Tesi sul tema "Colophon"

Il est tres probable que nicandre de colophon, fils de damaios, poete des theriaques et des alexipharmaques, medecin et peut-etre pretre, a ete un peu plus jeune que nicandre, fils d anaxagore, qui, suivant un decret delphique, a ete honore vers 258 7 de la proxenie. Nicandre semble avoir utilise les oeuvres de dioclee de carystos et d apollodore l iologue. Dans les alexipharmaques le poete traite vingt-deux substances veneneuses. La langue de nicandre s identifie a celle des poemes homeriques, mais les mots utilises sont toujours rares. Le nombre des hap@ax dans ce poeme est etonnamment haut. Sa technique est proche de celle de callimaque; quelquefois il viole les regles metriques. Les alexipharmaques se conservent dans vingt-deux manuscrits qui datente du xe au xvie siecle. Ces manuscrits se divisent en deux familles la paraphrase d eurecnius confirme ou renforce beaucoup de lecons de la tradition directe. Des editions des alexipharmaques jusqu'a present la plus respectable est celle d otto schneider (1856). Le poeme a ete traduit en latin, en francais, en italien, en allemand et en anglais. Notre texte presente environ soixante points ou il celui de gow (1953). En dehors d un apparat critique positif, nous citon de locos similes d auteurs anterieurs et posterieurs a nicandre
It is very probable that nicander of colophon, son of damaeus, poet of the theriaca and alexipharmaca, physician and perhaps priest, was junior than nicander of colophon, son of anaxagoras, on whom, according to a delphian decree, was conferred the proxenie(258 7). Nicander seems to borrow from diocles of carystos and apollonius (iologus). In the alexipharmaca the poet treats twenty-two poisonous substances describing the symptoms and the antidotes. His language is essentially the same as that of homer, but the words used by jhim are always rare. The number of the hapax in this poem is very high. The post violates rarely the metrical rules. His technic is generally the same as that of callimachus. The alexipharmaca are conserved in twenty-two manuscripts dated from the xth to the xvith century. The manuscripts are divided in two familles. Eutecnius paraphrasis confirms a high number of readings. From the editions so far the most respectable is that of o. Schneider (1856). The poem was translated into latin. French, german and english. Our text compared with that of gow (1953) presents about sixty points of difference. Apart from the positive apparatus we cite locos similes of anterior and posterior authors

L’étude du corpus épigraphique étolien et l’analyse des fragments du poète hellénistique Nicandre permettent de définir l’importance du mythe pour l’Étolie hellénistique: moyens privilégié pour relancer / créer des liens politiques ainsi que passepartout idéologique pour retravailler l’image publique de la Fédération comme rempart de la civilisation grecque contre la barbarie. En guise d’introduction, la première partie de la thèse retrace les fondements politico-diplomatiques de l’expansion étolienne au IIIe siècle av. J.-C. (extension de la politeia fédéral, adhésion à les dynamiques de la soi-disant kinship diplomacy ou diplomatie de la parenté) et enquête sur les liens (politiques économiques militaires cultuels) du koinon avec Attale I, sous le signe de Delphes ainsi que de la victoire sur le Celtes. La deuxième partie identifie à les épopoioi itinérants le moyen intellectuel de la création / diffusion d'un modèle positif de l'ethnos, en particulier dans les fragmentaires Aitolika nicandréens, où l’Étolie colonise l'ensemble du monde connu en vertu de sa descente titanide: l’autel de Zeus à Pergame affiche les reliques d’un thème titanide (premièrement) exploité par les Étoliens et véhiculée par les épéa de Nicandre
The study of the Aetolian epigraphical corpus and the analysis of the fragments by Hellenistic poet Nicander allow to define the importance of myth for Hellenistic Aetolia: privileged means to revive/create political ties as well as ideological passepartout to rework the Federations’s public image as rampart of Greek civilization against barbarism. By way of introduction, the first part of the thesis traces the political-diplomatic foundations of 3rd-century BCE Aetolian expansion (extension of federal politeia, adherence to the dynamics of so called kinship diplomacy) and investigates the ties (political economic military cultic) the koinon had with Attalus I, keywords «Delphi» and «victory over the Celts». The second part identifies in the performances of travelling epopoioi the intellectual means of creation/dissemination of a positive model of the ethnos, particularly in the fragmentary Nicandrean Aitolika, where Aetolia colonizes the known world by virtue of her Titanic descent: Zeus’ Altar in Pergamum displays the relics of a Titanic theme (first) exploited by the Aetolians and conveyed by Nicander’s epea

Le sujet de cette thèse est la mise au point d’un vernis industriel à base de colophane et d’huile végétale. Le but est de développer l’utilisation de la colophane issue de la résine de pin maritime pour fabriquer un vernis en se basant sur la connaissance des savoir-faire anciens (Tirat 2016). Nous nous sommes intéressés aux vernis employés à la fin du XVIIème et au début du XVIIIème siècle par le luthier Antonio Stradivari. Ses vernis d’une qualité exceptionnelle étaient obtenus à partir de colophane de pin et d’huile de lin (Echard 2010). La thèse consiste à s’inspirer de ces techniques anciennes pour fabriquer un vernis biosourcé industrialisable et de performances élevées, tout en utilisant la ressource locale, la résine de pin maritime des Landes. La thèse se déroule dans le cadre du projet collaboratif Stradivernis labellisé Xylofutur qui associe l’Université de Pau et des pays de l’Adour, la Cité de la musique (Paris), le FCBA, l’Université de Créteil, les entreprises Holiste (Biscarosse), Concept Aquitaine (Bordeaux), Finsa (Morcenx), Meubles Goisnard (Belin-Beliet) et l’association Api’Up (Capbreton). Les matières premières utilisées sont l’huile de lin crue (Onyx) et la colophane issue de la résine de pin maritime de Biscarosse (Société Holiste, Landes). Après distillation de la résine à basse pression et basse température, les mesures du taux de térébenthine résiduel dans la gemme sont réalisées avec un analyseur thermogravimétrique. Les huiles et les colophanes sont traitées thermiquement avec une plaque chauffante et la température réelle de l’huile est mesurée avec un thermocouple. Les vernis sont ensuite formulés avec de l’huile de lin, de la colophane et des additifs et mélangés grâce à un agitateur magnétique chauffant. Les formulations sont appliquées au pinceau et polymérisées avec des lampes UVA. Les couleurs des films sont mesurées avec un spectrocolorimètre (Ci62, X-rite). La brillance est mesurée avec un brillancemètre (micro-gloss, BYK Gardner). La résistance à l’arrachement est mesurée avec un testeur d’adhérence à l’arrachement de la marque (TA, Positest).Les analyses sont réalisées avec les appareils suivants : analyse calorimétrique différentielle par balayage (DSC Q20, TA instruments), analyseur thermogravimétrique (Q500, TA instruments), HPLC (DAD Ultimate 3000 Thermo Scientific) et un spectromètre de masse Orbitrap (Thermo-Fisher, LTQ Orbitrap Velos).Les expériences menées se sont portées sur trois axes :- Les traitements thermiques de l’huile de lin et leurs influences sur le film de vernis. Cinq traitements ont été testés : l’huile crue, deux traitements thermiques inférieurs à 200°C, un rinçage de l’huile à l’eau avant un traitement thermique inférieur à 200°C, et une standolisation à 400°C sous azote.- Les traitements thermiques de la colophane et leurs influences sur le film de vernis. Quatre traitements ont été testés : la colophane crue et trois traitements thermiques 180°C, 200°C et 250°C pendant 30 minutes.- L’ajout d’additifs minéraux et leurs influences sur la polymérisation et la qualité du film de vernis.Les traitements thermiques sur l’huile et la colophane semblent influer sur la qualité du film de vernis, notamment sur sa brillance et sa résistance aux solvants. L’ajout d’additifs améliore considérablement le temps de séchage du film et ses caractéristiques techniques. Un dépôt de savoir-faire est en cours sur ces formulations avec additifs
The aim of this project is to study the development of an industrial varnish with rosin and vegetal oil. The objective is to develop the uses of maritime pine rosin in order to make a varnish based on antique knowledge (Tirat 2016). The varnish used at the end of the XVIIe and at the beginning of the XVIIIe century by the violinmaker Antonio Stradivari get our attention. It has an exceptional quality and was made with a mixture of rosin and linseed oil (Echard 2010). On this knowledge basis, we would like to produce an industrialized biobased varnish with high performance. This work is part of the collaborative project Stradivarius, labelled Xylofutur, which associate the University of Pau and Adour region, the “Cité de la musique” (Paris), the FCBA (Bordeaux), Créteil university, Concept Aquitaine (Bordeaux), Finsa (Morcenx), Biogemme-Holiste (Biscarosse), Meubles Goisnard (Belin-Beliet) and the association Api’Up (Capbreton).The raw materials are linseed oil (Onyx) and maritime pine rosin colophony from Biscarosse (Holiste). After resin drying between 120°C and 180°C, the residual turpentine in the rosin were analyzed with a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The oils and rosins are heat treated with a stirring hot plate and the real temperature was obtained with a thermocouple.Then, various varnishes were formulated with linseed oil, colophony and additives thanks to a stirring hot plate. They were applied with a brush and polymerized with UVA lamps. The film colors were measured with a spectrophotometer (Ci62, X-rite). The brightness was measured using a gloss meters (micro-gloss, BYK Gardner). Adhesion test was performed using a pull-off adhesion tester (TA, Positest).The analysis were realised using the following devices : thermomechanical analysis (, Mettler Toledo), thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA Q500, TA instruments), high-performance liquid chromatography (Ultimate 3000, Thermo Scientific), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC Q20, TA instruments) and an electrospray hybrid linear ion Orbitap mass analyzer (LTQ Orbitrap Velos, Thermo-Fisher).The experiments have been carried on three axes :- Heat treatment on linseed oil and the influences on the varnish. Five treatments have been tested : raw oil, two heat treatments lower than 200°C, a flushing with water before a heat treatment lower than 200°C, and a standolization at 400°C under nitrogen.- Heat treatment on rosin and the influences on the varnish. Four treatments have been tested : raw rosin, and three heat treatments, 180°C, 200°C and 250°C during 30 minutes.- Addition of minerals additives and their influences on the curing and the quality of the varnish.The heat treatments on both linseed oil and rosin seems to have an influence on the varnish quality, especially on its brightness and its solvent resistance. The addition of additives considerably improve the curing time and the varnish quality. A know-how deposit is in progress for this formulation with additives

Cette recherche a pour ambition de présenter le monde de la copie et des copistes français de manuscrits à la fin du Moyen Age, sous un angle sociologique et codicologique. Elle s'appuie essentiellement sur une exploitation systématique des manuscrits souscrits et, de manière plus ponctuelle, sur diverses sources documentaires. Qui sont ces personnages et pour qui travaillent-ils? Quelles informations nous livrent-ils dans les colophons? Dans quel cadre exécutent-ils leurs transcriptions? Telles sont les questions abordées dans un premier temps. Les réflexions de la deuxième partie permettent d'appréhender les pratiques artisanales (exploitation de la page, recours au système abréviatif et gestion de la ligne) et d'étudier la sensibilité des artisans à la lisibilité, l'économie et l'esthétique. Croisant les données codicologiques et sociologiques, le dernier temps met en œuvre une série d'analyses pour déterminer dans quelle mesure les copistes étaient polyvalents ou spécialisés

[ES] La Tesis Doctoral investigó el uso de la resina de pino (colofonia o gum rosin, GR) y sus derivados modificados químicamente, como aditivos sostenibles de biopolímeros basados en almidón termoplástico. El trabajo se dividió en seis secciones de investigación. Dos trabajos previos y cuatro trabajos medulares, cada uno de los cuales constituyeron los objetivos específicos de la investigación. Los trabajos previos permitieron determinar que la resina de pino y derivados pueden ser utilizados tanto en matrices poliméricas sintéticas (policloruro de vinilo, PVC), como en matrices poliméricas biodegradables (una mezcla de poliácido láctico y poli(butilén adipato co-tereftalato - PLA/PBAT). En el caso del PVC, se estudió el efecto de un derivado de colofonia, el trietilén glicol de colofonia (TEGR), como aditivo natural para incrementar la viscosidad en plastisoles basados en PVC. En el caso de estudio con una matriz biodegradable, se usó colofonia sin modificar (GR), como agente de control de tamaño de dominios de PBAT para aumentar la tenacidad de formulaciones basadas en una mezcla de PLA/PBAT. Luego, se estudió el uso de la resina de pino y derivados como aditivos de biopolímeros basados en almidón termoplástico (TPS) y el efecto de las resinas en las diferentes formulaciones de estos materiales. En primera instancia se estudiaron y establecieron las condiciones de procesamiento para obtener un almidón totalmente plastificado (almidón termoplástico - TPS) utilizando mezclas de almidón de maíz plastificado con glicerol y agua; procesadas a diferentes perfiles de temperatura de extrusión. En una siguiente instancia, se estudiaron mezclas de TPS con cinco derivados de resina de colofonia: colofonia sin modificar (GR), colofonia deshidrogenada (RD), colofonia modificada con anhidrido maleico (CM) y dos ésteres de colofonia, un pentaeritritol éster (LF) y un éster de glicerol grado alimenticio (UG). A continuación, se estudió el comportamiento de un material de interés comercial al ser aditivado con derivados de la resina de pino. Para ello, se usó colofonia sin modificar (GR) y dos ésteres de pentaeritritol de colofonia (LF, y UT). La matriz de estudio fue un biopolímero del tipo Mater-Bi (Mater-Bi® NF 866 (Mater-Bi), una mezcla comercial basada en almidón termoplástico (TPS), un poliéster alifático-aromático (polibutilén adipato co-tereftalato) (PBAT) y poly-(ε)-caprolactona (PCL)). Finalmente, se estudiaron los materiales formulados con el material de interés comercial (Mater-Bi) y las resinas y derivados seleccionados (GR, LF y UT) desde un punto de vista microscópico, para determinar a profundidad las interacciones de los componentes del Mater-Bi con cada una de las resinas. Los resultados obtenidos se muestran favorables y prometedores pues demuestran que las resinas de pino y sus derivados son una alternativa viable para ser usados como aditivos naturales en una diversidad de materiales, tanto sintéticos como biobasados y biodegradables. Además, las resinas de pino y colofonia son materiales sostenibles que proviene de fuentes 100% naturales y renovables, por lo que su uso supone una disminución del impacto en el medio ambiente.
[CA] La Tesi Doctoral va investigar l'ús de la resina de pi (colofònia o gum rosin, GR) i els seus derivats modificats químicament, com a additius sostenibles de biopolímers basats en midó termoplàstic. El treball es va dividir en sis seccions d'investigació. Dos treballs previs i quatre treballs medul·lars, cadascun dels quals van constituir els objectius específics de la investigació. Els treballs previs van permetre determinar que la resina de pi i derivats poden ser utilitzats tant en matrius polimèriques sintètiques (policlorur de vinil, PVC), com en matrius polimèriques biodegradables (una mescla de poliácido làctic i poli(butilén adipat co-tereftalato - PLA/PBAT). En el cas del PVC, es va estudiar l'efecte d'un derivat de colofònia, el trietilén glicol de colofònia (TEGR), com a additiu natural per a incrementar la viscositat en plastisoles basats en PVC. En el cas d'estudi amb una matriu biodegradable, es va usar colofònia sense modificar (GR), com a agent de control de grandària de dominis de PBAT per a augmentar la tenacitat de formulacions basades en una mescla de PLA/PBAT. Després, es va estudiar l'ús de la resina de pi i derivats com a additius de biopolímers basats en midó termoplàstic (TPS) i l'efecte de les resines en les diferents formulacions d'aquests materials. En primera instància es van estudiar i van establir les condicions de processament per a obtindre un midó totalment plastificat (midó termoplàstic - TPS) utilitzant mescles de midó de dacsa plastificada amb glicerol i aigua; processades a diferents perfils de temperatura d'extrusió. En una següent instància, es van estudiar mescles de TPS amb cinc derivats de resina de colofònia: colofònia sense modificar (GR), colofònia deshidrogenada (RD), colofònia modificada amb anhidrido maleic (CM) i dos èsters de colofònia, un pentaeritritol èster (LF) i un èster de glicerol grau alimentós (UG). A continuació, es va estudiar el comportament d'un materials d'interés comercial en ser aditivado amb derivats de la resina de pi. Per a això, es va usar colofònia sense modificar (GR) i dos èsters de pentaeritritol de colofònia (LF, i UT). La matriu d'estudi va ser un biopolímer del tipus Mater-Bi (Mater-Bi® NF 866 (Mater-Bi), una mescla comercial basada en midó termoplàstic (TPS), un polièster alifàtic-aromàtic (polibutilén adipat co-tereftalato) (PBAT) i poly-(ε)-caprolactona (PCL)). Finalment, es van estudiar els materials formulats d'interés comercial (Mater-Bi) i les resines i derivats seleccionats (GR, LF i UT) des d'un punt de vista microscòpic, per a determinar a profunditat les interaccions dels components del Mater-Bi amb cadascuna de les resines. Els resultats obtinguts es mostren favorables i prometedors perquè demostren que les resines de pi i els seus derivats són una alternativa viable per a ser usats com a additius naturals en una diversitat de materials, tant sintètics com biobasados i biodegradables. A més, les resines de pi i colofònia són materials sostenibles que prové de fonts 100% naturals i renovables, per la qual cosa el seu ús suposa una disminució de l'impacte en el medi ambient.
[EN] The Doctoral Thesis investigated the use of pine resin (colophony or gum rosin, GR) and its chemically modified derivatives, as sustainable additives for biopolymers based on thermoplastic starch (TPS). The work was divided into six research sections. Two previous studies and four core studies, each of which constituted the specific objectives of the research. Previous studies made it possible to determine that gum rosin and derivatives can be used both in synthetic polymeric matrices (polyvinyl chloride, PVC) and in biodegradable polymeric matrices (a blend of polyacid lactic acid and poly (butylene adipate co-terephthalate - PLA/PBAT). In the case of PVC, the effect of a rosin derivative, triethylene glycol ester of gum rosin (TEGR), was studied as a natural additive to increase the viscosity in PVC-based plastisols. In the case of a study with a biodegradable matrix, unmodified rosin (GR) was used as a PBAT domain size control agent to increase the toughness of formulations based on a PLA/PBAT blend. Then, the use of gum rosin and derivatives as additives of biopolymers based on thermoplastic starch (TPS) and the effect of the resins in the different formulations of these materials were studied. In the first instance, the processing conditions were studied to obtain a fully plasticized starch (thermoplastic starch - TPS) using mixtures of plasticized corn starch with glycerol and water; processed at different extrusion temperature profiles. In the next instance, blends of TPS with five rosin derivatives were studied: unmodified rosin (GR), dehydrogenated rosin (RD), maleic anhydride-modified rosin (CM) and two rosin esters, a pentaerythritol ester (LF), and a food-grade glycerol ester of gum rosin (UG). Next, the behavior of a commercial interest material when added with derivatives of gum rosin was studied. Unmodified gum rosin (GR) and two pentaerythritol esters of gum rosin (LF and UT) were used. The studied matrix was a Mater-Bi type biopolymer (Mater-Bi® NF 866 (Mater-Bi), a commercial blend based on thermoplastic starch (TPS), an aliphatic-aromatic polyester (polybutylene adipate co-terephthalate) (PBAT ) and poly-(ε)-caprolactone (PCL)). Finally, the formulated materials were studied from a microscopic point of view, to determine in-depth the interactions of the components of Mater-Bi with each of the gum rosin and derivatives resins. The results obtained are favorable and promising as they show that gum rosin and its derivatives are a viable alternative to be used as natural additives in a variety of materials, both synthetic and biobased and biodegradable. In addition, gum rosin and derivatives resins are sustainable materials that come from 100% natural and renewable sources, so their use reduces their impact on the environment.
Agradezco a la Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENESCYT) por el apoyo económico en parte de mis estudios doctorales.
Aldas Carrasco, MF. (2021). Uso de derivados de colofonia como aditivos sostenibles en biopolímeros de almidón termoplástico (TPS) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/171770
TESIS

The flightless Cape High-mountain stag beetle genus Colophon (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) is studied. Represented by 17 species, which are restricted to the highest mountain peaks of the Cape Floristic Region in the Western Cape, South Africa, and show a strict association with the fynbos biome. The study aimed to determine the specific and phylogenetic status of the described species of Colophon and to determine the main factors driving their evolution by testing hypotheses of relationship and of a lowland origin. This was achieved by analysing DNA sequence data from three gene regions, the mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA and the nuclear CAD, using a Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian approach. Timing of key biogeographical events in the diversification of Colophon was estimated in BEAST. The study also undertook to determine diagnostic larval characters for Colophon species and also to determine their phylogenetic implications for the sub-familial placement of the genus. Lastly, the study aimed to collate biological information on Colophon species so as to make suggestions for their revised conservation status in terms of IUCN and ToPS criteria. Most species of Colophon showed an allopatric distribution, although contact zones between geographically adjacent species are likely. Climate seems to be the main driving factor behind Colophon evolution and the hypothesis of a lowland origin appears to be supported. Larvae are soil-living and feed on humus, a habit unique to the family. There are only small inter-specific differences between larvae, with larval characters contributed little equivocal information from which phylogenetic support for family placement of Colophon could be deduced. The main threats to Colophon survival include overexploitation by commercial collectors, decline in habitat quality and habitat loss due to projected changes in climate. It is suggested that out of the 17 currently described species, eight should be listed as Critically Endangered, seven as Endangered, two as Data Deficient. Lastly, in light of this project‟s findings, it is suggested that future considerations in terms of Colophon research should focus on obtaining more information on their biology, behaviour and population size and in so doing contribute knowledge for the effective conservation management of each species. A taxonomic revision of the species, focusing on the C. stokoei varieties and C. eastmani subspecies, should be done and a complete taxonomic key of all described species compiled. Future fieldwork should focus on sampling the five species that remained elusive during the project, to eventually be included in phylogenetic analyses.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2013
Zoology and Entomology
unrestricted

This dissertation contains two related documents: a piece of music entitled Hallmarks, Sigils & Colophons for three female singers and chamber orchestra setting excerpts from Christian Bök's Eunoia; and an article entitled "Reorganizing the Rock and Roll: U.S. Maple's Musical Deconstructions." These two chapters are linked by an engagement with the phonic materiality of speech and the polyvalent implications that arise from the intense musical study of that materiality.

Chapter 1, Hallmarks, Sigils & Colophons, is a six-movement work for soprano, mezzo-soprano, alto, and chamber ensemble. Each movement sets excerpts from the individual chapters of Christian Bök's Eunoia, a collection of prose poems inspired by the avant-garde literary group Oulipo. As such, each chapter only uses single vowels: "Chapter A" uses only words with the letter a, "Chapter E" uses only e, and so on. The piece explores the sound worlds of each individual vowel, attempting to create unified musical ideas from each vowel's unique sonic character. I am particularly interested in the ways in which the limited range of vowel sounds changes the affect of a sonic space. I occasionally attempt to mimic (or at least reference) Bök's use of constraints, though I never allow constraint to override musical concerns. Despite using words, this piece tells no unified story, and each movement exists, on some levels, as self-contained wholes.

Chapter 2, "Reorganizing the Rock and Roll: U.S. Maple's Musical Deconstructions," discusses the relationship between the music of the rock group U.S. Maple and Derrida's theories of deconstruction. U.S. Maple's music is often described by critics and fans as "deconstructing" rock music, though the band dismisses the term for its pejorative implications. In this article, I argue that the band's music could, in fact, be read as expanding the Derridean concepts of différance and the "trace" into the realm of music. I describe how US Maple performs what Marcel Cobussen terms "deconstruction in music" to the case of conventional hard rock tropes. I focus particularly on the way in which singer Al Johnson creates a language out of paralinguistic utterances--singing in yelps, growls, grunts, groans, and garbled words--and thereby cultivates the multiplicity of sounds and significations that are typically relegated to subordinate status by other rock singers. I also use Richard Middleton's ideas about repetition in pop music to analyze how the band deconstructs the syntax of rock by imbuing their songs with the affect of improvisation.

Dissertation

Tese de mestrado, Química Tecnológica, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2021
O estudo efetuado no âmbito deste trabalho incidiu sobre a cristalização da colofónia Portuguesa com o objetivo de aumentar o tempo de cristalização para um período superior a 72 horas. Este trabalho está inserido numa área vasta de investigação, dotada de inúmeros conceitos e técnicas específicas inerentes à indústria da resina. Esta área começou por ser abordada e estudada no início do século XX, tendo sido abandonada devido, nomeadamente à insuficiência de dados para uma base fidedigna de análise. Neste contexto, trata-se de uma matéria de elevado interesse, mas que apresenta ainda algumas lacunas e assuntos por explorar, sobretudo, no que se refere à composição das frações minoritárias da colofónia bem como à sua pormenorizada caracterização, de forma a permitir, prever, não apenas o seu comportamento, mas também uma abordagem mais direcionada e precisa nesta matéria. A escassez de informação bibliográfica e de trabalhos recentes que indicassem um caminho a seguir, contribuiu para que ao longo do desenvolvimento deste trabalho fosse feita uma pesquisa generalizada em diversas áreas, na procura da abordagem mais adequada para reduzir a tendência da colofónia à cristalização. Foi necessário enquadrar a questão para melhor interpretar os resultados, os quais devem ser considerados não como conclusões finais, mas como um contributo no percurso evolutivo para atingir resultados cada vez mais conclusivos no futuro. Deste modo, para alcançar o objetivo do trabalho foram adotadas metodologias de acordo com o nível de conhecimento presente a cada momento e com as ferramentas disponíveis na Respol, tendo sempre em consideração o meio industrial onde o trabalho está inserido e a consciencialização ambiental. A colofónia consiste numa matéria prima natural e renovável, bastante abundante nas florestas portuguesas. É um material versátil, com alta reatividade química que permite a sua transformação numa enorme variedade de produtos. Trata-se de uma matéria utilizada em diversas indústrias, quer no seu estado natural quer modificada, com aplicações nos setores das tintas, vernizes, colas quentes, revestimentos ou até na cosmética. A aplicação mais frequente da colofónia Portuguesa ao natural é como cola em solução. Neste caso, a colofónia forma aglomerados que bloqueiam os filtros, que afetam os equipamentos e a viabilidade e qualidade do produto final. Esta propriedade provoca constrangimentos, quer no processo de produção das empresas transformadoras, quer no manuseamento do produto nos clientes finais, dando origem a um número significativo de reclamações à Respol. Para melhor compreender e contornar este problema, foi necessário recorrer aos conceitos base de cristalização, solubilidade e metaestabilidade. A cristalização é um fenómeno físico que ocorre pela transição de fase de uma solução para um material sólido com o arranjo interno das suas moléculas, átomos ou iões. Este processo tem como força eletromotriz a temperatura, a pressão ou a concentração. Uma solução saturada consiste numa solução em equilíbrio dinâmico cuja máxima quantidade possível de soluto está dissolvida no solvente. Quando o soluto ultrapassa este equilíbrio e sobressatura a solução, há tendência para ocorrer a separação em cristais puros e numa solução menos concentrada. Uma solução supersaturada é considerada um estado metaestável, ou seja, um estado estável diferente do estado de menor energia do sistema. Neste estado, basta que existam as condições favoráveis à transição para um estado mais estável para que a transformação ocorra. Esta situação verifica-se na colofónia Portuguesa, uma vez que é um material amorfo constituído por ácido abiético como componente maioritário. Assim, a colofónia comporta-se como um sistema metaestável à temperatura ambiente. Aquando em solução em acetona ocorre a sua transformação para o estado mais estável e de menor energia que envolve a cristalização. O tempo de cristalização das colofónias, ou seja, a taxa para atingir o equilíbrio varia em função de diversos fatores, designadamente a espécie do pinheiro, a altura do ano da resinagem e o lote da amostra. No sentido de enquadrar o tema, ao avaliar a influência da composição variável da colofónia nas suas propriedades, foram analisadas colofónias de diversas origens por GC-FID para a quantificação dos ácidos resínicos e avaliadas as seguintes propriedades: teor total de ácidos resínicos, tempo de cristalização, índice ácido, ponto de amolecimento e cor. Estas colofónias provenientes de origens e espécies distintas apresentaram uma composição superior a 80% em ácidos resínicos totais, verificando se em todas a prevalência do ácido abiético, ainda que em proporções diferentes em cada uma. Contudo, a presença ou ausência de um ácido resínico específico que caracteriza a colofónia, é determinado pela própria espécie do pinheiro. Os resultados obtidos para o tempo de cristalização indicam que quanto maior for a homogeneidade entre os ácidos resínicos, menor é a tendência da colofónia a cristalizar, como é o caso da amostra de colofónia não cristalizável das Honduras. Este comportamento pode também ser influenciado pela presença de um terpeno longifoleno ou pelo processo de destilação ser distinto das restantes colofónias. Concluiu-se que a colofónia em geral, sendo de origem natural e obtida através de um metabolismo secundário do pinheiro é fortemente influenciada pelo controlo genético que não podemos controlar. Para além disso, a proporção dos ácidos resínicos também depende de outros fatores como a origem e localização geográfica da espécie de pinheiro, do processo e do nível de destilação da colofónia utilizado, assim como do manuseamento e armazenamento. Uma vez que o objetivo deste trabalho consiste na alteração do comportamento de cristalização, mantendo ou não alterando significativamente as propriedades da colofónia Portuguesa, foi realizado um grande número de experiência de adição de diversos reagentes em diferentes quantidades para testar o seu potencial efeito anti cristalizante. Numa primeira fase os reagentes foram adicionados em pequena quantidade para que não ocorresse reação ou modificação da matéria prima, mas apenas perturbação ou bloqueio da organização da estrutura. Numa segunda fase, os aditivos que demonstraram provocar um aumento no tempo de cristalização da colofónia foram testados em maior quantidade e em condições piloto. Foi também estudado o tempo de cristalização em função do teor em ácido abiético com algumas destas amostras, tendo-se concluído que amostras com mais de 55% de ácido abiético cristalizam em menos de 30 minutos. Por fim, foi reproduzida uma colofónia não cristalizável, através da adição de formaldeído. Neste processo há a reação entre o formaldeído e o ácido abiético da colofónia com a formação de um polímero de maior peso molecular com um comportamento não cristalizável durante de 72 horas. Apesar do formaldeído ser um composto que apresenta risco significativo para a saúde humana e para o meio ambiente, é o único reagente com efeito anti cristalizante na colofónia. Não obstante, sendo reconhecido como perigoso quando é manuseado nas máximas condições de proteção e segurança, possibilita a sua utilização sempre em consciência e com a máxima proteção como forma de mitigação do risco. Por estas razões, este estudo foi realizado no reator piloto de alta pressão com todas as válvulas fechadas para evitar a ocorrência de possíveis fugas. Esta última abordagem teve como objetivo a otimização do processo, a análise da possibilidade de minimizar a quantidade de formaldeído adicionado, da composição e características finais. Para avaliação do risco do produto final foi também quantificado o conteúdo de formaldeído livre na amostra final e numa amostra de colofónia Portuguesa sem modificações por Headspace GC-MS/MS. Surpreendentemente, a amostra não cristalizável obtida com adição de 3% de formaldeído apresenta cerca de 35% menos formaldeído livre do que a colofónia sem alterações, na ordem dos 645 ppm, não apresentando perigosidade para o utilizador final. Isto significa que nos ensaios realizados, o formaldeído naturalmente presente na colofónia também reage com os ácidos resínicos ou auto polimeriza com o formaldeído adicionado. Os resultados de cristalização obtidos para os ensaios permitiram reforçar a ideia exposta anteriormente sobre a prevalência do ácido abiético que sobressatura a composição da colofónia e influencia fortemente este comportamento. Contudo, se a composição da colofónia à partida já apresenta um componente maioritário, é bastante difícil ou quase impossível a alteração da composição de um produto natural, independentemente do reagente adicionado, do processo de adição ou do equipamento utilizado. Para além da composição biológica, a eficiência do processo de destilação de cada lote de resina e a quantidade de aguarrás presente na colofónia final também irão influenciar a sua composição em ácidos resínicos. Adicionalmente o facto de todas as experiências terem envolvido um aquecimento da colofónia para incorporação do aditivo, pode ter favorecido isomerizações dos ácidos do tipo abiético e o consequente aumento do ácido abiético. Na sequência deste estudo e dos ensaios efetuados, podemos concluir que, é exequível a substituição da colofónia Portuguesa por outra de origem diferente que apresente à partida características semelhantes mas menor teor em ácido abiético e um comportamento de não cristalização. Outra hipótese é a reprodução do ensaio C15842G onde foi obtida uma colofónia não cristalizável com adição de 3% de formaldeído a nível industrial em reator com coluna fechada. Embora os resultados obtidos não tenham sido inteiramente conclusivos, este trabalho identificou questões que nunca tinham sido investigadas e considero que constitui um contributo importante com investigação e conhecimento para o objetivo proposto, abrindo o caminho e outras oportunidades para o futuro. Acresce que tendo em conta que a análise permitiu verificar que a origem do problema se situa a montante do processo de manipulação da colofónia, nomeadamente determinado pela sua biossíntese, poder-se-á pensar como uma oportunidade de investigação a desenvolver no futuro no domínio da biologia.
The Portuguese gum rosin when separated from turpentine has an important role in the hotmelts in solution industry or as raw material in several rosins processes. Also, this material has tendency to crystallize and generates an issue which affect equipments and the viability of final product for customers. The phenomenon of crystallization in rosin can be related to the prevalence of a component, the abietic acid. In this way, it was done a study of composition from different origin rosins and all have a high percentage of resin acids and the ones with more abietic acid crystallize faster. Beyond complex and variable composition in resin acids, the unknown of the neutral fraction of rosin, the variable level of rosin distillation and consequently the content of turpentine present in gum rosin are factors that can also influence rosin crystallization behaviour. In order to minimize or to eliminate the tendency of rosin to crystallize, many different reagents were added to Portuguese gum rosin in small amount to keep the rosin properties. The relation between the percentage of abietic acid of rosin samples and its crystallization time was evaluated and when it exceeds 55% of abietic acid, rosin crystallize in 30 minutes or less. One way to deal with the problem is change the origin of raw material and find one with a more homogeneous composition. Gum rosin from Honduras was also analysed and fit the purpose of non crystallize until more than 72 hours maybe due to the balanced composition in resin acids and the smaller amount of abietic acid or even due to the greater percentage of longifolene. Other option is reproduce what is done in some patents about non crystallizable rosin with formaldehyde. Since formaldehyde reacts with abietic acid and consume it to form a high molecule weight that non crystallize. It was experienced and obtained a modified rosin which non crystallize until 72 hours with 35% less formaldehyde free in the final sample than original Portuguese one. Although this indicates that this rosin does not represent a great danger for those who handle with it, formaldehyde is a toxic and volatile reagent that should be avoided and replaced for another less harmful. Although the results obtained were not entirely conclusive, it is believed that they constitute an important contribution to the proposed objective. These results have a purpose to raise questions and issues that had not been investigated before, since this area was so much studied in the beginning of 20th century and then abandoned. This work contributed with the research and knowledge to this area indicating the path that does not to be followed and opening the path to the future.

This study examined marginalia and colophons in South Slavic manuscripts to establish their value as primary historical source documents. The evidence of a "history from below" was compared with other primary sources to provide an understanding about the lives of Bulgarian Christian Slavs during the Ottoman period and a history of their language, scripts, and book production. The Ottoman Empire invaded Bulgaria in 1393, to remain in power there until 1878. During that time, scribes preserved Bulgarian literary heritage by copying manuscripts. They also recorded in the margins of the manuscripts their thoughts and perceptions, formal transactions of the church, and interactions between the church and its community. While the first marginalia were prayers for forgiveness, later marginalia became a somewhat hidden repository of the marginalized voices of the Ottoman Empire: clergy, readers, students, teachers, poets, and artists who repeatedly started with "Da se znae" (Let it be known). This study analyzed the 146 manuscripts in the Historical and Archival Church Institute in Sofia, Bulgaria (HACI) that contain marginalia and colophons. Content analysis of the corpus yielded 20 categories that clustered into six thematic groups: religious texts; marginalia related to book history and production; interactions between the readers and the book; interaction between the Church and the religious community; to historical events; the cosmos and natural history. This study employed a triangulation of methods, including traditional historical and the New History "grass-roots" methods, deconstruction, critical theory, codicology, diplomatics and linguistic analysis to understand the deeper meanings of marginalia and colophons. This inter-disciplinary study can be considered the first comprehensive, systematic study of South Slavic marginalia and colophons of any magnitude to be made available to Western scholars, and the first substantiated "history from below" of the Ottoman Empire.
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碩士
中興大學
昆蟲學系所
95
Colophina clematis (Shinji, 1922) is the first species among nearly 50 aphid species which were already discovered producing sterile soldiers. C. clematis was reported producing morphologically specialized sterile soldiers on the secondary host, Clematis apiifolia DC. in Japan. On its primary host, Zelkova serrata (Thunb.), Colophina clematis induces rolling-sphere galls on the leaves. The reported studies of C. clematis was restricted to the description of morphology of sterile soldiers and brief life cycle. To understand batter about the biology of C. clematis, further survey and analyses were conducted in central Taiwan, including gall developments, variations of individual numbers inside galls, other organisms associate with galls, and their relationships with the gallers. In addition, life history information and behavior observation based on laboratory-reared colonies on the secondary host were recorded, including length of each stadium, longevity of adult life, and some undescribed behaviors. The results showed that C. clematis induced galls in late February. Galls matured and dehisced in May when the progenies of stem mothers were mature, and the numbers of individuals inside the galls also reached the highest peak in the same month. The aphids left the galls completely in July and migrated to the secondary host, Clematis grata. The volume of matured galls varied obviously from 188.94 mm3 to 1607.04 mm3, and the analytic results showed that the gall volume was positively correlated with the individual numbers inside the galls (r=0.65829, p<0.01). In other words, bigger galls hosted more aphids. Therefore, it indicates that the gall volume is a density-dependent factor and, hence, affect the colony sizes inside the galls. Five other taxa were found associated with galls, including a thrips, a Tinocallis aphid nymph, an anthocorid nymph, a dipteran larva, and a coccinellid larva. The former three were considered as occasional invaders but not real inquilines. The latter two should be the main predators of Colophina clematis on Clematis. In addition, the length of 1st stadium of the nymphs which lived on the secondary host was almost twice longer than the lengths of other stadia (7.9±1.9 days), and the developmental strategy was similar to another two aphid species of the same family. Only one individual completed the whole life span and totally produced 109 normal nymphs and 15 soldiers. Two undescribed behaviors were also recorded in this study. The soldiers which lived on Clematis seemed to be able to identify whether the disturbances are con-specific or not when they hugged the disturbances, and adult Colophina clematis which lived on Clematis seemed that they also perform defensing behaviors by secreting waxy chemical materials.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
藝術史研究所
94
ABSTRACT The album To See Large Within the Small formally known as Imitations Of Song and Yüan Masters, Copies In Reduced Size: Paintings With Colophons is known by the four oversized characters attributed to Dong Qi-Chang (1555 – 1636), each filling an entire leaf. The album consists of twenty-two copies of Song and Yüan masterpieces. Eighteen have colophons written on the opposite leaf, discussing original attribution, comments on those great masters, the origins of their styles, and the collecting history of the paintings, etc. It is important material for us to study the history of art and collection in the seventeenth century. These imitation replicas are called “reduced copies”, through collecting them the artist constructed an ideal world of painting that can be seen as a canon. The four characters To See Large Within the Small reveal the intent of the album and this thesis explores those themes. There are four chapters. The first, mainly discusses the attribution of the album. It reviews all different opinions about authorship in the past and tries to find a way to solve this problem, clarifying the contents of the album. The second further discusses how these reduced copies were made. It initially reviews the tradition of copying in Chinese painting history, it goes on to review the history of making reduced copies, and attempts a reconstruction of the conditions under which the album was made. The third discusses the function of the album; in the context of the development of Chinese art; the relationship between the album, draft, and painting manuals; what is its position in the artist’s painting career; the album in the context of pictorializing the collection. The fourth, the inheritance of the album and its influence on those who later reproduced, saw, and assessed it.