Indice
Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Chênes tempérés"
Cita una fonte nei formati APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard e in molti altri stili
Consulta la lista di attuali articoli, libri, tesi, atti di convegni e altre fonti scientifiche attinenti al tema "Chênes tempérés".
Accanto a ogni fonte nell'elenco di riferimenti c'è un pulsante "Aggiungi alla bibliografia". Premilo e genereremo automaticamente la citazione bibliografica dell'opera scelta nello stile citazionale di cui hai bisogno: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver ecc.
Puoi anche scaricare il testo completo della pubblicazione scientifica nel formato .pdf e leggere online l'abstract (il sommario) dell'opera se è presente nei metadati.
Articoli di riviste sul tema "Chênes tempérés"
Kremer, Antoine. "Évolution biologique des arbres et évolution climatique". Futuribles N° 461, n. 4 (12 giugno 2024): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/futur.461.0023.
Testo completoBorderes, Michel. "Histoire d'une sylviculture. Le Tamarin des Hauts". BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 229 (1 settembre 1991): 35–42. https://doi.org/10.19182/bft1991.229.a19693.
Testo completoTesi sul tema "Chênes tempérés"
Barrere, Julien. "Interactions entre chêne et cervidés durant le processus de renouvellement - cas des peuplements forestiers tempérés de plaine (Quercus robur et Q. petraea)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0285.
Testo completoThe abundance and spatial distribution of cervids have drastically increased in France, and more generally in the Northern hemisphere over the last decades. These species play a crucial part in the functioning of forest ecosystems, but the current level of their populations compromises the process of forest regeneration for many tree species of crucial importance such as pedunculate and sessile oak (Quercus robur et Q. petraea). The objectives of this thesis are to quantify and unravel the mechanisms underlying the constraint exerted by cervids on oak regeneration through the consumption of acorns, of oak saplings and of admixed understory species, and (ii) to identify how specific forest management operations (i.e. fencing, felling, and clearing) can limit or enhance this constraint. The analysis of a long-term dataset of red and roe deer rumen content sampled in the study site of La Petite Pierre (Northeastern France) showed that acorns represented a significant resource in the diet of these two species, but that their acorn consumption saturated years of high fructification. Using experimental approaches, we showed that simulated deer browsing on the apical shoot systematically reduced oak sapling height growth both in situ and ex situ, and this was explained by a relatively poor plasticity in resource allocation following browsing to compensate for the loss of tissues. The analysis of a network of fenced-unfenced plots located in several sites in France and in Sweden showed that felling to increase canopy openness enhanced the negative effect of cervids on oak sapling growth and survival through a higher frequentation of cervids under open canopies. Lastly, after implementing the process of herbivory in a forest dynamic model (i.e. Regeneration library of CAPSIS modelling tool), I conducted simulations that suggested that under a high browsing pressure, less frequent clearing operations maintaining highly palatable sapling species such as hornbeam could reduce the negative influence of cervids on oak regeneration. To conclude, this thesis results confirm that cervids exert a significant constraint on the process of oak regeneration, but also suggest that adapted management of the understory vegetation could reduce this constraint and contribute to restore a balance between wildlife and silvicultural activities
Keurinck, Léa. "Changement climatique et reproduction des plantes pérennes : le rôle clé de la phénologie florale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10323.
Testo completoThe reproduction of many forest tree species is characterised by masting, a highly variable seed production between years at individual level, and synchronised within a population. This fluctuating fruiting dynamics has major cascading effects on the dynamics and regeneration of forest ecosystems. In the case of temperate oaks (Quercus robur and Q. petraea), the annual availability of pollen for reproduction (or pollen limitation) plays a key role in seed production. This is the result both of investment in flowering, at the population scale, and of the meteorological conditions in which pollen maturation and distribution take place. Pollen phenology, i.e. the timing of pollen development and emission, is therefore closely linked to fruiting dynamics, largely controlling the level of pollen limitation. However, the mechanisms governing pollen phenology have not been studied, which makes it impossible to predict the impact of climate change on pollen phenology, and consequently on oak reproductive patterns and oak forest regeneration. The aim of this thesis is to fill this gap by establishing the link between pollen phenology and the masting of temperate oaks. To do this, I sought to identify the determinants of their pollen phenology, to characterise the links with pollen limitation and to investigate the observed and expected influences of climate change. In particular, I cross-referenced a large pollen dataset (gathering data collected by the Réseau National de Surveillance Aérobiologique on a large network deployed in 79 sites across mainland France since 1989 for daily recording of the quantity of airborne pollen) with a meteorological dataset (SAFRAN) using statistical and mechanistic models. My work shows that (i) under current climatic conditions, forcing (heat accumulation in late winter and early spring) explains a large part (79%) of the variability in pollen phenology, which makes it a priority mechanism to consider when proposing realistic projections for the future of temperate oak masting, (ii) meteorological conditions around pollen phenology largely determine the level of pollen limitation, (iii) there is strong spatial heterogeneity in France in the trajectory of pollen limitation in the face of climate change since 1960, (iv) the recent climate trajectory has led to an advance in pollen phenology and a decrease in pollen limitation, the diversity of which between sites remains to be explained. My work demonstrates the necessity of integrating floral phenology into studies examining the future of perennial plant reproduction in the context of climate change
Schermer, Éliane. "La pollinisation, un élément central du masting chez les chênes de région tempérée". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1081/document.
Testo completo“Masting” designates a fruiting dynamics common in many perennial plants and characterized by seed production that is highly variable over the years and strongly synchronized among trees within populations. It is expected to strongly impact the population demography of seed consumers, and by cascade effect, the dynamics of forest ecosystems as a whole. Our lack of knowledge of the proximate causes of “masting” currently prevents any reliable prediction about the frequency and the intensity of fruiting, or about their consequences, under climate change. In this work I aimed to test the hypothesis that the pollination process is playing a key role in “masting” in temperate oak forests (Quercus petraea and Q. robur), which would make masting highly sensitive to climate change. By combining an empirical multi-site approach at large spatio-temporal scale in France and a theoretical approach based on a mechanistic model, I found that (i) fruiting dynamics depends on the annual amount of airborne pollen available for reproduction. This amount could be limited some years due to either low amounts of pollen produced at the population level, or harsh weather conditions affecting pollen release and aerial diffusion; (ii) pollen phenology is a key character of “masting”: pollen release takes place in early spring when weather conditions are typically unfavorable to pollination, which leads to frequent fruiting failure and explains thereby why mast years are rare and unpredictable; (iii) “masting” should become less stochastic in the upcoming decades because of the increase of spring temperatures, which should markedly influence the dynamics of seed consumers, and by cascading effect, oak forest regeneration
Deniau, Maud. "Mécanismes de recrutement du chêne (Quercus sp.) en forêt tempérée : rôle des arbres adultes sur les graines et les plantules". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1B048.
Testo completoConspecific (or closely related) adults reduce seed/seedling recruitment in their proximity, due to high pressure from specialized or little mobile enemies (Janzen-Connell Hypothesis). However, the importance of the Janzen-Connell effect remains controversial, suggesting that interactions between adults and seedlings are not restricted to close conspecific adults, nor to specialized enemies: heterospecific adults, size of adults and dominance of their lineage in the canopy may also control seed/seedling recruitment. Moreover, effects of adults on seeds/seedlings may be mediated by generalist or mobile enemies, fungal mutualists, and microenvironmental conditions. We studied the effect of adult trees on recruitment of oak seeds/seedlings, via mobile enemies, fungal mutualists, and finally microenvironmental conditions. Our results demonstrated that (i) a conspecific adult impedes recruitment of proximate seedlings by accumulating specialist decomposers that favor nutritional quality of seedlings and thereby attract herbivores. Moreover, a large adult attracts mollusk herbivores; (ii) a heterospecific adult favors recruitment of proximate seedlings, by reducing herbivory and improving the micro-environment; (iii) a closely related canopy favors seeds and seedlings recruitment, by oversaturating seed predators and increasing mycorrhizal support, respectively. Hence, our results permit to identify forest structures that are optimal for oak recruitment. Moreover, our results suggest that recruitment maintain oaks close to related species, in their ancestral niche
Eglin, Thomas. "Modélisation. Et. étude expérimentale. Du. Déterminisme des variations intra-annuelles du delta13C de la matière organique au sein d’arbres décidus en climat tempéré". Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112273.
Testo completoAt tree-scale, organic matter δ13C is generally considered as an integrator of physiological processes and environmental conditions prevailing during CO2 assimilation process (Ehleringer and al. 1988; Guehl and al. 1993). In particular, tree rings constitute a physiological and climatic archive easily datable at a yearly timestep. It is now considered that this information could be extracted at an intra-annual resolution from the intra-ring δ13C variations. The main objective of this thesis was to study the determinism of these intra-seasonal variations and to specify what are the physiological and environmental information that it is possible to extract from the δ13C signal within rings. Our approach consisted first in studying experimentally a part of the processes likely to influence, during growth, the variations of the bulk matter δ13C in leaves, stems and current-year ring by focusing on the biochemical composition and the respiratory discrimination. The studied species were deciduous trees: european beech (F. Sylvatica L. ) and sessile oak (Q. Petraea Matt. (Liebl. )). In a second step, data from these experiments as well as literature data have been used to elaborate a mechanistic model simulating the carbon isotopic balance at tree-scale. This model has been coupled with CASTANEA, a model simulating the carbon, water and energy balances at stand-scale, then calibrated and validated on measurements of intra-annual variations of δ13C within oak rings, sampled in the Barbeau forest (ECOFOR and CARBOEUROPE-IP site). Our study has shown (1) that the intra-annual variations of the δ13C of the organic matter of leaves, stems and ring are little influenced by variations in biochemical composition (in particular, lignin and holocellulose contents) and are mainly related to the mobilization of carbon reserves at the beginning of growth and to the influence of environmental conditions on the photosynthetic discrimination during the rest of the growth, (2) that the correlation between the bulk matter δ13C of the latewood and climatic conditions (mainly relative humidity and VPD) can be physiologically explained at intra-seasonal scale and (3) that there is a strong attenuation of the carbon isotopic signal in relation to the changes in climatic conditions from the leaf to the ring
Vernay, Antoine. "De la complexité fonctionnelle et écophysiologique des ressources lumières, azote et eau dans le réseau précoce d'interactions entre le jeune chêne (Quercus petraea) et deux Poacées (D. cespitosa et M. caerulea) : conséquences pour la régénération des chênaies tempérées". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC081/document.
Testo completoTemperate forest ecosystems are prone to regeneration failures because of strong competition between understorey species and tree seedlings. This thesis aimed to improve our understanding of sessile oak seedlings (Quercus petraea) and poacea responses, both in competition among different levels of resource availabilities. Two poacea species were studied, Molinia caerulea and Deschampisa cespitosa. We focused on the role of the different resource combinations (light, water and inorganic nitrogen) on interaction variation (intensity and importance) between those species and underlying ecophysiological mechanisms. Our greenhouse and field experiments allowed us to infer a very early competition, from the first months of interaction between oak seedlings and poacea neighbours. High light level leads to stronger competition from poacea on oak seedlings, increased by nitrogen supply. Secondly nature and extent of these interactions depend on applied abiotic stress level and on considered organs. Thirdly Oak seedlings mainly respond by accumulating resources in coarse roots. These resources are remobilized next year and may have a positive carry-over effect on oak functioning if there is no water stress. Eventually we observed facilitation as well, from oak on D. cespitosa in fertilized environment. Nitrogen supply would foster oak seedling growth, increasing exudate production and root turn-over, to the benefit of D . cespitosa. The poacea would take up this extra nitrogen source for its own development. This study support the idea of including interaction effects of different abiotic factors in competition models. Silvicultural practices would also be enhanced by optimizing species coexistence in temperate forests as soon as tree seedlings and understorey species start to grow together
Richard, Emmanuelle. "Réponse des communautés de Coléoptères carabiques à la conversion en futaie régulière de chêne : aspects écologiques et méthodologiques". Paris, ENGREF, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ENGR0006.
Testo completoThe thesis aims at evaluating short and mid-term impacts, on carabid communities, of converting mature stands previously managed as coppice-with-standards (exCWS) into even-aged high oak forest (EHF). On 68 plots in the Montargis state forest, we trapped and compared carabid communities in exCWS and in 5 stages of the first 100 years of an EHF silvicultural cycle. An original statistical method, the multi-species parametric model, allowed us to use one and the same approach (i) to test and characterize the response patterns at the levels of species, community and ecological groups based on habitat preference and flight ability, (ii) to identify which community level best sums up the species response. Regeneration felling disturbed carabid communities and particularly penalized the forest species for up to 20 years. However, thanks to a relay succession, species reached or exceeded their exCWS level of abundance within the first half of the EHF silvicultural cycle
Vitasse, Yann. "Déterminismes environnemental et génétique de la phénologie des arbres de climat tempéré : suivi des dates de débourrement et de sénescence le long d'un gradient altitudinal et en tests de provenances". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13788/document.
Testo completoTo assess the response of forests to climate change, the phenology of six tree species was monitored from 2005 to 2007 both along an altitudinal gradient (providing a thermal gradient of about 7 ° C), and in provenance trials at various altitudes. The aim was (i) to characterize phenological patterns of leaf unfolding and leaf senescence timings in situ, (ii) to determine climatic variables responsible for these patterns, in particular using phenological models, and (iii) to assess the genetic variability and phenotypic plasticity of these phenological events. Our results showed that spring temperature differentially affected the leaf unfolding dates of the six species, with significant disparity in responses among species (from -1.9 days / ° C to -6.5 days / ° C for beech and oak, respectively) but not between the populations of a given species. Regarding the dates of senescence, we highlighted that temperature induced a strong shift of this event for oak and beech (> 5 days / ° C), while no cline was detected for sycamore and ash. The lengthening the growing season in response to an increase in temperature is thus mainly the result of an advance in flushing dates for all species except beech, whose growing season length changes were greatly resulting from shifts in senescence. Phenological models stressed the importance of forcing temperatures (effective during bud quiescence period), while the chilling temperatures (effective during dormancy) did not appear to significantly influence the occurrence of leaf unfolding. Concerning senescence variations , the models highlighted the role of temperature for sessile oak and beech, while the photoperiod and other factors could be involved in the ash and maple. Thus, for oak, the models predicted that the length of growing season will extend faster than the one for beech in the coming decades, and that the phenological competitive balance between these two species will likely to evolve towards higher altitudes. Finally, we showed that the sampled populations showed strong adaptations in phenology and growth in spite of their geographical proximity. Moreover, the reaction norms indicated, first, the existence of a strong phenological plasticity of species, and second, that this plasticity seemed to be an intrinsic characteristic of the species. These results underline that trees have consequent inherent adaptive capacities in phenological traits which may enable them to cope with global warming. However, the differences in phenological sensitivities among species suggest that global warming will significantly affect the competitive balance of species
Dietz, Lucie. "Dynamique spontanée post-tempête de la végétation forestière en contexte de changement climatique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AGPT0004.
Testo completoIn a context where the disturbances could be more severe and/or more frequent, the choice of silvicultural management to be implemented following disturbances comes up against the lack of knowledge of the spontaneous dynamics of regeneration obtained in the context of climate change. From permanent plots installed in France following the storms of 1999, the objective of this study is to analyse the medium-term vegetation dynamics observed within forest gaps, to identify its main determinants and assess the interaction between disturbances and adaptation of plant communities to climate change. The natural tree regeneration, obtained in the post-storm gaps, seems to be sufficient in terms of density and species diversity. Most sites have in average more than 2000 stems/ha and 4.4 species present in the stratum greater than 2 m. The few concerning situations have been identified from the young stages of regeneration and have common characteristics: they are old coniferous stands on acidic soil where competing vegetation has been able to develop, inducing regeneration blocking. In these contexts, a silvicultural intervention would have been desirable to promote regeneration. A specific study of the natural regeneration of three major European hardwood species was carried out: oak, hornbeam and beech. We have highlighted a decline in the abundance of oak over time, in favour of the two most competitive species of beech and hornbeam. Oak is still present on 22% of the sites 19 years after the canopy was opened despite its low density. It also shows growth equivalent or even superior to that of hornbeam and beech, suggesting different development strategies between the three species. Nevertheless, in view of the observed dynamics of the oak, without intervention to promote its regeneration, its future seems uncertain in the coming decades. Finally, our study revealed a greater thermophilisation of the plant communities present in forests that have had an open canopy compared to those in undisturbed forests. By stimulating thermophilization, disturbance thus plays a major ecological role in the adaptation of plant communities to climate change. The importance of large-scale disturbances should therefore not be underestimated, especially in a future climate context where they are likely to intensify