Bibliografie tematiche / Chlorine

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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Chlorine"

Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021
Ultima modifica: 25 luglio 2025

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Chlorine"

1

Svenson, Doug R., Hou-min Chang, Hasan Jameel, and John F. Kadla. "The role of non-phenolic lignin in chlorate-forming reactions during chlorine dioxide bleaching of softwood kraft pulp." Holzforschung 59, no. 2 (2005): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2005.017.

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Abstract The affect of phenolic hydroxyl groups on the reaction efficiency during chlorine dioxide pre-bleaching of a softwood kraft pulp was investigated. The removal of phenolic hydroxyl groups via pulp methylation did not adversely affect the chlorine dioxide bleaching efficiency or the amount of chlorate formed during exposure to chlorine dioxide. Ion analysis of the reaction systems revealed that the formation of chloride and chlorite ions during the bleaching process were very similar between the kraft and methylated kraft pulps. These results indicate that the kinetic rates of lignin ox
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2

Gomelya, Mykola, Yana Kryzhanovska, Iryna Makarenko, Tetyana Shabliy, and Oleksandr Kyrylyuk. "Evaluation of the efficiency of the processing of sodium chloride solutions by electrodialysis in a three-chamber electrolyzer using a high-basic anionite." Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving, no. 2 (June 30, 2025): 60–69. https://doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.2.2025.333975.

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The desalination process of highly mineralized waters is a rather multifactorial process that depends on a number of technical, economic and environmental aspects. This is an important stage for obtaining fresh water for its further use in various areas: from drinking water supply to industry. Processing of reverse osmosis water desalination concentrates is a relevant area of research not only in terms of waste disposal, but also in the development of low-waste resource-efficient production, which requires the implementation of innovative solutions and obtaining secondary useful products. One
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Gambardella, Mario, Santad Kongpricha, James J. Pitts, and Albert W. Jache. "Disproportionation of chlorine in hydrogen fluoride and related media." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 11 (1989): 1828–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v89-283.

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Chlorine can be made to disproportionate to chlorine monofluoride and chloride, taking advantage of Le Chatelier's principle in several different ways. It will disproportionate to form insoluble silver chloride and chlorine monofluoride when silver fluoride is present. It will disproportionate in a melt of alkali metal fluorides to form alkali metal chlorides and chlorine monofluoride. The alkali metal chlorides will react with hydrogen fluoride to regenerate the metal fluorides and hydrogen chloride. Chlorine will also disproportionate in hydrogen fluoride containing antimony pentafluoride to
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Paun, Iuliana, Florentina Laura Chiriac, Vasile Ion Iancu, Florinela Pirvu, Marcela Niculescu, and Nicoleta Vasilache. "Disinfection by-products in drinking water distribution system of Bucharest City." Romanian Journal of Ecology & Environmental Chemistry 3, no. 1 (2021): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/rjeec.2021.102.

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Chlorine is widely used in Romania and all over the world as a disinfectant of drinking water. During the chlorination process, the natural organic matter and inorganic ions react with chlorine forming disinfection by-products (DBPs). The predominant organic disinfection by-products are trihalomethanes (THMs) while the main inorganic disinfection by-products are chlorate and chlorite ions. THMs were detected in all investigated drinking water samples from Bucharest distribution system with values from 27.8 µg/L up to 75.1 µg/L, which are below the maximum concentration value admitted by Romani
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MOKIIЕNKO, Andrii, Larysa SPASONOVA, and Oleksandr BONDARCНUK. "ANALYSIS OF METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF CHLORINE DIOXIDE, CHLORITE AND CHLORATE ANIONS IN DRINKING WATER." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences 317, no. 1 (2023): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2023-317-1-294-299.

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Abstract (sommario):
The analysis shows that the primary measure for the purification of drinking water is its reliable disinfection with oxidants, which are chlorine and its compounds, chlorine dioxide, ozone. The aim of the article is to analyze the existing methods for determination of chlorine dioxide, chlorite, hypochlorite and chlorate anions in drinking water. To analyze the chlorine dioxide strength solutions (to control the generator performance) the iodometric method (determination of chlorine dioxide concentration, concentration of free chlorine, chlorite and chlorate anions; relative error ≤ 5%) and th
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Lapina, E. A., S. A. Zverev, S. V. Andreev, and K. A. Sakharov. "Determination of chlorine-containing compounds in disinfectants using ion-exchange chromatography." Fine Chemical Technologies 18, no. 3 (2023): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2023-18-3-254-264.

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Abstract (sommario):
Objectives. To develop a method for the determination of hypochlorite, chloride, chlorite, chlorate, and perchlorate ions in solution; to determine the limits of detection and quantitation for ClO−, Cl−, ClO2−, ClO3−, and ClO4− ions; to evaluate the applicability of the developed method and its suitability for disinfectant analysis.Methods. Ionic chromatography using a conductometric detection system in isocratic elution mode.Results. The method developed for chromatographic determination of chlorine-containing ions can be used to quantify the content of hypochlorite, chloride, chlorite, chlor
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Xu, Cuisheng, Ningke Hao, Lei Zhan, et al. "High Purity Chlorine Dioxide Generation Based on the Mixed Reductant: From the Laboratory to Industry." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 13, no. 4 (2019): 517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2019.1885.

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Methanol was used as reducing agent in the chlorine dioxide generation technology, and sodium chlorate was reduced to form chlorine dioxide under acidic conditions. The side reaction during the preparation process would produce chlorine, which results in a high content of chlorine in the product and leads to an increase in the amount of AOX formation during pulp bleaching. In this work, the chlorine dioxide generation technology based on the mixed reductant was developed. On the basis system based on the methanol method, a high-purity chlorine dioxide for pulp bleaching was successfully produc
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Moore, Nathan, Shelir Ebrahimi, Yanping Zhu, Chengjin Wang, Ron Hofmann, and Susan Andrews. "A comparison of sodium sulfite, ammonium chloride, and ascorbic acid for quenching chlorine prior to disinfection byproduct analysis." Water Supply 21, no. 5 (2021): 2313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.059.

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Abstract This study compared 3 commonly used quenching agents for dechlorinating samples prior to disinfection byproduct (DBP) analysis under typical drinking water sampling conditions for a representative suite of chlorination byproducts. Ascorbic acid and sodium sulfite quenched the residual free chlorine to below detection within 5 seconds. Ammonium chloride did not quench the chlorine to below detection with up to a 70% molar excess, which agrees with published ammonium chloride-chlorine chemistry. With respect to the DBPs, ascorbic acid worked well for the trihalomethanes and haloacetic a
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Wu, Ming Song, Xun Xu, Xin Yang Xu, et al. "High-Purity Chlorine Dioxide Generation Process from Sodium Chlorate by Using Waste Molasses." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 3924–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.3924.

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Abstract (sommario):
A new chlorate-based chlorine dioxide generation process was developed by using waste molasses as reductant in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst. The optimum technological condition was determined as 80 oC, 50% sulfuric acid, molasses and sodium chlorite weight ratio of 1:4. The best conversion rate and purity of chlorine dioxide was 73.8% and 95.1%, respectively. Chlorite was found in the reacting mixtures, and major reactions of in process were inferred. The results obtained provides a new way for waste molasses comprehensive utilization and chlorine dioxide generation.
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Monteiro, Mayra K. S., Ángela Moratalla, Cristina Sáez, Elisama V. Dos Santos, and Manuel A. Rodrigo. "Production of Chlorine Dioxide Using Hydrogen Peroxide and Chlorates." Catalysts 11, no. 12 (2021): 1478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11121478.

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Abstract (sommario):
Chlorine dioxide was produced by the reduction of chlorate with hydrogen peroxide in strongly acidic media. To avoid reaction interference during measuring procedures, UV spectra were acquired to monitor the chlorate reduction. This reduction led to the formation of chlorine dioxide and notable concentrations of chlorite and hypochlorous acid/chlorine, suggesting that the hydrogen peroxide:chlorate ratio is important. Once chlorates are transformed to chlorine dioxide, the surplus hydrogen peroxide promoted the further reaction of the chlorinated species down to less-important species. Moreove
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Tesi sul tema "Chlorine"

1

Desai, Unmesh Jeetendra. "Comparative Analytical Methods for the Measurment of Chlorine Dioxide." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34134.

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Four commercially available methods used for the analysis of low-level Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) concentrations in drinking water were evaluated for accuracy and precision and ranked according to cost, efficiency and ease of the methods under several conditions that might be encountered at water treatment plants. The different analytical methods included: 1.The DPD (N, N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine) method 2.Lissamine Green B (LGB) wet-chemical method 3.Palintest® kit LGB 4.Amperometric titration All these tests were performed with standard 1.0 mg/L ClO2 either alone or in the presence of di
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Johansson, Emma. "Organic chlorine and chloride in soil /." Linköping : Univ, 2000. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2000/arts210s.htm.

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Ellenberger, Christine Spada. "Water Quality Impacts of Pure Chlorine Dioxide Pretreatment at the Roanoke County (Virginia) Water Treatment Plant." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30807.

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Chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) was included in the Spring Hollow Water Treatment Plant (Roanoke County, Virginia) to oxidize manganese and iron, prevent tastes and odors, and avoid the formation of excessive halogenated disinfection by-products. A state-of-the-art, gas:solid ClO₂ generation system manufactured by CDG Technology, Inc. was installed at the plant and is the first full-scale use of this technology in the world. The ClO₂ generator produces a feed stream free of chlorine, chlorite ion (ClO₂⁻), and chlorate ion (ClO₃⁻), resulting in lower by-product concentrations in the treatment system
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Nguyen, Caroline Kimmy. "Interactions Between Copper and Chlorine Disinfectants: Chlorine Decay, Chloramine Decay and Copper Pitting." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35674.

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Interactions between copper and chlorine disinfectants were examined from the perspective of disinfectant decay and copper pitting corrosion. Sparingly soluble cupric hydroxide catalyzed the rapid decay of free chlorine, which in turn, led to production of less soluble and more crystalline phases of cupric hydroxide. The catalytic activity of the cupric hydroxide was retained over multiple cycles of chlorine dosing. Experiments with chloramine revealed that copper species could also trigger rapid loss of chloramine disinfectant. In copper pipes, loss of free chlorine and chloramine we
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Arevalo, Jorge Miguel. "MODELING FREE CHLORINE AND CHLORAMINE DECAY IN A PILOT DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3815.

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The purpose of this study was to identify the effect that water quality, pipe material, pipe size, flow conditions and the use of corrosion inhibitors would have on the rate of free chlorine and chloramine decay in distribution systems. Empirical models were developed to predict the disinfectant residual concentration with time based on the parameters that affected it. Different water treatment processes were used to treat groundwater and surface water to obtain 7 types of finished waters with a wide range of water quality characteristics. The groundwater was treated either by conventional tre
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Simper, Jessica Mary. "Electrochemical characterization of aqueous chlorine and inorganic chloramine species." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311946.

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Johnson, Jessica Mary. "Chlorine production from anhydrous hydrogen chloride in a molten salt electrolyte membrane cell." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11246.

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Leahy, Joseph Gerard. "Inactivation of Giardia muris cysts by chlorine and chlorine dioxide." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1345744018.

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Burke, Michael A. "Kinetics of the chlorate-hydrogen peroxide reaction in the formation of chlorine dioxide." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11817.

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Courtis, Benjamin John. "Water quality chlorine management." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289743.

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Libri sul tema "Chlorine"

1

United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Division of Toxicology. Chlorine dioxide and chlorite. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004.

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2

Institute, Chlorine, ed. The chlorine manual: Chlorine. 6th ed. Chlorine Institute, 1997.

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Tocci, Salvatore. Chlorine. Children's Press, 2005.

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Blashfield, Jean F. Chlorine. Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 2002.

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United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. and Syracuse Research Corporation, eds. Toxicological profile for chlorine dioxide and chlorite. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004.

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B, Taylor Jessilynn, Wohlers David, Amata Richard, United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry., and Syracuse Research Corporation, eds. Draft toxicological profile for chlorine dioxide and chlorite. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2002.

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7

executive, Health and safety. Chlorine vaporisers. H.M.S.O., 1985.

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Tundo, Pietro, Liang-Nian He, Ekaterina Lokteva, and Claudio Mota, eds. Chemistry Beyond Chlorine. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30073-3.

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S, Dobson, Cary R, World Health Organization, et al., eds. Chlorine dioxide (gas). World Health Organization, 2002.

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San Francisco (Calif.). Board of Supervisors. Budget Analyst. Cost of chlorine versus sodium hypo-chlorite in sewage treatment. Budget Analyst, 1994.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Chlorine"

1

Kendrick, Mark A. "Chlorine." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39193-9_89-1.

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Kendrick, Mark A. "Chlorine." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_89.

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Chaidez, Cristóbal, Nohelia Castro-del Campo, J. Basilio Heredia, Laura Contreras-Angulo, Gustavo González-Aguilar, and J. Fernando Ayala-Zavala. "Chlorine." In Decontamination of Fresh and Minimally Processed Produce. Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118229187.ch7.

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Eggenkamp, Hans. "Chlorine." In The Geochemistry of Stable Chlorine and Bromine Isotopes. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28506-6_2.

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de Mello Prado, Renato. "Chlorine." In Mineral nutrition of tropical plants. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71262-4_16.

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Lück, Erich, and Martin Jager. "Chlorine." In Antimicrobial Food Additives. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59202-7_13.

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Bonifacie, Magali. "Chlorine Isotopes." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39193-9_90-1.

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Bonifacie, Magali. "Chlorine Isotopes." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_90.

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Sukhoruchkin, S. I., та Z. N. Soroko. "17-Chlorine". У Tables of Proton and α-Particle Resonance Parameters. Part 1. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/10730526_17.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Chlorine Retention." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_2319.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Chlorine"

1

Spiegel, M., and H. J. Grabke. "Chlorine Induced Corrosion of Steels in Fossil Fuel Power Plants." In CORROSION 1998. NACE International, 1998. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1998-98178.

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Abstract The corrosion of steels in power plants (coal combustion, waste incineration) is mainly due to condensed chlorides in the ash deposited on the boiler tubes. These chlorides are stabilized by HCl in the combustion gas. In the case of coal as a fuel, chlorine is present as chloride minerals in the raw material which is converted to HCl during the combustion process. Corrosion of steels in chlorine containing environments occurs by the ‘active oxidation’ mechanism, which is a self - sustaining accelerated oxidation process, catalysed by chlorine. This study shows that solid chlorides rea
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McNallan, M. J., and Y. S. Park. "High Temperature Corrosion of Alloys and Ceramics by Alkali Chlorides." In CORROSION 1996. NACE International, 1996. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1996-96441.

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Abstract Alkali chlorides are well known to cause accelerated corrosion. At elevated temperatures, the presence of alkali chlorides as vapors or molten deposits can cause accelerated attack of either high temperature metal alloys or ceramics. The mechanism of attack is different in the two cases, however, with the chlorine component being most aggressive for corrosion of metals and the alkali being most aggressive for corrosion of ceramics. The reaction of the alkali chloride with the oxide scale on metals releases chlorine which causes accelerated corrosion. The corrosion rate can be reduced
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McNallan, Michael. "High Temperature Corrosion of Silicon Based Ceramics in Environments Containing Halogens and Alkali Halides." In CORROSION 1999. NACE International, 1999. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1999-99275.

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Abstract Silicon carbide and other silicon-based ceramics obtain their oxidation resistance by the formation of protective silica films in oxygen containing environments. In the presence of chlorine or alkali chlorides, this film may not form, or may be unprotective, so that accelerated oxidation occurs. Chlorine and alkali halides may contribute to accelerated oxidation via three possible mechanisms. Active oxidation occurs at relatively low temperatures and high ratios of chlorine to oxygen, and is characterized by simultaneous formation of silicon chlorides and non-protective oxides. Silica
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Forsén, Olof, Jari Aromaa, and Markku Tavi. "The Effect of Oxygen and Chlorine Evolution on the Corrosion of Ruthenium Oxide Anodes." In CORROSION 1996. NACE International, 1996. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1996-96564.

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Abstract The electrochemical behaviour of RuO2-based anodes has been investigated in 0.5 M Na2SO4 and 6-300 g/l NaCl solutions with galvanostatic polarization curves. Chlorine gas is the primary reaction product when electrolyzing chloride solutions but the corrosion of the anodes depends on the amount of oxygen evolution. The solution conditions, where oxygen evolution is significant were estimated from polarization curves. The decrease of solution pH had a stronger effect on the suppressing of oxygen evolution than the increase of NaCl concentration. Oxygen evolution was significant at pH&am
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Havn, Torfinn. "Corrosion of Engineering Materials in Seawater, Freshwater and 3.5% NaCl Solution with Additions of Chlorine and Chlorite." In CORROSION 2007. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07260.

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Abstract Sea water systems on many offshore platforms are treated with small amounts of chlorine to prevent marine growth inside piping and equipment. It is well known that small additions of chlorine increase the oxidation strength (corrosion potential) of Ti and stainless steels in sea water. Regarding Al, CuNi and carbon steel, it is difficult to find the effect of chlorine on these materials described in the literature. Therefore, during laboratory tests the corrosion potentials of engineering materials under influence of additions of chlorine and chlorite were measured. The investigated e
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Krause, H. H. "Chlorine Corrosion in Waste Incineration." In CORROSION 1987. NACE International, 1987. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1987-87401.

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Abstract Incineration of municipal or industrial wastes can result in severe corrosion of boiler tubes in waste-to-energy systems as a result of the chlorine in the waste. Corrosion probe studies conducted in such boilers showed that for carbon and low alloy steels the wastage rates are functions of chlorine concentration, metal temperature, and flue gas temperature. Breakaway corrosion occurred at a metal temperature of 800 F (427 C) when the flue gas temperature exceeded 1500 F (843 C). Corrosion rates of stainless steels and alloy 825 proved to be an order of magnitude lower than that of ca
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Otsuka, N., Y. Nishiyama, and T. Hosoda. "Thermodynamic Equilibrium Calculations of Deposits on Superheater Tubes in Waste Incinerators." In CORROSION 2000. NACE International, 2000. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2000-00229.

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Abstract Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were conducted to obtain flue-gas composition and molar amount of volatile condensate deposits on superheater tubes upon combustion of municipal solid waste. Effects of sodium, potassium, chlorine, and sulfur involved in municipal solid waste on deposit chemistry were examined. Possible influence of flue-gas temperature and metal temperature on corrosion were investigated as well. Calculated flue-gas composition agreed relatively well with the flue gas composition in real incinerators. Equilibrium calculation showed that vapor condensate deposits
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Kamaraj, Abinaya, Johann Wilhelm Erning, Stefan Reimann, and Alfons Ahrens. "Susceptibility of 304 Stainless Steel to Crevice Corrosion in Electrochemically Active Fluids." In CORROSION 2019. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2019-12868.

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Abstract The generation of active disinfectants by electrochemical processes gains market share due to the lack of need for transportation and storage of dangerous goods as well as the ease of operation. Usually, the process involves the use of specific electrodes for electrolysis of water to produce active chlorine species, sometimes supported by the addition of chlorides to the process water. Thus, the influence on the corrosion behavior can vary widely. The susceptibility of AISI 304 stainless steel to crevice corrosion on the effect of contact with electrochemically active fluids was inves
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Thongtem, S., M. J. McNallan, and G. Y. Lai. "Corrosion of Superalloys by Volatilization and Internal Penetration in High Temperature Chlorine Contaminated Environments." In CORROSION 1986. NACE International, 1986. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1986-86372.

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Chlorine contamination has been encountered in more high temperature environments as increasing energy costs have led to the use of lower quality fuels and the application of waste heat recuperation technology to a wider variety of industrial and metallurgical processes1. The presence of chlorine generally accelerates the corrosion rates of materials, and many materials which are usually considered to be corrosion resistant can be attacked very rapidly in chlorine containing atmospheres. 2-5 Chlorine can accelerate corrosion by promoting the formation of a liquid salt deposit, but can also pro
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Hasan, S. Khalid, and M. Mobin. "Hot Corrosion Behaviour of Protective Oxide Scales with Sodium Chloride in Chlorine Gas Environment." In CORROSION 2013. NACE International, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2013-02125.

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Abstract Sodium chloride (NaCl) is one of the prominent hot corrosion inducing constituents of salt deposits that accumulate on the alloy surface in the field. In a marine environment NaCl is ingested into a gas turbine as an aerosol of sea salt along with intake air. At high temperatures, conventional alloys are severely attacked by NaCl and protective oxide scales like Cr2O3, Al2O3 and NiO invariably deteriorate. This paper deals with the high temperature reaction kinetics of such metal oxides with NaCl in a Cl2 gas environment at atmospheric pressure. The kinetics of the reactions between N
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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Chlorine"

1

Shul, R. J., R. D. Briggs, S. J. Pearton, et al. Chlorine-based plasma etching of GaN. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/432987.

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2

Wilde, E. W. Chlorine demand of Savannah River water. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5695222.

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3

Ludowise, P. D. Ultrafast measurements of chlorine dioxide photochemistry. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/658167.

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4

Istas, Laurence. Chlorine Distribution in the Idaho Batholith. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2607.

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5

Huber, Zachary, Michael Powell, Tyler Schlieder, et al. Chlorine Isotope Separations using Thermal Diffusion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2339481.

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6

Haas, P. A., D. D. Lee, and J. C. Mailen. Reaction of uranium oxides with chlorine and carbon or carbon monoxide to prepare uranium chlorides. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10155443.

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7

STEVENS, G. M. Chlorine Containment System Natural Phenomena Hazards Analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/806025.

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8

McNallan, M., S. Danyluk, and J. E. Indacochea. High temperature corrosion during use of chlorine. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6970166.

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9

Ahuja, Amrita, Douglas B. Marshall, Celine Gratadour, et al. Chlorine Dispensers in Kenya: Scaling for Results. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/ow1029.

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10

Muchmore, C. B. Thermal treatment for chlorine removal from coal. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5877887.

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