Tesi sul tema "Comfort sensation"

This thesis presents a body of work conducted to determine thermal comfort on train journeys. Relatively little research has been conducted on trains in comparison with the vast body of work conducted within building environments. This thesis aimed to expand our knowledge of rail passenger thermal comfort throughout the journey; platform to destination. The train journey was separated into its component parts and analysed by conducting both laboratory and field experiments that either simulated or measured aspects of a train journey. Laboratory experiment 1 examined appropriate methods of data collection during train journeys. Participants (9 males and 9 females) were exposed to a simulated train environment three times and used a different data collection method on each occasion; a paper-based method, a voice recorder or a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). Results concluded that the three methods can be used interchangeably when recording thermal comfort data. Participants preferred the PDA over the other two methods because they felt it afforded them a level of privacy in addition to blending in with other rail passengers using similar technologies. The second laboratory experiment measured thermal comfort following a change of environment. Participants (12 males and 12 females) were exposed to three environmental conditions (warm, neutral and slightly cool) in a thermal chamber on three separate occasions. The exposure lasted 30 minutes, after which, participants entered a new environment that was the same on each occasion (slightly cool). Results showed that overshoots in sensation (beyond those predicted by the Predicted Mean Vote thermal comfort index PMV) are observed following downward steps (warmer to cooler) in environmental conditions. No overshoots were observed following the upward step (cooler to warmer) in environment, with sensations immediately reflecting the predicted steady-state values. Laboratory experiment 3 (22 males and 26 females) expanded the research conducted in laboratory experiment 2 by exposing participants to greater magnitudes of environmental change. In addition, sensation was measured after this change until steady-state was reached. Participants were exposed to four environmental conditions (cool to warm to neutral to cool or cool to cold to warm to cool) consecutively over a 2 hour period with 30 minutes spent in each location. Results demonstrated similar effects to those observed during laboratory experiment 2 with overshoots observed following downward steps in environmental conditions and none observed in the opposite direction. Sensations demonstrating overshoots gradually increased until steady-state was achieved after approximately 25 minutes. Field experiment 1 (12 males and 32 females) measured thermal comfort while boarding trains. Participants were taken on a short train journey and recorded sensations whilst on the platform and during boarding. Results showed that overshoots may also be observed following step up and step down in environments. It is hypothesised that change in air velocity is influential in this effect. Thermal comfort throughout a train journey was measured in field experiment 2. Participants (16 males and 16 females) reported on thermal comfort on the platform, during boarding and throughout a return train journey from Loughborough to London St Pancras. Results also demonstrated overshoots following upward transients indicating that there are factors in the field that do not occur in laboratory conditions. Subjective parameters reach steady-state after approximately 20 minutes and PMV accurately predicted sensations during the journey. Again, air velocities may have interacted with other variables resulting in the overshoots following upward steps in environmental conditions. Laboratory experiments 2 and 3 resulted in the creation of a model predicting sensation following a change of environment, PMVTRANS. When the model was compared with the field data, it could not accurately predict sensations observed during transients. It also could not predict the sensation overshoots observed following upward transients. A new model is now proposed, NEW PMVTRANS. This model shows greater correlation with actual sensation than PMV; however it does require further validation from field data. Research has shown that PMV is an accurate estimator of sensation within a train carriage and should be used by train designers to optimise the environmental conditions for passengers.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
No panorama mundial o número de pessoas com 60 anos ou mais vem aumentando rapidamente. A grande maioria dos idosos que vive de forma independente deseja continuar seu estilo de vida atual, e para isso precisa de apoio extra e orientação para envelhecer com bem-estar e saúde. Essas condições incluem a convivência em ambientes agradáveis, inclusive em relação ao conforto térmico. Neste contexto, este trabalho avaliou a sensação térmica de idosos, comparando-a com os resultados do índice PMV (Voto Médio Estimado: Predicted Mean Vote) de Fanger. Foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória de abordagem qualitativa (questionários) e quantitativa (medições com termômetros de bulbo seco, bulbo úmido e de globo), conforme a norma ISO 7730:2006; 2011, em três instituições que oferecem serviços de atividades específicas para a faixa populacional na cidade de Bauru (SP): o SESI (Serviço Social da Indústria), o SESC (Serviço Social do Comércio) e a AAPIBR (Associação dos aposentados, pensionistas e idosos de Bauru e Região). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as sensações térmicas reais (STR) relatadas pelos idosos (sensações subjetivas) são estatisticamente similares às calculadas pela equação do PMV (sensações analíticas) para três faixas desse índice: -1, 0 e 1.
In the global landscape, the number of people aged 60 and over is increasing rapidly. The vast majority of seniors who live independently wish to continue their current lifestyle, and for that they need extra support and guidance to grow old with wellness and health. These conditions include living in pleasant environments, including thermal comfort. In this context, this study evaluated the thermal sensation of the elderly, comparing it with the results from the PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) method (Fanger). An exploratory research with qualitative (questionnaires) and quantitative approach (measured with dry-bulb, wet-bulb and globe thermometers) was performed according to ISO 7730: 2006; 2011, in three institutions that offer specific activities services for the population group in the city of Bauru (São Paulo state): SESI (Industrial Social Services), SESC (Commercial Social Services) and AAPIBR (Association of retirees, pensioners and seniors of Bauru and region). The results showed that the actual thermal sensations (ATS) reported by the elderly (subjective sensations) are statistically similar to those calculated by the PMV equation (analytical sensations) on a threepoint scale: -1, 0 and 1.
MCA 162174

Regional differences in sweat gland output, skin temperature and thermoreceptor distribution can account for variations in regional perceptions of temperature, thermal comfort and wetness sensation. Large cohorts of studies have assessed these perceptual responses during sedentary activity but the findings are typically applied to a multitude of conditions, including exercise. Increases in sweat gland output, redistribution of blood flow and changes in skin and core temperature are basic responses to exercise in most conditions and these ultimately influence our perceptual responses. The primary aim of this thesis is to determine factors that influence regional differences in thermal sensation, thermal comfort and wetness sensation during exercise in moderate to hot conditions. The secondary aim is to develop and understand an additional variable, galvanic skin conductance (GSC) that can be used to predict thermal comfort and wetness sensation. The aim of the first study (Chapter 4) was to determine the influence of exercise on thermal sensitivity and magnitude sensation of warmth to a hot-dry stimulus (thermal probe at 40°C) and assess if any gender-linked differences and/or regional differences exist. From the data, body maps indicating sensitivity were produced for both genders during rest and exercise. Females had more regional differences than males. Overall sensitivity was greatest at the head, then the torso and declined towards the extremities. The data showed that exercise did not cause a significant reduction in thermal sensitivity but magnitude estimation was significantly lower after exercise for males and selected locations in females. The cause of a reduced magnitude sensation is thought to be associated with exercise induced analgesia; a reduction in sensitivity due to exercise related increases in circulating hormones. As the literature suggests that thermal comfort in the heat is influenced by the presence of sweat, the next study and all proceeding studies were concerned with this concept. In Chapter 5, building on earlier studies performed in our laboratories, the influence of local skin wettedness (wlocal) on local thermal comfort and wetness sensation was investigated in a neutral dry condition (20.2 ± 0.5°C and 43.5 ± 4.5% RH) whilst walking (4.5 km∙hr-1). Regional differences in wlocal were manipulated using specialised clothing comprising permeable and impermeable material areas. Strong correlations existed between local thermal comfort and local wetness sensation with the various measured wlocal (r2>0.88, p<0.05 and r2>0.83, p<0.05, respectively). The thermal comfort limit was defined as the wlocal value at which the participants no longer felt comfortable. Regional comfort limits for wlocal were identified (in order of high-low sensitivity); lower back (0.40), upper legs (0.44), lower legs (0.45), abdomen (0.45), chest (0.55), upper back (0.56), upper arms (0.57) and lower arms (0.65). The maximum degree of discomfort and wetness sensation experienced during the investigation was kept deliberately low in an attempt to determine the threshold values. Therefore comfort scores and wetness scores rarely reached a state of uncomfortable or wet so the next step was to assess these relationships when sweat production is high and the sensations worsened. However, pilot testing indicated that a ceiling effect would occur for wlocal at high levels of sweat production whilst thermal discomfort increased indicating wlocal was not the determining parameter in that case. Thus an additional parameter was required. The chosen parameter was galvanic skin conductance (GSC) due to its alleged ability to monitor pre-secretory sweat gland activity, skin hydration and surface sweat. In Chapter 6, the reliability, reproducibility and validity of GSC were confirmed in a series of pilot tests. Moderate to strong correlations were found between GSC and regional sweat rate (RSR) (r2>0.60, p<0.05) and wlocal (r2>0.55, p<0.05). The literature suggests standardising GSC relative to a minimum and maximum GSC value; however uncertainties arise when attempting to achieve maximum GSC. Therefore a change from baseline (∆GSC) was chosen as the proposed method of standardisation for further use. Additional results (from Chapter 9) revealed that ∆GSC also reflects pre-secretory sweat gland activity as it increased prior to sweat being present on the skin surface and prior to an increase in RSR. In Chapter 9, also hydration of the stratum corneum was measured using a moisture meter and the results revealed that it has an upper limit; indicating maximal hydration. From this point of full skin saturation ∆GSC and RSR markedly increase though sensations did not. It was also found that ∆GSC is only influenced by surface sweat that is in direct contact with the electrode and is not influenced by sweat elsewhere on the skin surface between electrodes. Higher levels of thermal discomfort have rarely been explored and neither has its relationship with wlocal. The ability of ∆GSC and wlocal to predict local thermal comfort and wetness sensation were compared in two different conditions to elicit low and high sweat production. Unlike Chapter 5, the body sites were not manipulated to control wlocal but allowed to vary naturally over time. The test was carried out on males (Chapter 7) and females (Chapter 8) to compare any gender linked differences and the results suggest that females are more sensitive than males to the initial presence of sweat. For both genders, wlocal and ∆GSC are strong predictors of thermal comfort and wetness sensation. More importantly, wlocal can only be used to predict local thermal comfort in conditions of low sweat production or low levels of thermal discomfort. However, once sweat production increases and thermal discomfort worsens ΔGSC (and not wlocal) can predict thermal comfort. Due to low sweat production observed in females indicates that this is only relevant for females. It appears that epidermal hydration has an important role on influencing thermal comfort. Receptors influencing our perceptual responses are located in the epidermis and when sweat is produced and released onto the skin surface, this epidermis swells and the sensitivity of receptors are said to increase. wlocal indicates the amount of moisture present on the skin surface, yet ∆GSC indicates presecretory sweat gland activity and epidermal hydration where the receptors are located. This may explain why on numerous occasions thermal comfort had a stronger relationship with ∆GSC than wlocal. Where Chapter 5 indicated the true local comfort limits for each respective zone, Chapter 7 and 8 provided a global picture of how local regions interact and influence local thermal comfort across the body. When wlocal varies naturally, the torso areas naturally produce more sweat than the extremities and it seemed that these areas produce so much more sweat than the extremities that they dominate local thermal comfort across the whole body. This is referred to in this thesis as a model of segmental interaction. As with thermal comfort, wetness sensation had strong relationships with wlocal and ∆GSC. The results also revealed a strong relationship between wetness sensation and thermal comfort. In contrast to the widely supported claim, a drop in skin temperature is not required to stimulate a wetness sensation. The point at which we detect sweat and when it becomes uncomfortable occurs at different wlocal values across the body. Thermal comfort is shown to be influenced by sweat during exercise in moderate-to-hot conditions. As w has an upper limit the findings suggest that it cannot predict thermal comfort during high sweat rates. Galvanic skin conductance monitors the process of sweat production more closely and thus is a better predictor of thermal comfort during all conditions and particularly during high sweat production. The strong relationship between thermal comfort and wetness sensation confirm the role of sweat production on thermal comfort. Gender differences to perceptual responses were observed, with females generally being more sensitive to sweat and a warm thermal stimulus than males. Regional differences to sweat and a warm stimulus generally suggest that the torso area is more sensitive than the extremities. This is important not only for sports clothing design but also protective clothing at the work place.

U radu se proučava uticaj parametara mikroklime, buke i osvetljenjana toplotni osećaj i toplotni komfor u radnoj sredini. Između čovekai njegovog okruženja postoji stalna interakcija, koja može uzrokovatifiziološke poremećaje u organizmu. U okviru rada, prikazane suteorijske osnove parametara mikroklime, buke i osvetljenja, kao injihov teorijski uticaj na generisanje i razmentu toplotne energijeizmeđu čoveka i okoline. Rad obuhvata istraživanje međuzavisnostiproučavanih parametara, toplotnog osećaja i toplotnog komforačoveka na radnom mestu u poziciji stajanja.
This paper examines the influence of the parameters of microclimate, noiseand lighting on the thermal sensation and thermal comfort in the workingenvironment. There is a constant interaction between a person and hisenvironment, which can cause physiological disorders in the organism. In theframework of this paper, the theoretical bases of the parameters ofmicroclimate, noise and lighting, as well as their theoretical influence on thegeneration and exchange of heat energy between person and environmentare presented. The paper encompasses research on the interdependence ofthe parameters studied for thermal sensation and the thermal comfort of aperson at the workplace in a standing position.

Este trabalho de dissertação de Mestrado em Design da UFRGS (2008-2011) visou a atender algumas exigências das mulheres em relação ao conforto no uso de sutiãs. O processo de design de sutiãs deve compreender não somente as características físicas do sutiã e do corpo humano, mas também as interações entre os sutiãs e as mulheres que os vestem. O ato de vestir sutiãs afeta a fisiologia e a psicologia humana, as quais, por sua vez, influenciam a sensação de conforto e até a saúde das mulheres. Sutiãs brasileiros e japoneses têm distintos aspectos, devido às diferenças nas características culturais, psicológicas e físicas de suas usuárias. Neste trabalho, uma investigação foi conduzida sobre a percepção do próprio corpo e da roupa íntima por jovens universitárias brasileiras e japonesas na faixa etária entre 17 e 29 anos. Questionários online foram aplicados e seus resultados tratados por análises estatísticas para extrair percepções fundamentais das brasileiras e das japonesas. Além disso, medidas foram realizadas nos laboratórios da Kyoto Women’s University no Japão. Seis sutiãs comerciais fabricados no Brasil e no Japão com conceito de conforto foram utilizados como amostras. Dados tridimensionais dos corpos das participantes vestindo sutiãs foram obtidos através de 3D scanners. A pressão exercida pelos sutiãs no corpo foi medida através de sensores de pressão. Estas variáveis foram empregadas para verificar a influência dos materiais e da estrutura dos sutiãs no desempenho geral deles. Um teste sensorial também foi aplicado em forma de um questionário baseado no método do diferencial semântico adaptado para levantar os fatores mais importantes em relação às sensações ao se vestir sutiãs. Todos os resultados das investigações foram considerados para a análise da relação entre desempenho dos sutiãs e a sensação ao vesti-los. Foi observado que as percepções e as sensações das usuárias brasileiras e japonesas são diferentes e devem ser levadas em consideração no processo de design de sutiãs bem sucedidos. Parâmetros-chave foram recomendados para melhorar o desenvolvimento do design de sutiãs com foco no conforto que buscam se adequar às características apontadas pelo público alvo deste trabalho.
This study of dissertation of Master’s degree in Design at UFRGS (2008-2011) aimed at attending some demands of women related to comfort when wearing brassieres. The design process of brassieres must grasp not solely physical characteristics of brassieres and human body, but also interactions between brassieres and women who wear them. Wearing brassieres affects the human physiology and psychology, which in turn influence the sensation of comfort and even women’s health. Brazilian and Japanese brassieres hold different features due to differences in cultural, psychological and physical characteristics of their users. In this work, an investigation was conducted about perception on own body and underwear of young undergraduate Brazilian and Japanese women, in the age group from 17- to- 29-year-old. Online questionnaires were applied and results were treated by statistical analysis in order to extract fundamental perceptions of Brazilians and Japanese. Measurements were carried out at the laboratories of Kyoto Women’s University in Japan. Six commercial brassieres produced in Brazil and Japan with concept of comfort were used as samples. 3D data of participants’ body wearing brassieres were obtained by means of 3D scanners. Clothing pressures exerted by brassieres on body were measured by pressure sensors. These variables were utilized to verify the influence of materials and structure of brassieres on the general performance of brassieres. Sensory test was also applied in form of a questionnaire based on an adapted semantic differential method to find the most important factors related to the sensations felt when wearing brassieres. All results of investigations were considered to analyze the relationship between performance of brassieres and sensation felt. It was found that perception and sensations of Brazilians and Japanese are different and should be taken into account in the design process of successful brassieres. Key parameters were recommended for improving the development of brassieres design with focus on comfort seeking to match the characteristics stressed by the target audience of this study.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine thermal (body temperature, thermal sensation and comfort ratings), circulatory (blood pressure, heart rate variability) and neuromuscular performance responses to whole-body cryotherapy (WBC, -110 °C). Altogether 66 healthy subjects were exposed to WBC for two minutes. The acute and long-term changes were examined, when the subjects were exposed to WBC three times a week during three months. Skin temperatures decreased very rapidly during WBC, but remained such a high level that there was no risk for frostbites. The effects on rectal temperature were minimal. Repeated exposures to WBC were mostly well tolerated and comfortable and the subjects became habituated at an early stage of trials. WBC increased both systolic (24 mmHg) and diastolic (5 mmHg) blood pressures temporarily. Adaptation of blood pressure was not found during three months. The acute cooling-related increase in high-frequency power of RR-intervals indicated an increase in cardiac parasympathetic modulation, but after repeated WBC the increase was attenuated. The repeated WBC exposure-related increase in resting low frequency power of RR-intervals resembles the response observed related to exercise training. There are signs of neuromuscular adaptation, especially in dynamic performance. A single WBC decreased flight time in drop-jump exercise, but after repeated WBC these changes were almost vanished. This adaptation was confirmed by the change of the activity of the agonist muscle, which increased more and the change of the activity of antagonist muscle, which increased less/did not change after repeated WBC indicating reduced co-contraction and thus, neuromuscular adaptation.

O objeto desta pesquisa consiste em avaliar e propor índices de conforto térmico humano por meio de variáveis ambientais, subjetivas e individuais, em escala climática local e regional. Para tanto, parte-se da hipótese de que o estudo abrangente do conforto térmico humano em escala local, por meio de entrevistas e análise do tempo in-loco, forneceria subsídios para o desenvolvimento de um índice que transite até a escala regional do clima. Parte-se, então, de um método indutivo experimental (levantamento em campo de variáveis climáticas, individuais e subjetivas) onde foram feitas coletas em campo no período de agosto de 2015, janeiro e julho de 2016, com a aplicação de questionários à população simultâneos a coleta de dados meteorológicos. Os resultados do estudo apontaram para a determinação da influência das particularidades climáticas regionais no conforto e na sensação térmica das pessoas entrevistadas, por meio dos efeitos diretos do clima regional. Confirmou-se a existência da influência do sexo dos indivíduos em relação às suas respostas de sensação térmica, bem como a influência dos aspectos fisiológicos tais como o índice de massa corporal e a faixa etária, na preferência térmica dos destes entrevistados. O presente estudo também possibilitou a calibração das faixas interpretativas de conforto térmico de diferentes índices de conforto para a área de estudo. Foram propostos quatro índices de conforto humano com base nas variáveis ambientais, subjetivas e individuais locais, sendo um índice exclusivo para a situação de verão, outro calculado para o inverno, um terceiro índice desenvolvido para ambas as situações sazonais (verão e inverno) e um quarto índice, também para ambas as situações sazonais, porém, tendo como variáveis de partida apenas a temperatura do ar, da umidade relativa do ar e da velocidade do vento. Por fim, foram avaliadas estatisticamente a abrangência espacial e a extrapolação da escala de análise dos resultados para um dos índices desenvolvidos, propondo a validação deste para a escala climática regional. Os resultados apresentados possibilitaram a avaliação do conforto humano, das variáveis ambientais, subjetivas e individuais, bem como o desenvolvimento de um índice adequado tanto para escala local quanto para a escala regional do clima, o que conferiu uma resposta conclusiva à hipótese central apresentada.
This research aims to evaluate and propose human thermal comfort indexes using environmental, individual and subjective variables in the local and regional climatic scales. For that, the hypothesis tested is that the comprehensive study of human thermal comfort, by means of interviews and in-situ weather analysis, provides the basis for the development of an index suitable to be applied also in the regional climatic scale. The first step in the research consisted of an experimental inductive method of field data collection of climatic, individual and subjective variables. Data was collected in the periods of August 2015, January and July of 2016, with questionnaires being applied to the population simultaneously to the collection of meteorological data. Results point to the influence of regional climatic characteristics over the thermal comfort of interviewed individuals, through the direct effects of regional climatic conditions. The influence of gender in thermal comfort responses was confirmed, as well as physiological aspects such as Body Mass Index and age group, in the thermal preference of interviewed individuals. This study also made it possible to calibrate different human thermal comfort classes for the different comfort indexes used in the area of study. Four human thermal comfort indexes were proposed based on environmental, subjective and individual local variables. One index was calculated for Summer, another for Winter, and a third index was developed for both seasons. A fourth index was also calculated for both seasons but using only air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed as variables. Lastly, the spatial representativeness and scale extrapolation of the results for one of the developed models were evaluated statistically in order to propose its validation to the regional climatic scale. Results present the evaluation of human thermal comfort and environmental, subjective and individual variables, as well as the development of an index suitable for both local and regional climatic scales, which provided an appropriate answer to the central hypothesis presented.

Le confort thermique des conducteurs et des passagers dans les compartiments de la voiture est un sujet qui redevient d’actualité avec l'électrification des véhicules. En fait, les systèmes de climatisation et de chauffage peuvent réduire l'autonomie des véhicules électriques jusqu'à 50% dans certaines conditions. D'autre part, les modèles de représentation des personnes les plus utilisés sont encore ceux qui considèrent une personne moyenne standard. De nombreuses études ont montré les limites de ces modèles dans la prévision du confort thermique de différentes populations dans des environnements complexes. Par conséquent, si un confort thermique personnel correspondant à une consommation minimale d’énergie du véhicule est requis, il convient d’accorder une attention particulière à la compréhension de l’individualisation du modèle thermo-physiologique et à l’identification des paramètres clés ayant le plus d’influence sur le confort thermique. Une procédure d’individualisation a été exposée suivi d’une validation expérimentale du modèle personnalisé. La prise en compte des caractéristiques individuelle améliore la prédiction du modèle de 20% en moyenne
Thermal comfort of drivers and passengers inside cars compartments is a subject bouncing back to the spotlight with the electrification of vehicles. In fact, air conditioning and heating systems can reduce the battery autonomy of electric vehicles by up to 50% under certain conditions. On the other hand, the most used thermo-physiological models nowadays are still those that consider a standard average person. Many studies showed the limitations of these models in predicting thermal comfort for different populations in complex environments. Therefore, if a personal thermal comfort at minimum vehicle energy consumption is required, a deep consideration should be given to the understanding of the individualization of the thermo-physiological model and to identifying key parameters that have the most influence on thermal comfort. An individualization procedure followed by an experimental validation of the customized model is presented. Considering individual characteristics was shown to improve the model by 20% on average

Este trabalho aborda o desempenho térmico obtido em edifícios industriais do setor calçadista, perante a importância em obter condições ambientais favoráveis à execução das atividades através de uma arquitetura adequada ao contexto climático. Assim, o objetivo nesta pesquisa é avaliar as condições de conforto térmico oferecidas pelos edifícios das indústrias calçadistas do município de Jaú, um importante pólo industrial do setor no interior de São Paulo. Caracterizam-se as tipologias construtivas dos edifícios quanto à geometria, materiais e sistema de ventilação. As estratégias passivas para obtenção de conforto térmico nos galpões fabris são identificadas e avaliadas utilizando as recomendações presentes na NBR 15220. Para avaliar as condições de conforto térmico, foram medidas as variáveis ambientais, sendo que a temperatura foi analisada sob condições de aceitabilidade térmica, conforme estabelecido pela ASHRAE 55-2010. Para estimar a sensação térmica dos usuários, são utilizados os índices PMV e PPD. Também foi aplicado um questionário para verificar o nível de satisfação dos funcionários com o ambiente de trabalho. Os resultados apontam que a maioria dos edifícios apresenta uma tipologia semelhante, com geometria retangular e ventilação realizada através de esquadrias nas fachadas. A ausência de diversas estratégias passivas resulta em um edifício com baixa inércia térmica e vulnerável às condições climáticas externas, sendo que em períodos quentes a temperatura interna foi superior a 30ºC, e em períodos frios inferior a 15ºC. A sensação térmica dos usuários na maior parte do período do expediente corresponde ao desconforto térmico para o calor, principalmente no período vespertino, sendo que a porcentagem de insatisfeitos ultrapassa 80%. Deste modo, há necessidade de otimizar a adoção de estratégias passivas, para proporcionar melhores condições térmicas de trabalho. Para isto, são indicadas soluções simples, que propiciam melhorias ao desempenho térmico dos edifícios, exemplificando: o uso de sistemas que possibilitem o resfriamento evaporativo e ampliação das áreas de aberturas destinadas à ventilação do edifício.
This paper discusses the thermal performance obtained in industrial buildings in the footwear sector, given the importance of obtaining favorable environmental conditions for the execution of activities through an architecture suited to the climate context. Thus, the objective of this research is to evaluate the thermal comfort conditions provided by the buildings of the footwear industries of Jaú city, an important industrial pole. It is characterized the typologies of building\'s construction regarding its geometry, materials and ventilation system. The passive strategies for achieving thermal comfort in the factory sheds are identified and evaluated using the recommendations present in the NBR 15220. To evaluate the thermal comfort conditions it was measured the environmental variables, and the temperature was examined under conditions of thermal acceptability, as established by ASHRAE 55-2010. In order to estimate the thermal sensation of the users, the PMV and PPD indices were used. Also, a questionnaire was applied in order to check the level of employee satisfaction with the working environment. The results show that most of the buildings presents a typology similar with a rectangular geometry and ventilation obtained through frames at the facades. The absence of different passive strategies results in a building with a low thermal inertia and vulnerable to the external weather conditions, and in hot periods, the internal temperature was above 30°C, and during colder periods it was lower than 15°C. The thermal sensation of users in most of the period of the working shift matches the thermal discomfort to the heat, especially in the afternoon, and the percentage of discontentment exceeds 80%. This way, there is a need to optimize the adoption of passive strategies, to provide better thermal conditions of work. For this purpose, simple solutions that provide improvements to the thermal performance of buildings are given, examples: the use of systems which allows evaporative cooling and expansion of openings areas for the ventilation of the building.

Dans ces travaux de thèse, nous avons développé un nouveau modèle de thermorégulation du corps humain basé sur la neurophysiologie et nommé Neuro Human Thermal Model (NHTM). Il est dédié à prédire les variables physiologiques dans des environnements instationnaires et hétérogènes. De plus, ce modèle est couplé au modèle de confort thermique de Zhang pour prédire la sensation et le niveau de confort thermique des occupants dans les espaces intérieurs. Le système passif du modèle NHTM est basé sur celui du modèle de Wissler. Ce système est couplé à un système actif basé sur les signaux des thermorécepteurs. Le système passif consiste en 21 cylindres représentants les segments du corps humain. Chaque élément est divisé en 21 couches dont 15 pour les tissus et 6 pour les vêtements. Puis, chaque couche est divisée en 12 secteurs angulaires. Le modèle NHTM calcule la production de chaleur par le métabolisme, le transfert de chaleur par conduction entre les tissus et les échanges de chaleur par convection et rayonnement entre le corps et l’environnement. Le système actif calcule les mécanismes physiologiques grâce aux signaux des thermorécepteurs cutanés et centraux. Ces signaux sont calculés par le modèle de Mekjavic et Morrisson qui ont développé également le modèle de frissonnement utilisé dans le modèle NHTM. Le débit sanguin cutané est calculé par le modèle de Kingma. Par manque de données expérimentales, le modèle de sudation est basé sur l’approche du signal d’erreur des températures cutanée et centrale. Une comparaison a été effectuée entre le modèle de sudation de Wissler et celui de Fiala et al. Au vu des résultats obtenus, ce dernier a été retenu. Le modèle NHTM est en capacité de pouvoir simuler plusieurs types de populations. Pour ce faire, une analyse de sensibilité a été effectuée, grâce à la méthode de Morris, sur les paramètres des systèmes passif et actif pour déterminer les paramètres les plus influents. Ensuite, afin d’optimiser le modèle NHTM, un algorithme génétique a été utilisé pour déterminer le vecteur des paramètres qui correspond à la population des expérimentations de Munir et al. Les résultats ainsi obtenus ont été comparés aux modèles développés par différents auteurs et ont montré que le modèle NHTM est le plus performant dans la très grande majorité des cas. Le modèle NHTM a été couplé au modèle de Zhang pour pouvoir calculer la sensation et le confort thermique. Le modèle de Zhang a été choisi pour sa capacité à calculer les sensations et les niveaux de confort thermique locaux qui correspondent aux segments du corps humain dans des environnements hétérogènes. Il est aussi capable de calculer ces réponses lors des transitions thermiques. Ce modèle effectue le calcul grâce aux sorties du modèle NHTM à savoir les températures cutanées et de l’œsophage
In this thesis, we have developed a new thermoregulation model of the human body based on neurophysiology called Neuro Human Thermal Model (NHTM). It is dedicated to predict physiological variables in asymmetric transient environments. In addition, it is coupled with Zhang’s thermal comfort model to predict the sensation and the thermal comfort of the occupants in indoor spaces.The passive system of the NHTM model is based on that of the Wissler model. This passive system is coupled to an active system based on the signals of thermoreceptors. The passive system is segmented into 21 cylinders which represent the segments of the human body. Each element is divided into 21 layers, in which 15 for tissues and 6 for clothing. Then, each layer is divided into 12 angular sectors. The NHTM model simulates the heat production by metabolism, heat transfer by conduction within the tissues and heat exchange by convection and radiation between the body and the surrounding. The active system simulates physiological mechanisms thanks to signals of central and peripheral thermoreceptors. These signals are calculated by the model of Mekjavic and Morrisson who also developed the shivering model. The skin blood flow is calculated by the Kingma model. We could not develop a sweating model based on the signals of thermoreceptors since experimental data are not available. A comparison was made between the sweating model of Wissler and that of Fiala et al. and the last one was chosen.The NHTM model is able to simulate several types of population. This was done by a sensitivity analysis carried out, using the Morris method, on the parameters of the passive and active systems to find the most influential parameters. Then, an optimization of the NHTM model was done to determine the vector of the parameters which corresponds to the subjects of the experiments of Munir et al. using a genetic algorithm. The obtained results were compared to the models developed by several authors and showed that the NHTM model is the most efficient in most cases.The NHTM model has been coupled to the Zhang model to assess the sensation and thermal comfort. Zhang's model was chosen for its ability to assess local sensations and thermal comfort levels in non-uniform transient environments. Zhang’s model performs the calculation using the NHTM model outputs, namely the skin and esophagus temperatures

In this thesis, there is processed design of test procedure for innovative HVAC system. This design was created in consecutive phases with use of thermal manikin Newton and climate chamber. Correlation between data from thermal manikin and tests subjects and possible design changes were evaluated after each phase. There are mentioned basics of human thermoregulation, factors which affect thermal comfort and ways in which is possible to measure and rate it with use of thermal comfort scales and comfort zones diagram. The thesis includes survey for testing thermal comfort and scales which are used to complete it. In the end, we mentioned some results alongside with our approach in evaluation of correlation between thermal manikin and test. There is also final design of test procedure for innovative HVAC system which would be used for its calibration and final functionality testing.

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Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
Thermal comfort is specifically related to thermal behavior in response to both indoor and outdoor air temperature. Human thermal acceptability to climate changes and its effects depend on several aspects. It relies not only on local climatic conditions, but also on personal traits which can interfere seriously with thermal preferences as well as with someone s mental and physical performance. The combination of these factors determines the human thermal acceptability and the satisfaction degree in relation to a specific environment. The more those conditions vary, the higher the percentage of dissatisfied people with an environment is, due to personal requirements of each person. Thus, meeting those expectations of thermal comfort, considering people s needs and limitations, has been an important subject of studies in this field highlighting its importance when planning, designing, and constructing a building. Therefore, human thermal preferences and thermal sensations to hot and cold environments are essential information to various activity sectors because comfort and human performances depend directly on environmental thermal conditions. Since architecture, mainly buildings, is intended for humans, it can be said that it should satisfy its occupants, regarding local climate conditions. In order to have this, it s necessary to determine the comfort temperatures in which people develop better their work activities, optimizing their mental, physical, and intellectual well being. This research consists of a theoretical analytical study of the international large database, compiled by ASHRAE (1997), combining climate conditions with human thermal preferences and sensations. The methodology used by Richard De Dear (1997) in the RP-884 ASHRAE s project was the probit procedure using SAS software, release 8 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA, 1999) to the optimum temperatures obtained, and linear regression to the acceptable comfort limits of the population studied. The comfort limits obtained demonstrate the ratio between occupants comfort temperature and the outdoor temperature, featuring fluctuations of 80% to 90% of thermal acceptability in well-ventilated buildings. The aim of this study is to interpret the method adopted by Richard De Dear (1997) and apply it to the data resulting from the large ASHRAE (2004) Database to understand how the comfort temperatures (optimum temperatures) and the thermal acceptability were obtained for a group of people under predetermined indoor thermal conditions in well- ventilated buildings. The Probit analysis indicates the optimum temperature is 25ºC approximated, exactly 0,5 probability responses, that is, 50% interviewees. In the face the obtained results, it s succeeded the Probit analysis applicability has a great efficacy method to binary variable probability study and determination, which points out two interesting situations to research
O termo conforto térmico abrange muitos fatores do comportamento térmico subjetivo na relação com o clima interno e externo. A aceitabilidade térmica do homem aos efeitos do clima depende de vários aspectos, não só das condições climáticas do local, mas também de fatores pessoais que podem interferir significativamente nas suas preferências térmicas, bem como no rendimento físico e mental do seu organismo. A interação destes dois grupos de fatores determina o grau de satisfação e aceitabilidade térmica do homem em relação a um determinado ambiente. Quanto maior a variação destas condições, maior será a porcentagem de insatisfeitos em um ambiente, devido às exigências pessoais de cada indivíduo. Assim, atender as expectativas do homem em relação ao conforto térmico, considerando suas necessidades e limitações, tem sido um dos focos de estudos nesta área, que destaca a importância do tema no planejamento, projeto e execução de edificações. As sensações e preferências térmicas humanas em relação ao calor e ao frio, portanto, constituem informação indispensável para inúmeros setores de atividades, pois o conforto e o desempenho humano dependem diretamente das condições térmicas dos ambientes. Sendo a arquitetura, em particular o edifício, feito para o homem, conclui-se que este deve atender satisfatoriamente ao usuário, dentro das condições climáticas locais. Para isto, é necessário conhecer as temperaturas de conforto sob as quais o homem melhor desenvolve suas atividades de trabalho, otimizando seu bem-estar físico, intelectual e mental. Esta pesquisa consiste em um estudo teórico analítico da ampla base internacional de dados, compilada pela ASHRAE (1997), relacionando condições climáticas do ar e sensações e preferências térmicas humanas. A metodologia utilizada por Richard De Dear (1997) no projeto ASHRAE RP-884 foi o procedimento probit no software SAS, versão 8 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA, 1999) para as temperaturas preferidas obtidas, e de regressão linear para os limites de conforto aceitáveis pela população avaliada. Estes limites de conforto resultantes expressam a relação entre temperatura de conforto do usuário e temperatura externa do ar, apresentando variações de 80% e 90% de aceitabilidade térmica, em edifícios naturalmente ventilados. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é interpretar o método adotado por De Dear (1997) e aplicá-lo nos dados obtidos da ampla Base de Dados da ASHRAE (2004), como fim de entender como foram obtidas as temperaturas de conforto (temperaturas preferidas) e a aceitabilidade térmica de pessoas submetidas a determinadas condições térmicas internas, em ambientes naturalmente ventilados. Os resultados da análise Probit mostram que a temperatura preferida é aproximadamente 25ºC, a exatamente 0,5 de probabilidade de respostas, ou seja, 50% dos entrevistados. Diante dos resultados obtidos, verificou-se a aplicabilidade da análise Probit, como um método de grande eficácia para o estudo e a determinação de probabilidades de variáveis binárias, as quais apontam duas situações de interesse para a pesquisa

Spaces with high occupancy density like classrooms are challenging to ventilate and use a lot of energy to maintain comfort. Usually, a compromise is made between low energy use and good Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ), of which poor IEQ has consequences for occupants’ health, productivity and comfort. Alternative strategies that incorporate elevated air speeds can reduce cooling energy demand and provide occupant’s comfort and productivity at higher operative temperatures. A ventilation strategy, Intermittent Air Jet Strategy (IAJS), which optimizes controlled intermittent airflow and creates non-uniform airflow and non-isothermal conditions, critical for sedentary operations at elevated temperatures, is proposed herein. The primary aim of the work was to investigate the potential of IAJS as a ventilation system in high occupancy spaces. Ventilation parameters such as air distribution, thermal comfort and indoor air quality are evaluated and the system is compared with a traditional system, specifically, mixing ventilation (MV). A 3-part research process was used: (1) Technical (objective) evaluation of IAJS in-comparison to MV and displacement ventilation (DV) systems. (2) An occupant response study to IAJS. (3) Estimation of the cooling effect under IAJS and its implications on energy use. All studies were conducted in controlled chambers. The results show that while MV and DV creates steady airflow conditions, IAJS has  cyclic airflow profiles which results in a sinusoidal temperature profile around occupants. Air distribution capability of IAJS is similar to MV, both having a generic local air quality index in the occupied zone. On the other hand, the systems overall air change rate was higher than a MV. Thermal comfort results suggest that IAJS generates comfortable thermal climate at higher operative temperatures compared to MV. Occupant responses to IAJS show an improved thermal sensation, air quality perception and acceptability of indoor environment at higher temperatures as compared to MV. A comparative study to estimate the cooling effect of IAJS shows that upper HVAC setpoint can be increased from 2.3 – 4.5 oC for a neutral thermal sensation compared to a MV. This implies a substantial energy saving potential on the ventilation system. In general, IAJS showed a potential for use as a ventilation system in classrooms while promising energy savings.
Lokaler där många människor vistas, som t.ex. klassrum, är ofta svåra att ventilera. Att upprätthålla en bra termisk komfort kräver en hög energianvändning. Vanligtvis blir det en kompromiss mellan låg energianvändning och bra kvalitet på inomhusmiljön (IEQ). Dålig IEQ får konsekvenser för människors hälsa, produktivitet och komfort. Alternativa ventilationsstrategier, som använder förhöjda lufthastigheter, kan minska kylbehovet och därmed energianvändningen. I denna avhandling utvärderas en ny ventilationsstrategi, Intermittenta luftstrålar (IAJS), där korta perioder med hög lufthastighet genererar en svalkande effekt, när rummets temperatur upplevs som för hög. Det primära syftet med arbetet var att undersöka potentialen hos IAJS som ett ventilationssystem för klassrum, där den termiska lasten ofta är hög. Strategin jämförs mot traditionella ventilationsprinciper som omblandande ventilation (MV) och deplacerande ventilation (DV). Parametrar som luftdistributionsindex, termisk komfort, luftkvalitet och energibesparing har utvärderats. Alla studier utfördes i klimatkammare. Resultaten visar att medan MV och DV skapar konstanta luftflödesförhållanden genererar IAJS cykliska hastighetsprofiler samt en sinusformad temperaturvariation i vistelsezonen. IAJS klarar att bibehålla ett bra termiskt klimat vid högre operativa temperaturer jämfört med MV. I en jämförelse med ett traditionellt HVAC-system visar beräkningar  att dess börvärde kan höjas från 2.3 till 4.5 °C med bibehållen termisk komfort. Detta indikerar en avsevärd energibesparingspotential vid användande av IAJS.

Ľudia žijúci vo vyspelých krajinách trávia väčšinu svojho života vo vnútorných prostrediach budov alebo dopravných prostriedkov. Z tohto dôvodu, záujem o výskum kvality vnútorných prostredím rastie, pričom hlavný dôraz je kladený na oblasti výskumu ľudského zdravia, produktivity a komfortu. Jedným z faktorov ovplyvňujúci kvalitu prostredí je ich tepelný aspekt, ktorý je najčastejšie popísaný teplotou vzduchu, radiačnou teplotou, vlhkosťou vzduchu a rýchlosťou prúdenia vzdu-chu. Zatiaľ čo tieto parametre je možné riadiť systémom pre vykurovanie, vetranie a klimatizáciu nezávisle na počasí, takéto zariadenia sa podieľajú na vysokej spotrebe energie a značnej uhlíkovej stope. V prostediach kabín áut a dopravných prostriedkov je riadenie parametrov tepelného prostredia komplikované z dôvodu ich asymetrickej a časovo premenlivej povahy. Táto situácia je obzvlášť kritická vo vozidlách na elektrický pohon s vlastnou batériou, kde je energia na úpravu vnútornej mikroklímy čerpaná na úkor dojazdu vozidla. Pre uvedené dôvody sa hľadajú nové, en-ergeticky účinnejšie spôsoby pre úpravu tepelných prostredí a zabezpečenia tepelného komfortu. Jedným z potenciálnych riešení sú zariadenia dodávajúce človeku teplo alebo chlad lokálne, ako napríklad vyhrievané a vetrané sedadlá a sálavé panely. Vzhľadom na to, že experimentálny výskum vnútorných prostredí je náročný s ohľadom na čas a potrebné vybavenie, trendy výskumu vplyvov takýchto zariadení na človeka smerujú k optimalizačným úlohám vo virtuálnych prostrediach pomocou modelov ľudksej termofyziológie a tepelného pocitu/komfortu. Avšak pre spoľahlivé výsledky modelovania sú potrebné presné vstupné parametre definujúce prostredie, odev, vplyv povrchov v kontakte s človekom (napríklad sedadlá) a pôsobenie systémov na lokálnu úpravu mikroklímy. Cieľom tejto dizertačnej práce je vytvorenie metodológie na hodnotenie tepelných prostredí v kabínach automobilov s ohľadom na pozíciu v sede a využitím technológii na lokálnu úpravu tepelných prostredí. Jedným z požiadavkov na takúto metodológiu je jej aplikovateľnosť vo virtuálnych ale aj reálnych prostrediach. V prípade hodnotenia reálnych prostredí, cieľom je vytvorenie demonštrátora, ktorý by bol využiteľný ako spätná väzba pre riadenie systémov pre úpravu mikroklímy na základe požadovaného tepeleného pocitu. Validita uvedenej metodológie bola demonštrovaná v typických podmienkach kabín automobilov (5–41 °C) a poznatky z tejto práce sú prenesiteľné do širokého spektra inžinierkych aplikácii. V oblasti osobnej dopravy a pracovných prostredí s vyššou tepelnou záťažou je táto metóda užitočná pre identifikáciu možných zdrojov diskomfortu. Navyše je táto metóda vhodná i pre rýchlo rastúci segment elektrických vozidiel, kde je možné sledovať tok energie potrebnej na dosiahnutie určitej úrovne komfortu a riešenie optimalizačných úloh za účelom úspory energie a predĺženie dojazdu. Obdobné aplikácie možno nájsť i v budovách a prostrediach s podobnými charakteristikami.

A percepção consciente e inconsciente do indivíduo tem um peso determinante no conforto do usuário em relação ao ambiente construído. Quando se diz respeito à percepção humana, estudos mostram que 75% daquilo que o indivíduo percebe, referem-se ao sistema visual, 20% relaciona-se a percepção sonora e somente 5% provém dos outros sentidos, como tato e olfato. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar como as variações das características do ambiente construído, associadas à visão e a audição, influenciam a percepção do indivíduo, traduzidas em sentimentos negativos ou positivos. Dessa maneira, será possível avaliar como as características percebidas do ambiente construído podem influenciar os usuários em relação ao ambiente. Ao perceber um ambiente, cada indivíduo o faz de maneira distinta. A pesquisa visa à identificação de como a percepção do usuário influencia a maneira de observar e sentir o ambiente e de que forma esses aspectos impactam nas características do projeto. Através da identificação de algumas características de projeto e de alguns sons relacionados com os ambientes construídos, foi elaborado um experimento composto por um questionário, contendo nove imagens e quatro sons que abrangem essas características. O questionário foi aplicado em estudantes dos cursos de Engenharia Civil e Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, nos meses de novembro e dezembro de 2014. Com a aplicação do experimento, associando as imagens e os sons, com afetos positivos e negativos da escala PANAS (Escala de Afeto Positivo e Negativo), concluiu-se que, a percepção do indivíduo em determinadas características do ambiente, proporcionam um aumento de sentimentos ligados aos afetos positivos e em outros casos, aos afetos negativos. Sendo que a variação observada foi em relação a intensidade de sentimentos de afeto negativo. Foi analisado ainda a percepção em relação aos sentimentos e as características de projeto, em relação à orientação profissional e em relação ao gênero. Através dessa pesquisa, pôde-se perceber que o uso de maior incidência de iluminação natural, a utilização de pé-direito alto, a utilização de cor “fria” são características, que para a maioria dos entrevistados, trouxeram maior conforto e sentimentos relacionados aos afetos positivos, quando comparadas às outras características.
The conscious and unconscious perception of the individual has a significant influence on the user's satisfaction with the built environment. When it comes to human perception, studies show that 75% of what the individual perceives refer to the visual system, 20% is related to sound perception and only 5% come from other senses such as touch and smell. In this sense, the objective of this work is to show how variations in built environment characteristics, associated with sight and hearing, influence the individual's perception, translated into positive or negative feelings. In this way, it will be possible to assess how the perceived characteristics of the built environment can influence users towards the environment. When perceiving an environment, each individual makes it in a distinct way. The research aims to identify how the user perception influences the way to observe and feel the environment and how these aspects impact the design features. By identifying some design features and some sounds related to the built environment, a composed experiment with a questionnaire was elaborated, contending nine images and four sounds that enclose these characteristics. The questionnaire was applied in students of the courses of Civil Engineering and Architecture and Urbanism of the Federal Technological University of the Paraná, in the months of November and December of 2014. With the application of the experiment, by associating the images and the sounds, with positive and negative affection of the PANAS Scale (Scale of Positive and Negative Affection), it was concluded that the individual's perception in certain environmental characteristics, provide increased feelings connected to the positive affects and in other cases, the negative affects. It was also analyzed the perception of the feelings and design features in relation to vocational guidance and in relation to gender. Through thisresearch, , it could be perceived which features have more impact on positive and negative feelings and which guarantee and provide comfort to the users of built environments.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
車輛工程系所
100
This thesis investigates the air conditioning system and manikin temperature distribution in the cabin of a new generation of a two-seat electric car as well as manikin comfort through PMV and PPD analyses. The cabin model used was based on an electric car developed in our department. This work studied the effect of roof ventilation system and air-conditioning sytem on the temperature rise and passengers comfort when the cabin is continuously exposed to the sun. This study combined the cabin geometric factor and the air-conditioning system to simulate the temperature and flow fields in the cabin and to analyze the manikins comfort using PMV and PPD analyses. Different from other numerical studies related to the air-conditioning of cabin, this thesis takes into account the solar radiation and manikin model with an additional ventilation system. The manikin model could be divided into five parts including the head, the body, the hip, the hands, and the legs. Present numerical approach applied the k-ε turbulence model and DTRM radiation model. The manikins were assumed to have two different rates of metabolism and various clothings. Then, the PMV and PPD analyses were performed to determine the thermal comfort. Based on current numerical results, the cabin roof ventilation system is capable of effectively cooling down the cabin temperature warmed by solar radiation. The cabin temperature depends on the time the cabin exposed to solar radiation and the orientation of the car. If the car is facing north, the driver’s hands and legs as well as the right side of the front passenger body will be exposed to the intense solar radiation. Results also show that the exchange of cabin air with its ambient through the ventilation system is still difficult to reduce the thermal energy the persons generate at high rate of metabolism and therefore the surface temperature of the manikins continue to rise. According to the PMV analysis, manikins with short clothes and low metabolism rates enter the cabin, which has been exposed to the sun for an hour, would feel comfortable after activating the air-conditioning system for 30 seconds. If the manikins wear heavy clothes or engage in high metabolic activities, the PMV index may deviate from the range between ±0.5 leading to an increase in PPD index and double the time it takes for the manikins to achieve comfort level. The recirculation of cabin air through a vent at the cabin roof was also been investigated. Though this scheme was unable to reduce PPD index effectively, it could make the PPD indeces at different parts of the manikin more uniform and hence reduce the feeling of discomfort.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
設計研究所
96
The road race bicycle riders always keep the cycling postures as to lower extremities and to lower the back, the neck and upper extremities for reducing wind speed, but the postures also reduce the comfort of the body. In order to solve the problem, the handlebar for the road race bicycle can control the directions and changes the hole to make different postures for reducing uncomfortable, but this method can not reduce the pain in the palms. Therefore, the main purpose is to add the comfortableness to the road race bicycle handlebar. First, adopting analysis of extract on the form feature as the main factors that will cause influences on the orientation recognition, and proceed with the experiment of handlebar’s curve for the result that whether or not the curve effect the comfortableness of the handlebar. Continuing with the comfort experiment of the handlebar area for understanding the palm’s area of pressure and touch, and gather the details of subjective evaluation. Based on the result of the analysis of the experiment, we would be able to estimate the most appropriate size, and with 3D drafting and “Coordinates the Rapid Prototyping” technology for designing new handlebar, and fulfill the final experiment that is used to evaluate the new handlebar’s comfort. Taking the example from one of the results, with the added width and with the camber of human factors fitting in the new handlebar design, and made the areas of touch increased conspicuously, the areas of pressure were reduced. As we compare the old handlebar C with the new handlebar F’s, taking the first experimental position as the example (the upper part of the handlebar which closer to the center of the handlebar). The results showed the palm’s area of touch have 5 negative and 13 positive responses that means handlebar F’s is bigger than C’s, and the palm’s area of pain have the range between 16 negative and 2 positive responses that means handlebar F’s is apparently smaller than C’s. After the combined evaluations, the new handlebar was perceived to be better in comfortableness.

碩士
國立嘉義大學
數位學習設計與管理學系研究所
106
There are two purposes in this research. The aim is to evaluate the simulation results of a self-develop d virtual reality high altitude experience game - Survival of Desperate Adventure. And explore the emotional history and learning comfort zone among the game for middle-aged. Researcher collect participants’ information through emotional image, physiological signal tool, learning comfort zone questionnaire, task experience questionnaire, game satisfaction questionnaire, interview. And then analysis the difference between pre-test, post -test and delays measured to understand the change of emotional history and learning comfort zone for middle-aged. The result show that virtual reality high altitude experience game have a certain degree of stimulate effective and provide more interactive. Furthermore, the experience and reflection of virtual reality high altitude experience game helps to improve the motivation and decrease the stress of jump out the learning comfort zone for middle-aged.

« La grande majorité des accidents demeure liée aux comportements dangereux des usagers de la route ». Cet énoncé, lapidaire, fait aujourd’hui figure d’évidence au sein de la communauté des intervenants en sécurité routière. Il repose pourtant sur des prémisses discutables. Le problème le plus fondamental réside dans le fait que la recherche des dernières décennies s’est presque toute entière vouée à l’analyse des seuls aspects défaillants de la conduite (l’accident, les infractions, les erreurs et les fautes de conduite, les conducteurs à risque ou dysfonctionnels, les attitudes et traits de caractère incitant à la conduite dangereuse, etc.). Ce faisant, on a fini par oublier qu’il nous restait encore beaucoup de choses à apprendre sur le fonctionnement usuel de la conduite automobile. Comment, en effet, peut-on escompter élucider tous les rouages de la dynamique accidentelle sans avoir au préalable cerné, et bien compris, les mécanismes de la conduite « ordinaire » ? Comment peut-on parvenir à approfondir notre compréhension des comportements de conduite si l’on fait totalement abstraction de toutes les activités courantes, « normales », auxquelles se livrent les conducteurs lorsqu’ils sont au volant de leur véhicule ? C’est dans la perspective de mieux comprendre les comportements de conduite, dans leur complexité et dans leur diversité, que la présente thèse a été réalisée. Y a plus spécifiquement été examinée la question des habitudes en raison de leur prédominance dans l’activité de la conduite, mais également en raison de leur résistance, des obstacles bien concrets qu’elles sont susceptibles d’opposer à tous ceux qui tentent de modifier les comportements individuels de conduite. Des entrevues en profondeur, menées auprès de trente conducteurs et conductrices âgé(e)s de 17 à 54 ans, devaient permettre de répondre, entre autres, aux questions suivantes : De quoi sont constituées les différentes habitudes en matière de conduite automobile ? Quelle place occupent-elles dans la conduite des individus ? En quoi constituent-elles un frein au changement, à la modification des pratiques adoptées ? Quelles sont les dimensions qui participent à leur installation ? Les résultats de l’analyse ont permis de jeter les bases d’un modèle des comportements de conduite où les sensations corporelles se voient conférer un rôle des plus centraux, et où l’habitude – bien davantage caractérisée par la notion de confort que par celles d’automatisme ou de répétition – concourt non seulement à la pérennité, mais également à la régulation des conduites adoptées sur la route.
“The vast majority of accidents remain related to the dangerous behaviors of road users”. This straightforward statement is now accepted as a truism by the road safety community, although it is based on questionable premises. The most basic problem is that the research done during last decades was almost completely focused on analyzing solely the failing aspects of driving – accidents, traffic offences, driving errors and mistakes, high-risk and dysfunctional drivers, attitudes and psychological traits that may lead to dangerous driving, etc. In so doing, we came to forget that we still have plenty to learn about the art of ordinary driving. How can we expect to address the entire process of road accidents without first having identified, and clearly understood, the mechanisms of “regular” driving? How can we deepen our understanding of driving behaviors if we are completely ignoring all the usual, “normal” activities people do as they are driving their vehicles? This thesis was realized with the view to better understanding the driving behaviors, taking into account their diversity and richness. The study more specifically looked into the issue of habits, as they are a significant aspect of driving behaviors, but also as they are resilient, in that they pose real barriers to all those who are trying to change individual driving behaviors. In-depth interviews with 30 drivers, male and female, aged between 17 and 54, were meant to answer the following questions, among others: What are the different driving habits made of? To what extent do they direct driving behaviors? How do they hamper the change or modification of adopted practices? What are the factors that lead them to set in? The results of the analysis laid the foundations of a driving behaviors model in which body sensations take a central role, and the habit – which is more related to the idea of comfort than to ideas of automatism or repetition – contributes not only to the sustainability, but also to the regulation of the various behaviors adopted on the roads.

The purpose of this study is to develop an improved human radiation exchange model for use by planners and researchers. Although applicable for all environments, emphasis will be on urban areas. All processes of radiation exchange between the human body surface and surrounding environments were investigated through human body area factors (effective radiation area factor, feff, and projected area factor, fp), existing human thermal exchange models and three-dimensional (3D) computer simulation models with collected microclimatic data. For new body area factors, a sample of standing contemporary Canadian adults in normal-weight (male: 31 persons, female: 40) and over-weight (male: 48, female: 20) body mass index (BMI) categories were analyzed. A 3D mean body model was created for each category. Only very small differences in feff and fp were found between genders and BMI categories. Differences in feff and fp values between this study and previous studies were very large, up to 0.101 and 0.173, respectively. Another common body posture, walking, was also studied for the normal-weight male and female BMI categories. 3D computer walking body models at four stride positions were created. The directionless fp values for walking posture had minor differences between genders and positions in a stride. However, the differences of mean directional fp values between azimuth angles were great enough (up to 0.072) to create important differences in modeled radiation receipt. When both standing and walking postures are considered, the mean feff value of standing (0.826) and walking (0.846), 0.836, could be used. However, fp values should be selected carefully because differences between directional and directionless fp values were large enough that they could influence the estimated level of human thermal sensation. A new human radiation exchange model was developed using the new body area factors and compared with five existing models and one method (Burt, COMFA, MENEX, OUT_SET* and RayMan models and the six-directional method) using collected microclimatic data observed in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Most differences between models came from absorbed solar radiation, especially absorbed direct beam solar radiation because of differences in fp* (=fp×feff) and feff or some missing components (feff or view factors). The lowest differences between the new model and the RayMan model alter the net all-wave radiation estimate up to 29 Wm-2, which can be significant in the human thermal exchange model. For 3D computer estimation, a new human-urban radiation exchange simulation model was developed combining the new human radiation exchange model and improved urban area factors (i.e., albedos and view factors of sunny and shaded building, ground and vegetation surfaces). The results of the new computer model were compared with microclimatic data collected in Nanaimo, B.C., Canada and Changwon, Republic of Korea as well as with two other 3D computer simulation programs, RayMan Pro and ENVI-met 3.1. The differences between the collected data and the new model were very small. Their correlation was very strong, over 0.99 for total radiation. RayMan Pro and ENVI-met 3.1 programs had larger differences, and their correlations with measured data were weaker than the new model’s. Accurate meteorological and urban setting data should be obtained for better results. The new model will give planners and researchers a simple tool to estimate accurate radiation effects in complex urban areas.
Graduate