Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Colophon"

AbstractThe manuscripts of the Iranian Pahlavi Yasna contain two consecutive colophons, the second of which relates the story of how their common ancestor manuscript, which combines the Avestan text of the Yasna with its Pahlavi version, was created. It is argued that Rōstahm Dād-Ohrmazd produced the first Pahlavi Yasna manuscript by taking the Avestan text from one manuscript and the Pahlavi text of a manuscript by Farrbay Srōšayār. Furthermore, it is argued that Rōstahm Dād-Ohrmazd wrote this manuscript both for himself and for Mahayār Farroxzād, who was from the province of Bīšāpuhr. The manuscript of Rōstahm Dād-Ohrmazd was then copied by Māhwindād Narmāhān, who composed the second colophon. This article also discusses the first colophon as it appears in the Iranian Pahlavi Yasna manuscript T54, which differs from other manuscripts of this group as it includes a passage written by a scribe called Kāyūs. It is argued that T54 was produced by Kāyūs, who added this passage to its first colophon. Furthermore, variant readings of these two colophons in two manuscripts of the Iranian Pahlavi Yasna, which also include Kāyūs's passage, are discussed. Unlike T54, Kāyūs's passage forms a separate colophon in these two manuscripts. It is suggested the two colophons are corrected according to the mindset of their respective scribes.

AbstractBald’s Leechbook, the most famous of the Old English medical collections, derives its name from a colophon in Latin hexameter verse that occurs on the final folio of the collection. Previous scholarly attention to the colophon has been nearly entirely directed at discerning the relationship of two named figures (Bald and Cild) and their role (if any) in the creation of Bald’s Leechbook. Yet given the rarity of verse colophons in Anglo-Saxon manuscripts and the unusual placement of this text at the end of a technical work in Old English, these verses also deserve study for their place within the larger genre of poetic colophons and framing texts from Anglo-Saxon England. This article examines for the first time the form of the colophon and its character as a work of Anglo-Latin verse as well as its relationship with the vernacular prefatory tradition associated with King Alfred.

As a note written directly by the copyist/owner of the manuscript outside the text of the manuscript, the colophon can serve as a source of information about the history of its manuscript. Not only that, colophons can also function as a source of past knowledge outside the manuscript’s tradition. This is as shown by the colophons contained in the Malay manuscripts collection of A.B. Cohen Stuart stored in the National Library of Indonesia. This research on colophon manuscripts was carried out using descriptive methods and philological work steps to analyze data sources in the form of colophons. The results of the analysis, it can be concluded that 38 Malay manuscripts from the collection of Cohen Stuart are estimated to have been collected during his duty as conservator at Bataviaasch Genootschap, Batavia (Jakarta) in 1862-1871. These manuscripts were copied and/or owned by as many as 22 copyists/owners who lived in 16 villages in Jakarta in the period 1863-1869, except for two manuscripts which are estimated to be dated to the 1840s. Most of the manuscripts were copied for commercial purposes, i.e. for rent or sale. In addition, this colophon analysis also reveals some of the history of the city of Jakarta in the 19th century, including the structure of government, the villages in Batavia, as well as the formation of the Betawi ethnicity and the livelihoods of its people.

The aim of the Colophon larval study was to enable researchers to identify the species found in the field; to use larvae as an alternative for adults in molecular studies; to comment on possible phylogenetic information that may contribute to the sub-familial placement of the genus; and to obtain habitat preference data. To achieve this, larvae of four Colophon species were examined and their main diagnostic morphological characters identified. Larvae live in a fairly homogeneous micro-habitat of moist, humus-rich soil in protected places such as under rocky overhangs and amongst the roots and tussocks of Restionaceae. Colophon larvae show small inter-specific differences and larval characters contributed little equivocal information from which phylogenetic support for family placement could be deduced. Apparently, as with many scarabaeoid groups (Trogidae, Scarabaeidae), larval morphology may not have diversified much from the basal ground-plan and it remains for other (adult) phylogenetically significant morphological characters or DNA to provide more clarity on Colophon’s subfamilial placement.

Injunctions to secrecy in the colophons of scholarly cuneiform tablets offer potential insights into the classification and protection of knowledge in Mesopotamia. However, most models of a body of “secret knowledge” defined by the so-called “Geheimwissen colophons” have found it difficult to account for a seemingly disparate corpus of protected texts. This study argues first for an expanded definition of intellectual protection, which leads to a larger corpus of protected texts. Through a case study of Late Babylonian colophons from Uruk, it is suggested that there is a strong correlation between texts related to the professional specialism of the tablet owner, and the occurrence of protective formulae in the colophon. This implies that it is fruitful to consider “secret knowledge” less as an abstracted corpus of esoteric texts and more as a mutable categorisation strongly linked to professional and individual intellectual identity.

In Mandaeism, to copy a manuscript is a meritorious act — a Mandaean copyist (usually a priest) may undertake the task as an exercise to remit his own sins, and those of his family — or he may be hired to perform the task for someone else. Almost all Mandaean manuscripts contain colophons; excluded are talismans and other short magical texts. In the case where the transmission of a Mandaean text spans, say, fifteen or sixteen centuries, a colophon may be very long. Copying the Mandaean Ginza is a major piece of work, for it is the most voluminous of all known Mandaean texts. Mark Lidzbarski's Ginza edition and translation did not include the colophons, the lists of scribes that are attached to the text.

The present volume marks the completion of a large research project by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), focused on the northern part of the Palaeoproterozoic Nagssugtoqidian orogen of central West Greenland, and carried out by a team of Danish and international participants. The project comprised geological mapping as well as structural, geochronological, geochemical and economic geological studies. This volume contains reports on both Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic geology as well as a study of neotectonic brittle structures. The field work was carried out in 2000-2003 in the region between Nordre Strømfjord and Jakobshavn Isfjord (see e.g. van Gool & Piazolo 2006, this volume, fig. 1). The project had two immediate purposes, namely to establish an overview of the mineral resource potential of supracrustal rocks in the region between 66° and 70°15'N, and produce four new geological sheets in the Survey's 1:100 000 map series. The first collection of papers about the Nagssugtoqidian orogen, published by the Geological Survey of Greenland (GGU, now part of GEUS), dates back to 1979 (Korstgård 1979). The investigations in this period were mainly based on field descriptions and structural analysis of coastal areas in the southern and central parts of the orogen, combined with limited petrographical, palaeomagnetic and geochronological studies; the results also comprised the first 1:100 000 geological map from within the Nagssugtoqidian orogen (Olesen 1984). The Proterozoic age of the orogen had been established, but it was believed that most, if not all of the quartzofeldspathic basement gneisses were of Archaean origin. Subsequent work in the Nagssugtoqidian orogen by GGU in the 1980s showed that besides Archaean orthogneisses and supracrustal rocks, the central part of the orogen also comprises the root zone of a Palaeoproterozoic magmatic arc and associated panels of Palaeoproterozoic volcanic and metasedimentary rocks (Kalsbeek et al. 1987). These results were confirmed during further investigations by the Danish Lithosphere Centre (DLC) in 1994-1999, and the plate-tectonic collisional history of the southern and central Nagssugtoqidian orogen was described in detail (van Gool et al. 2002). However, these studies added little to previous knowledge of the northern parts of the orogen in the Kangaatsiaq-Aasiaat-Qasigiannguit region, knowledge that was largely based on coastal reconnaissance by Henderson (1969) at the time when the entire orogen was still believed to consist of Archaean rocks. Another project preceding the present work was carried out by GGU in 1988-1991 immediately north of the Nagssugtoqidian orogen, in the southernmost part of the likewise Palaeoproterozoic Rinkian fold belt (Disko Bugt project, Kalsbeek 1999). It was shown that also the latter region comprises Palaeoproterozoic (meta)sedimentary rocks, and that most of the Archaean basement is strongly overprinted by Palaeoproterozoic structures that were formed during overall W- or NW-directed lateral tectonic transport. Although these structures might be related to similar structures in the Nagssugtoqidian orogen, the relationship between the Nagssugtoqidian orogen and the Rinkian fold belt remained speculative. The only previous economic geological study of regional extent in central West Greenland was an airborne reconnaissance study supplemented by local field work, which was carried out in the early 1960s by Kryolitselskabet Øresund A/S. This work resulted in the discovery of a massive sulphide deposit at Naternaq (Lersletten), which was studied again in some detail in 2001 by the Survey (Østergaard et al. 2002) but not reported on in the present volume. The present volume comprises 12 papers with topics ranging geochronologically from mid-Archaean to Palaeogene, and geographically from the southern Nagssugtoqidian foreland to the central part of the Rinkian fold belt. Many of the papers deal with the northern part of the Nagssugtoqidian orogen and are related to the recent field work in that region, while a few contributions are rooted in DLC- or other projects. The papers have been arranged in approximate chronological order and are grouped in terms of their main subjects. The two first papers, by Hollis et al. and Moyen & Watt, deal with Archaean supra- and infracrustal rocks in the northern Nagssugtoqidian orogen: their origin, ages, and structural and metamorphic evolution. These papers provide insight into the age and origin of the continental crustal orthogneisses and granites that underlie most of the region, and discuss the relationships between the supracrustal and plutonic components, using zircon U-Pb age determinations and major and trace element geochemical characteristics. Also the question of Palaeoproterozoic tectonic overprint is discussed, with the conclusion from both study areas that most of the observed structures are Archaean. The third paper with focus on Archaean geology, by Stendal et al., describes a small gold prospect at Attu likewise in the northern Nagssugtoqidian orogen, and discusses the age of the prospect and its host rocks using Pb-Pb geochronology of magnetite. It is concluded that the host rocks at Attu may be as old as 3162 ± 43 Ma, and that the gold prospect itself is around 2650 Ma in age. The fourth paper, by Mayborn & Lesher, is a thorough review of the Kangâmiut dyke swarm in the southern Nagssugtoqidian orogen and its foreland. It includes new whole-rock and mineral chemical data, and a list of sampling sites and corresponding field data. The emplacement mechanism and depth of the dyke swarm are discussed in detail, and it is concluded that the dykes were emplaced during the initial rifting prior to the Nagssugtoqidian collision and that they are unrelated to subduction processes (contrary to the belief by some previous authors). The next three papers provide geochronological constraints on the ages of supra- and infracrustal rocks and the deformation and metamorphism in the northern Nagssugtoqidian orogen, and on late orogenic uplift in the central Rinkian fold belt. In the first of these papers Thrane & Connelly employ zircon U-Pb age determinations (mainly using the laser ICP-MS method), and for the first time provide unequivocal documentation that the Naternaq supracrustal belt is of Palaeoproterozoic age. Other zircon age data from a synkinematic granite southeast of Kangaatsiaq show that the large fold structures in this region are of Archaean age. The subsequent paper by Stendal et al. presents Pb-Pb ages and isotopic signatures of magnetite in amphibolites; the obtained ages are younger than 1800 Ma and are related to cooling of the orogen. Stepwise leaching Pb-Pb ages of monazite and allanite in pegmatites fall in the range of 1750-1800 Ma, and are interpreted to date the emplacement of these rocks. The third paper in this group, by Sidgren et al., deals with new 40Ar/39Ar ages of around 1790 Ma (hornblende) and 1680 Ma (muscovite) from Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic rocks in the central Rinkian fold belt, which are interpreted as orogenic cooling ages. The hornblende ages are significantly older than such hornblende ages previously obtained from the central and northern Nagssugtoqidian orogen, pointing to different uplift histories in the two regions. This may in turn suggest that the Rinkian continental collision preceded that in the Nagssugtoqidian orogen. Four of the remaining five papers deal with the Nagssugtoqidian structural evolution. In the first of these, van Gool & Piazolo present a new method of structural analysis, where a geographical information system (GIS) is used as a framework for visualisation and analysis of large amounts of structural data. The paper graphically presents an overview of thousands of data points within an area of approximately 160 × 180 km in the central and northern parts of the Nagssugtoqidian orogen. This interesting data set points directly towards the two next papers, where crustal-scale structures in the same region and their origin are discussed: Sørensen et al. address the prominent Nordre Strømfjord shear zone just south of this block, and describes the structural and metasomatic transition into the shear zone by means of aeromagnetic and lithological map patterns and geochemical data. Another paper, by Mazur et al., addresses a prominent break in the structural pattern within the Kangaatsiaq-Aasiaat area, where the southern part acted as a rigid block during the Nagssugtoqidian orogeny and thus preserved its Archaean structure. The fourth paper in this group, by Korstgård et al., combines rock and aeromagnetic data to discuss the relationship between structure, metamorphic facies and total magnetic field intensity anomalies in the southern Nagssugtoqidian orogen. The authors show that static metamorphic boundaries are gradual, whereas boundaries along deformation zones are abrupt. The last paper, by Wilson et al., is a novel remote sensing and field geological analysis of onshore brittle structures related to the complex Ungava fault zone in the Davis Strait, which developed during the Cretaceous-Palaeogene opening of the Labrador Sea - Davis Strait - Baffin Bay seaway. The study area is located in the central Nagssugtoqidian orogen, and the authors carefully establish a distinction between old Nagssugtoqidian and younger structures in the basement rocks and identify five main sets of young lineaments. They conclude that the onshore fault patterns are predominantly of strike-slip nature, and that they reflect the stress fields that governed the opening of the seaway. Acknowledgements The editors are grateful to the 14 external reviewers, each of whom reviewed one or more of the individual papers, for their thorough and constructive work.

Il est tres probable que nicandre de colophon, fils de damaios, poete des theriaques et des alexipharmaques, medecin et peut-etre pretre, a ete un peu plus jeune que nicandre, fils d anaxagore, qui, suivant un decret delphique, a ete honore vers 258 7 de la proxenie. Nicandre semble avoir utilise les oeuvres de dioclee de carystos et d apollodore l iologue. Dans les alexipharmaques le poete traite vingt-deux substances veneneuses. La langue de nicandre s identifie a celle des poemes homeriques, mais les mots utilises sont toujours rares. Le nombre des hap@ax dans ce poeme est etonnamment haut. Sa technique est proche de celle de callimaque; quelquefois il viole les regles metriques. Les alexipharmaques se conservent dans vingt-deux manuscrits qui datente du xe au xvie siecle. Ces manuscrits se divisent en deux familles la paraphrase d eurecnius confirme ou renforce beaucoup de lecons de la tradition directe. Des editions des alexipharmaques jusqu'a present la plus respectable est celle d otto schneider (1856). Le poeme a ete traduit en latin, en francais, en italien, en allemand et en anglais. Notre texte presente environ soixante points ou il celui de gow (1953). En dehors d un apparat critique positif, nous citon de locos similes d auteurs anterieurs et posterieurs a nicandre
It is very probable that nicander of colophon, son of damaeus, poet of the theriaca and alexipharmaca, physician and perhaps priest, was junior than nicander of colophon, son of anaxagoras, on whom, according to a delphian decree, was conferred the proxenie(258 7). Nicander seems to borrow from diocles of carystos and apollonius (iologus). In the alexipharmaca the poet treats twenty-two poisonous substances describing the symptoms and the antidotes. His language is essentially the same as that of homer, but the words used by jhim are always rare. The number of the hapax in this poem is very high. The post violates rarely the metrical rules. His technic is generally the same as that of callimachus. The alexipharmaca are conserved in twenty-two manuscripts dated from the xth to the xvith century. The manuscripts are divided in two familles. Eutecnius paraphrasis confirms a high number of readings. From the editions so far the most respectable is that of o. Schneider (1856). The poem was translated into latin. French, german and english. Our text compared with that of gow (1953) presents about sixty points of difference. Apart from the positive apparatus we cite locos similes of anterior and posterior authors

L’étude du corpus épigraphique étolien et l’analyse des fragments du poète hellénistique Nicandre permettent de définir l’importance du mythe pour l’Étolie hellénistique: moyens privilégié pour relancer / créer des liens politiques ainsi que passepartout idéologique pour retravailler l’image publique de la Fédération comme rempart de la civilisation grecque contre la barbarie. En guise d’introduction, la première partie de la thèse retrace les fondements politico-diplomatiques de l’expansion étolienne au IIIe siècle av. J.-C. (extension de la politeia fédéral, adhésion à les dynamiques de la soi-disant kinship diplomacy ou diplomatie de la parenté) et enquête sur les liens (politiques économiques militaires cultuels) du koinon avec Attale I, sous le signe de Delphes ainsi que de la victoire sur le Celtes. La deuxième partie identifie à les épopoioi itinérants le moyen intellectuel de la création / diffusion d'un modèle positif de l'ethnos, en particulier dans les fragmentaires Aitolika nicandréens, où l’Étolie colonise l'ensemble du monde connu en vertu de sa descente titanide: l’autel de Zeus à Pergame affiche les reliques d’un thème titanide (premièrement) exploité par les Étoliens et véhiculée par les épéa de Nicandre
The study of the Aetolian epigraphical corpus and the analysis of the fragments by Hellenistic poet Nicander allow to define the importance of myth for Hellenistic Aetolia: privileged means to revive/create political ties as well as ideological passepartout to rework the Federations’s public image as rampart of Greek civilization against barbarism. By way of introduction, the first part of the thesis traces the political-diplomatic foundations of 3rd-century BCE Aetolian expansion (extension of federal politeia, adherence to the dynamics of so called kinship diplomacy) and investigates the ties (political economic military cultic) the koinon had with Attalus I, keywords «Delphi» and «victory over the Celts». The second part identifies in the performances of travelling epopoioi the intellectual means of creation/dissemination of a positive model of the ethnos, particularly in the fragmentary Nicandrean Aitolika, where Aetolia colonizes the known world by virtue of her Titanic descent: Zeus’ Altar in Pergamum displays the relics of a Titanic theme (first) exploited by the Aetolians and conveyed by Nicander’s epea

Le sujet de cette thèse est la mise au point d’un vernis industriel à base de colophane et d’huile végétale. Le but est de développer l’utilisation de la colophane issue de la résine de pin maritime pour fabriquer un vernis en se basant sur la connaissance des savoir-faire anciens (Tirat 2016). Nous nous sommes intéressés aux vernis employés à la fin du XVIIème et au début du XVIIIème siècle par le luthier Antonio Stradivari. Ses vernis d’une qualité exceptionnelle étaient obtenus à partir de colophane de pin et d’huile de lin (Echard 2010). La thèse consiste à s’inspirer de ces techniques anciennes pour fabriquer un vernis biosourcé industrialisable et de performances élevées, tout en utilisant la ressource locale, la résine de pin maritime des Landes. La thèse se déroule dans le cadre du projet collaboratif Stradivernis labellisé Xylofutur qui associe l’Université de Pau et des pays de l’Adour, la Cité de la musique (Paris), le FCBA, l’Université de Créteil, les entreprises Holiste (Biscarosse), Concept Aquitaine (Bordeaux), Finsa (Morcenx), Meubles Goisnard (Belin-Beliet) et l’association Api’Up (Capbreton). Les matières premières utilisées sont l’huile de lin crue (Onyx) et la colophane issue de la résine de pin maritime de Biscarosse (Société Holiste, Landes). Après distillation de la résine à basse pression et basse température, les mesures du taux de térébenthine résiduel dans la gemme sont réalisées avec un analyseur thermogravimétrique. Les huiles et les colophanes sont traitées thermiquement avec une plaque chauffante et la température réelle de l’huile est mesurée avec un thermocouple. Les vernis sont ensuite formulés avec de l’huile de lin, de la colophane et des additifs et mélangés grâce à un agitateur magnétique chauffant. Les formulations sont appliquées au pinceau et polymérisées avec des lampes UVA. Les couleurs des films sont mesurées avec un spectrocolorimètre (Ci62, X-rite). La brillance est mesurée avec un brillancemètre (micro-gloss, BYK Gardner). La résistance à l’arrachement est mesurée avec un testeur d’adhérence à l’arrachement de la marque (TA, Positest).Les analyses sont réalisées avec les appareils suivants : analyse calorimétrique différentielle par balayage (DSC Q20, TA instruments), analyseur thermogravimétrique (Q500, TA instruments), HPLC (DAD Ultimate 3000 Thermo Scientific) et un spectromètre de masse Orbitrap (Thermo-Fisher, LTQ Orbitrap Velos).Les expériences menées se sont portées sur trois axes :- Les traitements thermiques de l’huile de lin et leurs influences sur le film de vernis. Cinq traitements ont été testés : l’huile crue, deux traitements thermiques inférieurs à 200°C, un rinçage de l’huile à l’eau avant un traitement thermique inférieur à 200°C, et une standolisation à 400°C sous azote.- Les traitements thermiques de la colophane et leurs influences sur le film de vernis. Quatre traitements ont été testés : la colophane crue et trois traitements thermiques 180°C, 200°C et 250°C pendant 30 minutes.- L’ajout d’additifs minéraux et leurs influences sur la polymérisation et la qualité du film de vernis.Les traitements thermiques sur l’huile et la colophane semblent influer sur la qualité du film de vernis, notamment sur sa brillance et sa résistance aux solvants. L’ajout d’additifs améliore considérablement le temps de séchage du film et ses caractéristiques techniques. Un dépôt de savoir-faire est en cours sur ces formulations avec additifs
The aim of this project is to study the development of an industrial varnish with rosin and vegetal oil. The objective is to develop the uses of maritime pine rosin in order to make a varnish based on antique knowledge (Tirat 2016). The varnish used at the end of the XVIIe and at the beginning of the XVIIIe century by the violinmaker Antonio Stradivari get our attention. It has an exceptional quality and was made with a mixture of rosin and linseed oil (Echard 2010). On this knowledge basis, we would like to produce an industrialized biobased varnish with high performance. This work is part of the collaborative project Stradivarius, labelled Xylofutur, which associate the University of Pau and Adour region, the “Cité de la musique” (Paris), the FCBA (Bordeaux), Créteil university, Concept Aquitaine (Bordeaux), Finsa (Morcenx), Biogemme-Holiste (Biscarosse), Meubles Goisnard (Belin-Beliet) and the association Api’Up (Capbreton).The raw materials are linseed oil (Onyx) and maritime pine rosin colophony from Biscarosse (Holiste). After resin drying between 120°C and 180°C, the residual turpentine in the rosin were analyzed with a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The oils and rosins are heat treated with a stirring hot plate and the real temperature was obtained with a thermocouple.Then, various varnishes were formulated with linseed oil, colophony and additives thanks to a stirring hot plate. They were applied with a brush and polymerized with UVA lamps. The film colors were measured with a spectrophotometer (Ci62, X-rite). The brightness was measured using a gloss meters (micro-gloss, BYK Gardner). Adhesion test was performed using a pull-off adhesion tester (TA, Positest).The analysis were realised using the following devices : thermomechanical analysis (, Mettler Toledo), thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA Q500, TA instruments), high-performance liquid chromatography (Ultimate 3000, Thermo Scientific), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC Q20, TA instruments) and an electrospray hybrid linear ion Orbitap mass analyzer (LTQ Orbitrap Velos, Thermo-Fisher).The experiments have been carried on three axes :- Heat treatment on linseed oil and the influences on the varnish. Five treatments have been tested : raw oil, two heat treatments lower than 200°C, a flushing with water before a heat treatment lower than 200°C, and a standolization at 400°C under nitrogen.- Heat treatment on rosin and the influences on the varnish. Four treatments have been tested : raw rosin, and three heat treatments, 180°C, 200°C and 250°C during 30 minutes.- Addition of minerals additives and their influences on the curing and the quality of the varnish.The heat treatments on both linseed oil and rosin seems to have an influence on the varnish quality, especially on its brightness and its solvent resistance. The addition of additives considerably improve the curing time and the varnish quality. A know-how deposit is in progress for this formulation with additives

Cette recherche a pour ambition de présenter le monde de la copie et des copistes français de manuscrits à la fin du Moyen Age, sous un angle sociologique et codicologique. Elle s'appuie essentiellement sur une exploitation systématique des manuscrits souscrits et, de manière plus ponctuelle, sur diverses sources documentaires. Qui sont ces personnages et pour qui travaillent-ils? Quelles informations nous livrent-ils dans les colophons? Dans quel cadre exécutent-ils leurs transcriptions? Telles sont les questions abordées dans un premier temps. Les réflexions de la deuxième partie permettent d'appréhender les pratiques artisanales (exploitation de la page, recours au système abréviatif et gestion de la ligne) et d'étudier la sensibilité des artisans à la lisibilité, l'économie et l'esthétique. Croisant les données codicologiques et sociologiques, le dernier temps met en œuvre une série d'analyses pour déterminer dans quelle mesure les copistes étaient polyvalents ou spécialisés

[ES] La Tesis Doctoral investigó el uso de la resina de pino (colofonia o gum rosin, GR) y sus derivados modificados químicamente, como aditivos sostenibles de biopolímeros basados en almidón termoplástico. El trabajo se dividió en seis secciones de investigación. Dos trabajos previos y cuatro trabajos medulares, cada uno de los cuales constituyeron los objetivos específicos de la investigación. Los trabajos previos permitieron determinar que la resina de pino y derivados pueden ser utilizados tanto en matrices poliméricas sintéticas (policloruro de vinilo, PVC), como en matrices poliméricas biodegradables (una mezcla de poliácido láctico y poli(butilén adipato co-tereftalato - PLA/PBAT). En el caso del PVC, se estudió el efecto de un derivado de colofonia, el trietilén glicol de colofonia (TEGR), como aditivo natural para incrementar la viscosidad en plastisoles basados en PVC. En el caso de estudio con una matriz biodegradable, se usó colofonia sin modificar (GR), como agente de control de tamaño de dominios de PBAT para aumentar la tenacidad de formulaciones basadas en una mezcla de PLA/PBAT. Luego, se estudió el uso de la resina de pino y derivados como aditivos de biopolímeros basados en almidón termoplástico (TPS) y el efecto de las resinas en las diferentes formulaciones de estos materiales. En primera instancia se estudiaron y establecieron las condiciones de procesamiento para obtener un almidón totalmente plastificado (almidón termoplástico - TPS) utilizando mezclas de almidón de maíz plastificado con glicerol y agua; procesadas a diferentes perfiles de temperatura de extrusión. En una siguiente instancia, se estudiaron mezclas de TPS con cinco derivados de resina de colofonia: colofonia sin modificar (GR), colofonia deshidrogenada (RD), colofonia modificada con anhidrido maleico (CM) y dos ésteres de colofonia, un pentaeritritol éster (LF) y un éster de glicerol grado alimenticio (UG). A continuación, se estudió el comportamiento de un material de interés comercial al ser aditivado con derivados de la resina de pino. Para ello, se usó colofonia sin modificar (GR) y dos ésteres de pentaeritritol de colofonia (LF, y UT). La matriz de estudio fue un biopolímero del tipo Mater-Bi (Mater-Bi® NF 866 (Mater-Bi), una mezcla comercial basada en almidón termoplástico (TPS), un poliéster alifático-aromático (polibutilén adipato co-tereftalato) (PBAT) y poly-(ε)-caprolactona (PCL)). Finalmente, se estudiaron los materiales formulados con el material de interés comercial (Mater-Bi) y las resinas y derivados seleccionados (GR, LF y UT) desde un punto de vista microscópico, para determinar a profundidad las interacciones de los componentes del Mater-Bi con cada una de las resinas. Los resultados obtenidos se muestran favorables y prometedores pues demuestran que las resinas de pino y sus derivados son una alternativa viable para ser usados como aditivos naturales en una diversidad de materiales, tanto sintéticos como biobasados y biodegradables. Además, las resinas de pino y colofonia son materiales sostenibles que proviene de fuentes 100% naturales y renovables, por lo que su uso supone una disminución del impacto en el medio ambiente.
[CA] La Tesi Doctoral va investigar l'ús de la resina de pi (colofònia o gum rosin, GR) i els seus derivats modificats químicament, com a additius sostenibles de biopolímers basats en midó termoplàstic. El treball es va dividir en sis seccions d'investigació. Dos treballs previs i quatre treballs medul·lars, cadascun dels quals van constituir els objectius específics de la investigació. Els treballs previs van permetre determinar que la resina de pi i derivats poden ser utilitzats tant en matrius polimèriques sintètiques (policlorur de vinil, PVC), com en matrius polimèriques biodegradables (una mescla de poliácido làctic i poli(butilén adipat co-tereftalato - PLA/PBAT). En el cas del PVC, es va estudiar l'efecte d'un derivat de colofònia, el trietilén glicol de colofònia (TEGR), com a additiu natural per a incrementar la viscositat en plastisoles basats en PVC. En el cas d'estudi amb una matriu biodegradable, es va usar colofònia sense modificar (GR), com a agent de control de grandària de dominis de PBAT per a augmentar la tenacitat de formulacions basades en una mescla de PLA/PBAT. Després, es va estudiar l'ús de la resina de pi i derivats com a additius de biopolímers basats en midó termoplàstic (TPS) i l'efecte de les resines en les diferents formulacions d'aquests materials. En primera instància es van estudiar i van establir les condicions de processament per a obtindre un midó totalment plastificat (midó termoplàstic - TPS) utilitzant mescles de midó de dacsa plastificada amb glicerol i aigua; processades a diferents perfils de temperatura d'extrusió. En una següent instància, es van estudiar mescles de TPS amb cinc derivats de resina de colofònia: colofònia sense modificar (GR), colofònia deshidrogenada (RD), colofònia modificada amb anhidrido maleic (CM) i dos èsters de colofònia, un pentaeritritol èster (LF) i un èster de glicerol grau alimentós (UG). A continuació, es va estudiar el comportament d'un materials d'interés comercial en ser aditivado amb derivats de la resina de pi. Per a això, es va usar colofònia sense modificar (GR) i dos èsters de pentaeritritol de colofònia (LF, i UT). La matriu d'estudi va ser un biopolímer del tipus Mater-Bi (Mater-Bi® NF 866 (Mater-Bi), una mescla comercial basada en midó termoplàstic (TPS), un polièster alifàtic-aromàtic (polibutilén adipat co-tereftalato) (PBAT) i poly-(ε)-caprolactona (PCL)). Finalment, es van estudiar els materials formulats d'interés comercial (Mater-Bi) i les resines i derivats seleccionats (GR, LF i UT) des d'un punt de vista microscòpic, per a determinar a profunditat les interaccions dels components del Mater-Bi amb cadascuna de les resines. Els resultats obtinguts es mostren favorables i prometedors perquè demostren que les resines de pi i els seus derivats són una alternativa viable per a ser usats com a additius naturals en una diversitat de materials, tant sintètics com biobasados i biodegradables. A més, les resines de pi i colofònia són materials sostenibles que prové de fonts 100% naturals i renovables, per la qual cosa el seu ús suposa una disminució de l'impacte en el medi ambient.
[EN] The Doctoral Thesis investigated the use of pine resin (colophony or gum rosin, GR) and its chemically modified derivatives, as sustainable additives for biopolymers based on thermoplastic starch (TPS). The work was divided into six research sections. Two previous studies and four core studies, each of which constituted the specific objectives of the research. Previous studies made it possible to determine that gum rosin and derivatives can be used both in synthetic polymeric matrices (polyvinyl chloride, PVC) and in biodegradable polymeric matrices (a blend of polyacid lactic acid and poly (butylene adipate co-terephthalate - PLA/PBAT). In the case of PVC, the effect of a rosin derivative, triethylene glycol ester of gum rosin (TEGR), was studied as a natural additive to increase the viscosity in PVC-based plastisols. In the case of a study with a biodegradable matrix, unmodified rosin (GR) was used as a PBAT domain size control agent to increase the toughness of formulations based on a PLA/PBAT blend. Then, the use of gum rosin and derivatives as additives of biopolymers based on thermoplastic starch (TPS) and the effect of the resins in the different formulations of these materials were studied. In the first instance, the processing conditions were studied to obtain a fully plasticized starch (thermoplastic starch - TPS) using mixtures of plasticized corn starch with glycerol and water; processed at different extrusion temperature profiles. In the next instance, blends of TPS with five rosin derivatives were studied: unmodified rosin (GR), dehydrogenated rosin (RD), maleic anhydride-modified rosin (CM) and two rosin esters, a pentaerythritol ester (LF), and a food-grade glycerol ester of gum rosin (UG). Next, the behavior of a commercial interest material when added with derivatives of gum rosin was studied. Unmodified gum rosin (GR) and two pentaerythritol esters of gum rosin (LF and UT) were used. The studied matrix was a Mater-Bi type biopolymer (Mater-Bi® NF 866 (Mater-Bi), a commercial blend based on thermoplastic starch (TPS), an aliphatic-aromatic polyester (polybutylene adipate co-terephthalate) (PBAT ) and poly-(ε)-caprolactone (PCL)). Finally, the formulated materials were studied from a microscopic point of view, to determine in-depth the interactions of the components of Mater-Bi with each of the gum rosin and derivatives resins. The results obtained are favorable and promising as they show that gum rosin and its derivatives are a viable alternative to be used as natural additives in a variety of materials, both synthetic and biobased and biodegradable. In addition, gum rosin and derivatives resins are sustainable materials that come from 100% natural and renewable sources, so their use reduces their impact on the environment.
Agradezco a la Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENESCYT) por el apoyo económico en parte de mis estudios doctorales.
Aldas Carrasco, MF. (2021). Uso de derivados de colofonia como aditivos sostenibles en biopolímeros de almidón termoplástico (TPS) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/171770
TESIS

The flightless Cape High-mountain stag beetle genus Colophon (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) is studied. Represented by 17 species, which are restricted to the highest mountain peaks of the Cape Floristic Region in the Western Cape, South Africa, and show a strict association with the fynbos biome. The study aimed to determine the specific and phylogenetic status of the described species of Colophon and to determine the main factors driving their evolution by testing hypotheses of relationship and of a lowland origin. This was achieved by analysing DNA sequence data from three gene regions, the mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA and the nuclear CAD, using a Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian approach. Timing of key biogeographical events in the diversification of Colophon was estimated in BEAST. The study also undertook to determine diagnostic larval characters for Colophon species and also to determine their phylogenetic implications for the sub-familial placement of the genus. Lastly, the study aimed to collate biological information on Colophon species so as to make suggestions for their revised conservation status in terms of IUCN and ToPS criteria. Most species of Colophon showed an allopatric distribution, although contact zones between geographically adjacent species are likely. Climate seems to be the main driving factor behind Colophon evolution and the hypothesis of a lowland origin appears to be supported. Larvae are soil-living and feed on humus, a habit unique to the family. There are only small inter-specific differences between larvae, with larval characters contributed little equivocal information from which phylogenetic support for family placement of Colophon could be deduced. The main threats to Colophon survival include overexploitation by commercial collectors, decline in habitat quality and habitat loss due to projected changes in climate. It is suggested that out of the 17 currently described species, eight should be listed as Critically Endangered, seven as Endangered, two as Data Deficient. Lastly, in light of this project‟s findings, it is suggested that future considerations in terms of Colophon research should focus on obtaining more information on their biology, behaviour and population size and in so doing contribute knowledge for the effective conservation management of each species. A taxonomic revision of the species, focusing on the C. stokoei varieties and C. eastmani subspecies, should be done and a complete taxonomic key of all described species compiled. Future fieldwork should focus on sampling the five species that remained elusive during the project, to eventually be included in phylogenetic analyses.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2013
Zoology and Entomology
unrestricted

This proposal considers the colophon as a conceptual structure for thinking through lists and listing within our creative practice(s). Conventionally, the colophon is a short piece of text that details information about the making of a publication or its intended use. Most often, the colophon specifies the how, where, and when: the typeface and paper stock; the location, date, edition number, and method of printing. It can also foreground the relational aspects of publishing – the with who or the why here. Colophons appear at the opening or the closing of a publication, and the information within them can form a kind of ballast to what precedes or succeeds them. That is, the listing of the material, processual, and relational labour that went into the making of publications is called forward in the colophon and acknowledged as structural necessity. Often, we are led to ask, how is this conception of the colophon useful in thinking about the other types of lists and listings that make their way into our collective practices? —Runsheets, Material lists, Contents, Title lists, Indexes, Captions, Legends, Rosters, Glossaries, Registers, Manifests, Chronologies— These modes of listing communicate relevant and important contexts and, in that way, become a conceptual part of creative works themselves. As formats, they are all also citational practices where the materials, processes, information, and relations are shared freely – as any written text would be in a publication’s reference list. In their book, The Hundreds (2019), cultural theorists Lauren Berlant and Kathleen Stewart list Adorno and Agamben texts next to “An egg-cooking machine” and “A few pansies stuck in a window box” in the reference section, all alphabetised under the title “Some Things We Thought With”1. This type of list (and the concept of a colophon itself) is not an indiscriminate breaking-down into separate parts but a strategic highlighting of the conditions and abstractions of the artwork. The colophon as a structure in this context exists not only to acknowledge what contributes to a publication but also to trace possible points of departure from convention. As a tactic within creative practice, the colophon is like a conceptual abstraction; it holds all of the constituent parts that make up a project in one place. The ‘—with’ that Berlant and Stewart explore is key to the how, where, and when of relations that the doing of listing brings together. As artists working in the inter-related fields of socially engaged art, object-making, installation, and publication, our list of interests include the moon, the water, the sky; flowers, ceramics, printed matter; ducks, snails, butter. This paper will share our three perspectives on listing as a synchronous tactic with the functioning action of a colophon. Where words and images get to turn, twist, veer, bow, dip, and nod, and the conceptual form of a project takes shape with things.

Before considering the work being done on Persian manuscripts and the places where they are kept, attention should first be focused upon two related topics. First, the place where the manuscripts were written. By looking at colophons where the place of origin is indicated, and in some cases, by assessing the style of the calligraphy, we discover that over a period of six or seven centuries, Persian manuscripts were written in all the lands where people either spoke Persian or were familiar With Persian literature. There are numerous Persian manuscripts which have been written in Arabic- speaking lands such as Syria, Iraq, and Egypt, and the European dominions of the Ottoman Empire, a number of which still remain in these countries. Moreover, the existence of Persian manuscripts in public libraries and private collections in India, Pakistan, and Turkey is an indication of the prevalence of the Persian language at the courts and at literary gatherings in those lands. The style of the calligraphy and illumination of these manuscripts was specific to these various regions, and one can distinguish them at a glance.