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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Cognitive inconsistency"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 31 agosto 2024

Ultima modifica: 19 luglio 2025

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1

Devine, Patricia G., and Thomas M. Ostrom. "Cognitive mediation of inconsistency discounting." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49, no. 1 (1985): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.1.5.

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Ram, Nilam, Patrick Rabbitt, Brian Stollery, and John R. Nesselroade. "Cognitive performance inconsistency: Intraindividual change and variability." Psychology and Aging 20, no. 4 (2005): 623–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.20.4.623.

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Vanderhill, Susan, David F. Hultsch, Michael A. Hunter, and Esther Strauss. "Self-Reported Cognitive Inconsistency in Older Adults." Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition 17, no. 4 (2010): 385–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13825580903265699.

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Willadsen, Helene, Sarah Zaccagni, Marco Piovesan, and Erik Wengström. "Measures of cognitive ability and choice inconsistency." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 220 (April 2024): 495–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2024.02.029.

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STRAUSS, ESTHER, STUART W. S. MACDONALD, MICHAEL HUNTER, ALEX MOLL, and DAVID F. HULTSCH. "Intraindividual variability in cognitive performance in three groups of older adults: Cross-domain links to physical status and self-perceived affect and beliefs." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 8, no. 7 (2002): 893–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617702870035.

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Intraindividual variability of physical status and affect/beliefs as well as their relations with cognition were examined in 3 groups of older adults: healthy elderly, individuals with a nonneurological health-related disturbance (arthritis) and people with neurological compromise (dementia). The findings showed that greater inconsistency in physical performance was observed in groups characterized by central nervous system dysfunction. By contrast, fluctuations in affect appeared to reflect other more transient sources, such as pain. In general, increased inconsistency in non-cognitive domains was associated with poorer cognitive function. There were cross-domain links between inconsistency in physical functioning and fluctuations in cognitive performance, although the nature of the links depended largely upon the neurological status of the individuals. Considered together, the result indicated that measures of cognitive as well as physical variability are important behavioral markers of neurological integrity. (JINS, 2002, 8, 893–906.)

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Dzierzewski, Joseph M., Michael Marsiske, Adrienne T. Aiken Morgan, et al. "Cognitive Inconsistency and Practice-Related Learning in Older Adults." GeroPsych 26, no. 3 (2013): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000096.

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The current study examined predictors of individual differences in the magnitude of practice-related improvements achieved by 87 older adults (mean age 63.52 years) over 18 weeks of cognitive practice. Cognitive inconsistency, as measured in both baseline trial-to-trial reaction times and week-to-week accuracy scores, was included as a predictor of practice-related gains in two measures of processing speed. Conditional growth models revealed that both reaction time and accuracy level, as well as rate-of-change in functioning, were related to inconsistency, even after controlling for mean-level, but that increased inconsistency was negatively associated with accuracy versus positively associated with reaction time improvement. Cognitive inconsistency may signal dysregulation in the ability to control cognitive performance or may be indicative of adaptive attempts at functioning.

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7

Weber, Konstantin. "Inconsistency without Irrationality." Grazer Philosophische Studien 96, no. 4 (2019): 620–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756735-000091.

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Every theory of rationality worth taking seriously implies that it is in some way irrational to accept contradictions. In this essay, the author examines how exactly this basic idea should be spelled out. He argues for two claims. First, it is not practically irrational to accept a contradiction in the sense of causing oneself to have contradictory beliefs. Second, it is moreover not theoretically irrational to accept a contradiction in the sense of having contradictory beliefs, if the contradictoriness of the relevant beliefs is inaccessible to the person. The contradictoriness of a set of beliefs is accessible to a person only if this person possesses the general cognitive capacities to realise that the beliefs are contradictory.

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8

Ball, Harriet A., Antony Bayer, Elizabeth Coulthard, Mark Fish, John Gallacher, and Yoav Ben-Shlomo. "#3122 Is subjective cognitive decline (SCD) a better marker of susceptibility to functional cognitive disorder (FCD) than to neurodegeneration?: The caerphilly prospective study." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 92, no. 8 (2021): A4.1—A4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2021-bnpa.11.

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Objective/AimsDoes Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) indicate susceptibility to Functional Cognitive Disorder (FCD) more often than it indicates neurodegeneration? Prior research has focused on clinical populations where FCD is increasingly identified, but associations could differ at the community level. A clinical diagnosis of FCD requires cognitive symptoms, internal inconsistency, the absence of another explanatory disorder, and significant impairment; but we know little about its aetiology and prevalence. Cognitive internal inconsistency has not been systematically studied.Methods1,143 men were followed in the Caerphilly Prospective Study. Their subjective experience of cognitive change at average age 73 years was compared to their previous rate of objective cognitive change (using the Cambridge Cognition Examination). Logistic regression models examined potential predictors of SCD (measured in the preceding decade) including sociodemographic factors, vascular risk markers (ischaemic heart disease, vascular medications, smoking history), alcohol exposure, sleep problems, depression, anxiety trait, and objective cognition. We also looked for markers of cognitive internal inconsistency (delayed recall proportionately better than immediate recall, using the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test). Finally, subjective and objective cognition at average age 73 were used to predict change in objective cognition nine years later.ResultsSCD was common (30%), and only weakly related to prior objective cognitive decline (sensitivity 36% [95% CI 30-42], specificity 72% [95% CI 68-75]). Longitudinal independent predictors of SCD were older age, poor sleep quality and higher trait anxiety: rate of decline in objective cognition did not independently predict subsequent SCD (adjusted OR 1.18 [95% CI 0.72 1.95]). Those with SCD (compared to those without) had mildly worse scores on immediate recall, but their delayed recall was in proportion to their immediate recall, i.e., there was no evidence of cognitive internal inconsistency. SCD did not predict future objective cognitive change (p=0.84). Important limitations include the male-only sample and the possibility of survivor bias.ConclusionsSCD is common, but is only weakly associated with prior objective cognitive decline, is not predicted by vascular risk markers (aside from age), and does not predict future objective cognitive decline. The high community prevalence of SCD is instead driven partly via sleep difficulties and anxiety. Our results suggest those with SCD may have a mild deficit in attentional processes but relatively intact memory for the items they do encode. Subjectively experiencing cognitive decline in the absence of an objective decline appears to be a highly prevalent example of poor meta-cognition, which could be a driver to later FCD.

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Sapp, Stephen G. "INCOMPLETE KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE-BEHAVIOR INCONSISTENCY." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 30, no. 1 (2002): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2002.30.1.37.

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Much previous research has shown the health belief model to be effective in explaining social-cognitive processes that lead to attitude-behavior consistency across a wide variety of health-related behaviors. The health belief model, like other social-cognitive models that rely upon the hierarchy-of-effects principle, presumes rationality between beliefs and attitudes, attitudes and intentions, and intentions and behavior for volitional behavior. It was found, for food intake behavior, that rationality is not achieved unless respondents have a high threshold level of “how-to” and “awareness” nutrition knowledge. Thus, as with ill-formed intentions, ill-formed knowledge (i.e., beliefs) can lead to nonrationality in volitional behavior.

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Awa, Hart O., and Sunday C. Eze. "Analysis and Applicability of Cognitive Theories In Solving Inconsistency Among Cognitive Elements." International Journal of Business and Management Review 1, no. 4 (2013): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ijbmr.vol1.no4.p72-82.2021.

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This paper critically analyses the major theoretical and empirical body of knowledge of the various schools of thought of cognitive consistency with a view of proffering a tripartite approach (involving the consumers, the organizations and the government) to solving inconsistency among cognitive elements (e.g., values, beliefs, knowledge and attitudes). The Heider’s balance theory, Osgood’s congruity model and Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory were specifically looked into and assessed in terms of their real world application and/or empirical fertility. Each of these theorists emphasizes psychological tension and the urge to achieving consistency within and between the cognitive system and overt/covert behaviour

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Ferraro, Kenneth F., and Callie J. Zaborenko. "Race, everyday discrimination, and cognitive function in later life." PLOS ONE 18, no. 10 (2023): e0292617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292617.

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Discrimination is pernicious in many ways, but there are inconsistent findings regarding whether it is harmful to cognitive function in later life. To address the inconsistency, we use two closely related concepts of everyday discrimination to predict cognitive trajectories in a diverse sample. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we examine whether the frequency of discrimination, measured at baseline with six questions, is related to poorer cognitive function and change in function over time (2008–2016). Age at baseline ranged from 53 to 100. Growth curve models of initial cognitive function and change in function were estimated. Everyday global discrimination was associated with poorer initial cognition and slower declines over time, and these relationships were not moderated by race and ethnicity. By contrast, the relationship between everyday racial discrimination and cognition was moderated by race: more frequent everyday racial discrimination was associated with better initial cognitive function among Black adults but not among Hispanic and White adults. Discrimination is a multifaceted concept, and specific types of discrimination manifest lower or higher cognitive function during later life for White, Black, and Hispanic adults.

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Conijn, Judith M., Wilco H. M. Emons, Bethan F. Page, et al. "Response Inconsistency of Patient-Reported Symptoms as a Predictor of Discrepancy Between Patient and Clinician-Reported Depression Severity." Assessment 25, no. 7 (2016): 917–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191116666949.

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The aim of this study was to assess the extent to which discrepancy between self-reported and clinician-rated severity of depression are due to inconsistent self-reports. Response inconsistency threatens the validity of the test score. We used data from a large sample of outpatients ( N = 5,959) who completed the self-report Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI-II) and the clinician-rated Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). We used item response theory based person-fit analysis to quantify the inconsistency of the self-report item scores. Inconsistency was weakly positively related to patient–clinician discrepancy (i.e., higher BDI-II scores relative to MADRS scores). The mediating effect of response inconsistency in the relationship between discrepancy and demographic (e.g., ethnic origin) and clinical variables (e.g., cognitive problems) was negligible. The small direct and mediating effects of response inconsistency suggest that inaccurate patient self-reports are not a major cause of patient–clinician discrepancy in outpatient samples. Future research should investigate the role of clinician biases in explaining clinician–patient discrepancy.

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Heinemann, Wolfgang. "Meeting the Handicapped: A Case of Affective-Cognitive Inconsistency." European Review of Social Psychology 1, no. 1 (1990): 323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14792779108401866.

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Rique, Júlio, and Cleonice Camino. "Consistency and Inconsistency in Adolescents’ Moral Reasoning." International Journal of Behavioral Development 21, no. 4 (1997): 813–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502597384686.

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Authors in the cognitive developmental tradition (e.g. Damon & Hart, 1988; Snyder & Feldman, 1984; Turiel, 1983) have created models to explain transition between stages of development. This study introduces consistency and inconsistency of moral reasoning as patterns of moral thinking and presents implications for moral education. Consistency and inconsistency are determined by the level of “stage mixture” scored on the Defining Issues Test. A 2 × 2 quasi-experimental design was created. Participants were 52, 15-year-old male high school students. Moral judgement was the dependent variable. Consistency, inconsistency, and the experimental procedures were independent variables. Results showed a significant interaction between levels of consistency and educational methods ( P < .014), a developmental progression for the condition inconsistent experimental ( P < .004), and a predicted pattern of change for the condition consistent experimental ( P < .001). The authors concluded that consistency and inconsistency of moral reasoning require different assumptions for the promotion of moral development.

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Jin, Lesheng, Ronald R. Yager, Radko Mesiar, et al. "Cognitive Consistency in Uncertain and Preference Involved Weights Determination." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 32, no. 02 (2024): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488524500107.

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In uncertain information environment, bi-polar preferences can be elicited from experts and processed to be exerted over some weights determination for multiple-agents evaluation. Recently, some weighting methodologies and models in uncertain and preference involved environment with multiple opinions from multiple experts are proposed in some literature. However, in that existing method, when collecting different types of preferences from a single expert, sometimes some subtle cognitive inconsistency may occur. To eliminate such inconsistency, this work elaborately analyzes the possible reasons and proposes some amendment together with a new distinguishable set of formulations for modeling. In addition, we further consider two situations of the weighting models for the problem, with one only considering the situation of single expert with no risk of cognitive inconsistency and the other considering the case of multiple experts wherein some inconsistency might occur. Numerical example and comparison are also presented accordingly.

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Bahnmiller, Hannah. "The Intersections between Self-Deception and Inconsistency." Stance: an international undergraduate philosophy journal 8, no. 1 (2015): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/s.8.1.71-80.

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The relationship between the concepts of bad faith, coined by Jean-Paul Sartre, and cognitive dissonance, developed by Leon Festinger, is often misunderstood. Frequently, the terms are over-generalized and equivocated as synonymous ideas. This paper attempts to clarify the intricacies of these two concepts, outlining their similarities and differences.

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Reynolds, Chandra, Elizabeth Muñoz, Donald Evans, and Andrew Smolen. "NEUROFILAMENT LIGHT CHAIN (NFL) AND COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE INCONSISTENCY IN ADULTS APPROACHING MID LIFE." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (2023): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.0874.

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Abstract Neurofilament light chain (NfL) indexes axonal integrity, where higher NfL values correlate with lower cognitive performance. However, associations of NfL with variability in performance and earlier in the lifespan are unclear. We evaluated inconsistency in trial-level performance within three speed or spatial tasks and dispersion across nine verbal, spatial, speed, and episodic memory tasks in participants from the Colorado Adoption/Twin Study of Lifespan behavioral development and cognitive aging (CATSLife1). Individuals were tested at 28-49 years (M=33.1, SD=4.9). Quanterix Simoa assays of plasma NfL (pNfL, log-transformed), cognitive test scores, and sociodemographic covariates were available for up to 1144 individuals. Multi-level regression analyses accounted for sibling relatedness and sociodemographic covariates. Above average pNfL coupled with higher age were associated with greater inconsistency across trials for the WAIS-III Digit Symbol subtest (d=.15 per 3 years of age increase, p=0.037) adjusting for performance, and with reduced performance across age (d=-.27, p=0.014). Moreover, higher pNfL was associated with higher dispersion among nine specific cognitive ability tasks across age, adjusting for general cognitive ability (GCA) factor scores (d=.156, p=0.037). Building on our earlier report of plasma NfL and GCA, higher pNfL was associated with greater dispersion in performance across a battery of tests. Moreover, higher pNfL was associated with poorer overall speed performance, which was also observed for trial level inconsistency even when adjusting for performance level. Hence, at equal levels of ability, within-task inconsistency and dispersion across tasks may be associated with plasma neurofilament light chain in early- to mid-adulthood.

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Ball, Harriet A., Elizabeth Coulthard, Mark Fish, Antony Bayer, John Gallacher, and Yoav Ben-Shlomo. "Predictors and prognosis of population-based subjective cognitive decline: longitudinal evidence from the Caerphilly Prospective Study (CaPS)." BMJ Open 13, no. 10 (2023): e073205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073205.

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ObjectivesTo understand associations between the subjective experience of cognitive decline and objective cognition. This subjective experience is often conceptualised as an early step towards neurodegeneration, but this has not been scrutinised at the population level. An alternative explanation is poor meta-cognition, the extreme of which is seen in functional cognitive disorder (FCD).DesignProspective cohort (Caerphilly Prospective Study).SettingPopulation-based, South Wales, UK.ParticipantsThis men-only study began in 1979; 1225 men participated at an average age of 73 in 2002–2004, including assessments of simple subjective cognitive decline (sSCD, defined as a subjective report of worsening memory or concentration). Dementia outcomes were followed up to 2012–2014. Data on non-completers was additionally obtained from death certificates and local health records.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome measure was incident dementia over 10 years. Secondary outcome measures included prospective change in objective cognition and cross-sectional cognitive internal inconsistency (the existence of a cognitive ability at some times, and its absence at other times, with no intervening explanatory factors except for focus of attention).ResultssSCD was common (30%) and only weakly associated with prior objective cognitive decline (sensitivity 36% (95% CI 30 to 42) and specificity 72% (95% CI 68 to 75)). Independent predictors of sSCD were older age, poor sleep quality and higher trait anxiety. Those with sSCD did not have excess cognitive internal inconsistency, but results suggested a mild attentional deficit. sSCD did not predict objective cognitive change (linear regression coefficient −0.01 (95% CI −0.13 to 0.15)) nor dementia (odds ratio 1.35 (0.61 to 2.99)) 10 years later.ConclusionssSCD is weakly associated with prior objective cognitive decline and does not predict future cognition. Prior sleep difficulties and anxiety were the most robust predictors of sSCD. sSCD in the absence of objective decline appears to be a highly prevalent example of poor meta-cognition (ie, poor self-awareness of cognitive performance), which could be a driver for later FCD.

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Harmon-Jones, Eddie, and Cindy Harmon-Jones. "Cognitive Dissonance Theory After 50 Years of Development." Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie 38, no. 1 (2007): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0044-3514.38.1.7.

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Abstract. Research and theoretical developments on the theory of cognitive dissonance are reviewed. After considering the self-consistency, self-affirmation, and aversive consequences revisions, the authors review research that has challenged each of the revisions and that supports the original version of the theory. Then, the authors review the action-based model of dissonance, which accepts the original theory's proposal that a sufficient cognitive inconsistency causes dissonance and extends the original theory by proposing why cognitive inconsistency prompts dissonance. Finally, the authors present results from experiments examining predictions derived from the action-based model and neural processes involved in dissonance reduction.

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Bernacer, Javier, Ivan Martinez-Valbuena, Martin Martinez, et al. "Neural correlates of effort-based behavioral inconsistency." Cortex 113 (April 2019): 96–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2018.12.005.

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Strauss, Gregory P., Eric Granholm, Jason L. Holden, et al. "The effects of combined oxytocin and cognitive behavioral social skills training on social cognition in schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 49, no. 10 (2018): 1731–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718002465.

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AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with schizophrenia have deficits in social cognition that are associated with poor functional outcome. Unfortunately, current treatments result in only modest improvement in social cognition. Oxytocin, a neuropeptide with pro-social effects, has significant benefits for social cognition in the general population. However, studies examining the efficacy of oxytocin in schizophrenia have yielded inconsistent results. One reason for inconsistency may be that oxytocin has typically not been combined with psychosocial interventions. It may be necessary for individuals with schizophrenia to receive concurrent psychosocial treatment while taking oxytocin to have the context needed to make gains in social cognitive skills.MethodsThe current study tested this hypothesis in a 24-week (48 session) double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that combined oxytocin and Cognitive-Behavioral Social Skills Training (CBSST), which included elements from Social Cognition and Interaction Training (SCIT). Participants included 62 outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia (placebo n = 31; oxytocin n = 31) who received 36 IU BID, with supervised administration 45 min prior to sessions on CBSST group therapy days. Participants completed a battery of measures administered at 0, 12, and 24 weeks that assessed social cognition.ResultsCBSST generally failed to enhance social cognition from baseline to end of study, and there was no additive benefit of oxytocin beyond the effects of CBSST alone.ConclusionsFindings suggest that combined CBSST and oxytocin had minimal benefit for social cognition, adding to the growing literature indicating null effects of oxytocin in multi-dose trials. Methodological and biological factors may contribute to inconsistent results across studies.

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Pattamadilok, Chotiga, Laetitia Perre, Stéphane Dufau, and Johannes C. Ziegler. "On-line Orthographic Influences on Spoken Language in a Semantic Task." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 1 (2009): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21014.

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Literacy changes the way the brain processes spoken language. Most psycholinguists believe that orthographic effects on spoken language are either strategic or restricted to meta-phonological tasks. We used event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to investigate the locus and the time course of orthographic effects on spoken word recognition in a semantic task. Participants were asked to decide whether a given word belonged to a semantic category (body parts). On no-go trials, words were presented that were either orthographically consistent or inconsistent. Orthographic inconsistency (i.e., multiple spellings of the same phonology) could occur either in the first or the second syllable. The ERP data showed a clear orthographic consistency effect that preceded lexical access and semantic effects. Moreover, the onset of the orthographic consistency effect was time-locked to the arrival of the inconsistency in a spoken word, which suggests that orthography influences spoken language in a time-dependent manner. The present data join recent evidence from brain imaging showing orthographic activation in spoken language tasks. Our results extend those findings by showing that orthographic activation occurs early and affects spoken word recognition in a semantic task that does not require the explicit processing of orthographic or phonological structure.

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Di Santo, Daniela, Marina Chernikova, Arie W. Kruglanski, and Antonio Pierro. "Does inconsistency always lead to negative affect? The influence of need for closure on affective reactions to cognitive inconsistency." International Journal of Psychology 55, no. 5 (2020): 882–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12652.

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Geva, Nehemia, and J. Mark Skorick. "Information inconsistency and the cognitive algebra of foreign policy decision making." International Interactions 25, no. 4 (1999): 333–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03050629908434956.

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Morgan, Erin E., A. Minassian, T. D. Marcotte, et al. "Cognitive inconsistency in methamphetamine dependence is associated with poor everyday functioning." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 140 (July 2014): e156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.441.

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Iurtaeva, Marina Nikolaevna, and Natalya Stepanovna Glukhanyuk. "Individual psychological peculiarities of the inconsistency between cognitive and socio-psychological development of students." Психология и Психотехника, no. 3 (March 2021): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0722.2021.3.35468.

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The subject of this article is the search for individual psychological peculiarities of the inconsistency between cognitive and socio-psychological development of students. The relevance of this topic is substantiated by the theoretical diversity of research on the inconsistency in psychology and the need for the development of socio-cultural and cognitive skills in the educational process. A hypothesis is advanced that the inconsistency between the processes of cognitive and socio-personal development would be variable, determining the individual psychological methods of its resolution. The goal of this research lies in conjoint analysis of cognitive and personal characteristics for assessing the inconsistency of students&rsquo; development. The author applies the correlational research design, which is defined by the goal of research and specificity of the sampling. The survey involved 34 students (18 boys and 16 girls) of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science of the Ural Federal University aged 18-22 (M=18.3 3 SD=0.79). The article employs the psychodiagnostic questionnaires: Aizenka EPI test; short version of the &ldquo;Dark Triad of Personality&rdquo; scale adapted by M. S. Egorova and others; characterological questionnaire by G. Schmishek, &ldquo;Rational-experiential&rdquo; questionnaire by S. Epstein adapted by T. V. Kornilova, A. Y. Razvalyaeva; Mann-Whitney U-test, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The following gender differences are revealed: for the female students, cognitive and personal characteristics are generally more interrelated, while the pronounced affective personality traits testify to the possible tension in social communication; male students demonstrated greater proneness to rational processing of information and formation of engineering skills, while weakness of integration of the inner and outer Self, which may increase narcissistic traits, reduce self-criticism, and cause difficulties in establishment and maintenance of social contacts. The acquired results empirically&nbsp; prove the importance of socio-psychological competence, and allow differentiating the technologies of its formation in the educational process.

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MohanaSundaram, ArunSundar, Bhushan Patil, and Domenico Praticò. "ChatGPT’s Inconsistency in the Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports 8, no. 1 (2024): 923–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/adr-240069.

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A recent article by El Haj et al. provided evidence that ChatGPT could be a potential tool that complements the clinical diagnosis of various stages of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) as well as mild cognitive impairment (MCI). To reassess the accuracy and reproducibility of ChatGPT in the diagnosis of AD and MCI, we used the same prompt used by the authors. Surprisingly, we found that some of the responses of ChatGPT in the diagnoses of various stages of AD and MCI were different. In this commentary we discuss the possible reasons for these different results and propose strategies for future studies.

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Laubstein, A. S. "Inconsistency and Ambiguity in Lichtheim′s Model." Brain and Language 45, no. 4 (1993): 588–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brln.1993.1062.

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Westerbeek, Hans, Marije van Amelsvoort, Alfons Maes, and Marc Swerts. "Effects of cognitive design principles on user’s performance and preference." Information Design Journal 21, no. 2 (2014): 129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/idj.21.2.05wes.

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We present an analytic and a large scale experimental comparison of two informationally equivalent information displays of soccer statistics. Both displays were presented by the BBC during the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The displays mainly differ in terms of the number and types of cognitively natural mappings between visual variables and meaning. Theoretically, such natural form-meaning mappings help users to interpret the information quickly and easily. However, our analysis indicates that the design which contains most of these mappings is inevitably inconsistent in how forms and meanings are mapped to each other. The experiment shows that this inconsistency was detrimental for how fast people can find information in the display and for which display people prefer to use. Our findings shed new light on the well-established cognitive design principle of natural mapping: while in theory, information designs may benefit from natural mapping, in practice its applicability may be limited. Information designs that contain a high number of form-meaning mappings, for example, for aesthetic reasons, risk being inconsistent and too complex for users, leading them to find information less quickly and less easily.

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de Frias, Cindy M., Roger A. Dixon, and Richard Camicioli. "Neurocognitive Speed and Inconsistency in Parkinson's Disease with and without Incipient Dementia: An 18-Month Prospective Cohort Study." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 18, no. 4 (2012): 764–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617712000422.

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AbstractWe examined two-wave longitudinal changes in two indicators of neurocognitive speed (i.e., mean rate, intraindividual variability) using one simple and three complex reaction time tasks. Participants included idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, with and without incipient dementia, and normal controls. At baseline, there were 45 patients (26 men, 19 women) with idiopathic PD who ranged from 65 to 84 years (M = 71.3; SD = 4.5) and 47 matched controls (27 men, 20 women) who ranged from 65 to 84 years (M = 71.4; SD = 4.9). The 18-month longitudinal sample comprised of 74 returning participants (43 controls; 31 PD patients) who had no cognitive impairment or dementia at both waves. Ten of the 31 PD patients returning for Time 3 had dementia or cognitive impairment. These constituted the PD with incipient dementia (PDID) group. Repeated measures analyses of variance showed that the PD and PDID groups were slower over time on the reaction time tasks, whereas the controls improved their performance over time on all tasks. Inconsistency distinguished the two clinical groups (i.e., the PDID group but not the PD group became more inconsistent over time). Changes in neurocognitive speed and inconsistency may be valid clinical markers of PDID. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–9)

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Mende-Siedlecki, Peter, and Alexander Todorov. "Neural dissociations between meaningful and mere inconsistency in impression updating." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 11, no. 9 (2016): 1489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw058.

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LUK, GIGI. "Who are the bilinguals (and monolinguals)?" Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18, no. 1 (2014): 35–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728914000625.

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In the keynote article, “Bilingualism and Cognition”, Valian (2014) has reviewed current research on comparing executive function (EF) in monolingual and bilingual individuals across the lifespan. The conclusion is that there are inconsistent EF advantages from bilingualism and all other cognitive challenging activities primarily because individual differences in these cognitive challenging experiences may collectively attribute to superior EF resulting in inconsistent EF benefit attributable to a single experience. In essence, variability in study participants’ experience and tasks contributes to the inconsistency in the behavioral outcomes observed in monolinguals and bilinguals. Notably, Valian suggests that monolinguals may also engage in other cognitively challenging activities, which have not been accounted for in individual studies, thereby resulting in improved EF similar in magnitude to that related to bilingual experience. Although it was not specified which cognitively challenging activity is more likely to be engaged by monolinguals more than by bilinguals, the question at heart is: is there an EF advantage that can be specifically attributed to bilingual experience? The review addressed in the keynote demonstrates seemingly inconsistent patterns of results. In this commentary, I would like to suggest that, in addition to task measurements, individual bilingual experience is dynamic and multifaceted. Moreover, bilingual experience varies in different communities. Consequently, one potential source of explanation for the inconsistent results in between-group EF performances is the characteristics of the bilinguals (and monolinguals) and their social environments included in these studies.

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Dixon, Roger A., Douglas D. Garrett, Tanya L. Lentz, Stuart W. S. MacDonald, Esther Strauss, and David F. Hultsch. "Neurocognitive markers of cognitive impairment: Exploring the roles of speed and inconsistency." Neuropsychology 21, no. 3 (2007): 381–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.21.3.381.

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Xu, Juhua, and Eun-Kyoung Han. "How Temporal Order of Inconsistent CSR Information Affects Consumer Perceptions?" Sustainability 13, no. 8 (2021): 4292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084292.

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What happens first between a corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication and a crisis can result in different levels of perceived cognitive dissonance and corporate hypocrisy depending on whether there is information inconsistency between the CSR communication and the crisis. This paper presents the findings from an experimental study and an online survey conducted and administered to investigate the contingency influence on consumer perceptions in response to inconsistent information. The results indicate that consumers experience greater cognitive dissonance and perceive more corporate hypocrisy when they are exposed, first, to a CSR initiative and then to a crisis, than when the order is reversed, provided that the CSR initiative and the crisis are congruent with the same social issue. However, there are no significant differences when the CSR initiative is incongruent with the crisis. Further, the findings of the study suggest that consumer cognitive dissonance not only directly influences the perceived corporate reputation, but also indirectly affects the perceived corporate reputation through a mediating effect of perceived corporate hypocrisy. The theoretical contribution of this study lies in providing a better understanding of consumer perceptions (including cognitive dissonance, perceived corporate hypocrisy and corporate reputation) in response to inconsistent CSR information. Meanwhile, the managerial contribution of this study stands by providing insights into the use of CSR communication strategies.

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Muench, Kristin L., and Sarah C. Creel. "Gradient phonological inconsistency affects vocabulary learning." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 39, no. 5 (2013): 1585–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0032862.

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Qi, Y., and S. Shimada. "Detection of temporal inconsistency among sensory feedbacks during self-body movement." NeuroImage 47 (July 2009): S155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(09)71613-1.

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van Es, Thomas. "Minimizing prediction errors in predictive processing: from inconsistency to non-representationalism." Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 19, no. 5 (2019): 997–1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11097-019-09649-y.

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Munoz, Elizabeth, Robert S. Stawski, Martin J. Sliwinski, Joshua M. Smyth, and Stuart W. S. MacDonald. "The Ups and Downs of Cognitive Function: Neuroticism and Negative Affect Drive Performance Inconsistency." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 2 (2018): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby032.

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Abstract Objectives Response time inconsistency (RTI)—or trial-to-trial variability in speeded performance—is increasingly recognized as an indicator of transient lapses of attention, cognitive health status, and central nervous system integrity, as well as a potential early indicator of normal and pathological cognitive aging. Comparatively, little research has examined personality predictors of RTI across adulthood. Methods We evaluated the association between the personality trait neuroticism and RTI in a community-dwelling sample of 317 adults between the ages of 19–83 and tested for two indirect pathways through negative affect (NA) and cognitive interference (CI). Results The personality trait neuroticism predicted greater RTI independent of mean response time performance and demographic covariates; the results were age-invariant. Furthermore, NA (but not CI) accounted for this association and moderated mediation model results indicated that older adults were more vulnerable to the adverse effects of NA. Discussion Neuroticism predicts greater RTI irrespective of mean performance and this effect is driven largely by heightened negative emotionality that may be particularly detrimental for older adults.

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Levy, Nicholas, Cindy Harmon-Jones, and Eddie Harmon-Jones. "Dissonance and discomfort: Does a simple cognitive inconsistency evoke a negative affective state?" Motivation Science 4, no. 2 (2018): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/mot0000079.

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Horowitz, Todd S., Melissa Treviño, Ingrid M. Gooch, and Korrina A. Duffy. "Understanding the Profile of Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairments: A Critique of Meta-Analyses." JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 111, no. 10 (2019): 1009–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djz100.

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Abstract A large body of evidence indicates that cancer survivors who have undergone chemotherapy have cognitive impairments. Substantial disagreement exists regarding which cognitive domains are impaired in this population. We suggest that is in part due to inconsistency in how neuropsychological tests are assigned to cognitive domains. The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the meta-analytic literature on cancer-related cognitive impairments (CRCI) to quantify this inconsistency. We identified all neuropsychological tests reported in seven meta-analyses of the CRCI literature. Although effect sizes were generally negative (indicating impairment), every domain was declared to be impaired in at least one meta-analysis and unimpaired in at least one other meta-analysis. We plotted summary effect sizes from all the meta-analyses and quantified disagreement by computing the observed and ideal distributions of the one-way χ2 statistic. The actual χ2 distributions were noticeably more peaked and shifted to the left than the ideal distributions, indicating substantial disagreement among the meta-analyses in how neuropsychological tests were categorized to domains. A better understanding of the profile of impairments in CRCI is essential for developing effective remediation methods. To accomplish this goal, the research field needs to promote better agreement on how to measure specific cognitive functions.

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Fitri, Rani Agias. "Gambaran Disonansi Kognitif pada Wanita Perokok Dewasa Muda Berpendidikan Tinggi." Humaniora 4, no. 1 (2013): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v4i1.3463.

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This research aims to get the description of cognitive dissonance of high educated young adult smoker women, such as the source of dissonance and how to lessen their dissonance. By qualitative research method through depth interview with four research subjects, it is found out that logical inconsistency, general opinion, and past experience are the source of dissonance. Culture norm becomes the source of dissonance only on three subjects. The way the four subjects lessen their cognitive dissonance are changing behavior element and increasing cognitive element whereas changing cognitive element is only done by one subject.

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DAY, H. D. "VEERING IN WOMEN: INCONSISTENCY OF FORWARD AND BACKWARD PROGRESSION." Perceptual and Motor Skills 85, no. 6 (1997): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.85.6.587-596.

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Day, H. D., and Vickie J. Goins. "Veering in Women: Inconsistency of Forward and Backward Progression." Perceptual and Motor Skills 85, no. 2 (1997): 587–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.85.2.587.

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In a large rectangular room, 13 blindfolded women attempted to walk in a straight line from one end of the room to a target centered at the other end of the room. On 12 trials, the women walked forward, and on 12 trials they walked backward. On half the trials under each of these conditions, they walked toward the north, and on the other half to the south. Performance errors were highly correlated for northward and southward progression, an indication of good reliability for this veering task. Veering during forward progression was not significantly related to veering during backward progression. Individual consistency in veering was demonstrated in several ways, and approximately half the participants veered in the same direction on nearly all trials. These results indicate that veering should be considered as an additional manifestation of lateral preferences in human motor behavior.

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Kenny, Sophie, Naureen Mahmood, Claire Honda, Michael J. Black, and Nikolaus F. Troje. "Perceptual Effects of Inconsistency in Human Animations." ACM Transactions on Applied Perception 16, no. 1 (2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3301411.

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Xu, Jingjing, and Robyn M. Cox. "Interactions between Cognition and Hearing Aid Compression Release Time: Effects of Linguistic Context of Speech Test Materials on Speech-in-Noise Performance." Audiology Research 11, no. 2 (2021): 129–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/audiolres11020013.

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Recent research has established a connection between hearing aid (HA) users’ cognition and speech recognition performance with short and long compression release times (RT). Contradictive findings prevent researchers from using cognition to predict RT prescription. We hypothesized that the linguistic context of speech recognition test materials was one of the factors that accounted for the inconsistency. The present study was designed to examine the relationship between HA users’ cognition and their aided speech recognition performance with short and long RTs using materials with various linguistic contexts. Thirty-four older HA users’ cognitive abilities were quantified using a reading span test. They were fitted with behind-the-ear style HAs with adjustable RT settings. Three speech recognition tests were used: the word-in-noise (WIN) test, the American four alternative auditory feature (AFAAF) test, and the Bamford-Kowal-Bench speech-in-noise (BKB-SIN) test. The results showed that HA users with high cognitive abilities performed better on the AFAAF and the BKB-SIN than those with low cognitive abilities when using short RT. None of the speech recognition tests produced significantly different performance between the two RTs for either cognitive group. These findings did not support our hypothesis. The results suggest that cognition might not be important in prescribing RT.

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Ball, Harriet A., Marta Swirski, Margaret Newson, Elizabeth J. Coulthard, and Catherine M. Pennington. "Differentiating Functional Cognitive Disorder from Early Neurodegeneration: A Clinic-Based Study." Brain Sciences 11, no. 6 (2021): 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060800.

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Functional cognitive disorder (FCD) is a relatively common cause of cognitive symptoms, characterised by inconsistency between symptoms and observed or self-reported cognitive functioning. We aimed to improve the clinical characterisation of FCD, in particular its differentiation from early neurodegeneration. Two patient cohorts were recruited from a UK-based tertiary cognitive clinic, diagnosed following clinical assessment, investigation and expert multidisciplinary team review: FCD, (n = 21), and neurodegenerative Mild Cognitive Impairment (nMCI, n = 17). We separately recruited a healthy control group (n = 25). All participants completed an assessment battery including: Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R), Trail Making Test Part B (TMT-B); Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2RF). In comparison to healthy controls, the FCD and nMCI groups were equally impaired on trail making, immediate recall, and recognition tasks; had equally elevated mood symptoms; showed similar aberration on a range of personality measures; and had similar difficulties on inbuilt performance validity tests. However, participants with FCD performed significantly better than nMCI on HVLT-R delayed free recall and retention (regression coefficient −10.34, p = 0.01). Mood, personality and certain cognitive abilities were similarly altered across nMCI and FCD groups. However, those with FCD displayed spared delayed recall and retention, in comparison to impaired immediate recall and recognition. This pattern, which is distinct from that seen in prodromal neurodegeneration, is a marker of internal inconsistency. Differentiating FCD from nMCI is challenging, and the identification of positive neuropsychometric features of FCD is an important contribution to this emerging area of cognitive neurology.

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Di Nuovo, Santo, Rossana De Beni, Erika Borella, Hana Marková, Jan Laczó, and Martin Vyhnálek. "Cognitive Impairment in Old Age." European Psychologist 25, no. 3 (2020): 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000391.

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Abstract. A decline in cognitive functioning is part of physiological aging. Accelerated cognitive decline is frequently linked to pathological changes, mostly due to Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), but is present also in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) which is a predictor of transition to dementia. This review aims to summarize possible preventive biological and psychological treatments in different stages of lifespan to avoid more rapid cognitive decline and prevent pathological aging. Psychophysiological approaches aim to prevent brain damage and inflammation, two factors playing probably a major role in middle and old age. Interventions on working memory and imagery, using “cognitive reserve,” are beneficial for tolerating neuropathological age-related changes. Some controversial results are outlined, suggesting explanations for the inconsistency of findings. Although clear evidence from interventional studies is lacking, it seems that multi-domain interventions should be recommended to avoid or delay cognitive decline.

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Meynen, Gerben. "Wegner on hallucinations, inconsistency, and the illusion of free will. Some critical remarks." Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 9, no. 3 (2010): 359–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11097-010-9167-x.

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Morais, J., and S. Fonseca. "Cognitive conversion disorder (functional cognitive disorder) – what’s new?" European Psychiatry 64, S1 (2021): S188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.498.

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IntroductionSome patients present with significant subjective cognitive symptoms, sometimes interfering with day-to-day live, that are not compatible with any recognizable psychiatric, neurodegenerative or systemic condition. Recent studies have proposed that these patients can be diagnosed with Conversion Disorder (Subtype Cognitive), also known as Functional Cognitive Disorder (FCD). This is a relatively recent concept, that still lacks consensus.ObjectivesReview the current state of knowledge regarding prevalence, diagnosis criteria, core clinical features and proposed treatment of Functional Cognitive Disorder.MethodsBibliographic review of the literature published in English in the last 5 years, in the databases Pubmed, PsycINFO and Cochrane. The keywords used were: Functional Cognitive Disorder; Cognition; Conversion Disorder. A review of the titles and abstracts of the resulting articles was made, and selected according to their relevance to the study.ResultsTen articles related to prevalence, diagnosis, clinical associations and treatment of Functional Cognitive Disorder were selected, of which two were systematic reviews, three descriptive studies, three cross sectional clinical studies of memory clinics attendants, one cohort prospective study and one article was a case series report.ConclusionsThe prevalence of FCD is estimated between 11.6% and 56% of patients presenting to memory clinics. However, the prevalence of FCD is hindered by the lack of consensus regarding its definition. Recently, Ball et al proposed a definition in line with the DSM-5 definition of Conversion Disorder with emphasis on positive criteria with the identification of positive evidence of internal inconsistency. Treatment discussion is still limited, and the approach is similar to other conversion disorders.

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Wimmer, Julia, Julia Backmann, and Martin Hoegl. "In or Out? Exploring the Inconsistency and Permeability of Team Boundaries." Small Group Research 50, no. 6 (2019): 699–727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046496419851842.

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Despite the fundamental relevance of team boundaries for team research, scholars have rarely explored their origins and characteristics. Instead, team research commonly assumes the existence of formally defined, stable team boundaries. We challenge this assumption by asserting that beyond formal assignment, team members’ individual perceptions of a team’s boundaries are driven by individual-level categorization processes and team-level task dynamism. Building on multiple team members’ mental representations of team boundaries, we propose that team boundaries are likely mutually inconsistent and vary in their degree of permeability. This permeability and inconsistency serve to clarify how membership change and overlap can induce cognitive and emotional spillovers across teams. The proposed conceptual model links the origins of boundary emergence with their characteristics by explaining how membership structure and dynamics drive the characteristics of team boundaries. This account offers a new perspective on how individual perceptions of work affiliations can shape a team’s boundaries.

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