Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Chemical affinity"

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Chemical affinity"

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Košíková, Božena, Elena Sláviková, and Juraj Lábaj. "Affinity of lignin preparations towards genotoxic compounds." BioResources 4, no. 1 (November 17, 2008): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.4.1.72-79.

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The carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of chemicals may be modulated by other chemicals, including those prepared by organic synthesis. Considering the several drawbacks of synthetic compounds vis-a-vis the human organism, the lignin biomass component was examined for this purpose. The binding affinity of lignin samples prepared by chemical and biological modification of lignin products derived from chemical wood treatment towards for N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDA) was examined. The protective role of the lignin samples against carcinogenesis was tested on a well-known model carcinogen, N-methyl-N´
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Kauvar, Lawrence M., Hugo O. Villar, J. Richard Sportsman, Deborah L. Higgins, and Donald E. Schmidt. "Protein affinity map of chemical space." Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 715, no. 1 (September 1998): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00045-0.

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PARIKH, INDU, and PEDRO CUATRECASAS. "AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY." Chemical & Engineering News 63, no. 34 (August 26, 1985): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v063n034.p017.

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Ohno, K., Y. Inoue, and M. Sakurai. "Quantum Chemical Study of Antibody Affinity Maturation." Seibutsu Butsuri 43, supplement (2003): S50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.43.s50_4.

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Alcantara, R. E., C. Xu, T. G. Spiro, and V. Guallar. "A quantum-chemical picture of hemoglobin affinity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 47 (November 14, 2007): 18451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706026104.

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Hornung, M. W., M. A. Tapper, J. S. Denny, R. C. Kolanczyk, B. R. Sheedy, P. C. Hartig, H. Aladjov, T. R. Henry, and P. K. Schmieder. "Effects-based chemical category approach for prioritization of low affinity estrogenic chemicals." SAR and QSAR in Environmental Research 25, no. 4 (April 3, 2014): 289–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1062936x.2014.898692.

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Schmieder, P., Ovanes Mekenyan, Steven Bradbury, and G. Veith. "QSAR prioritization of chemical inventories for endocrine disruptor testing." Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, no. 11-12 (January 1, 2003): 2389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200375112389.

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Binding affinity between chemicals and the estrogen receptor (ER) serves as an indicator of the potential to cause endocrine disruption through this receptor-mediated endocrine pathway. Estimating ER-binding affinity is, therefore, one strategic approach to reducing the costs of screening chemicals for potential risks of endocrine disruption. While measuring ER binding with in vitro assays may be the first choice in prioritizing chemicals for additional in vitro or in vivo estrogenicity testing, the time and costs associated with screening thousands of chemicals is prohibitive. Recent advances
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Freidin, A. B. "On the chemical affinity tensor for chemical reactions in deformable materials." Mechanics of Solids 50, no. 3 (May 2015): 260–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0025654415030048.

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Nayarisseri, Anuraj. "Experimental and Computational Approaches to Improve Binding Affinity in Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 20, no. 19 (September 14, 2020): 1651–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802662019200701164759.

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Drug discovery is one of the most complicated processes and establishment of a single drug may require multidisciplinary attempts to design efficient and commercially viable drugs. The main purpose of drug design is to identify a chemical compound or inhibitor that can bind to an active site of a specific cavity on a target protein. The traditional drug design methods involved various experimental based approaches including random screening of chemicals found in nature or can be synthesized directly in chemical laboratories. Except for the long cycle design and time, high cost is also the majo
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Nowak, Damian, Rafał Adam Bachorz, and Marcin Hoffmann. "Neural Networks in the Design of Molecules with Affinity to Selected Protein Domains." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 1762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021762.

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Drug design with machine learning support can speed up new drug discoveries. While current databases of known compounds are smaller in magnitude (approximately 108), the number of small drug-like molecules is estimated to be between 1023 and 1060. The use of molecular docking algorithms can help in new drug development by sieving out the worst drug-receptor complexes. New chemical spaces can be efficiently searched with the application of artificial intelligence. From that, new structures can be proposed. The research proposed aims to create new chemical structures supported by a deep neural n
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Tesi sul tema "Chemical affinity"

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Lindgren, Joel. "Chemical Engineering of Small Affinity Proteins." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Proteinteknologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-141014.

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Small robust affinity proteins have shown great potential for use in therapy, in vivo diagnostics, and various biotechnological applications. However, the affinity proteins often need to be modified or functionalized to be successful in many of these applications. The use of chemical synthesis for the production of the proteins can allow for site-directed functionalization not achievable by recombinant routes, including incorporation of unnatural building blocks. This thesis focuses on chemical engineering of Affibody molecules and an albumin binding domain (ABD), which both are three-helix bu
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Zourna, Kalliopi. "Smart magnetic affinity adsorbents." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2009. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/511/.

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As the focus of research on ‘adaptive/responsive’ surfaces has in recent years contributed strongly towards the design of surface materials with ‘intelligent’ or ‘smart’ behaviour, current superparamagnetic adsorbents being employed both in small and large scale operations can be surface modified and improved by gaining dual functionalities. In this work, modification of M-PVA supports with polymer brushes of dual properties has been explored for their intended use in bioseparation technology, i.e. for both selectively protein binding and enhanced temperature elution of especially difficult to
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Beard, Hester Annie. "Affinity-guided chemical probes for the study of protein interactions." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20637/.

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Chemical methods that allow for the targeted labelling of a specific protein within a complex biological environment can enable valuable information regarding the structure and function of proteins to be gained. This thesis explores two different projects where affinity-guided chemical probes were used to study the interactions of proteins, both with small molecules (Chapter 2) and interacting protein partners (Chapter 3). Firstly, chemical labelling methods based on a recognition unit for the protein of interest are reviewed in Chapter 1. Then, Chapter 2 describes how a combination of chemica
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Tarasova, Anna Optometry UNSW. "Fabrication and characterisation of affinity-bound liposomes." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Optometry, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/29114.

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In considering the concept of surface-immobilised liposomes as a drug release system, two factors need to addressed, the interfacial surface density of the liposomes for maximum drug loading and the stability of these liposomes to allow for controlled drug release. This thesis investigates a multilayer system for the affinity immobilisation of liposomes and their stability to various applied stresses. In the work presented here an allylamine monomer was used to create plasma coatings that were stable, thin and amine-rich. The aging studies using AFM showed these films to rapidly oxidise on exp
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Zulqarnain, Kamran. "Scale-up of affinity separation based on magnetic support particles." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313426.

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Stewart, David Johnston. "Immobilisation of triazine dyes on inert hydrophobic supports for affinity chromatography." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315974.

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Miller, Eric Alexander. "Development of thermostable affinity reagents for low-cost, paper-based medical diagnostics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122849.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, 2019<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>The timely diagnosis and treatment of disease in resource-constrained settings requires the development of robust point-of-care (POC) diagnostics, which provide accurate results and can be employed by users with minimal medical training and limited access to basic infrastructure. One of the most common POC diagnostic formats is the immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic test, which traditionally uses nitrocellulose-i
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Hsu, Kuang-Hsin. "Scale-up of affinity chromatography for protein purifications." Ohio : Ohio University, 2000. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1172002240.

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Lam, Hei Ning Henry. "Electrostatic and affinity enhancements of protein partitioning in two-phase aqueous micellar systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33700.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2005.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 175-188).<br>This thesis was motivated by the practical need to develop a scalable and cost-effective separation method for low-cost, high-volume protein products. This unmet challenge can potentially be addressed by extraction in two-phase aqueous micellar systems, in which biomolecules can be partitioned in mild, predominantly aqueous environments. The goal of this thesis was to explore various ways of enhancing protein partitioning in two-phase aqueous mice
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Liebenberg, Liesl Eileen. "Non-covalent immobilisation of a ligand system : a new approach to affinity separation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53522.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Advances in pharmacology, biochemistry and biotechnology are increasingly dependant upon affinity chromatography as a preferred separation technique for the purification and characterisation of specific biomolecules. In the past few years avidin-biotin technology has been widely and successfully used in the fields of medicine, pharmacy, biology and biochemistry. The avidin-biotin complex (ABC) has been used as a mediator for affinity chromatography, affinity cytochemistry, immunoassay, histopathology, bioaffinity sensors,
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Libri sul tema "Chemical affinity"

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Wrotnowski, Cort. Affinity technology. Norwalk, CT: Business Communications Co., 1991.

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Sadoun-Goupil, Michelle. Du flou au clair? Histoire de l'affinité chimique: De Cardan à Prigogine. Paris: Ed. du C.T.H.S., 1991.

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Sadoun-Goupil, Michelle. Du flou au clair?: Histoire de l'affinité chimique de Cardan à Prigogine. Paris: Éditions du C.T.H.S., 1991.

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Andrew, Kenney, and Fowell Susan, eds. Practical protein chromatography. Totowa, N.J: Humana Press, 1992.

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Tsukahara, Togo. Affinity and shinwa ryoku: Introduction of western chemical concepts in early nineteenth-century Japan. Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1993.

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A, Olah George. Superelectrophiles and their chemistry. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley, 2007.

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1964-, Yang Xueming, and Liu Kopin, eds. Modern trends in chemical reaction dynamics. Singapore: World Scientific, 2004.

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L, Krainsky I., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Negative electron affinity effect on the surface of chemical vapor deposited diamond polycrystalline films. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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W, Ball David, and Lewis Research Center, eds. Theoretical and experimental determination of the proton affinity of (CF₃CH₂)₂O. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1998.

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W, Ball David, and Lewis Research Center, eds. Theoretical and experimental determination of the proton affinity of (CF₃CH₂)₂O. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1998.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Chemical affinity"

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Carredano, Enrique, and Herbert Baumann. "Affinity Ligands from Chemical Combinatorial Libraries." In Methods of Biochemical Analysis, 259–67. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470939932.ch10.

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de Berg, Kevin C. "The Reaction: Chemical Affinity and Controversy." In The Iron(III) Thiocyanate Reaction, 31–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27316-3_4.

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Sato, Tsutomu. "Chemical Affinity in Kant’s Practical Philosophy." In Law and Peace in Kant’s Philosophy, 359–68. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110210347.3.359.

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Wang, Guangquan, Jeffrey R. Salm, Patrick V. Gurgel, and Ruben G. Carbonell. "Small Peptide Ligands for Affinity Separations of Biological Molecules." In Chemical Engineering, 63–83. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470025018.ch3.

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Adamczewski, Martin, and Jean-Pierre Kinet. "The High-Affinity Receptor for Immunoglobulin E." In Chemical Immunology and Allergy, 173–90. Basel: KARGER, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000319254.

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Yatsimirsky, Anatoly K., and Vladimir M. Mirsky. "Quantitative Affinity Data on Selected Artificial Receptors." In Artificial Receptors for Chemical Sensors, 439–60. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527632480.ch14.

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Takayama, Hiroshi, Takashi Moriya, and Naoki Kanoh. "Preparation of Photo-Cross-Linked Small Molecule Affinity Matrices for Affinity Selection of Protein Targets for Biologically Active Small Molecules." In Chemical Genomics and Proteomics, 75–83. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-349-3_6.

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Mirsky, Vladimir M. "Quantitative Characterization of Affinity Properties of Immobilized Receptors." In Artificial Receptors for Chemical Sensors, 1–15. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527632480.ch1.

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Codd, Rachel, Jiesi Gu, Najwa Ejje, and Tulip Lifa. "New Applications of Immobilized Metal Ion Affinity Chromatography in Chemical Biology." In Inorganic Chemical Biology, 1–35. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118682975.ch1.

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Gutsev, G. L., and A. I. Boldyrev. "The Theoretical Investigation of the Electron Affinity of Chemical Compounds." In Advances in Chemical Physics, 169–221. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470142851.ch3.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Chemical affinity"

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Weaver, John B., and Adam M. Rauwerdink. "Chemical binding affinity estimation using MSB." In SPIE Medical Imaging, edited by John B. Weaver and Robert C. Molthen. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.878788.

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"Estrogen receptor binding affinity estimated by QSAR." In International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering. International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iicbe.c0615100.

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Freidin, Alexander B. "Chemical Affinity Tensor and Stress-Assist Chemical Reactions Front Propagation in Solids." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64957.

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We consider a stress-assist chemical reaction front propagation in a deformable solid undergoing a localized chemical reaction between solid and gas constituents. The reaction is sustained by the diffusion of the gas constituent through the transformed solid material. We introduce a chemical transformations strain tensor that relates two reference configurations of solid constituents. Then mass, momentum and energy balances are written down for the open system considered and the expression of the entropy production due to the reaction front propagation in a solid with arbitrary constitutive eq
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Yang, Yin-Jie, Ellis M. Shelley, Yi-Chia Liaw, Shing-Yi Suen, Min-Ying Wang, Eric D. Conte, Tai-Hong Cheng, Cheng-Chiang Huang, and Shin-Ying Chou. "Preparation of Polyacrylonitrile-based Immobilized Metal-Ion Affinity Membrane for Protein Adsorption." In 14th Asia Pacific Confederation of Chemical Engineering Congress. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-1445-1_304.

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Yang, Shiau-Jyun, and Yu-Kaung Chang. "Method Development for Extraction of GST-EGFP Fusion Protein by Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography." In 14th Asia Pacific Confederation of Chemical Engineering Congress. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-1445-1_714.

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Vijayakumaran, Thivina, U. Hashim, A. Rahim Ruslinda, M. K. Arshad, P. Veeradasan, and N. K. S. Nordin. "Improving the affinity of silicon surface for biosensor application: The interaction between multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and chitosan (CS)." In 11TH ASIAN CONFERENCE ON CHEMICAL SENSORS: (ACCS2015). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4975294.

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Chou, Yan-Syun, and Yu-kaung Chang. "Stirred Fluidized Bed Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography for Direct Recovery of Poly His-tagged Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein." In 14th Asia Pacific Confederation of Chemical Engineering Congress. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-1445-1_709.

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Na Luo, Wei Feng, Xiaoqiang Wang, and Feng Qian. "Dynamic optimization of chemical engineering problems using affinity propagation based estimation of distribution algorithm." In 2014 11th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation (WCICA). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcica.2014.7053323.

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Mosentsova, K. I., A. V. Toropova, M. Nour, A. Eldeeb, and D. M. Kolpashchikov. "DEPENDENCE OF THE AFFINITY OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDES ON CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS AND THE LENGTH OF NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES." In X Международная конференция молодых ученых: биоинформатиков, биотехнологов, биофизиков, вирусологов и молекулярных биологов — 2023. Novosibirsk State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1526-1-278.

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In the work, such methods of changing the affinity of DNKzyms as chemical modifications and changes in the length of the nucleotide sequences of the arms were considered. This makes it possible to prioritize the activation of two types of DNKzyms gates to determine the concentration of an oncomarker in solution.
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CHEN, KUAN, and THOMAS EDDY. "Investigation of chemical affinity for reacting flows of non-LThE (non-Local Thermal Equilibrium) gases." In 24th Plasma Dynamics, and Lasers Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1993-3225.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Chemical affinity"

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Glasscott, Matthew, Johanna Jernberg, Erik Alberts, and Lee Moores. Toward the electrochemical detection of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43826.

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Analytical methods to rapidly detect explosive compounds with high precision are paramount for applications ranging from national security to environmental remediation. This report demonstrates two proof-of-concept electroanalytical methods for the quantification of 2,4-dinitroanisol (DNAN) and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). For the first time, DNAN reduction was analyzed and compared at a bare graphitic carbon electrode, a polyaniline-modified (PANI) electrode, and a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) electrode utilizing PANI to explore the effect of surface-area and preconcentration a
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Author, Not Given. Colloids in groundwater: Their mobilization, subsurface transport, and sorption affinity for toxic chemicals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6144063.

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Gschwend, P. M. Colloids in groundwater: Their mobilization, subsurface transport, and sorption affinity for toxic chemicals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7288440.

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Chen, Yona, Jeffrey Buyer, and Yitzhak Hadar. Microbial Activity in the Rhizosphere in Relation to the Iron Nutrition of Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7613020.bard.

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Iron is the fourth most abundant element in the soil, but since it forms insoluble hydroxides at neutral and basic pH, it often falls short of meeting the basic requirements of plants and microorganisms. Most aerobic and facultative aerobic microorganisms possess a high-affinity Fe transport system in which siderophores are excreted and the consequent Fe complex is taken up via a cognate specific receptor and a transport pathway. The role of the siderophore in Fe uptake by plants and microorganisms was the focus of this study. In this research Rhizopus arrhizus was found to produce a novel sid
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Gschwend, P. M. Colloids in groundwater: Their mobilization, subsurface transport, and sorption affinity for toxic chemicals. Annual technical progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10168896.

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Chefetz, Benny, Baoshan Xing, and Yona Chen. Interactions of engineered nanoparticles with dissolved organic matter (DOM) and organic contaminants in water. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699863.bard.

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Background: Engineered carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are expected to be increasingly released into the environment with the rapid increase in their production and use. The discharged CNTs may interact with coexisting contaminants and subsequently change environmental behaviors and ecological effects of both the CNTs themselves and the contaminants. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a critical role in the transport of CNTs in the aquatic environment, affecting both CNT's surface properties through adsorption, and its colloidal stability in solution. Therefore, CNT-bound DOM complexes may interact
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Avnimelech, Yoram, Richard C. Stehouwer, and Jon Chorover. Use of Composted Waste Materials for Enhanced Ca Migration and Exchange in Sodic Soils and Acidic Minespoils. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575291.bard.

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Restoration of degraded lands and the development of beneficial uses for waste products are important challenges facing our society. In addition there is a need to find useful and environmentally friendly applications for the organic fractions of municipal and other solid waste. Recent studies have shown that composted wastes combined with gypsum or gypsum-containing flue gas desulfurization by-products enhance restoration of sodic soils and acidic minespoils. The mechanism by which this synergistic effect occurs in systems at opposite pH extremes appears to involve enhanced Ca migration and e
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Landau, Sergei Yan, John W. Walker, Avi Perevolotsky, Eugene D. Ungar, Butch Taylor, and Daniel Waldron. Goats for maximal efficacy of brush control. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587731.bard.

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Abstract (sommario):
Background. Brush encroachment constitutes a serious problem in both Texas and Israel. We addressed the issue of efficacy of livestock herbivory - in the form of goat browsing - to change the ecological balance to the detriment of the shrub vegetation. Shrub consumption by goats is kept low by plant chemical defenses such as tannins and terpenes. Scientists at TAES and ARO have developed an innovative, cost-effective methodology using fecal Near Infrared Spectrometry to elucidate the dietary percentage of targeted, browse species (terpene-richredberry and blueberry juniper in the US, and tanni
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9

Shomer, Ilan, Ruth E. Stark, Victor Gaba, and James D. Batteas. Understanding the hardening syndrome of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber tissue to eliminate textural defects in fresh and fresh-peeled/cut products. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587238.bard.

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Abstract (sommario):
The project sought to understand factors and mechanisms involved in the hardening of potato tubers. This syndrome inhibits heat softening due to intercellular adhesion (ICA) strengthening, compromising the marketing of industrially processed potatoes, particularly fresh peeled-cut or frozen tubers. However, ICA strengthening occurs under conditions which are inconsistent with the current ideas that relate it to Ca-pectate following pectin methyl esterase (PME) activity or to formation of rhamnogalacturonan (RG)-II-borate. First, it was necessary to induce strengthening of the middle lamellar c
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