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1
Sauder, Markus Ulrich. "Essays on the economics of child labour and child education". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3622/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis focuses on the economics of child labour and child education within developing and developed countries. The first part of the thesis examines child labour and child education in developing countries. It investigates the motivations of parents to send their children to work and analyses the so-called commitment problem of child labour in a dynamic, overlapping generations game theoretical model. As a novelty, this model relaxes the requirement of an observable history of play and models the decision problem as an overlapping generations cyclic game. We show that first-best contracts may me implemented, implying optimal child education and low child labour, if a bequest sanction can be imposed by grandparents. We also discuss the special role that grandparents have within this model. The second part of the thesis analyses the economics of child education within a developed country context: the transmission of education across generations and the impact of a schooling reform on educational choice and later outcomes. In a first chapter of this second part, we examine specifically the influence of grandparents, as postulated by the model in part one, on the education of grandchildren. A unique dataset on three generations, the National Child Development Survey of the UK, is used. As a special feature, we apply recent econometric techniques to deal with censoring in a semi-parametric setting. The results indicate that it is not education but rather unobservable factors on the parent and grandparent level that affect the educational choice of grandchildren. These unobservable factors may be interpreted as innate ability or parenting skills. In a second chapter within this part, a schooling reform, the introduction of comprehensive schools in the UK and its impact on educational and labour market outcomes is evaluated. We find, using data from the National Child Development Survey and applying a new, quasi-differenced matching estimator, that bias corrected estimates of the reform suggest no effect on the means, but a sizeable effect on the variance of outcomes. We interpret this finding as indicative of a higher risk inherent to the selective education system. In summary the thesis sheds some new light on the economics of education and child labour, both in a theoretical and an empirical context, and provides a valuable reference and starting point for future research in this area.
2
Fasih, Tazeen. "An analysis of the impact of labour and education laws on child labour in Pakistan during the 1990s". Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414984.
Testo completo
3
Subbaraman, Subhashini. "Essays on child labour, its relation with competitiveness of labour intensive exports, its determinants and education in India". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16067.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Diese Dissertation ist eine Sammlung von Artikeln, die sich auf Kinderarbeit beziehen. In mehreren Ländern wurde eine Analyse durchgeführt, welche die Leistungsfähigkeit von arbeitsintensiven Exportgeschäften beurteilte. Das Ergebnis enthüllte, dass Kinderarbeit arbeitsintensive Exporttätigkeiten negativ beeinflusste gemessen am Bruttosozialprodukt. Die Faktoren zur Kinderarbeit wurden genauer untersucht, indem Datenmaterial von nationalen Stichprobenerhebungen Indiens benützt wurden. Man fand heraus, dass familiäre Eigenschaften, insbesondere der Bildungsgrad, ein bedeutsames Verhältnis zu den täglichen Tätigkeiten eines Kindes aufweist. Mit der gleichen Datengrundlage wurden die finanziellen Auswirkungen von Ausbildung im „informellen und formellen“ Arbeitsmarkt für die Städte und die ländlichen Regionen Indiens untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die finanziellen Auswirkungen im „informellen Arbeitsmarkt“ sowie in ländlichen Regionen und im primären Wirtschaftssektor geringer ausfielen. Eine Kostennutzenanalyse wurde durchgeführt, um den tatsächlichen Nutzen von Ausbildungskosten für alle Kinder ohne jegliche Schulausbildung zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Durchführung solcher Projekte für die indische Regierung sogar von großem Nutzen wäre.This Dissertation is a collection of articles all related to child labour. A multi country analysis estimating performance of labour intensive exports was performed and the results revealed that child labour negatively influenced the labour intensive exports share to GDP. Using National Sample Survey data from India, determinants of child labour were studied. It was found that family characteristics, especially literacy levels had a significant relationship with the daily activity status of the child. With the same data set, returns to education in the informal and formal labour markets were studied for rural and urban India. Results showed that returns were lower in the informal market, rural regions and in the primary sector. A Cost Benefit Analysis was performed to examine the net benefits of educating all out of school children and the results showed that such a project would be within the reach of Indian Government.
4
Pressley, James. "Childhood, education and labour : moral pressure and the end of the half-time system". Thesis, Lancaster University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340656.
Testo completo
5
Al-Mahmood, Md Arif. "Child health, education and labour after a natural disaster : impact and policy issues". Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430859.
Testo completo
6
Awaleh, Mahad. "Child labour and access to education : an investigation of the situation in Bangladesh /". Oslo : Institute for Educational Research, Universitetet i Oslo, 2007. http://www.duo.uio.no/publ/pfi/2007/58409/MahadxAwalehxMasterxThesisxChildxLaborxinxBangladeshxUio.pdf.
Testo completo
7
Vimefall, Elin. "Essays on child education, child labor and the agricultural economy". Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-44890.
Testo completo
8
Hashim, Iman Mohamed. "Working with working children : child labour and the barriers to education in rural northeastern Ghana". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404101.
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9
Githitho-Muriithi, Angela. "The reconstruction of childhood : a community study of child labour and schooling in Kenya". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609974.
Testo completo
10
Berlan, Amanda. "Education and child labour among cocoa producers in Ghana : the anthropological case for a re-evaluation". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:117111.
Testo completo
11
Clott, Timothy Alec. "Understanding the Relationship Between Poverty, Education and Child Labor: An Analysis of Child Labor in Nigeria". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64398.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Two major ideas dominate past literature on child labor. First, past literature continues to support the well-developed relationship between poverty and rates of child labor. Second, past literature continues to associate school attendance as the primary opportunity cost of child labor and juxtaposes the variables as a mutually exclusive trade off. The following project investigates both these ideas. By conducting several logit regression models between school attendance and participation in family-affiliated agricultural practices in Nigeria, the paper investigates a specific aspect of poverty (school attendance) while also providing empirical evidence to support the assumed relationship that education and child labor represent a trade off. The findings support the notion that school attendance correlates with a decreased likelihood of participation in moderate forms of child labor. Children in Nigeria who attend school are less likely to also have worked in a family affiliated agricultural capacity. The project concludes by discussing the potentially positive policy implications for eliminating exploitative child labor. By framing moderate agricultural labor as the most engrained form of child labor, the theoretical implications of the impact of school attendance on child labor becomes even greater.Master of Arts
12
Loua, Reine Sylvie. "A Multi-disciplinary analysis of the girl child's right to basic education in West Africa". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40533.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Over the years, a net increase in enrolment rates in primary schools has been observed worldwide. Nevertheless, in West Africa, girls still lag behind in terms of basic education. Although many other African societies face educational challenges in terms of realising girls’ right to education, educational challenges are far greater for women and girls in West Africa. This region is considered to have the highest illiteracy level in the world, and the level of illiteracy is even higher for females. As a result, a gap persists between the number of boys and girls in primary schools. The reasons why this gap persist is because cultural limitations and poverty still undermine the realisation of girls’ right to basic education in this part of the world. Girls’ right to primary education is undermined through patriarchy; negative cultural perceptions associated with girls’ education, child labour or child marriages, to mention but a few. Not only are educational disparities visible in terms of gender, but educational disparities are also visible between urban and rural areas. By taking into account such differences, and in order to best achieve universal basic education in West Africa, the use of multiple strategies is advised. It requires primarily the enforcement of legal measures in order to improve girls’ enrolment and retention rates. Simultaneously, it requires economic solutions which can help the poor to send girls to school, with in addition strategies which focus on the role that institutions can play; whether these institutions are governments, traditional or religious institutions. Evidently, with these strategies, the role played by other actors such as citizens and non-governmental organisations, in ensuring girls’ right to basic education cannot be underestimated.Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
gm2014
Centre for Human Rights
unrestricted
13
Subbaraman, Subhashini [Verfasser], Harald von [Gutachter] Witzke e Dieter [Gutachter] Kirschke. "Essays on child labour, its relation with competitiveness of labour intensive exports, its determinants and education in India / Subhashini Subbaraman ; Gutachter: Harald von Witzke, Dieter Kirschke". Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1208076655/34.
Testo completo
14
Peruffo, Marcel Cortes. "The long term effects of Bolsa Família on child labour and school enrollment". reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/14083.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
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In this paper we study the e ects of conditional cash transfers in school enrolment and tackling child labour. We develop a dynamic heterogeneous agent general equilibrium model, where households face a set of tradeo s while allocating their children's time in leisure activities, schooling and working. We calibrate the model using data from the Brazilian survey PNAD in order to quantify the e ects of a conditional transfer. We then evaluate the results of a policy experiment that implements a conditional cash transfer scheme similar to the Brazilian Bolsa Familia. Our results suggest that the program, in the long term, is able to substantially increase school registration and reduce child labour and poverty. In addition, we nd out that a progressive conditional cash transfer results in even more bene ts.
Neste trabalho, estudamos os impactos de transfer^encias condicionais de renda sobre o trabalho e a educa c~ao infantis. Para tanto, desenvolvemos modelo din^amico de equil brio geral com agentes heterog^eneos, onde as fam lias enfrentam tradeo s com rela c~ao a aloca c~ao de tempo das crian cas em atividades de lazer, em escolaridade e em trabalhar. O modelo e calibrado usando dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra em Domic lios, de modo que podemos quanti car os efeitos de uma pol tica de transfer^encia de renda. Finalmente, avaliamos o impacto de um pol tica semelhante ao atual Bolsa Fam lia. Nossos resultados sugerem que o programa, no longo prazo, e capaz de induzir um aumento substancial na escolaridade, al em de ser efetivo na redu c~ao do trabalho infantil e da pobreza. Al em disso, mostramos que um programa progressivo de transfer^encia condicional de renda resulta em benef cios ainda maiores.
15
Zheng, Xinye. "The Economics of Child Labor". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2006. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/16.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this dissertation, we first develop a simple two-period model to examine the parent's optimal choice of children's time. We identify factors such as wage rate, school fees, education returns, degree of children's altruism toward their parents and the parents' discounting rate that influence the parents' optimal choice, and discuss their impacts on the optimal choice. Children's time is an important resource for rural households in developing economies, and it is typically allocated by the parents. Two basic uses for this resource are: working in the labor market and attending schools. Schooling today may make children more productive in the future. The opportunity cost of schooling is the forgone wage rate in the labor market. Allocation of children's time is therefore mainly determined by education return, wage rate in labor market and school fees. Many existing models in the literature cannot explain the coexistence of schooling, poverty and the coexistence of child labor and affluence. We extend our basic model to explain the above two paradoxes. We show that, when education return is high and the household is willing to endure extra hardship caused by the child attending school, the coexistence of schooling and poverty can emerge. On the other hand, when the wage rate for child labor and schooling fees are higher than education return, affluence and child labor can co-exist. Governments have adopted various policy tools to fight against child labor, among which the compulsory education law and free education programs stand out. Our basic model is then extended to examine how these two types of government policies may impact child labor. We show the relative performance of the two policies depend crucially on several factors, including the enforcement and the costs to the household of the compulsory education law. We use the recent Chinese experience in changing the compulsory education law to free education plan to illustrate and verify our theoretical prediction.
16
Bukenya, Joanna A. B. "A comparison between South Africa and Uganda, in respect of child labour as a hindrance to the right to education". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/46224.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In many parts of the world children are engaged in child labour, some of the key factors that contribute to the prevalence of child labour include; poverty, societal perception of child labour and cultural influences. A child’s right to education is essential for the growth and development of a child in order the knowledge and skills needed to progress in life and better exposure to better opportunities in life. However when child labour interferes with or hinders a child’s right to education, this limits a child’s opportunity to grow, thus subjecting them to low paying jobs and keeping them in the cycle of poverty.
South Africa and Uganda recognise the importance of the rights of the child which is evident in existing legalisation protecting the rights of the child in both countries, the ratification, by both countries, of international law and instruments protecting the rights of children, as well the establishment policies, programmes, and other initiatives protecting the rights of the child. Basic education is compulsory in both countries and duties are placed on parents and guardians ensure they receive this. However there still exist large amounts of children involved in child labour, many of whom are dropping out of school due financial hardships and other circumstances and thus resorting to child labour to assist and take care of their families. This research argues that education and increased awareness about the detrimental effect of child are both important tools in the elimination of child labour. This research reviews existing legalisation, policies and programmes and initiatives in place for the reduction and elimination of child labour in Uganda and South Africa and identifies good practices in both countries which could be implemented to create new and strengthen existing systems and mechanism in place against child labour.Mini-dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
tm2015
Centre for Human Rights
MPhil
Unrestricted
17
Oryoie, Ali Reza. "Essays on Child Labor and Inequality". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/72965.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This dissertation studies a number of issues related to Development Economics. The first chapter explains how we can use multiple correspondence analysis to calculate an asset index, and then offers an inequality analysis using the asset index. The second chapter provides a theoretical explanation of an odd relationship between child labor and per capita land holding in a household, and then provides empirical evidence for the explanation. Finally, the third chapter represents the results of a study of the behavior of rural households during shocks. Across the entire dissertation, we use three cross sectional surveys, conducted in 2001, 2007-8 and 2010-11 in Zimbabwe.Ph. D.
18
Serwadda-Luwaga, James. "Child labour and scholastic retardation A thematic analysis of the 1999 Survey of Activities of Young People in South Africa /". Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10172005-151313.
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19
Coufalíková, Lenka. "Přístup ke vzdělání v rozvojovém světě: nástroj vymýcení dětské práce a snížení chudoby". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-199208.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis deals with child labour, mostly in developing countries, which are also one of the poorest regions of the planet. The aim is to determine the method of comparative analysis here the emphasis on improving children's education can be a tool to eradicate both child labour and poverty. The thesis also deals with the idea that child labour is a consequence or cause of poverty. The theoretical part deals with basic concepts, such as child labour, childhood, the importance of education. The theoretical part also deals with international organizations such as ILO, UN and OECD which are actively involved in the fight for children's rights and actively promotes the idea of removing children from work. In the practical part of my thesis I examined whether in the past programs for reduction of child labour and increase education to be successful. I also discussed a unique approach to education of young workers in companies of Henry Ford and Thomas Milton Hershey and Jan Antonín Bata. In the practical part I analyze also a new approach to the eradication of child labour through education programs for reduction of child labor in India, primarily in the state of Andhra Pradesh.
20
Dutta, Gitanjali. "Child labor in Vietnam : the relative importance of poverty, returns to education, labor mobility, and credit constraints /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3074396.
Testo completo
21
Ekong, Samuel Effiong. "Nigerian Policy on Child Labor: An Evaluation of the Education Sector Preparedness for Effective Policy Implementation". ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1886.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A number of studies have been conducted about policy failures in Nigeria; however, little is known about the state of stakeholders' readiness to implement any government policy. Using the functionalist theory of Durkheim and the infrastructure theory of Frischmann, the purpose of this exploratory case study was to evaluate the level of preparedness of the education sector to implement the Nigerian policy on child labor, which was adopted on September 11, 2013, by the federal executive council of Nigeria. Preparedness in this study was conceptualized as the ability of the education sector to absorb children of school-going-age who quit all forms of child labor activities and return to formal education in schools. Open-ended interviews elicited narratives from 30 participants purposefully drawn from the Northern, Central, and Southern Uruan Local Government Areas of Akwa Ibom State. Interview data were transcribed, coded, and analyzed for emergent themes. The findings revealed that schools were evenly dispersed within the Uruan Local Government Area. However, the state of infrastructure in the schools, particularly in the rural communities, was in a condition of neglect with a high teacher-pupil ratio. There was a low incidence of child labor but a weak government enforcement strategy, particularly in the interior/riverine areas of the research population. This study leads to positive social change by creating awareness among policy makers that the various stakeholders in any public policy need to be equipped with adequate resources to minimize the incidence of policy failure in Nigeria.
22
Lavan, Daniel. "The Discourse and Practice of Child Protagonism: Complexities of Intervention in Support of Working Children’s Rights in Senegal". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22748.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Contesting international strategies for combatting child labour that derive from modern, Western conceptions of childhood, several developing country organizations have embraced the principle of child protagonism by declaring that working children can become the leading agents in struggles to advance their interests when they are mentored in forming their own independent organizations. This thesis first explores how an African NGO, informed by its urban animation experiences, developed its own specific discourse of child protagonism and employed it as the basis for establishing an African working children’s organization designed to provide compensatory literacy and skills training and to empower members to improve their own and other children’s working conditions. The thesis considers this foundational child protagonism discourse in light of data collected in Senegal by means of participant observation and interviews in grassroots groups and associations of working children, as well as in the offices of both the local NGO and its international NGO donor. Fieldwork revealed limitations of the specific child protagonism practice pursued over the past two decades. Specifically, redirecting resources from direct pedagogical accompaniment of grassroots working child groups towards bureaucratic capacity building for the “autonomization” of higher hierarchical levels of the organization, as well as towards international meetings, has resulted in the organization’s diminished impact for vulnerable groups in Dakar, particularly migrant girl domestic workers. Deepening implication with international donors has forced shifts in the priorities of the local NGO and the working children’s organization it facilitates, yet the two have been largely successful in buffering donor probes precisely into the ground level effectiveness of their child protagonism strategy. No previous independent research has sought to confront the discourse of child protagonism with a comprehensive examination of a working children’s organization’s practice, from its most local processes to its international dimensions and donor relations.
23
Saharia, Priyam. "LABOR VERSUS LEARNING: EXPLAINING THE STATE-WISE VARIATION OF CHILD LABOR IN INDIA". UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/polysci_etds/10.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
What explains the variation of child labor rates across Indian states? This dissertation explores why certain states in India, which are not necessarily the wealthiest, have been able to reduce child labor significantly in the past few decades, while child labor continues to increase at alarming rates in other states. Previous economic and cultural explanations, which focus on household-level poverty or the hierarchical social stratification of Indian society fail to adequately explain variation in child labor rates across Indian states. This research project explores how systematic regional differences in bureaucratic performance and patterns of civic engagement have influenced child labor rates in Indian states. The dissertation articulates and tests several hypotheses about the efficacy of bureaucracy and civil society activity in implementing child labor and elementary education laws. This study employs a multi-level research design including a range of statistical and qualitative techniques of analysis to get at the social and institutional variables that influence parents’ decision to send a child to work. It utilizes cross-state survey dataset for 28 Indian states for the year 2005 to run statistical analyses which confirm the theoretical hypotheses. Further, two case studies based on six months of fieldwork in the two Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan provide further understanding of the theoretical mechanisms. This study finds that educational deprivation plays a key role in determining levels of child labor- even controlling for income, states that have focused on universal elementary education have been more successful at reducing child labor than states that have not prioritized elementary education.
24
Patrick, Amanda A. "THE EFFECT OF MICROCREDIT ON POVERTY: THE EXTENT TO WHICH MICROCREDIT INFLUENCES AVERAGE DAILY HOURS SPENT IN PRIMARY SCHOOL". OpenSIUC, 2010. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/162.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Providing viable sources of credit is fast becoming an important research topic for governments and NGOs as a means of eliminating poverty. Microcredit is one of the alternative methods that have been introduced as opposed to the conventional lending systems which often exclude the poor. Microcredit has the potential to reduce poverty through social (improvement in health, education and women empowerment) and economic means (increase in employment, income and consumption). Although there are several investigations into the economic effect that Microcredit can have, mostly in the areas of consumption and increase in income, the social effects however, were not given much consideration. In this research the social effect of Microcredit on the education of children between the ages of 7-11 in Malawi was assessed in order to study the difference in school hours between non-members and members of Microcredit institutions. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression was used in this analysis. The results indicate a negative relationship between children of Microcredit members and average hours spent in school. We find that consistently, throughout all regressions the number of school hours was less for members of credit programs.
25
Wind, Steven. "A Reconsideration of Child Labor from the Perspectives of Multiple Stakeholders in Mysore, India". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195175.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Internationalist perspectives towards child labor have been adopted in India by both the national government and NGOs. These perspectives conceptualize childhood as a protected period of life lasting until age 18. Education and play, but not work, are considered appropriate activities for children. Although poverty has been acknowledged as a contributing factor, the reason children work has also commonly been framed as one of ignorant or unprincipled parents exploiting their children and squandering their future. The solution, according to anti-child labor discourse, is universal primary education.This dissertation problematizes such conceptions regarding childhood, education, and child labor. Drawing on fifteen months of fieldwork in Mysore, Karnataka, I examine community attitudes towards childhood and highlight incongruencies between internationalist and local characterizations. I compare community stakeholders' and government perspectives concerning education and children's work, focusing on household decision-making. I demonstrate that low-income parents want their children to obtain a good education, and are willing to expend limited economic resources to achieve that vision. Frequently, however, their goal is stymied by characteristics of the Indian education system or household crises that limit the ability to spend on education and create a need for additional income that a working child can provide. I explore how decisions regarding sending a child to work are negotiated, the perceived appropriateness of different types of work with regard to age and gender, and local ideas about formal and informal apprenticeship. I also consider the degree to which children are active agents in education and work-related decision-making.An understanding of parental decision-making requires exploration of the relationship between cultural, social, and economic capital and child labor. Research data revealed that low-income parents commonly lack the social connections and economic capital needed to convert a child's educational achievement into gainful employment. This caused some parents to view occupational training from a young age as a more pragmatic means of insuring a child's future.Finally, this dissertation provides insights into the commonly ignored relationship between alcohol abuse and child labor. Alcohol abuse often has serious economic, health, and social impact in low-income households that results in children having to work.
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Scott, Suzanne Pauline. "Education of child garment workers in Bangladesh, a case study of the memorandum of understanding involving the International Labour Organization, UNICEF, and the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq28719.pdf.
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Smith, Lauren C. "Re-evaluating poverty alleviation strategies: the impact of microfinance on child labor in Bangladesh". Claremont McKenna College, 2008. http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/u?/stc,39.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Microfinance has become one of the most promising tools for development and poverty alleviation over the past two decades. Millions of borrowers around the globe have utilized microcredit to start or expand their small businesses and raise their household income. One poverty-induced problem microfinance could potentially alleviate is child labor. Despite international legislation prohibiting it, child labor continues to deprive millions of children of their right to education. Without education, there is little hope for a country to increase productivity and wealth in the future. A number of scholars have highlighted a negative correlation between credit rationing and child labor. However, there are no studies that examine whether or not children are less likely to work in households that participate in microfinance programs. In some circumstances, microcredit may increase household income and induce parents to withdraw their children from work while in others, raising the household income level may lead children to work more. In low-income countries with numerous microfinance institutions, many children work despite their parents’ access to credit. In order to examine this paradoxical phenomenon, this thesis presents a number of econometric models which analyze both child labor and credit at the household level. Though these models are vital in explaining the relevant trends, a purely economic analysis fails to capture the political and cultural factors that also engender child labor. To illustrate this complex relationship between economics and mores, this thesis highlights the impact of microfinance on child labor in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is an ideal country for this study because microfinance and child labor are both endemic. Finally, conclusions drawn from this analysis inform policy recommendations to amplify the effectiveness of microfinance on diminishing child labor.
28
Smith, Lauren C. "Re-Evaluating Poverty Alleviation Strategies: The Impact of Microfinance on Child Labor in Bangladesh". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/224.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Microfinance has become one of the most promising tools for development and poverty alleviation over the past two decades. Millions of borrowers around the globe have utilized microcredit to start or expand their small businesses and raise their household income. One poverty-induced problem microfinance could potentially alleviate is child labor. Despite international legislation prohibiting it, child labor continues to deprive millions of children of their right to education. Without education, there is little hope for a country to increase productivity and wealth in the future. A number of scholars have highlighted a negative correlation between credit rationing and child labor. However, there are no studies that examine whether or not children are less likely to work in households that participate in microfinance programs. In some circumstances, microcredit may increase household income and induce parents to withdraw their children from work while in others, raising the household income level may lead children to work more. In low-income countries with numerous microfinance institutions, many children work despite their parents’ access to credit. In order to examine this paradoxical phenomenon, this thesis presents a number of econometric models which analyze both child labor and credit at the household level. Though these models are vital in explaining the relevant trends, a purely economic analysis fails to capture the political and cultural factors that also engender child labor. To illustrate this complex relationship between economics and mores, this thesis highlights the impact of microfinance on child labor in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is an ideal country for this study because microfinance and child labor are both endemic. Finally, conclusions drawn from this analysis inform policy recommendations to amplify the effectiveness of microfinance on diminishing child labor.
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Gueye, Ababacar sedikh. "Access to education and labor market in sub-saharan Africa". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAD015.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Comparée aux autres régions du monde, l’Afrique subsaharienne accuse un retard important sur le plan de la réduction de la pauvreté et du développement humain en général. Le faible accès à l’éducation couplé au faible dynamisme du marché du travail, marqué par la pléthore d’emplois vulnérables, y sont pour beaucoup. En 2016, en Afrique subsaharienne, un enfant sur trois n’est pas scolarisé et plus de sept travailleurs sur dix occupent des emplois vulnérables. Cette thèse propose trois études empiriques pour mieux comprendre d’une part, l’accès à l’éducation en Afrique subsaharienne et d’autre part, l’impact de l’accès à un emploi décent sur la réduction de la pauvreté. Le chapitre 1 s’intéresse au rôle que jouent les interactions sociales dans les décisions de scolarisation des enfants en milieu rural au Sénégal à partir des données d’un suivi démographique. Cette étude utilise le système de castes au Sénégal et la proximité géographique pour construire des groupes sociaux. Les résultats montrent que l’appartenance à un groupe social détermine fortement la scolarisation des enfants. Trois mécanismes pourraient expliquer cet effet des interactions sociales : les normes sociales, la perception des rendements de l’éducation et des effets d’entraînement. Le chapitre 2 cherche à analyser si les orphelins d’une part, et les non-orphelins qui ne vivent pas avec leurs parents biologiques d’autre part, sont désavantagés en termes d’accès à l’éducation et de travail des enfants. Pour cela, j’exploite les données d’une enquête en panel collectée dans des zones rurales en Tanzanie. Les résultats montrent que les orphelins de père et les orphelins de père et de mère reçoivent moins de dépenses d’éducation mais ne sont pas désavantagés en termes de scolarisation ou de travail des enfants. Par contre, les orphelins de père qui résident avec leurs mères, reçoivent en moyenne les mêmes dépenses d’éducation que les autres enfants et ont plus de chances d’être scolarisés. En moyenne, les enfants non-orphelins qui sont confiés ne sont pas différents des enfants vivant avec leurs parents biologiques en termes d’éducation et de charges de travail. Ces résultats suggèrent une absence de discrimination envers les orphelins et les enfants confiés, mais une baisse des ressources allouées aux orphelins de père qui pourrait entraver leur éducation. Enfin, le dernier chapitre s’intéresse à la situation du marché du travail au Sénégal. Il tente d’analyser la meilleure stratégie pour réduire la pauvreté entre l’accès à un emploi décent au Sénégal ou la migration à l’étranger. Les résultats indiquent que l’accès à l’emploi décent et la migration ont tous les deux un impact important sur la réduction de la pauvreté, mais ces deux impacts ne sont pas significativement différents en termes d’ampleur. Toutefois, l’accès à l’emploi décent favorise les dépenses d’éducation des enfants contrairement à la migration qui a peu ou pas d’effets sur les dépenses d’éducationCompared to other regions, sub-Saharan Africa lags far behind in terms of poverty reduction and human development. This is partly explained by the low access to education combined with the weak dynamism of the labor market, characterized by a large share of vulnerable employment. In 2016, one in three children in sub-Saharan Africa is out of school and more than seven out of ten workers are employed in vulnerable jobs. This thesis proposes three empirical studies to better understand, on the one hand, access to education in sub-Saharan Africa and, on the other hand, the impact of access to a decent job on poverty reduction. Chapter 1 examines the role of social interactions in schooling decisions in rural Senegal using data from a demographic surveillance system. This study uses the caste system in Senegal and geographical proximity to build social groups. Results show that the membership to a social group strongly influences school attendance. Three mechanisms could explain this effect: social norms, the perception of return to education, and ripple effects. Chapter 2 aims to analyze whether orphans on the one hand, and non-orphans not living with their biological parents on the other hand, are disadvantaged in terms of access to education and child labor. I use data from a panel survey collected in rural Tanzania. The results show that paternal orphans and double-orphans receive less education expenditure but are not disadvantaged in terms of schooling or child labor. On the other hand, paternal orphans residing with their mothers receive on average the same amount of education expenditure as other children and are more likely to attend school. On average, non-orphaned fostered children are not different from children living with their biological parents in terms of education and child labor. These findings suggest an absence of discrimination against orphans and fostered children, but a loss of income for paternal orphans which could impede their educational outcomes. Finally, the last chapter looks at the situation of the labor market in Senegal. It attempts to analyze the best strategy to reduce poverty between access to a decent job in Senegal or migration abroad. The results indicate that both decent job and migration have a significant impact on poverty reduction, but the magnitudes of these two impacts are not significantly different. However, access to a decent job increases educational expenditure while migration has a little or no effect on educational expenditure
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Souza, Cruz Ozelito. "Trabalho infantil e ensino fundamental : an area do sisal". Thèse, Chicoutimi : [Senhor do Bonfim, Brasil] : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi ; Universidade do Estado da Bahia, 2003. http://theses.uqac.ca.
Testo completo
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Corcoran, Su. "Leaving the street? : exploring transition experiences of street-connected children and youth in Kenya". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/leaving-the-street-exploring-transition-experiences-of-streetconnected-children-and-youth-in-kenya(6f39aa5c-7bcb-4d08-902e-789cd464b968).html.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This exploratory study was inspired by the author’s voluntary work with streetconnected children and youth in Kenya. It develops an understanding of the experiences of young people leaving the street in two provincial Kenyan towns. Although there has been extensive research concerned with street-connectedness, there has been a limited focus on young people’s transitions away from the street. Participants were identified with the help of three organisations: fifty-three young people, aged 12 -28, participated in semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and visual methods, during two field research visits to Kenya, in 2012 and 2013. The study found that their experiences of leaving the street were influenced by their day-to-day interactions with family, friends and other members of the communities into which they transitioned. These interactions influenced how accepted the young people felt and the extent to which they believed they were supported economically, physically and psychosocially, especially with regards to their relationships with family members. The participants’ interactions with school-based peers and teachers were particularly important in schools and training centres, where they struggled to develop a sense of belonging. Being street-connected is an integral part of the identities constructed by young people after they leave the street and establish places for themselves in their families, schools, local communities, and wider society. Such street-connectedness can be a strength: the resilience and skills developed on the street are useful attributes in adapting to new situations, potentially providing income-generating opportunities later on. However, the stigmatisation and resulting marginalisation they experienced on the street can have lasting effects. Barriers to inclusion experienced on the street influence a young person’s ability to develop a sense of belonging to their new situation after leaving the street. This study makes a conceptual contribution. Street-connectedness begins when a young person first arrives on the street, and continues until what could be years after they leave it. This street-connectedness can be characterised by three liminalities. The first is associated with living in the physical space defined as being on the street: a physical embodiment of liminality. The second, describes the process of being in transition as a young person newly arrived on the street, or having recently left the street: each being a liminal phase. The third liminality is described by an identity-forming social space, associated with being, and having been, street-connected: a liminal identity. This liminal identity, associated with being street-connected, impacts upon young people (re)entering home communities and, in particular, education, and highlights a need to consider and address the effects of these impacts.
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Nicolella, Alexandre Chibebe. "Um olhar econômico sobre a saúde e o trabalho infantil no Brasil". Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-12072006-152637/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
O objetivo dessa tese é verificar se existe impacto do trabalho infantil na saúde da criança. O entendimento dessa relação é importante, pois pode fornecer maiores subsídios para o combate ao trabalho infantil e permitir o direcionamento de políticas para restabelecer a saúde da criança em casos onde a erradicação não foi efetivada. Para a análise foram utilizadas as PNADs de 1998 e 2003, que trazem suplemento especial sobre saúde, e empregada a técnica econométrica de pseudo-painel. Os resultados obtidos foram consistentes com aqueles alcançados na literatura. Para a análise do trabalho infantil sobre a saúde foram utilizados quatro modelos, representado diferentes variáveis relacionadas ao trabalho. O primeiro utilizou a variável que indica se a criança trabalha ou não. Observa-se que o fato de a criança exercer qualquer atividade laboral impacta negativamente sua saúde. O segundo modelo analisou as horas trabalhadas pelas crianças. Os resultados mostram que quanto maior o número de horas trabalhadas, pior é o status de saúde da criança. O terceiro modelo analisou o trabalho perigoso e mostrou que esse tem impacto negativo sobre a saúde da criança, sendo esse impacto maior do que aquele obtido no primeiro modelo para os indivíduos que trabalham. O último modelo analisa os diferentes setores de atividades, mostrando que crianças que exercem suas atividades no setor de comércio e de serviço possuem maior chance de possuir pior status de saúde. No entanto, as atividades agrícolas não tiveram impactos sobre a saúde indicando que as famílias de zonas rurais têm maior capacidade de restabelecer a saúde da criança. Isso provavelmente ocorre pelo fato de as atividades rurais serem exercidas próximo aos pais. Por outro lado, as pessoas que residam no meio rural podem possuir maior capacidade de suportar ou considerar normais certas doenças. Com relação a trabalho infantil e saúde, a redução das horas trabalhadas e eliminação do trabalho perigoso possuem efeitos consideráveis sobre a saúde da criança, sendo essas duas possibilidades de atuação governamental. Além disso, a atuação do governo do governo deve ser setorial, ou seja, políticas para aliviar os impactos do trabalho infantil na saúde no meio rural devem ser distintas das ações empregadas no meio urbano. Em paralelo, melhoria no acesso ao sistema de saúde, garantia de acesso a medicamentos e promoção da educação materna em saúde devem ser incentivadas, pois são aparentemente eficazes para aumentar o estoque de saúde da criança.The aim of this dissertation is to identify the causal relation between child labour and health. Understanding this relation can bring more resources to fight against child labour as well as to allow the responsible to readjust policies in order to recover childrens health stock where eradication of child labour was not abolished yet. The analysis utilized the PNAD, a Brazilian household survey, from 1998 and 2003. The econometric modeling was based on the pseudo-panel approach. The results of the research were reliable to those in national and international literature of child labour and health. Four models were used to access the impact of child labour on health. Each model represents a different way to analyze labour. The first model made use of the variable that indicates whether the child work or not. It was observed that any kind of labour has a negative impact on their health. The second model analysed the children working hours. The results show that the more they work, the less healthy they become. The third model takes into account the type of work a child does hazardous or not. The impact of hazardous work on the childs health is more negative than the impact obtained on the first model. The last model analyzed child labour in different work fields and it showed that children who work in commerce and in the service sector presented a worst health status. However, the same is not true for the ones who work in agriculture. This shows that families from rural areas have a bigger ability to recover their childrens health stock, probably due to the work environment where children, in general, work near to the parents. On the other hand, those people who live in rural areas could support or consider normal some kinds of disease. The government intervention in rural areas has to be different from the one implemented on the urban area to mitigate the impact of child labour on health. Other policies to increase childrens health stock should run in parallel with those of child labour and poor health alleviation, such as improvement of the access to the health system, drugs policies, maternal health education program etc.
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Marczak, Mary, e Sherry Betts. "Arizona's Children, Youth and Families". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/156942.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
4 pp.This publication is a fact sheet which provides information about children, youth and families in Arizona. Topics include the statistics about population, labor force, education, economic and social and community indicators over children, youth and families.
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Kent, Timothy. "The Birth of the American Social Spirit: The American Child Labor Reform Movement and Urban Social Consciousness at the Turn of the 20th Century". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1570.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper examines the National Child Labor Movement in America at the turn of the 20th century and how it affected collective American social consciousness and civic engagement. One of the first and most important social movements of the Progressive Era led by the National Child Labor Committee, reformers sought to use multiple focal points to unite the American public around the issue of children and the greater good of the nation’s future. In doing so, the movement embedded a new urban social awareness in which Americans finally caught a glimpse into the lives of their fellow citizens, of all classes and backgrounds, and began to develop empathetic practices to initiate social change. Ultimately, this had a significant effect on the future of urban social reform.
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Singh, Abhijeet. "Essays on human capital formation in developing countries". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:25d55dd1-464e-497b-952c-5b456036dc5d.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis consists of a short introduction and three self-contained analytical chapters. Chapter 1 focuses on the question of learning gaps and divergence in achievement across countries. I use unique child-level panel data from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam to ask at what ages do gaps between different populations emerge, how they increase or decline over time, and what the proximate determinants of this divergence are. I document that learning gaps between the four countries are already evident at the age of 5 years and grow throughout the age trajectory of children, preserving country ranks from 5 to 15 years of age. At primary school age, the divergence between Vietnam and the other countries is largely accounted for by substantially greater learning gains per year of schooling. Chapter 2 focuses on learning differences between private and government school students in India. I present the first value-added models of learning production in private and government schools in this context, using panel data from Andhra Pradesh. I examine the heterogeneity in private school value-added across different subjects, urban and rural areas, medium of instruction, and across age groups. Further, I also estimate private school effects on children's self-efficacy and agency. I find modest or insignificant causal effects of attending private schools in most test domains other than English and on children's academic self-concept and agency. Results on comparable test domains and age groups correspond closely with, and further extend, estimates from a parallel experimental evaluation. Chapter 3 uses panel data from the state of Andhra Pradesh in India to estimate the impact of the introduction of a national midday meal program on anthropometric z-scores of primary school students, and investigates whether the program ameliorated the deterioration of health in young children caused by a severe drought. Correcting for self-selection into the program using a non-linearity in how age affects the probability of enrollment, we find that the program acted as a safety net for children, providing large and significant health gains for children whose families suffered from drought.
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Dorji, Jigme Arisara Leksansern. "Factors affecting career aspirations of secondary school leavers in Bhutan /". Abstract, 2008. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2551/cd412/4938011.pdf.
Testo completo
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Jordan, Dorothy Elizabeth Alexandra. "The ecology of infant and toddler care during nonstandard hours in licensed childcare centers". Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
Cerca il testo completo
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Crudo, Matilde Araki. "Infancia, trabalho e educação : os aprendizes do Arsenal de Guerra de Mato Gross (Cuiaba, 1842-1899)". [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280823.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Orientador: Paulo Celso MiceliTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T11:29:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Crudo_MatildeAraki_D.pdf: 21264379 bytes, checksum: e2fc3ae54348963a1d2d89b15b184ebf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Resumo: Durante quase 50 anos, centenas de meninos pobres, órfãos ou abandonados, viveram internados no Arsenal de Guerra de Mato Grosso, onde estudaram e trabalharam. Analisar esta iniciativa militar de articular trabalho e educação para disciplinar a população livre pobre, na segunda metade do século XIX, em meio a uma sociedade escravista, é o objetivo desta tese. Na primeira parte, após um rápido histórico do Arsenal de Guerra, criado em 1832 na província de Mato Grosso, para armazenar e produzir objetos necessários à manutenção de tropas militares em área de fronteira, apresento sua estrutura burocrática e examino suas finalidades como unidade complexa que reunia armazéns, oficinas, prisão e escola. Nessa trama complexa de relações sociais, os aprendizes interagiram com soldados artífices e mestres de oficina, professores e guardas, presos civis e militares, escravos e serventes aprenderam os oficios de sapateiro, tanoeiro, funileiro, entre outros, mas assimilaram também comportamentos considerados inadequados pelas autoridades imperiais. Ainda na primeira parte, analiso as atitudes contraditórias da população livre pobre, de rejeição e de submissão, ao projeto disciplinar. A inserção dos aprendizes no trabalho das oficinas e o aprendizado dos conteúdos necessários à formação de um trabalhador disciplinado são abordados na segunda parte. A terceira parte examina outros mecanismos de controle utilizados para submeter os aprendizes à disciplina do trabalho e evidencia o êxito da estratégia imperial ao demonstrar que o Arsenal de Guerra conseguiu formar não só bons operários, como também preparar mestres de oficinas. Mas nem tudo foi submissão. Descrevo também os mecanismos de resistência dos trabalhadores à disciplina, destacando as fugas dos aprendizes. Finalmente, evidencio como as atitudes de resistência provocaram o efeito perverso de reiterar o preconceito contra a infancia pobre, por meio da construção das categorias de aprendiz para designar a que se submete à disciplina do trabalho e a de menor para discriminar a criança insubmissa
Abstract: For almost 50 years, hundreds of orphaned or abandoned poor children were housed in the War Arsenal ofthe State of Mato Grosso where they studied and worked. To analyse this military initiative of providing work and education to discipline the poor, free population in the second half of the 19th century is the aim of this thesis. In the first part, after a brief history ofthe War Arsenal, which was created in 1832 in the then province of Mato Grosso to store and produce objects necessary for the maintenance of military troops in the border areas, I present its bureaucratic structure and examine its objectives as a complex unit that combined depots, workshops, a prison and a school. In the midst of complex social relationships where the apprentices interacted with trained soldiers and master tradesman, teachers and guards, civilian and military prisoners, slaves and servants; they learnt the trades of shoemakers, tanners and tinkers among others. But they also adopted types of behaviour considered to be inappropriate by the imperial authorities. Still in the first part, I analyse the contradictory behaviour of the poor, free population of rejecting and submitting to the disciplinary regime. The inclusion of the apprentices in the workshops and the learning of the necessary skills to become a disciplined worker are approached in the second part after a brief review of the literature on work and education. The third part examines other control mechanisms used to submit the apprentices to the work discipline regime and shows the success achieved by the imperial strategy by demonstrating that the War Arsenal managed to train not only good workers but also produced master tradesman. But it wasn't alI about submission. I also describe the resistance mechanisms used by the workers against the strict discipline, particularly the escape of apprentices. Finally, I show how this resistance provoked the perverse effect of reiterating the prejudice against the poor children by means of establishing categories for the a.pprenticesto designate those that submitted to the work discipline regime to a higher category and those that refused to a lower category who were thus subjected to discrimination
Doutorado
Historia Cultural
Doutor em História
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Mannes, Mariana. "A criança em movimento: reflexões sobre trabalho, educação e o brincar do campo ao morro". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/17092.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
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Previous issue date: 2015-03-16This thesis aims to understand the meanings of being a child in urban and rural contexts of poverty. Thus, we performed an action research where the main data collection instruments were a field notes and the development of a children's book. We visited three schools from different social realities within the context of social inequality: a school on the fields, a traveling school in the Movement of Landless Rural Workers (MST in portuguese), and a school located in a slum area. Our theoretical and methodological reflections and data analysis were guided by Marxist assumptions and socio-historical psychology. Whereas children live their universe in particular, our results reveals that, while these three distinct ways of experiencing childhood resemble, they also distance from each other. In the field, children show the astonishment with the imminence of work, contradictory relations with the city, and warn us about the man-nature relationship. Children from the MST school, otherwise, show us another logic of human relationships that break down with the capitalist model, combining work and education dimensions; even collectively, each child is unique and, since they are immersed in the dynamics of the social movement from an early age, they learn to question, decide, and claim their rights. On the slum area, children acknowledge the presence of drug traffic, the appeal to consumption, and the sexualization of childhood. In common, these children have the playing, whose meaning is experienced differently in each context. In our discussions, we seek to build a reflection on the amount of work, education and playing from the field to the favelas; we discuss capitalist determinations about a contemporary childhood and weave critics to psychological science that has exploited, through history, different concepts of child development - most of them guided by naturalizing visions that underlie practices against social transformation and human emancipation, especially the creation, which exploits the child s play
O objetivo dessa dissertação foi compreender os significados do ser criança nos contextos de pobreza urbana e rural. Para tanto, realizamos uma pesquisa-ação que teve os diários de campo e a elaboração de um livro infantil como principais instrumentos de coleta de dados. Durante a trajetória de campo visitamos três escolas de realidades sociais distintas dentro do contexto de desigualdade social: uma escola do campo, uma escola itinerante em um acampamento do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) e uma escola situada em uma região caracterizada como favela. Nossas reflexões teórico-metodológicas e a análise dos dados estiveram pautados nos pressupostos marxianos e da Psicologia sócio-histórica. Considerando que as crianças vivem seu universal no particular, nossos resultados apontam na direção de que, ao mesmo tempo em que essas três formas de vivenciar a infância se assemelham, elas se distanciam. No campo, elas nos mostram o assombro com a iminência do trabalho, as relações contraditórias com a cidade e alertam sobre a relação homem-natureza. As crianças do acampamento nos mostram outra lógica de relações humanas que rompem com o modelo capitalista aliando as dimensões do trabalho e da educação; mesmo no coletivo, cada criança é única e, imersas na dinâmica do movimento social, aprendem desde cedo a questionar, decidir e reivindicar seus direitos. No morro, elas denunciam a presença do tráfico de drogas, o apelo ao consumo e a sexualização da infância. Em comum essas crianças têm o brincar cujo sentido é experienciado de modo diferente em cada contexto. Em nossas discussões buscamos construir uma reflexão sobre a dimensão do trabalho, educação e o brincar do campo ao morro; discutimos sobre as determinações capitalistas sobre o ser criança contemporâneo e tecemos críticas à ciência psicológica que tem instrumentalizado, ao longo da história, diversas concepções sobre o desenvolvimento infantil - a maioria delas pautadas em visões naturalizantes que fundamentam práticas na contramão da transformação social e emancipação humana, especialmente a criação, que instrumentaliza o brincar
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Fatima, Ambreen. "Economics of child labour". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12967/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The dissertation aims to explore the supply and demand side determinant of child labour at macro, meso and micro level. At macro level it explores the effect of globalization (defined as openness to trade and inflow of foreign direct investment) and credit market imperfections on child labour. At meso level it explores the effect of labour market conditions on child labour. As the above two levels of analysis are mainly concerned with the demand for child labour, the micro level analysis explores the supply side determinant of child labour. At micro level this dissertation explores the effect of intrahousehold distribution of power on child related outcome. Specifically it explores the effect of mother’s decision making power on her child’s labour and schooling. The macro level analysis is based on cross country regression framework while meso and micro level analysis is based on the data from Pakistan. At macro level, this dissertation points out that trade openness and FDI inflow raise the standard of living in an economy thereby reducing child labour incidence. As the channel through which trade could affect child labour is by increasing income of the poor, credit market imperfection shows insignificant effect. At meso level, this dissertation points out that high adult wages in an area increase demand for child labour while presence of adult unemployed proportion in an area reduces demand for child labour. However, presence of unemployed adult in a house increases supply of child labour. Exports, on one hand, reduce supply of child labour by affecting the income of poor at macro level while on the other hand at meso level, subcontracting of production process to small informal sector increases demand for child labour. The informal sector being unprotected by law employs a high proportion of child labour. At micro level mother’s decision making power significantly decreases child labour supply and increases child schooling. The effect is significant in case of girls but not in case of boys. This study also shows that whether children work for generating income or as family helpers, mothers are equally concerned for their welfare. Their decision making power significantly reduces labour among children.
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Gomes, Martina Pereira. "Um estado da arte do trabalho infanto-juvenil nas universidades do estado do Rio Grande do Sul". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/70614.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A partir da Revolução Industrial, a exploração do trabalho infanto-juvenil se configura como um elemento mutilador da vida (Fonseca, 2008) de crianças e adolescentes, perpetuando-se até hoje. No Brasil atualmente, cerca de 2,97 milhões de pessoas entre 5 e 17 anos exercem algum tipo de trabalho (PNAD,2011). A materialidade da exploração da força de trabalho de crianças e adolescentes é um fenômeno social que tem seus atravessamentos no processo educacional. Nesta faixa-etária, estes sujeitos devem encontrar-se em processo de formação na educação básica, lócus de nossa profissão. Este trabalho de mestrado configura-se enquanto uma sequência de uma pesquisa de Iniciação cientifica BIC/UFRGS relacionada ao grupo de Pesquisa NIEPE/FACED/UFRGS. O estado da arte é uma metodologia utilizada com objetivo principal de organização teórica de um campo e/ou temática específica; que comporta também a utilização de metodologia revisão bibliográfica, revisão teórica e análise de conteúdo. O objetivo foi apontar mediações possíveis para apreender o fenômeno trabalho infanto-juvenil , a partir da análise da produção acadêmica entre 1990 (promulgação do ECA) e 2011 (ano em que se inicia este trabalho) de nível de pós-graduação nas Universidades do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul sobre o tema trabalho infanto-juvenil. Como eixos temáticos que fazem parte da construção do trabalho infanto-juvenil nas produções discentes analisadas temos questões como: programas sociais, sentidos e representações, escola, brinquedo, trabalho educativo, saúde e velhice.Ao final buscamos apontar emergências que surgem da estruturação do campo de pesquisa, a partir de vinte e um anos analisados de produções sobre o tema em nosso Estado.After the Revolution, the exploitation of the child labor is considered to mutilate the lives of children and adolescents, a practice still perpetrated nowadays. In Brazil currently, an estimate of 2.97 milion people aging from 5 to 17 are employed in some kind of labor (PNAD,2011). The materiality of the exploration of the labour-power of children and adolescents is a social phenomenon that has its crossings in the educational process. In this age range, these subjects are usually students at basic education schools, locus of our research. This dissertation set up as a result of a scientific research Initiation BIC/UFRGS related to the Research Group NIEPE/FACED/UFRGS. The state of the art is a methodology used with the main objective of organizing the theory, a field and/or specific thematic; which involves usage of the methodology review of the bibliography, review of the theory and content analysis. The goal was to point to possible mediation to apprehend the phenomenon of child labor, from the analysis of research conducted from 1990 (promulgation of the ECA) to 2011(year that this work begun) on graduate level at the Universities of the State of the Rio Grande do Sul on the topic child labor. As themes that are part of the construction of the child labor in the analyzed students productions we posed questions regarding: social programs, directions and representations, school, toys, educational work, health and old age. At the end we seek to point out emergencies that arise from the structuring of the research field, from twenty-one years of the productions on the topic analyzed in our State.
42
Varde, Abhijit. "Local looking, developing a context-specific model for a visual ethnography a representational study of child labor in India /". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1132682652.
Testo completo
43
Grieve, Tigist. "Seeing the social : understanding why children are out of school in rural Ethiopia". Thesis, University of Bath, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.690734.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The promotion of education has long been a priority of the successive regimes of Ethiopia. Combined with the momentum of Education for All (EFA) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in recent years Ethiopia’s education sector has experienced a major expansion of primary school enrolment which has earned Ethiopia international acclaim and so much optimism in meeting the MDGs set for 2015. Despite this, however, large numbers of primary school aged children remain out of school, most of these are found in rural areas and many of them are girls. Many of the children that enrol do not stay on to complete the full cycle of their primary schooling. While there are numerous studies looking at rural children’s schooling, village-based ethnographic studies are rare, particularly in Ethiopia. The thesis offers a sociological insight as to why low enrolment and incompletion persist in rural areas. Drawing on an ethnographic approach study over extended period this thesis presents analysis of data from two local communities. Methodologically the analysis are anchored on the voices of the children, their parents and teachers and make a valuable contribution in emphasising not only the importance of bringing local people’s own voices into the debate, but also drawing attention to the ways voice may be utilised and calling for greater sensitivity to the way it is interpreted in scholarly and policy circles. Theoretically, the study shows the value of applying Bourdieu’s approach to social reproduction in analysing the challenges faced by rural children in completing primary school. Time spent with children, their families and their teachers suggests reproduction of educational inequality at all levels (home, school, community). While these are certainly important, this thesis argues that more attention needs to be paid to the social context in which children and their schooling are embedded. It suggests the challenges in schooling rural children are not simply explained either by the quantity of primary schools available, or a lack of value being accorded to education, or deliberate acts of discrimination (e.g. against girls). Rather, it has argued that discriminatory outcomes, or the reproduction of social inequality, have to be understood as the outcome of social practice, where ‘choices’ are made in circumstances of considerable constraint. Furthermore, it has shown that these patterns of social reproduction are as characteristic of teachers and the field of the school as they are of parents and children and the field of home and community. Rather than the school operating as an external change agent, as imagined in much of the education literature, the school is very much part of the local social context. The application of policies and the social practice of staff are significantly marked by their positionality within the communities which they serve.
44
Reis, Daniela Traquete dos. "As políticas sociais de combate ao trabalho infantil em Portugal 1880-2016". Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19161.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Dissertação de Mestrado Em Política SocialO século XX foi determinante na implementação de medidas de combate ao trabalho infantil nas agendas políticas mundiais e nacionais. A partir dos debates orientadores e das medidas implementadas a nível internacional, muitos países tomaram as suas iniciativas ao ratificarem Convenções e implementarem programas e políticas de proteção á infância e de combate ao trabalho infantil. O estudo do caso Português permite estudar todo o processo, identificando medidas desde 1891 com a política de proteção ao trabalho de menores, culminando recentemente com o programa PETI e da implementação de medidas reguladoras do trabalho infantil em meios artísticos. É este percurso histórico das políticas que se irá descrever, contrastando estatísticas, medidas legislativas e a perceção de eficácia de informantes privilegiados e potenciais beneficiários.
The twentieth century was instrumental in the implementation of measures to combat child labor on global and national political agendas. From the guiding debates and measures implemented at the international level, many countries have taken their initiatives by ratifying Conventions and implementing programs and policies to protect children and combat child labor. The study of the Portuguese case makes it possible to study the whole process, identifying measures since 1891 with the policy of protecting children's work, culminating recently with the PETI program and the implementation of measures regulating child labor in artistic media. It is this historical path of policies that will be described, contrasting statistics, legislative measures and the perception of effectiveness of privileged informants and potential beneficiaries.
N/A
45
Amir, Gafur Hoda. "Child Labour : Causes and solitions of child labour: A comparative case study of two African countries". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-61098.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Child labour is a global problem. There have been significant steps to combat the problem from international arena, but its prevalence gives reason for concerns. In this study a comparative case study of two African countries will be examined. The two countries are; Somalia and Namibia, where the first mentioned country are still having child labour and the last mentioned have succeeded in combating child labour. With a theoretical framework I will try to answer what made the Somalia failing and what made Namibia succeeding in the elimination of child labour. The methodology that has been used is a structured focused comparison. In the concluding part I will bring fourth several points of what Somalia can learn from Namibia.
46
Locali, Tammy Ticiane. "Um estudo sobre trabalho e educação das crianças no setor de jóias e bijuterias em Limeira". Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/2597.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
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Previous issue date: 2011-06-30Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Child labor has been often presented to society through family labor, being that, in the city of Limeira, it gained repercussion after the publication of the dissertation written by Marcos Antonio Libardi Ferreira (2005) entitled 'Estudos de risco à saúde do trabalhador e ao meio ambiente na produção de joias e bijuterias em Limeira-SP', which denounced the existence of six thousand children between the ages of eleven and sixteen years old working in the sector. This situation has showed itself recurrent, mainly in families which have found themselves obligated to assign services to their children, so they can raise funds and meet at least their basic necessities. The investigation project 'Um estudo sobre a atividade das crianças no setor de joias e bijuterias em Limeira', aims to fill an existent gap in the educational area, due to the fact that there are not researches referring to the theme in the sector of semi-jewels in Limeira, county which is considered the Brazilian capital of veneers and being few the jobs which give emphasis to the symbolic, cultural and historical aspects of this type of research. In order to answer the leading questions, this work is based on a whole theoretical structure, coming from a literary background about the subject and having a more empirical character which will be verified by questionnaires with formal and informal questions, clarifying how the process of production of the pieces is given, besides semi-structured interviews with students from Emeief Professora Maria Apparecida de Luca Moore, located at the Parque Residencial Aeroporto in Limeira, school that assists children who work with semi-jewels inside their homes, in order to verify their labor conditions, searching for gathering as much information as possible about these conditions and the consequences of this labor inside and outside the classroom.
O trabalho infantil tem sido apresentado à sociedade muitas vezes por meio do trabalho em família. No entanto, na cidade de Limeira, o trabalho infantil ganhou repercussão após a dissertação de Marcos Antonio Libardi Ferreira (2005) ser publicada. Intitulada Estudos de risco à saúde do trabalhador e ao meio ambiente na produção de joias e bijuterias em Limeira-SP , seu autor denuncia a existência de seis mil crianças, entre onze e dezesseis anos, trabalhando no setor. Tal situação tem se mostrado recorrente, principalmente entre famílias que se veem obrigadas a passar trabalho aos filhos, para que, assim, possam angariar fundos e suprir as necessidades básicas da família. A investigação Um estudo sobre trabalho e educação das crianças no setor de joias e bijuterias em Limeira", tem como objetivo preencher uma lacuna existente na área da educação, uma vez que não existirem pesquisas referentes ao tema, no setor industrial de semijoias em Limeira - município que é considerado a capital brasileira das joias folheadas -, e que poucos são os trabalhos que dão ênfase aos aspectos simbólicos, culturais e históricos desse tipo de pesquisa. Para responder as questões norteadoras, este trabalho será fundamentado, teoricamente, a partir de uma base literária que trate sobre o tema e terá um caráter mais empírico, por meio de questionários com perguntas formais e informais, esclarecendo como se dá o processo de produção das peças, além de entrevistas semiestruturadas com alunos da Emeief Professora Maria Apparecida de Luca Moore, localizada no Parque Residencial Aeroporto, na cidade de Limeira, que atende crianças que executam o trabalho com joias em casa. Os questionários e as entrevistas visam verificar as condições de trabalho dessas crianças em seus domicílios, buscando coletar o maior número de informações sobre suas condições de trabalho e as consequências desse trabalho dentro e fora de sala de aula.
47
Cunningham, Stephen. "Child labour in Britain 1900-1973". Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2000. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20035/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Until relatively recently, 'child labour' remained a pejorative term used primarily by historians to describe the grinding and unremitting work routines and hostile work environments to which nineteenth century children were exposed. The start of the twentieth century, though, is frequently identified as marking the emergence of a more humanitarian attitude towards children, epitomised by the increasing willingness of the state to intervene in arenas such as child welfare. Historians have cited the intensification of legislation designed to protect the child as evidence to suggest that by the turn of the nineteenth century the vast majority of children were no longer significant workers. Before the publication of Emrys Davies' government funded 1972 study, which concluded that the employment undertaken by school children was frequently arduous and harmful, such claims were taken at face value in the academic world. As a result, until recently, the labour of school children throughout the twentieth century has not been subject to adequate social research, and the experiences of working school children have been largely ignored. However, as the recent upsurge in academic and political interest in child employment illustrates, the debate over what is an effective and appropriate level of child labour regulation remains a heated political question. One of the problems, though, is that a lack of information on the period c1900-1973 is hampering our understanding of the forces and interests which have helped shape child labour policy in Britain. Hence, this thesis has two main aims. Firstly, it seeks to provide detailed empirical information on the levels and types of work performed by children. Secondly, and more importantly, it aims to deepen our appreciation of the concerns which have influenced thinking and policy on this subject in the twentieth century. It is hoped that an analysis of these two issues will help us understand the origins and nature of current debates over school child labour, and to evaluate the 'solutions' advanced by politicians and academics in the twenty-first century. The potential impact of the range of factors and interests which are traditionally seen to be present within the policy-making process, such as ideologies, political parties and pressure groups, are assessed. Particular emphasis, though, is placed on the conservative role played by civil servants within the Home Office, the government department charged with responsibility for the administration of legislation for school children's employment throughout the period under examination. The thesis concludes that of all the agents active in the policy-making process, civil servants were the most influential in shaping the approach adopted by successive governments towards the question of child labour reform. It suggests that officials were guided by a pervasive 'departmental view' of the phenomenon, a key element of which emphasised its potential for channeling the potentially 'problematic' leisure hours of working class youths into creative outlets. Finally, the thesis highlights the extent to which the ideas and beliefs which underpinned thinking on child labour regulation between 1900-1973 continue to have an enduring influence on the current policy debate.
48
Lavalette, Michael. "Child labour in the social structure". Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316674.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The objectives of this thesis have been to evaluate the existing conceptions of child labour, obtain empirical data on its extent in Clydeside, Scotland and explain why working children are located within a particular structured arena of the labour market. In Part 1 the commonsense and theoretical conceptions of child labour are outlined and shown to be both inadequate and incomplete. Part 2 presents original evidence gathered from the Clydeside region and contrasts it with existing material gathered from London and the South-East of England. This demonstrates that child labour is an exploitative practice which occurs throughout Britain. Children's jobs tend to be poorly paid, gender segregated and potentially harmful to their health and safety. Further, the types of jobs they perform and the number working in contrasting economic regions of Britain are shown to be similar, suggesting there is a relatively constant amount and type of work available to children across the labour market in Britain. Part 3 proceeds to offer an alternative explanation for the present form of children's work practice. By locating both change and continuity in children's work experience throughout the capitalist epoch, it is suggested that the period circa 1880-1920 was crucial in reshaping children's labour market experiences. During this period changes in the economy, state activity, the family and the acceptance, by the working class, of the ideology of childhood, came together to restructure children's dominant social experiences. As a result of these changes in the social structure, children's work became marginalised to a particular type of job and work experience categorised as 'out of school' employment. This was viewed as legitimate for children because it could be combined with schooling, reinforced their subordinate position within the age hierarchy and, at the same time, allowed them to gain the beneficial and disciplinary effects of paid work.
49
Verger, Antonia. "Pauvreté des ménages et pauvreté de l'école face aux objectifs de l'éducation primaire universelle : étude de cas de deux villages et deux écoles publiques des Hautes Terres Malgaches". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB209/document.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Le PIB/ habitant de Madagascar classe le pays parmi l'un des plus pauvres au monde. L’État s'est engagé dans les objectifs de l’Éducation primaire universelle. Malgré cela, les indicateurs d'efficacité du système scolaire sont faibles. En 2012, seul 68,8% des enfants achèvent le cycle primaire, les taux de redoublement sont élevés, le taux de passage en cycle secondaire est faible. Aussi, le travail des enfants est encore un phénomène important dans la grande île. En 2010, près de 21% des 5-17 ans travaille, c'est le cas de 49% des 5-14 ans dans la région d'enquête, le Vakinankaratra. Dans les zones rurales, où la plupart des ménages vivent de l'agriculture d'autosubsistance, la main-d’œuvre infantile est fortement mise à contribution dans la production domestique. Les enfants sont tenus de combiner leurs activités scolaires et les activités productives. Nous proposons dans cette thèse de présenter les processus de scolarisation et de mise au travail des enfants à une échelle très fine. Pour ce faire, nous avons mené une enquête quantitative portant sur 247 ménages et une enquête qualitative dans deux villages et deux écoles primaires publiques qui étaient rattachées pendant quatorze mois. Les données quantitatives ont permis de mettre en exergue le lien entre les structures démographiques des ménages et la réussite scolaire des enfants. La monographie d'une des écoles primaires a permis de montrer les effets d'une faible qualité de l'offre sur les processus d'apprentissage des enfants et sur la demande scolaire. Par ailleurs, nous avons analysé les conséquences de la faible dotation en capitaux scolaires et économiques des ménages sur le déroulement de la scolarisation. Nous avons également mené des enquêtes par entretien auprès des enfants âgés entre 8 et 14 ans. Nous avons voulu savoir comment leurs représentations du travail et de l'école et leurs aspirations pouvaient influencer les processus de mise au travail et d'arrêt de la scolarisation. Finalement cette thèse permet d'analyser comment les objectifs de l'école primaire universelle peuvent être atteints face à la pauvreté des ménages et aux manques de moyens de l'école. Elle questionne également la capacité que pourrait avoir l'école à infléchir les processus de transmission des inégalités sociales et, dans notre cas, la reproduction de la grande pauvretéMadagascar is one of the poorest country in the world regarding its GPD per capita. Most of its population lives under the poverty line. The government is committed in the education for all plan since 1990. However, the quality of education is still low. In 2012, only 68.8% of the children achieved the primary school cycle, there are high repetition rates and few students access to the secondary school cycle. Most of international institution and NGO's oppose child labor and schooling. Child labor remains important, in 2010, 21% of the children aged from 5 to 17 years old work. We have conducted a survey about the households living in the rural zones. Most of them live from subsistence farming activities. Their children must participate to the domestic chores and economic activities and combine school at the same time. This work aims to understand the process of schooling and child work in a rural zone. We have collected quantitative data on 246 household and we made an ethnography in a primary state school for 14 months. Then, we have conducted semi-structured interviews with mothers, teachers and children aged from 8 to 14 years old. The quantitative data helped to analyze the relationship between the household demographic structures and the children school attainment. The ethnography shown the impact of a weak quality of education on the children learning process and on the school demand. The interviews conducted with the children shown how their perception of work and schooling and their aspiration could influence the reproduction of their economic and social position. To conclude, we question how the primary education for all can be reached when most of the household live in poor life conditions and the education sector suffers from a lack of funds. Can the school system stop the transmission of social and economic inequalities and break the poverty cycle?
50
Dahlén, Marianne. "The Negotiable Child : The ILO Child Labour Campaign 1919-1973". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7547.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This dissertation examines the Conventions and Recommendations to regulate the minimum age for admission to employment between the years 1919 and 1973 – the ILO minimum age campaign. The adoption process has been studied in its chronological and historical context. The dissertation has three points of departure: that childhood is a historical construction and that the legal material is part of that construction; that the minimum age campaign suffered from a ‘hang-over-from-history’, namely, the history of Western industrialisation during the 19th and early 20th centuries; and, finally, that children had a subordinate and weak position in the minimum age campaign. The study was organised around five central themes: (1) the over-all theme of predominant conceptions of children and work; (2) the relationship between industrialised and colonised and developing nations; (3) the relationship between the child, the family and the state; (4) minimum age; and (5) the importance of school. The most important results of the study are that: (1) In view of the revolutionary changes during the 20th century the continuity in the minimum age campaign was remarkable. In 1919, the ‘child labour problem’ was an issue mainly for the Western industrialised word. By the end of the campaign, in 1973, the transformations in societies during the century had made ‘the child labour problem’ an issue mainly for the developing world and with different conditions and implications in many respects. The content and ‘grammar’ of the minimum age campaign was however never really challenged. (2) The study has verified that the minimum age campaign suffered from a ‘hang-over-from history’. The campaign built directly on the Western industrial experience during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Western dominance in the ILO, the legal transplants, and the roots in the labour movement all contributed to the ‘hang-over’. (3) The minimum age campaign was modelled on the ‘norm of the Western industrialised childhood’. The norms and realities of childhood in other parts of the world were neglected of considered as provisional and inferior phases in relation to the Western ‘norm’. In this way, there were two separate childhoods in the minimum age campaign: ‘the normal’ childhood conceived for Western conditions and ‘the other’ childhood conceived for the ‘imperfect’ conditions of poor children in the colonised and developing nations.(4) In the minimum age campaign the ‘best interests of the child’ was negotiable and was subordinated in case of conflict with other interests.