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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Competing populations"

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César Fassoni, Artur, e Denis Carvalho Braga. "Resilience Analysis for Competing Populations". Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 81, n. 10 (30 agosto 2019): 3864–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11538-019-00660-7.

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Quer, Josep, Christine L. Hershey, Esteban Domingo, John J. Holland e Isabel S. Novella. "Contingent Neutrality in Competing Viral Populations". Journal of Virology 75, n. 16 (15 agosto 2001): 7315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.16.7315-7320.2001.

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ABSTRACT The replicative fitness of a genetically marked (MARM-C) population of vesicular stomatitis virus was examined in competition assays in BHK-21 cells. In standard fitness assays involving up to eight competition passages of the mixed populations, MARM-C competes equally with the wild type (wt), but very prolonged competitions always led to the wt gaining dominance over MARM-C in a very slowed, nonlinear manner (J. Quer et al., J. Mol. Biol. 264:465–471, 1996). In the present study we show that a number of quite unrelated environmental perturbations, which decreased virus replication during competitions, all led to an accelerated dominance of the wt over MARM-C. These perturbations were (i) the presence of added (or endogenously generated) defective interfering particles, (ii) the presence of the chemical mutagen 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), or (iii) an increase in temperature to 40.5°C. Thus, the “neutral fitness” of the MARM-C population is contingent. We have determined the entire genomic consensus sequence of MARM-C and have identified only six mutations. Clearly, some or all of these mutations allowed the MARM-C quasispecies population to compete equally with wt in a defined constant host environment, but the period of neutrality was shortened when the environment was perturbed during competitions. Interestingly, when four passages of each population were carried out independently in the presence of 5-FU (but in the absence of competition), no significant differences were detected in the fitness changes of wt and MARM-C, nor was there a difference in their subsequent abilities to compete with each other in a standard fitness assay. We propose a model for this contingent neutrality. The conditions employed to generate the MARM-C quasispecies population selected a small number of mutations in the consensus sequence. It appears that the MARM-C quasispecies population has moved into a segment of sequence space in which the average fitness value is neutral but, under environmental stress, beneficial mutations cannot be generated rapidly enough to compete with those being generated concurrently by competing wt virus quasispecies populations.
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Scheuring, István, György Károlyi, Zoltán Toroczkai, Tamás Tél e Áron Péntek. "Competing populations in flows with chaotic mixing". Theoretical Population Biology 63, n. 2 (marzo 2003): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-5809(02)00035-7.

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Cushing, J. M., Shandelle M. Henson e Lih-Ing Roeger. "Coexistence of competing juvenile–adult structured populations". Journal of Biological Dynamics 1, n. 2 (aprile 2007): 201–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17513750701201372.

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Vázquez, Alexei. "Self-organization in populations of competing agents". Physical Review E 62, n. 4 (1 ottobre 2000): R4497—R4500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.62.r4497.

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Charret, I. C., J. N. C. Louzada e A. T. Costa. "Individual-based model for coevolving competing populations". Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 385, n. 1 (novembre 2007): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2007.06.013.

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SACHS, T., A. NOVOPLANSKY e D. COHEN. "Plants as competing populations of redundant organs". Plant, Cell and Environment 16, n. 7 (settembre 1993): 765–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1993.tb00498.x.

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Boudjellaba, Hafida, e Tewfik Sari. "Stability Loss Delay in Harvesting Competing Populations". Journal of Differential Equations 152, n. 2 (marzo 1999): 394–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jdeq.1998.3533.

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Papadopoulou, Elena, Evelina Leivada e Natalia Pavlou. "Acceptability judgments in bilectal populations". Linguistic Variation 14, n. 1 (25 novembre 2014): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.14.1.05pap.

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This paper investigates the gradient nature of acceptability judgements and grammatical variants in the bilectal population of Cyprus, by comparatively discussing the findings of two recent experiments on (i) exhaustivity effects in Cypriot Greek clefts and embu ‘it is that’-structures (Leivada et al. 2013) and (ii) clitic placement and how it is affected by lexical and syntactic stimulation (Papadopoulou et al. 2014). The analysis lays emphasis on the intra-dialectal variation observed across speakers’ performance in both experiments. Variation is discussed in relation to socio-syntactic aspects of language use, such as (i) the existence of competing grammars (Tsiplakou 2007, in press) and competing motivations (Grohmann & Leivada 2012, to appear) in bilectal environments such as the one in Cyprus, (ii) the notion of gradience existent within a dialect–standard continuum (e.g. Cornips 2006 for Dutch, Leivada et al. 2013 for Greek), and (iii) syntactic/semantic factors that inform our participants’ performance. Keywords: acceptability judgments; clefts; clitics; Cypriot Greek; gradience; embu; exhaustivity; competing grammars
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B., Sivaprakash. "Stability Analysis for Coexistence of Competing Microbial Populations in a Chemostat following Andrew's Growth Model". Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 24, n. 4 (31 marzo 2020): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v12i4/20201440.

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Tesi sul tema "Competing populations"

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Cube, Maja von [Verfasser], e Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Schumacher. "The population-attributable fraction for time-dependent exposures and competing risks". Freiburg : Universität, 2019. http://d-nb.info/119056095X/34.

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Danielsson, Brita. "Påverkas mosippa (Pulsatilla vernalis) negativt av igenväxning?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-93189.

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Pulsatilla vernalis is one of several endangered plant species that benefit from wildfires and small scale disturbance events that repel competing vegetation and create open patches in the vegetation cover. Previous studies argue that Pulsatilla vernalis is decreasing in numbers due to vegetation changes associated with the decrease in wildfires, forest grazing and changes in forest management. In this study, 17 populations of P. vernalis were inventoried in order to examine if soil and/or vegetation structures affect the population structure of P. vernalis (i.e. population size, presence of flowering individuals, density of juveniles) and if performed conservation attempts in the populations have been positive for P. vernalis. This was done by counting the number of vegetative, flowering and juvenile individuals and examining soil and vegetation structure in the populations. The population sizes were then compared with estimates of population sizes from earlier inventories of P. vernalis at the same localities. The study also presents specific recommendations for an improved conservation management of P. vernalis. The results of this study show that mechanical conservation management had a positive effect on the population size and that open areas in the vegetation cover provided better conditions for viable populations of P. vernalis. To prevent the trend of decreasing population sizes of P. vernalis, conservation measures must be carried out to repel competing vegetation and to restore or maintain open patches in existing populations.
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Lim, Sze-Wah. "Competing population : effects of diverse preferences and a finite-size scaling theory of dynamical transitions /". View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?PHYS%202006%20LIM.

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Landa, Silvia Anastasia. "Optimizing Sustainable Integrated Use of Groundwater, Surface Water and Reclaimed Water for the Competing Demands of Agricultural Net Return and Urban Population". DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5026.

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Rapid population growth increases the competing water demand for agriculture and municipalities. This situation urges the necessity of using integrated water management to increase water supply and find possible symbiotic urban-agriculture relationships. Many studies have been done to simulate the integrated use of surface water, groundwater and reclaimed water for different water users. However, few studies use simulation/optimization (S-O) models for water resources to explicitly represent detailed interactions between the different resources as well as the relationship between users and resources. This research study uses an S-O model to show the symbiotic relationship between urban and agricultural water use. This model fully links the nonlinear flows of groundwater from multiple aquifer layers, surface waters, reclaimed water, and delayed returns of non-consumed water for municipal and agricultural uses. Using specific aquifer and stream properties, and related assumptions, the optimization result shows there is a symbiotic relationship between urban and agricultural water use. The unconsumed water returns to the hydrologic system, for both surface water and groundwater increase agricultural net return by 8.6 %, and urban population by 0.4%. This particular problem uses ModelMuse to create simulation input files, and SOMOS-Map to create the optimization input files to run the simulation/optimization problem in SOMOS. In addition to presenting an S-O model, we also provide practical information on how to create the model. The results of the study and the explanation on how to apply the method may be helpful information for engineers and water managers.
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Lee, David Jung-Hwi. "Optimal Regional Allocation of Population and Employment: Application of a Spatial Interaction Commuting Model". The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1276787325.

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Mischka, Andrea L. "Addressing disproportionality in the schools : perceived culturally competent practices at a middle school with an ethnically diverse population". Connect to online version, 2009. http://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/45130.

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Kreinbring, Heather Hyatt. "The challenges of changing demographics in a midwestern school district: administrative interventions and teachers' responses". Diss., University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/533.

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America's school-age population is experiencing a demographic shift. In 1972, students of color represented 22% of the school-age population; in 2005, minority students accounted for 33% of public school enrollment (Statistics, 2007 Villegas, 2002). This study sought to explore how these changing demographics affected University Town Community Schools, the district's interventions, and teachers' perceptions to those interventions. This study also explored teachers' feelings of efficacy when teaching minority students. Using a qualitative study among third-, fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade elementary school teachers, a random sample of 9 teachers from schools comprising a minority population of at least 40% were interviewed. Data analysis involved the use of themes that emerged from the interview data, observations, and quotations from participants. The findings indicated that the district acted on a school-by-school basis, with no specific actions to target any one racial group. Meanwhile, teachers were inconsistent when discussing race, behavior, and learning. Teachers felt comfortable assigning behaviors based on race and culture, but were hesitant to assign learning strengths and weaknesses based on race or culture.
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Rouanet, Anais. "Study of dementia and cognitive decline accounting for selection by death". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0243/document.

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Ce travail a pour but de développer des outils statistiques pour l'étude du déclin cognitif général ou précédant le diagnostic de démence, à partir de données de cohorte en tenant compte du risque compétitif de décès et de la censure par intervalle. Le temps de démence est censuré par intervalle dans les études de cohortes car le diagnostic de démence ne peut être établi qu'à l'occasion des visites qui peuvent être espacées de plusieurs années. Ceci induit une sous-estimation du risque de démence à cause du risque compétitif de décès : les sujets déments sont à fort risque de mourir, et peuvent donc décéder avant la visite de diagnostic. Dans la première partie, nous proposons un modèle conjoint à classes latentes pour données longitudinales corrélées à un événement censuré par intervalle, en compétition avec le décès. Appliqué à la cohorte Paquid, ce modèle permet d'identifier des profils de déclin cognitif associés à des risques différents de démence et de décès. En utilisant cette méthodologie, nous comparons ensuite des modèles pronostiques dynamiques pour la démence, traitant la censure par intervalle, basés sur des mesures répétées de marqueurs cognitifs. Dans la seconde partie, nous conduisons une étude comparative afin de clarifier l'interprétation des estimateurs du maximum de vraisemblance des modèles mixtes et conjoints et estimateurs par équations d'estimation généralisées (GEE), couramment utilisés dans le contexte de données longitudinales incomplètes et tronquées par le décès. Les estimateurs de maximum de vraisemblance ciblent le changement individuel chez les individus vivants. Les estimateurs GEE avec matrice de corrélation de travail indépendante, pondérés par l'inverse de la probabilité d'être observé sachant que le sujet est vivant, ciblent la trajectoire moyennée sur la population des survivants à chaque âge. Ces résultats justifient l'utilisation des modèles conjoints dans l'étude de la démence, qui sont des outils prometteurs pour mieux comprendre l'histoire naturelle de la maladie
The purpose of this work is to develop statistical tools to study the general or the prediagnosis cognitive decline, while accounting for the selection by death and interval censoring. In cohort studies, the time-to-dementia-onset is interval-censored as the dementia status is assessed intermittently. This issue can lead to an under-estimation of the risk of dementia, due to the competing risk of death: subjects with dementia are at high risk to die and can thus die prior to the diagnosis visit. First, we propose a joint latent class illness-death model for longitudinal data correlated to an interval-censored time-to-event, competing with the time-to-death. This model is applied on the Paquid cohort to identify profiles of pre-dementia cognitive declines associated with different risks of dementia and death. Using this methodology, we compare dynamic prognostic models for dementia based on repeated measures of cognitive markers, accounting for interval censoring. Secondly, we conduct a simulation study to clarify the interpretation of maximum likelihood estimators of joint and mixed models as well as GEE estimators, frequently used to handle incomplete longitudinal data truncated by death. Maximum likelihood estimators target the individual change among the subjects currently alive. GEE estimators with independent working correlation matrix, weighted by the inverse probability to be observed given that the subject is alive, target the population-averaged change among the dynamic population of survivors. These results justify the use of joint models in dementia studies, which are promising statistical tools to better understand the natural history of dementia
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Hsiao, Chieh-Hua, e 蕭潔華. "Effect of Nonidealities of CSTR on the Fate of Competing Microbial Populations". Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23338079135983060929.

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碩士
淡江大學
化學工程學系
84
The fate of two microbial populations competing purely and simply for a common substrate in nonideal CSTRs, which are subject to time-invariant external influences, are examined. The nonideal reactor is modeled as two ideal CSTRs with interchange. The results for varying degrees of nonideality, i. e., different values of α and β, are presented in the form of operating diagrams in the D(dimensionless dilute rate)-zf (dimensionless feed substrate concentration) plane. It is found that up to four steady states may exist, but only one of them is stable, and that whenever it exists, the coexistence steady state isalways stable. For zf >1, the coexistence steady state exists in at least one, and at most three ranges of dilution rate. Effects of α and β on the domain of existence of the coexistence steady state are discussed.
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"Physics of networks and competing populations: networking effects in agent-based models". 2006. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5892817.

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Chan Hoi-Yeung = 網絡與競爭系統的物理 : 個體為本模型中的網絡效應 / 陳凱揚.
Thesis submitted in: September 2005.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-197).
Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chan Hoi-Yeung = Wang luo yu jing zheng xi tong de wu li : ge ti wei ben mo xing zhong de wang luo xiao ying / Chen Kaiyang.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgments --- p.v
Contents --- p.vii
Chapter 1 --- Overview --- p.1
Chapter I --- Networks --- p.3
Chapter 2 --- Networks in nature --- p.4
Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.4
Chapter 2.2 --- Terminology of the networks studies --- p.6
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Nodes --- p.6
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Links --- p.6
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Adjacency matrix --- p.9
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Connectivity --- p.10
Chapter 2.2.5 --- Clustering coefficient --- p.11
Chapter 2.2.6 --- Shortest path --- p.11
Chapter 2.2.7 --- Connectivity correlation --- p.12
Chapter 2.3 --- Topology in the real-world networks --- p.13
Chapter 2.3.1 --- The Internet --- p.13
Chapter 2.3.2 --- The WWW --- p.15
Chapter 2.3.3 --- Collaboration networks --- p.15
Chapter 2.3.4 --- Food webs --- p.16
Chapter 2.3.5 --- Power grids --- p.17
Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.17
Chapter 3 --- Review on Network Models --- p.19
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.19
Chapter 3.2 --- Graph Theory --- p.20
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Classical random graph --- p.20
Chapter 3.3 --- Evolving networks --- p.23
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Random growing network --- p.23
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Fitness growing network --- p.25
Chapter 3.3.3 --- Barabasi-Albert model --- p.27
Chapter 3.3.4 --- Fitness model --- p.31
Chapter 3.4 --- Lattice --- p.33
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Regular hypercubic lattices (Periodic) --- p.33
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Regular hypercubic lattices (Free boundary conditions) . --- p.35
Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion --- p.35
Chapter 4 --- Network Properties --- p.38
Chapter 4.1 --- More derivations on existing models --- p.38
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Classical random graphs --- p.38
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Barabasi-Albert model --- p.40
Chapter 4.1.3 --- Fitness Model --- p.42
Chapter 4.1.4 --- Regular hypercubic lattices (Periodic) --- p.45
Chapter 4.2 --- New model --- p.48
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Fitness-BA hybrid model --- p.48
Chapter 4.3 --- Link removal --- p.55
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Introduction --- p.55
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Formalism in connectivity --- p.55
Chapter 4.3.3 --- Pruned BA Model --- p.56
Chapter 4.4 --- Link addition --- p.58
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Introduction --- p.58
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Regular hypercubic lattices (Periodic) --- p.58
Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion --- p.60
Chapter II --- Games --- p.62
Chapter 5 --- Review on Agent-based models of competing population --- p.63
Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.63
Chapter 5.2 --- The El Farol Bar attendance problem --- p.65
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Model --- p.65
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Strategies --- p.66
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Discussion --- p.66
Chapter 5.3 --- Minority game --- p.67
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Model --- p.67
Chapter 5.3.2 --- Strategies --- p.68
Chapter 5.3.3 --- Attendance --- p.69
Chapter 5.3.4 --- History and quasi-Eulerian state --- p.69
Chapter 5.3.5 --- Success rate and Hamming distance --- p.71
Chapter 5.3.6 --- Volatility --- p.73
Chapter 5.3.7 --- Crowd-anticrowd theory --- p.75
Chapter 5.3.8 --- Discussion --- p.76
Chapter 6 --- B-A-R model : Dynamics --- p.78
Chapter 6.1 --- Model --- p.78
Chapter 6.2 --- Results: Plateaux and periodicity --- p.81
Chapter 6.3 --- A microscopic view: Agents' decisions and strategy performance --- p.86
Chapter 6.4 --- A macroscopic view: Bit-string patterns --- p.92
Chapter 6.4.1 --- The history space --- p.92
Chapter 6.4.2 --- Bit-string statistics of different states --- p.94
Chapter 6.5 --- The (max = 1 states --- p.97
Chapter 6.5.1 --- Values of wm3iX --- p.97
Chapter 6.5.2 --- "Strategy ranking evolvement: ni, (w)" --- p.101
Chapter 6.5.3 --- Substates . --- p.105
Chapter 7 --- B-A-R model : Formalism --- p.108
Chapter 7.1 --- Resource level at transitions of Cmax = 0 state --- p.108
Chapter 7.2 --- Resource levels at transitions of Cmax 二 1 states --- p.109
Chapter 7.2.1 --- Method --- p.109
Chapter 7.2.2 --- Lmin for upper substate --- p.110
Chapter 7.2.3 --- Lmin for lower substate --- p.113
Chapter 7.3 --- Discussion --- p.116
Chapter 8 --- B-A-R model : Statistics --- p.121
Chapter 8.1 --- Problem --- p.121
Chapter 8.2 --- Bit-string statistics --- p.122
Chapter 8.2.1 --- Allowed transitions --- p.122
Chapter 8.2.2 --- Grouping the history space --- p.122
Chapter 8.2.3 --- "Grouping the states, Cmax" --- p.127
Chapter 8.2.4 --- "Labelling each state, /(C)" --- p.129
Chapter 8.3 --- Discussion --- p.130
Chapter III --- Networked games --- p.131
Chapter 9 --- Networked minority game --- p.132
Chapter 9.1 --- Model --- p.132
Chapter 9.2 --- Preliminary results: Agents' success rates --- p.133
Chapter 9.3 --- Ranking the strategies --- p.135
Chapter 9.3.1 --- Ranking pattern --- p.136
Chapter 9.3.2 --- Fraction of strategies in each rank --- p.140
Chapter 9.4 --- Number of agents using a best strategy belonging to rank r --- p.141
Chapter 9.4.1 --- Unconnected population --- p.141
Chapter 9.4.2 --- Networked population . --- p.142
Chapter 9.5 --- Application: Mean success rate --- p.143
Chapter 9.6 --- Mean success rate of agents with degree k --- p.147
Chapter 9.7 --- Application in other networks --- p.149
Chapter 9.8 --- Discussion --- p.151
Chapter 10 --- Interacting agents: Networked B-A-R model --- p.154
Chapter 10.1 --- Model --- p.154
Chapter 10.2 --- The quasi-Eulerian state (wmax = 1/2 state) --- p.155
Chapter 10.3 --- The emergent states --- p.159
Chapter 10.3.1 --- General results --- p.159
Chapter 10.3.2 --- The Cmax = 0 state --- p.160
Chapter 10.3.3 --- The Cmax = 1 state --- p.161
Chapter 10.4 --- Discussion --- p.162
Chapter IV --- Conclusion --- p.164
Chapter 11 --- Conclusion --- p.165
Chapter V --- Appendices --- p.172
Chapter A --- List of symbols --- p.173
Chapter A.1 --- Networks --- p.173
Chapter A.2 --- Games --- p.174
Chapter A.3 --- Networked games --- p.176
Chapter B --- Distance distribution in classical random graphs --- p.177
Chapter B.1 --- Method --- p.177
Chapter B.2 --- Distance distribution --- p.177
Chapter B.3 --- Behaviour at small L --- p.178
Chapter B.4 --- Behaviour at large L --- p.179
Chapter C --- Co-ordination number in infinite hypercubic lattice --- p.181
Chapter C.1 --- Method --- p.181
Chapter C.1.1 --- ID lattice --- p.181
Chapter C.1.2 --- 2D square lattice --- p.182
Chapter C.1.3 --- Higher dimension hypercubic lattices --- p.183
Chapter C.2 --- Coefficients --- p.185
Chapter D --- Connectivity distribution in fitness-BA hybrid model --- p.187
Chapter D.1 --- Mean field approach --- p.187
Chapter D.2 --- Connectivity distribution --- p.188
Chapter D.3 --- Power-law exponent --- p.190
Bibliography --- p.191
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Libri sul tema "Competing populations"

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Kelz, Robert. Competing Germanies. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501739859.001.0001.

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Following World War II, German antifascists and nationalists in Buenos Aires believed theater was crucial to their efforts at community-building, and each population devoted considerable resources to competing against its rival onstage. This book tracks the paths of several stage actors from European theaters to Buenos Aires and explores how two of Argentina's most influential immigrant groups, German nationalists and antifascists (Jewish and non-Jewish), clashed. Theatrical performances articulated strident Nazi, antifascist, and Zionist platforms. Meanwhile, as their thespian representatives grappled onstage for political leverage among emigrants and Argentines, behind the curtain, conflicts simmered within partisan institutions and among theatergoers. Publicly they projected unity, but offstage nationalist, antifascist, and Zionist populations were rife with infighting on issues of political allegiance, cultural identity and, especially, integration with their Argentine hosts. The book reveals interchange and even mimicry between antifascist and nationalist German cultural institutions. Furthermore, performances at both theaters also fit into contemporary invocations of diasporas, including taboos and postponements of return to the native country, connections among multiple communities, and forms of longing, memory, and (dis)identification. Sharply divergent at first glance, their shared condition as cultural institutions of emigrant populations caused the antifascist Free German Stage and the nationalist German Theater to adopt parallel tactics in community-building, intercultural relationships, and dramatic performance. Its cross-cultural, polyglot blend of German, Jewish, and Latin American studies gives the book a wide, interdisciplinary academic appeal and offers a novel intervention in Exile studies through the lens of theater, in which both victims of Nazism and its adherents remain in focus.
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Kölch, Michael, Jörg M. Fegert e Ulrike M. E. Schulze. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Care. A cura di John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford e Cornelius Werendly van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732365.013.17.

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In child and adolescent mental health care, the competing goals of protecting young people as a vulnerable population and their increasing legal autonomy constitute a specific ethical problem. Improving care, assessment, and treatment interventions requires research. Research that includes this vulnerable underage population has to be minimally burdensome and harmful and requires the informed consent of both children and parents. Therefore, adherence to evidence-based interventions and weighing the risks and benefits of interventions are of utmost importance in child and adolescent psychiatry. While access to mental health care can vary widely, it is crucial for at-risk populations such as children from families of low socioeconomic status, children of the mentally ill, and, in particular, children in youth welfare systems.
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Ogburn, Dennis. Chinchaysuyu and the Northern Inca Territory. A cura di Sonia Alconini e Alan Covey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219352.013.36.

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Based on available archaeological and ethnohistorical data, this chapter examines the nature of Inca presence in the norther portion of the empire. Located in present-day Ecuador, this region had a singular importance in the last phases of Inca imperial expansion. This contribution provides an overview of the Inca occupation and the different forms of integration that the populations dwelling in the sierra, coast, and tropical oriente experienced. The discussion also highlights the importance of the Inca centers of Tomebamba and Quito in the imperial politics, and the system of defensive fortifications along the imperial frontiers. It also discusses the complex relations that the Inca established with competing polities like the Caranqui and Cañari among many others. Altogether, this illustrates the complexity of the complexity of the Inca conquest in the Northern region, and the remaining work to be done in the future.
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Information services to diverse populations: Developing culturally competent library professionals. Libraries Unlimited, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2017.

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Kaiser Permanente. National Diversity Council. e Kaiser Permanente. National Diversity Dept., a cura di. A provider's handbook on culturally competent care: Latino population. 2a ed. [Oakland, CA]: National Diversity Dept., Kaiser Permanente, 2001.

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Kaiser Permanente. National Diversity Council. e Kaiser Permanente. National Diversity Dept., a cura di. A provider's handbook on culturally competent care: African American population. 2a ed. [Oakland, CA]: Kaiser Permanente, 2003.

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Spinner, Gary F., Jean R. Anderson, Joseph A. Church, Renata Arrington-Sanders, Aroonsiri Sangarlangkarn, Paul W. DenOuden, Madeline B. Deutsch et al. Issues in Specific Patient Populations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0013.

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It is estimated that 61% of new HIV infections are transmitted by patients who have either dropped out of care or are not taking their medications. In order to improve patient adherence and retention-in-care, efforts to enhance trust in health care providers require a broader understanding of the diversity and cultures of many different groups of patients with HIV. Children, adolescents, women, older patients, transgender patients, incarcerated patients, homeless patients, and rural and migrant patients represent special populations the care of which requires cultural competency and awareness of their special needs. Becoming competent in developing a clinician–patient relationship across cultural differences is very important.
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Kaiser Permanente. National Diversity Council. e Kaiser Permanente. National Diversity Dept., a cura di. A provider's handbook on culturally competent care: Asian and Pacific Islander population. 2a ed. [Oakland, CA]: National Diversity Dept., Kaiser Permanente, 2003.

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Tannous, Jack. The Making of the Medieval Middle East. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691179094.001.0001.

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In the second half of the first millennium CE, the Christian Middle East fractured irreparably into competing churches and Arabs conquered the region, setting in motion a process that would lead to its eventual conversion to Islam. This book argues that key to understanding these dramatic religious transformations are ordinary religious believers, often called “the simple” in late antique and medieval sources. Largely agrarian and illiterate, these Christians outnumbered Muslims well into the era of the Crusades, and yet they have typically been invisible in our understanding of the Middle East's history. What did it mean for Christian communities to break apart over theological disagreements that most people could not understand? How does our view of the rise of Islam change if we take seriously the fact that Muslims remained a demographic minority for much of the Middle Ages? In addressing these and other questions, the book provides a sweeping reinterpretation of the religious history of the medieval Middle East. The book draws on a wealth of Greek, Syriac, and Arabic sources to recast these conquered lands as largely Christian ones whose growing Muslim populations are properly understood as converting away from and in competition with the non-Muslim communities around them.
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Beaulieu, Monica, Catherine Weber, Nadia Zalunardo e Adeera Levin. Chronic kidney disease long-term outcomes. A cura di David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0097.

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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a variety of outcomes, some of which are directly and indirectly related to kidney disease, but which ultimately impact on patients’ quality of life and long-term outcomes. The events to which people with CKD are exposed ultimately determine their risk and prognosis of both progression to needing renal replacement therapy, or other morbidities and mortalities. The notion of competing risk is important. The five major outcomes of CKD are: progression of CKD, progression to ESRD (either dialysis or transplantation); death; cardiovascular events; infections; and hospitalizations. Where data is available, not only the risk of the specific outcome, but the factors which may predict those outcomes are described. Each section describes what is currently known about the frequency of the outcome, the limitations of that knowledge, the risk factors associated with outcome, and implications for care and future research. Available published literature often describes outcomes in CKD populations as if it is a homogenous group of patients. But it is well documented that outcomes in those with CKD differ depending on stage or severity, and whether they are or are not known to specialists. Where possible, each section ensures that the specific CKD cohort(s) from which the information is derived is clearly described.
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Più fonti

Capitoli di libri sul tema "Competing populations"

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Chou, Ching-Shan, e Avner Friedman. "Two Competing Populations". In Springer Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics and Technology, 65–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29638-8_6.

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Pigolotti, Simone. "Competing Neutral Populations of Different Diffusivity". In Trends in Mathematics, 137–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22129-8_24.

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Czárán, T. "Coexistence of Competing Populations Along an Environmental Gradient: A Simulation Study". In Computer assisted vegetation analysis, 317–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3418-7_29.

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El Barmi, Hammou, Subhash Kochar e Hari Mukerjee. "Order restricted inference for comparing the cumulative incidence of a competing risk over several populations". In Beyond Parametrics in Interdisciplinary Research: Festschrift in Honor of Professor Pranab K. Sen, 50–61. Beachwood, Ohio, USA: Institute of Mathematical Statistics, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/193940307000000040.

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De Gans, Henk A. "Competing Methodologies in the Netherlands". In European Studies of Population, 127–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4766-8_5.

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Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, e Bronwyn Morris. "Posttraumatic Growth in Australian Populations". In Posttraumatic Growth and Culturally Competent Practice, 157–72. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118270028.ch12.

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Buchanan, Ann. "The Impact on Mothers: Managing the Competing Needs". In Fertility Rates and Population Decline, 230–48. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137030399_14.

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Kiliç, Cengiz. "Posttraumatic Growth in the Turkish Population". In Posttraumatic Growth and Culturally Competent Practice, 49–64. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118270028.ch4.

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Triantafillou, Peter. "Learning: The Making of Competent and Entrepreneurial Populations". In New Forms of Governing, 141–68. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137284594_7.

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Gerrish, Philip J., e Richard E. Lenski. "The fate of competing beneficial mutations in an asexual population". In Mutation and Evolution, 127–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5210-5_12.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Competing populations"

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Wu, D. C., A. D. Peralta, M. N. Menon e J. C. Cuccio. "Subcritical Crack Growth Life Prediction for Ceramic Components of Advanced Heat Engines". In ASME 1995 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/95-gt-236.

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Advanced, high-strength ceramics are finding increasing application in advanced heat engines. To ensure the long-term reliability of components made from these materials, subcritical crack growth (SCG) from inherent flaws has to be taken into account, as this has been identified as the primary failure mode under sustained loading. In analyzing fast fracture data, data censoring is necessary to obtain estimates of the inherent strength distributions for competing failure-causing flaw populations. This is particularly important for ceramic designs, where size scaling is a necessary part of the design analysis. While data censoring has become common for fast fracture data, data censoring involving stress rupture data has yet to be widely applied. This paper describes fast fracture and stress rupture tests performed on an advanced silicon nitride ceramic, the test data and fractography results, censored data analysis for both types of data, derivation of the subcritical crack growth parameters, and application of these parameters to verification specimens. Implications of the findings and recommendations for future studies are also presented.
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Lichtenberg, Glen, e Kirsten Carr. "Performance Evaluation of Occupant Classification Systems". In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60132.

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The new FMVSS 208 Federal Regulation requires restraint systems to focus on occupants other than the 50th percentile male. The new focus includes small adults and children. As a result, restraint systems may need to perform differently for several occupant classes, thereby creating a need for occupant classification systems (OCS). A typical regulation compliance strategy is to suppress the restraint system when a child occupies the front passenger seat and to enable the restraints when an adult occupies the seat. The regulation provides specific weight and height ranges to define these classes of seat occupants. The evolution of OCS technologies produced a need for test methodologies and objective metrics to measure classification system capability. The application of the statistical one-sided tolerance interval to OCS systems has proven invaluable in measuring classification performance and driving system improvements. The one-sided tolerance method is based on a single continuous variable, such as weight. A single common threshold, or tolerance limit, is used to compare two competing populations, such as 6-year-old versus 5th percentile female populations. Output of the method produces graphics demonstrating reliability as a function of potential threshold that objectively characterizes a system’s classification performance level. This paper also discusses the importance of applying the one-sided tolerance interval method to performance data that captures the noise sources that impact system performance. For occupant classification systems, noise sources include differences in test subjects’ sizes, how they sit in the seat, and how the seat is set-up. This paper also discusses the importance of sample size selection. Two methods of determining a sample size are presented. The first method uses the one-sided tolerance interval method equation directly. The second method simulates a noise source and selects a sample size where the noise standard deviation converges to its population variance. Once the mean, standard deviation, and sample size for each test case is known, the proposed method computes the reliability of each test case evaluated for a range of potential thresholds. A review of the resulting reliability curves characterizes classification performance. If an acceptable range of thresholds exists, the resulting range is referred to as a “threshold window.” System improvements can be directed toward those test cases that constrain the “threshold window.” This paper proposes a statistical method that can provide a solid measure of the robust capability of an OCS that classifies based on a single continuous variable (such as weight) to distinguish between occupant classes. This statistical method enables the careful balance necessary in setting thresholds.
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Kozlowska, Anna-Maria, Steve R. Langford, Manjit S. Kahlon e Haydn G. Williams. "Enhanced Bioremediation as a Cost Effective Approach Following Thermally Enhanced Soil Vapour Extraction for Sites Requiring Remediation of Chlorinated Solvents". In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16296.

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Thermally enhanced bioremediation can be a more cost-effective alternative to full scale in-situ thermal treatment especially for sites contaminated with chlorinated solvents, where reductive dechlorination is or might be a dominant biological step. The effect of Thermally Enhanced Soil Vapour Extraction (TESVE) on indigenous microbial communities and the potential for subsequent biological polishing of chlorinated solvents was investigated in field trials at the Western Storage Area (WSA) – RSRL (formerly United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority - UKAEA) Oxfordshire, UK. The WSA site had been contaminated with various chemicals including mineral oil, chloroform, trichloroethane (TCA), carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethene (PCE). The contamination had affected the unsaturated zone, groundwater in the chalk aquifer and was a continuing source of groundwater contamination below the WSA. During TESVE the target treatment zone was heated to above the boiling point of water increasing the degree of volatilization of contaminants of concern (CoC), which were mobilised and extracted in the vapour phase. A significant reduction of concentrations of chlorinated solvent in the unsaturated zone was achieved by the full-scale application of TESVE – In Situ Thermal Desorption (ISTD) technology. The rock mass temperature within target treatment zone remained in the range of 35°–44° C, 6 months after cessation of heating. The concentration of chlorinated ethenes and other CoC were found to be significantly lower adjacent to the thermal treatment area and 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower within the thermal treatment zone. Samples were collected within and outside the thermal treatment zone using BioTraps® (passive, in-situ microbial samplers) from which the numbers of specific bacteria were measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) methods of analysis. High populations of reductive dechlorinators such as Dechalococcoides spp. and Dehalobacter spp., were found within the zone that was subjected to thermal remediation and moderate levels of Dehalobacter sp were found outside the treatment area. These results confirm dehalogenating bacteria are present within the site and suggest populations have bounced back following thermal treatment. The thermally treated zone showed a greater number of active indigenous bacteria — indicating that the conditions following TESVE treatment selectively promote the growth of desirable bacteria. This might result from elimination of micro-organisms competing for hydrogen as an electron donor, increased biovailability of CoC or a reduction in its inhibiting properties. This paper aims to show the potential for biologically mediated contaminant reduction in assisting thermal remediation projects. During and post active thermal remediation this approach can help reduce total treatment costs by providing an inexpensive final polishing step or by being a complementary process within the perimeter of heated zone and inside hotspots during the cool-down phase.
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Zhang, Huayong, Tousheng Huang e Liming Dai. "Two New Competition Indexes on the Basis of Lotka-Volterra Competition Model". In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63250.

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In this research, two competition indexes, competing capacity and competing tensor, are brought forward to better understand the interspecific competition between species. With the employment of the two indexes, the competitive process in Lotka-Volterra model can be described much clearly. The strength of competition for a species is divided into three competition grades according to the competing tensor. In the interspecific competition, when two species are in different competition grades, the weak species will be excluded; when two species are in the same grade, the coexistent equilibrium will present. Two cases are studied with the methods by employing the two indexes. In the second case, the stability of equilibrium point is determined by the competing tensor. The new indexes have shown potential in population dynamics analysis.
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Liu, Dongqing, Abdelhakim Hafid e Lyes Khoukhi. "Population Game Based Energy and Time Aware Task Offloading for Large Amounts of Competing Users". In GLOBECOM 2018 - 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2018.8647522.

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ŠVAGŽDIENĖ, Biruta, e Dalia PERKUMIENĖ. "EVALUATION OF COMPETITIVENESS FACTORS OF RURAL COMMUNITIES". In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.211.

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Competitiveness, which is inextricably linked to the notion of competition, remains the aim pursued by companies and countries because everyone wants to outsource others and, over time, enjoy the benefits. A successfully competing community based by providing of services has more opportunities to attract and retain visitors, the same time implementing and meeting the needs of community members and ensuring community stability. With the rapid development of innovations and technologies, reveals the necessary to analyse the determinants of competitiveness. The competitiveness of the rural area is reflected by factors such as investment attractiveness, living conditions, attractiveness for the population, geographical location, heritage, culture, the fostering of customs and traditions. In order to assess the factors determining the competitiveness of rural communities, an investigation was organized. Methods chosen for the study: document analysis, SWOT and interviews.
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Molinari, Giuseppe, e Martina Molinari. "Cost analysis of electrocardiographic screening in a population of non-competitive athletes". In the 8th International Workshop on Innovative Simulation for Healthcare. CAL-TEK srl, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46354/i3m.2019.iwish.006.

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"To quantify the costs for each situation at risk of sudden death identified by ECG screening using a Telecardiology system. ECGs received at the Telecardiology Center (Telemedico Srl, Genoa) for non-competitive sports, in the September-November 2018 period were analyzed. A total of 4360 non- competive athletes (2113 women, 48.5%) were evaluated between the ages of 3 and 40 years (mean ± SD: 17.3 ± 10.6). The average cost per ECG was € 9.2. An ECG pattern at risk of sudden death has been identified in 319 (7.3%) subjects, respectively 259 (5.9%) at low risk and 60 (1.4%) at medium-high risk. The cost of ECG screening to identify a risk situation was € 125.74 and rose to € 668.53 in the identification of a medium-high risk situation of sudden death. The low costs of the ECG performed by Telecardiology justifies its use in the screening of heart disease at risk of sudden death even in subjects practicing noncompetitive sports."
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Aanstoos, Ted A., e Manfred Schmiemann. "Evaluating the Economic Impact of Harmonized Product Standards in the European Union". In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79257.

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After its 2004 enlargement to 25 member nations, the European Union, with a population of 452 million and a GDP surpassing $10 trillion, represents one of the most powerful economic engines in the world, and is the primary trading and investment partner with the US. However, in spite of the mostly integrated single market in Europe, internal trade between member nations can be hindered by competing national level technical standards. To address such inefficiencies, the European Commission issues standardization directives under the New Approach doctrine, adopted in 1985 to harmonize product standards in Europe. This paper attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of the New Approach by analyzing European production and trade data, internal and external, of certain products governed by New Approach norms, in order to determine if economic activity in those products was significantly impacted by the streamlined standards, while controlling for other socioeconomic factors.
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Фомина, О. С. "How to Instill a Financial Culture in Students". In Современное образование: векторы развития. Роль социально-гуманитарного знания в подготовке педагога: материалы V международной конференции (г. Москва, МПГУ, 27 апреля – 25 мая 2020 г.). Crossref, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37492/etno.2020.34.70.016.

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cтатья посвящена актуальной проблеме повышения уровня финансовой грамотности обучающихся высших учебных заведений. На основании анализа рейтинга финансовой грамотности населения России, составленного специалистами Министерства финансов России, выявляется необходимость увеличения уровня образованности обучающихся. Основное внимание уделяется понятию «финансовая культура» и способам ее формирования. Представлены пять таких методов, предложено применение междисциплинарного подхода при воспитании финансово-грамотного населения нашей страны. the article is devoted to the current problem of increasing the level of financial literacy of students of higher educational institutions. Based on the analysis of the financial literacy rating of the population of Russia compiled by specialists of the Ministry of Finance of Russia, the need for increasing the level of education of students is identified. The main attention is given to the concept of financial culture and the ways of its formation among students. As a result, five such methods are presented, and it is also proposed to use an interdisciplinary approach in educating the financially competent population of our country.
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Saridakis, K. M., e A. J. Dentsoras. "Using Case-Based Reasoning and Soft Computing Techniques for the Initialization of Engineering Design Optimization". In ASME 8th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2006-95078.

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From a certain point of view, parametric engineering design may be considered as an optimization problem. The design problem may be represented through a set of design parameters. The optimal solution is located by using a set of competing design parameters and its evaluation is based upon specific criteria. A significant number of techniques and methodologies have been proposed in order to perform this difficult task. The selection of the appropriate one(s) depends strongly upon the nature and the specific characteristics of the design problem under consideration. The majority of these techniques and methodologies rely on the definition of some initial conditions. Wrong, misleading or incomplete initial conditions may result to solutions characterized by local optimality or may need excessive computational time in order to converge to either an optimal or a sub-optimal solution. In the context of the current work, two different approaches are used for initializing the optimization process: genetic algorithms and pattern search. Genetic algorithms need an initial population of individual solutions before the genetic operations could be deployed, while the pattern search techniques use a starting (initial) point for the optimization process. These two initial conditions (initial population and initial point) may be defined either randomly or deliberately. The present paper introduces a case-based design (CBD) module as pre-processor to the design optimization. This CBD module is based on an artificial competitive neural network, which is submitted to unsupervised learning by examples based on past design solutions. The new design is represented through fuzzy preferences and weighting factors, which are compiled by the neural network for retrieving similar past solutions. The retrieved solutions are used in order to determine the initial conditions of the optimization method (the initial population for the genetic algorithm (GA) or the starting point for the pattern search). The optimal solution is then searched using the criterion of the maximum aggregated overall preference. A system, namely Case-DeSC, has been developed in the purpose of evaluating the proposed framework in the application area of parametric design of oscillating conveyors. The results show that the proposed optimization methods converge faster to more efficient solutions if case-based reasoning (CBR) is utilized for defining the initial optimization conditions.
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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Competing populations"

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Marks, David R. Mute Swans. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, febbraio 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.7208745.ws.

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Mute swans (Cygnus olor) are an invasive species originally brought to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries for ornamental ponds and lakes, zoos and aviculture collections. Original populations were located in northeastern states along the Hudson Valley but have since expanded to several Midwestern states and portions of the western U.S. and Canada. Mute swan damage includes competing with native waterfowl, destroying native plants, spreading disease, and colliding with aircraft. They are also considered a nuisance in some areas due to their abundant fecal droppings and aggressiveness towards people. Some have questioned the status of mute swans as an introduced species, but multiple reviews by scientists and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service clearly support the conclusion that mute swans are not native to North America. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act, therefore, does not protect mute swans, and management authority falls under jurisdiction of the states and Tribes.
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Saville, Alan, e Caroline Wickham-Jones, a cura di. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, giugno 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.

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Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings:  Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed.  Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role.  Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory.  Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.
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