adaptation to GEC by incorporating research sites in the Global North alongside sites from the Global South. This paper examines and compares the main approaches adopted (e.g. qualitative or mixed methods) and the methodological challenges that derive from intersectional perspectives. Finally, key messages for policy agendas and further research are drawn from the common reflection.

Cette thèse analyse la manière dont les relations de paternité, de fraternité, de conjugalité, de genre et d'altérité qui construisent l'univers de vie des Fasu de Haivaro (un village situé dans les basses-terres au nord-ouest de la Province du Golfe, en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée) ont été - et sont toujours - renégociées et reconfigurées dans le contexte de leur engagement avec de multiples expressions de la modernité, et plus particulièrement avec une compagnie forestière implantée sur leur territoire. Cette recherche montre comment ces transformations entrainent un processus d'incarnation, de désincarnation et de réincarnation de ces relations
This thesis analyses ways in which the relationships of fatherhood, brotherhood, conjugality, gender and otherness that build the lifeworld of Fasu people of Haivaro (in the northwestern lowlands of Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea) have been and continue to be renegotiated and reconfigured in the context of their engagement with multiple expressions of modernity, in particular with a logging company operating on their land. I show how these transformations entail processes of embodiment, disembodiment and re-embodiment of those relations

What would happen if, the systems we deal with everyday, and the situations we find ourselves in, could trigger us to give something to someone else? This work started by exploring the theme of  money systems and social structures and the ambition to find alternatives for our current economic system, which has failed in several ways. People all over the world are already coming up with alternatives that can supplement and stabilize our money-monoculture and that give new meaning to currency.This research investigates a particular alternative economic system called the gift economy, which has great potential to build meaningful relations and re-establish a sense of  community. Since the gift economy has been mainly researched by anthropologists and ethnographers in the last century, my focus is on implementing its principles in society today. Through literature review, case studies and a series of  design projects, this thesis articulates possible ways of  triggering a gift economy. With a special coin, a concept for a bar and by linking the local bakery to Konstfack, we may start to understand what giving really means, how it can benefit us, in what way it can build more meaningful relationships and how it can offer an alternative way of  thinking than what currently drives our economic system

This dissertation is an analysis of the relations between reindeer herding Sami and settled non-Sami in Gällivare parish, Swedish Lapland, 1898-1940. The focus of the dissertation is on the system of skötesrenar, the practice of reindeer belonging to non-Sami being herded by Sami and the subsequent contacts between the two groups. The results presented demonstrate the transformation of the relations between the two groups from mutuai interdependence to mutuai self-sufficiency, and the swiftness with which this change took place. In order to analyse the transformation, reciprocity theory is used. Reciprocity theory concerns the Constitution of relations between different groups, and the basis for such relations. In the early 1900's, the practice of skötesrenar was a well-developed system contributing to the good relations between Sami and non-Sami, as well as to the improvement of the material conditions of those involved. The skötesrenar were important both socially and economically for the persons participating in the system. The huge societal changes that took place during the 20th Century resulted in painful consequences for the relations between the groups. Industrialisation multiplied the number and types of jobs available for the settled non-Sami, while the Sami to a large extent were prevented from partaking of the new opportunities. Industrialisation also caused the decline of the subsistence economy and made the market economy dominant in the locai community. The foundation of the system with skötesrenar had been the mutuai need to meet and exchange goods and services not available within each group; the growth of the market economy altered that. The laws concerning skötesrenar were also changed repeatedly - in 1898, 1917, and 1928 - without regard for the fears by the local community concerning the negative consequences for inter-group relations. Significant changes also took place within Sami society affecting the skötesrenar; the transformation of herding from the intensive to extensive type decreased the participation of women and children in herding, and subsequent erection of permanent residences for Sami families, as well as large annual fluctuations in herd sizes. The present dissertation demonstrates from reciprocity theory that a mutual concern - in this case the skötesrenar - can contribute to the maintenance of a low level of conflict between two ethnically and culturally different parties. Mutual interdependence is a significant factor in upholding a feeling of solidarity. The parties were eager to preserve good mutual relations as conflicts could severely hurt their material conditions. The societal changes taking place meant that by the 1930's the old institutionalised interdependency had ceased to exist. Older people continued the exchanges across group boundaries, but for the rising generation mutuai interaction was replaced by alienation.
digitalisering@umu

Duplexage par division dans le temps (TDD) Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MaMIMO) dépend de la réciprocité de canal pour obtenir des informations d'état de canal au niveau de l'émetteur (CSIT). Toutefois, le canal numérique global de bout en bout n’est pas réciproque en raison de la présence de chaînes de transmission (Tx) et de réception (Rx), qui doivent être corrigées à l’aide de facteurs de calibration. Nous fournissons une expression simple et élégante du Cramér-Rao Bound (CRB) pour l’estimation des paramètres de calibration. Nous analysons des approches des moindres carrés existants et proposons des algorithmes optimaux. Nous considérons également la beamforming pour une liaison MIMO point à point variant rapidement dans le temps. Dans un système Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), il en résulte une interférence entre porteuses (ICI). Avec une hypothèse de variation linéaire de canal à travers le symbole OFDM, il a été observé que le problème est similaire à celui d'une conception de beamformer MIMO par canal de diffusion à interférence (IBC). Le design du beamformer prend en compte le fenêtrage de réception en utilisant le préfixe cyclique en excès. En plus de la CSIT complète, nous étudions également des approches qui maximisent le Expected Weighted Sum Rate (EWSR) lorsque la Tx n’a qu’une connaissance partielle du canal. Premièrement, nous utilisons une approximation de système large qui fonctionne également bien pour un petit nombre d’antennes Tx et Rx. Nous analysons également la possibilité d’utiliser la métrique Expected-signal-expected-interference-WSR de signal EWSR. Enfin, les résultats expérimentaux sont présentés
Time Division Duplexing (TDD) Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MaMIMO) with a massive number of base station (BS) antennas relies on channel reciprocity to obtain Channel State Information at Transmitter (CSIT). However the overall end to end digital channel is not reciprocal due to the presence of Transmit (Tx) and Receive (Rx) chains which need to be corrected using calibration factors. Our work provides a simple and elegant expression of the Cramer Rao Bound (CRB) for calibration parameter estimation. We provide analysis for the existing least squares approaches and propose optimal algorithms to estimate the calibration parameters. We also consider beamforming for a rapidly time-varying point to point MIMO link. In an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) sytem, this results in inter-carrier interference (ICI). With an assumption of linear channel variation across the OFDM symbol, it is observed that the beamformer design problem is similar to that of a MIMO Interfering Broadcast Channel (IBC) beamforming design. The beamformer design takes into account receive windowing using the excess cyclic prefix and the window is jointly designed with the Tx beamformer. In addition to full CSIT, we also investigate partial CSIT approaches that maximize Expected Weighted Sum Rate (EWSR) where the Tx has only partial knowledge of the channel. First, we use a large system approximation that also works well for a small number of Tx and Rx antennas to derive the beamformers. In our work, we also analyze the possibility of using the Expected-signal- expected-interference-WSR metric instead of the EWSR. Finally, experimental results on the Eurecom MaMIMO testbed are presented

Les réseaux radio actuelles utilisent le spectre inefficacement, car une bande de fréquence est allouée de façon permanente à une technologie spécifique. Vu que le spectre est une ressource limitée, cette attribution statique ne pourra bientôt plus combler les besoins des systèmes de transmission qui ne cessent de croître. On peut toutefois optimiser l'utilisation du spectre en permettant des transmissions secondaires (SU) dans les espaces libres du primaire (PU). Cette vision constitue l'objectif principal de la radio cognitive. Nous proposons d'évaluer les stratégies de transmission pour la coexistence des systèmes primaires (PU) et SU dans les mêmes réseaux. Plus concrètement, nous nous focalisons sur un scénario spatial interweave en émettant les signaux SU dans les espaces vides du PU à l'aide d'un précodeur linéaire. Néanmoins, ce précodage nécessite une connaissance a priori des canaux interférents. L'échange d'informations entre le PU et le SU étant proscrit, nous exploitons l'hypothèse de la réciprocité du canal. Cette hypothèse compense l'absence de coopération, mais elle n'est pas si évidente à exploiter en pratique à cause des perturbations des circuits radio fréquence. Nous suggérons de compenser ces perturbations par des méthodes de calibration relative. Nous proposons ensuite une implémentation temps-réel des solutions sur une plateforme LTE. Pour finir, nous généralisons l'approche RC à un système de transmission multi-utilisateurs, à travers une combinaison des techniques RC et massive MIMO, cette approche constitue s'établit comme une solution à la progression exponentielle du trafic.

This dissertation investigates the assumption of channel reciprocity in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems using time-division duplex (TDD) access. Within TDD systems uplink and downlink transmission share the same channel, and so channel state at the transmitter (CSIT) can be inherently obtained through uplink channel estimation assuming that the channel is reciprocal and static over a few packet transmissions. For both closed-loop SISO-OFDM (single-input single-output) and MIMO-OFDM (multiple-input multiple-output) systems, the availability of CSIT enables the transmitter to apply adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) to improve throughput or signal processing and precoding algorithms in order to obtain a spatial diversity and/or multiplexing gain. This results in improved performance as compared to open-loop MIMO systems in which the channel state is not known at the transmitter. However, signi cant deviations between transmitter and receiver channel state information may result in degradation of performance, as precoding at the transmitter will be based on erroneous channel state information. In this work, we observe the assumption of channel reciprocity using a real-time OFDM-PHY FPGA prototype wireless communications system and we look at possible factors that contribute to deviations between uplink and downlink channel estimates. We also look at common linear precoding schemes to compensate for channel non-reciprocity. Of all the possible factors that contribute to channel reciprocity deviations, we nd that the dominant factor comes from imperfections in the RF front-end components which result in signi cant channel phase response deviations across subcarriers between the uplink and downlink.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
Nas últimas décadas as comunicações sem fios tiveram um crescimento enorme. Hoje em dia, a maioria das tarefas diárias necessitam da utilização de um dispositivo que recorra a uma comunicação sem fios. Por isso, criou-se uma necessidade de aumentar a segurança nestas comunicações. Recentemente, as técnicas de segurança na camada física têm gerado interesse, pois, permitem complementar, através de uma abordagem diferente, os protocolos de segurança já existente em outras camadas lógicas. Nesta dissertação foi implementado, um método de segurança na camada física num sistema Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). Este método utiliza as características do canal para codificar e descodificar a mensagem transmitida, tendo por base o princípio da reciprocidade do canal que permite obter uma fonte de informação aleatória comum entre transmissor e recetor legítimo. As estimações de canal feitas são utilizadas para criar sinais de interferência que irão mudar a fase dos símbolos modulados e, consequentemente, proteger a mensagem transmitida. O sistema OFDM com o método de segurança foi desenvolvido utilizando a framework GNU Radio. Além disso, cada módulo constituinte do sistema pode ser utilizado com plataformas de rádio definido por software (SDR) para testes em ambiente real. Os testes realizados foram feitos considerando um cenário baseado no canal wiretap onde existem dois utilizadores legítimos (Alice e Bob) e um ilegítimo (Eve); no modelo original a Alice envia uma mensagem para o Bob enquanto a Eve tenta intercetá-la, além disso é assumido que as condições de transmissão do Bob são mais vantajosas do que as da Eve. As simulações realizadas consideraram diferentes condições de canal de forma a determinar os efeitos no desempenho do sistema. Além disso, foi realizada uma experiência em condições reais com SDR para validar a implementação. Os resultados obtidos, constituem evidência que o método usado pode aumentar a segurança mesmo quando o canal ilegítimo tem boas condições, embora, alguma fiabilidade seja comprometida. Isto pode ser importante nas futuras redes de dispositivos de baixa complexidade, como na Internet das coisas, onde é difícil a implementação de técnicas complexas de encriptação, e como os métodos de segurança na camada física podem ter um papel importante.
Wireless communications had an impressive growth in the last decades. Nowadays, most daily tasks require the use of a device that resorts to wireless communications. For these reasons, a necessity to increase security in this type of communications has emerged. Recently, physical-layer security techniques have raised interest, since they allow complementing, through a different approach, the already existent security protocols in higher logical layers. In this dissertation, a method of physical layer security is implemented in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system. This method uses the channel characteristics to encode and decode the transmitted message. Taking as foundation the channel reciprocity principle it grants a common source of random information between the legitimate transmitter and receiver. The channel estimations are used to create a jamming signal that, when applied to the transmitted signal, will shift the modulated symbols phase, and, therefore, protect the message. The OFDM system with the secrecy method was developed using the GNU Radio framework. Also, each module of the built system can be used with Software Defined-Radio (SDR) platforms for testing in a real world environment. Simulation tests were conducted considering a scenario based on the wiretap channel where there are two legitimate users (Alice and Bob) and an illegitimate eavesdropper (Eve); in the original wiretap model Alice sends a message to Bob while Eve tries to intercept it, where it is also assumed that, Bob's reception condition is advantageous over Eve's. The conducted simulations have considered different kinds of channel conditions to determine the effects on the system performance. Also, an actual real world environment experiment with SDR was made. With the obtained results, it was shown that the employed method can increase security even in a configuration with an illegitimate channel with good conditions, although, some reliability may be compromised. The proposed technique may be important for future networks composed of low capability devices, such as in the Internet of Things, where may be difficult to implement complex encryption techniques, and how physical-layer security methods may play an important role.

Modeling of radio wave propagation is indispensable for the design and analysis of wireless communication systems. The use of the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method for wireless channel modeling has gained significant popularity due its ability to extract wideband responses from a single simulation. FDTD-based techniques, despite providing accurate channel characterizations, have often employed point sources in their studies, mainly due to the large amounts of resources required for modeling fine geometrical details or features inherent in antennas into a discrete spatial domain. The underlying influences of the antenna on wave propagation have thus been disregarded. This work presents a possible approach for the efficient space-time analysis of antennas by deducing FDTD-compatible macromodels that completely encapsulate the electromagnetic behaviour of antennas and then incorporating them into a standard FDTD formulation for modeling their interactions with a general environment.

Underwater communication systems are in high demanded for subaquatic environment activities as the sea is an enormous and mostly unexplored place. The ten-meter long and few giga-bit per second range optical communication technique is feasible and has bright future compared to the mature but low data rate (few kilobits per second) acoustic technology and short distance (several meters) radio-frequency signaling schemes. The underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) technique takes advantage of wide bandwidth, low attenuation effect in the visible range for multiple applications such as seafloor and offshore exploration, oil pipe control and maintenance, and pipeline leak detection. Nowadays, visible light-emitting diode (LED)-based and laser diode (LD)-based UWOC system are attractive and much related research is being conducted in the field. However, the major challenges of developing UWOC systems are the attenuation, scattering and turbulence effects of the underwater environment. The temperature gradient, salinity gradient, and bubbles make underwater optical channel predictable challenging and degrade the optical beam propagating distance and quality. Most studies focus on the statistical distribution of intensity fluctuations in underwater wireless optical channels with random temperature and salinity variations as well as the presence of air bubbles. In this thesis, we experimentally investigate the reciprocity nature of underwater turbulence caused by the turbidity, air bubbles, temperature variations, and salinity. Bit error rate measurement and statistical data analysis reveal the high reciprocal nature of turbulence that can be induced by the presence of bubbles, temperature, and salinity. The mitigation strategies for the different turbulence scenarios are discussed.

Text in Afrikaans
Summaries in English and Afrikaans
Key terms in English and Afrikaans
Die doel van die studie was om organisasietraagheid as stremmende fenomeen te konseptualiseer en die manifestasie daarvan te ondersoek binne 'n tipiese werkorganisasie. Aandag is gegee aan organisasietransformasie binne die raamwerk van 'n diagnostiese model vir organisasie- en individuele ontwikkeling. Die empiriese studie bevestig die manifestasie van organisasietraagheid ten opsigte van die teikenorganisasie. Resultate bevestig dat respondente ten gunste is van veranderingsinisiatiewe, maar ondergeskiktes toon 'n emstige behoefte aan leierskap. Dit blyk ook dat die organisasie nie die vermoe het om vinnig op omgewingsveranderings te reageer nie. Gesonde bestuurspraktyke word nie gevolg nie en kreatiwiteit word nie aangemoedig nie. By ondergeskiktes bestaan ook twyfel oor veranderingsagente se vermoe om verandering te fasiliteer.
The purpose of the study was to conceptualise organisation inertia as a retarding phenomenon and to investigate its manifestation within a typical work organisation. Attention was given to organisational and individual development within the framework of a diagnostic model. The empirical study focussed on the manifestation of organisational inertia within the target organisation. Results confirmed that respondents are in favour of change initiatives but that the stimulation thereof do not exist. Subordinates are not encouraged to show creativity. The organisation demonstrates an incapability to respond to environmental changes and reflects a non-existence of healthy management practices. Little trust exists in the capability of change agents to facilitate change.
Economics and Management Sciences
M.A. (Industrial Psychology)