Tesi sul tema "Compressed Wood"

<p>The increasing demand on wood and wood products, and the simultaneously decreasing quality of wood as a raw material leads to the increasing significance of wood·based composites such as particleboard or flakeboard. The resulting mechanical and physical properties are to the large extend dictated by the densification of the wood component. To be able to predict the density of the material, the behavior of structural elements must be known. A theory developed for rigid plastic foams was modified and applied to the deformation of wood in transverse compression. A testing procedure for high strain compression over a range of temperatures was developed. In addition, a stochastic model for prediction of high strain behavior was developed. Wood of yellow poplar (<i>Liriodendron tulipuera</i>) was used as the experimental material.</p><br>Master of Science

Wood composites industry has been growing for decades. However, wood composites have been associated with some health concerns due to the presence of formaldehyde. A promising bio-based resin Epoxidized Sucrose Soyate (ESS) was investigated as a potential primary binder in particleboards. The goal of this research was to find a strong and durable resin for wood composites. Several ESS-MDI based formulas were found that were able to match the performance criteria for particleboard.<br>North Dakota Soybean Council

As an engineered wood product, glued laminated timber (Glulam) is produced to minimise several natural weaknesses such as knots and non-uniform strength in order to enhance its stiffness and load carrying capacity. Many reinforcement methods have been tested, with promising results in increasing the strength and stiffness of beam. Recently, with increasing concern on environmental protection there is a growing trend in construction to use as many natural materials as possible. Therefore, conventional types of reinforcement using metals and/or synthetic materials do not fit well with this trend. A new approach to strengthen Glulam beams using pure natural materials has been established through this research. Glulam beams were strengthened by inserting compressed wood (CW) blocks into the pre-cut rectangular holes on the top of the beams. This practice was to make use of moisture-dependent swelling nature of the compressed wood. As a result, a pre-camber was produced in the mid-span of the beam reinforced. Significant initial tensile and compressive stresses were generated at both the top and the bottom extreme fibres of the beam, respectively. Material tests have been done to investigate material properties of compressed Japanese cedar with different compression ratios. Structural tests were undertaken for short and long Glulam beams strengthened by CW blocks after gained the pre-camber. 3-D finite element models have also been developed by using commercial code ABAQUS to simulate the pre-stressing behaviour of Glulam beams reinforced using compressed wood blocks. The finite element models were used to simulate the structural behaviour of the pre-stressed beams subjected to subsequent destructive bending tests. All computer models developed were validated against corresponding experimental results of the free moisture-dependent swelling, pre-stressing processes and the destructive tests for both the short and long beams. Reasonably good correlation was obtained in terms of the free swelling, the pre-camber, initial stress state of the Glulam beams reinforced and load-deflection relationships. Using validated computer models, parametric studies were further carried out to provide design information for such a reinforcing technique. The results have indicated that the reinforcing techniques using compressed wood blocks are very effective means to enhance the initial stiffness, bending strength and load carrying capacity of Glulam beams. The technology is ready to be applied in practice.

Cette thèse présente une étude expérimentale et numérique sur les aptitudes en service en ce qui concerne le comportement vibratoire de planchers réalisés en bois d’ingénierie sans colle (AFEWP), à savoir les poutres en bois lamellé sans adhésif (AFLB) et les panneaux en bois lamellé-croisé sans adhésif (AFCLT), assemblés par des tourillons en bois densifié (CWD). Les analyses modales expérimentales ont été réalisées en conditions libres-libre à l'aide d'un marteau instrumenté. Les fréquences naturelles, les modes propres et les coefficients d'amortissement ont été évalués expérimentalement. De plus, des poutres en bois lamellé-collé similaires ont été fabriquées et testées à des fins de comparaison. Un modèle EF 3D a été développé et validé par comparaison avec des données expérimentales, puis utilisé pour prédire le comportement vibratoire d'un système de plancher à grande échelle réalisé avec un panneau AFCLT mesurant 4,5 m x 5,5 m. Une étude paramétrique a été réalisée en utilisant le modèle EF pour identifier les paramètres qui influent sur la rigidité et les fréquences propres du plancher. Les résultats obtenus ont été analysés au regard des critères de conception exigés par Eurocode 5 en ce qui concerne le confort vibratoire des planchers bois. Un modèle EF simplifié a ensuite été développé pour réduire les coûts de calcul. Le niveau de variabilité des résultats des AFEWP a été également étudié et discuté. La variabilité numérique des fréquences des AFEWP a été étudiée en utilisant la méthode MSP (Modal Stability Procedure). Les résultats de la méthode MSP ont d'abord été comparés aux résultats EF dans le cas nominal. Les résultats statistiques (valeur moyenne, écart type, coefficient de variation et distribution) obtenus par la méthode MSP ont été confrontés aux résultats de simulation directe de Monte Carlo ainsi qu’aux données expérimentales. Une estimation rapide des erreurs entre la méthode MSP et la simulation directe de Monte Carlo a été développée. Enfin, la variabilité (moyenne et écart-type des fréquences) du comportement vibratoire du système de plancher à grande échelle a été étudiée en utilisant la méthode MSP<br>This study presents an experimental and numerical investigation on the vibrational serviceability performance of novel adhesive free engineered wood products (AFEWPs), namely adhesive free laminated timber beams (AFLB) and adhesive free cross-laminated timber panels (AFCLT), assembled through thermo-mechanically compressed wood dowels (CWD). The experimental modal analyses were carried out under free-free conditions using a hammer impact. Natural frequencies, mode shapes, and damping ratio were assessed experimentally. In addition, similar glued timber beams (conventional glulam) were manufactured and tested for comparison purpose. A 3D FE model was developed and validated by comparison against experimental data and then used to predict the vibrational behavior of a realistic flooring system made with AFCLT panel measuring 4.5 m x 5.5 m. A parametric study was performed on the FE model to maximize the floor stiffness. The predicted FE results were discussed with regard to the Eurocode 5 vibrational serviceability design requirements showing acceptable vibrational performance. A simplified FE model was then developed to reduce computational cost. The variability level of the results for the AFEWPs was also studied and discussed. The numerical variability of frequencies of the AFEWPs was investigated based on the development of the Modal Stability Procedure (MSP). The MSP result was first compared with the FE result in the nominal case. Then, the statistic results (mean value, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and distribution) obtained from the MSP were compared with the results from the classical method (direct Monte Carlo simulation) and experimental results. A quick error estimation between the MSP and the direct Monte Carlo simulation was developed. Finally, the mean and standard deviation of the frequencies of the realistic AFCLT flooring system were predicted by the MSP

Large scale self-heating of wood pellets in storage is a major concern worldwide during long term storage due to the potential for fire with safety concerns for both personnel and plant. Additionally, any adverse publicity resulting from an incident involving biomass is likely to result in negative effects to the biomass industry as a whole. Self-heating could lead to serious accidental fires, causing enormous damage and danger to workers. The aim of the research in this thesis was to provide underpinning data and understanding in order to implement safe storage of wood pellets at Drax Power Ltd. Thus, the self-heating rates at different temperatures, and under different levels of inerting, were experimentally determined, and the thermal properties were measured for wood pellets produced for Drax Power Ltd. In addition, the thesis covers measurements at three scales; laboratory, temporary storage of approximately 40,000 tonnes through to largescale storage at approximately 280,000 tonnes spread equally over 4 domes… the largest storage of pellets ever investigated. The factors such as moisture content, pellet age and environment temperature were investigated and their impacts on the self-heating process were analysed. Moisture content has a significant effect on effective on self-heating but ventilation of the store was found to be more critical. Pellets age and environment temperature are two major factors impacting the self-heating and off-gassing process. The self-heating rate is significantly increased at higher a temperature and eventually will lead to a thermal runaway when the ambient temperature is high enough. Based on all measured properties, a self-heating model was developed to predict the self-heating process and thermal runaway in large wood pellet dome of ~120,000m3. This work contributed to the inerting of nitrogen gas to maintain an atmospheric (and therefore assumed within biomass) oxygen content less than 10% and monitoring protocols with the focus on carbon monoxide along with the understanding of temperature tracking for the large-scale dome storage of wood pellets, which is now used by Drax Power Ltd. Safety of all personnel working with biomass is paramount concern for Drax Power Ltd., which this thesis contributed to personal exposure monitoring and standard setting for gas exposure, mainly carbon monoxide and dioxide along with dust exposure. The handling of pellets through the supply chain and on site can cause the pellets to degrade and fine wood particles and dust is present within bulk pellets. Any release of wood dust into the atmosphere can pose a risk to health. Wood dust can cause serious health problems. Wood dust is a recognised respiratory irritant, sensitizer, asthmagen and for a limited number of species, a potential carcinogen (hard woods). Contact with wood dust can also lead to skin sensitisation and dermatitis. Drax Power Ltd, recognises it’s duties under Health and Safety and is committed to minimising the risk to health from wood dust in its premises. Both hardwood and softwoods dusts have a Workplace Exposure Limit (WEL) of 5mg/m3, which must not be exceeded. These are limits placed on the amount of dust in the air over an eight–hour shift. However the Control of Substance Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (as amended) requires exposure to wood dust to be “As low as reasonably practicable” (ALARP). Drax Power Ltd will manage exposure to wood dust to as low as reasonably practicable. The primary means of preventing exposure, is by containment of wood dust within the materials handling and processing plant. Dust control equipment such as Local Exhaust Equipment (LEV), will be used in conjunction with handling and processing plant to ensure that dust levels are kept to as low as is reasonably practicable. For certain operational and maintenance tasks it is necessary to use additional procedural controls to ensure that the risk of exposure to wood dust are managed effectively.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo teórico e experimental a respeito da solicitação de compressão normal às fibras da madeira, para a qual não é previsto ensaio para caracterização, atualmente, na NBR-6230 (Ensaios físicos e mecânicos de madeiras). Foram abordados aspectos referentes à geometria do corpo-de-prova, velocidade de aplicação de carga, direção do carregamento em relação aos anéis de crescimento e condições de umidade. Com base nos resultados obtidos, é proposto método de ensaio para caracterização da madeira solicitada por compressão normal às fibras.<br>This work presents an experimental study about compression perpendicular to the grain in wood, for which characterization test is not indicated by NBR-6230 (Physical and mechanical test in wood). Several points were discussed: specimen geometry, speed of testing, direction of loading referred to the growth rings and moisture conditions. Based on the experimental data, a testing procedure is proposed in order to be employed in wood characterization in compression perpendicular to the grain.

Wir beschäftigen uns mit Problemen der algorithmischen Gruppentheorie und untersuchen dabei die Komplexität von komprimierten Versionen des Wortproblems und des Konjugationsproblems für endlich erzeugte Gruppen. Das Wortproblem fragt für eine feste, endlich erzeugte Gruppe ob ein gegebenes Wort über der Erzeugermenge das neutrale Element der Gruppe repräsentiert. Wir betrachten das gegebene Wort jedoch in einer komprimierten Form, als Straight-line Program (SLP) und untersuchen die Komplexität dieses Problems, das wir \'komprimiertes Wortproblem\' nennen. SLPs sind kontextfreie Grammatiken, die genau einen String erzeugen. Die Eingabegröße ist dabei stets die Größe des gegebenen SLPs. Eine Hauptmotivation ist dabei, dass für eine feste endlich erzeugte Gruppe das Wortproblem ihrer Automorphismengruppe durch eine Turingmaschine in Polynomialzeit auf das komprimierte Wortproblem der Gruppe selbst reduzierbar ist. Wir untersuchen das komprimierte Wortproblem für die verbreiteten Gruppenerweiterungen HNN-Erweiterungen (amalgamierte Produkte und Graphprodukte) und können zeigen, dass sich Instanzen des komprimierten Wortproblems von einer Turingmaschine in Polynomialzeit auf Instanzen des komprimierten Wortproblems der Basisgruppe (respektive Basisgruppen und Knotengruppen) reduzieren lassen. Weiterhin zeigen wir, dass das komprimierte Wortproblem für endlich erzeugte nilpotente Gruppen von einer Turingmaschine in Polynomialzeit entscheidbar ist. Wir betrachten außerdem eine komprimierte Variante des Konjugationsproblems. Das unkomprimierte Konjugationsproblem fragt für zwei gegebene Wörter über den Erzeugern einer festen endlich erzeugten Gruppe, ob sie in dieser Gruppe konjugiert sind. Beim komprimierten Konjugationsproblem besteht die Eingabe aus zwei SLPs und es wird gefragt, ob die beiden Wörter die von den SLPs erzeugt werden in der Gruppe konjugierte Elemente präsentieren. Wir konnten zeigen, dass sich das komprimierte Konjugationsproblem für Graphgruppen in Polynomialzeit entscheiden lässt. Weiterhin haben wir das Wortproblem der äußeren Automorphismengruppen von Graphprodukten endlich erzeugter Gruppen untersucht. Durch den engen Zusammenhang des komprimierten Konjugationsproblems einer Gruppe mit dem Wortproblem der äußeren Automorphismengruppe konnten wir zeigen, dass sich das Wortproblem der äußeren Automorphismengruppe eines Graphprodukts von endlich erzeugten Gruppen durch eine Turingmaschine in Polynomialzeit auf Instanzen von simultanen komprimierten Konjugationsproblemen der Knotengruppen und Instanzen von komprimierten Wortproblemen der Knotengruppen reduzieren lässt. Als Anwendung gelten obige Resultate auch für right-angled Coxetergruppen und Graphgruppen, da beide spezielle Graphprodukte sind. So folgt beispielsweise, dass das komprimierte Wortproblem einer right-angled Coxetergruppe in Polynomialzeit entscheidbar ist.

<p>Hårdgörning av trä syftar till att göra materialet hårdare. Detta går att åstadkomma genom komprimering, det komprimerade materialet tenderar dock att återgå mot sin ursprungsform då materialet utsätts för fukt om ingen låsning sker. Låsningen kan ske mekaniskt i en treskiktskonstruktion som motverkar träets fuktrörelser. Dessa skivor har dock visat sig vara instabila och tidigare försök har uppvisat deformationer i form av kupning. Denna undersökning syftar till att utreda förutsättningarna för att använda komprimerad asp samt att ta fram underlag för framtagning av en kommersiell produkt.</p><p>Praktiska tester har genomförts för att studera hårdhet, återfjädring och densitet hos det komprimerade virket. Vidare har treskiktsskivor tagits fram för att testa om det går att få en stabil konstruktion genom att variera tjockleken på spärrskiktet. Även skillnader i acklimatiseringstid och fuktkvotens inverkan för virkets återfjädring har studerats.</p><p>Resultaten visar på att aspens hårdhet efter komprimering blir i samma nivå som bok och ask, en låg fuktkkvot vid komprimering av materialet ger en låg återfjädring, komprimerat material har en längre acklimatiseringstid till jämviktsfuktkvot och materialet går att låsa tvärs fiberriktningen i en treskiktskonstruktion.</p><br><p>To make wood harder it can be densified. This can be achieved by compression, the compressed material tends to return to the original shape when it is exposed to moisture fluxations and if no form of fixation occurs. The fixation can be done mechanically in a three-layer panel construction which reduce movements in the timber. These panels have been found to be unstable and previous attempts have shown deformations in form of cupping. This study aims to evaluate the conditions for using compressed aspen wood, and to provide a basis for development of a commercial product.</p><p>Practical tests have been conducted to study hardness, springback and density of the compressed wood. In addition, three-layer panels have been developed to test whether it is possible to have a stable construction by varying the thickness of the buttom layer. Differences in acclimatisation time and the moisture contents effect on the springback has aslo been studied.</p><p>The results show that the hardness of aspen wood after compression is in equal levels with beech and ashes, a low moisture contet provides a low springback, compressed timber have a longer time for acclimatisation and it is possible to fixate the material in the direction across the grain in a three-layer panel construction.</p>

Use of time-compressed speech stimuli has been found to be clinically effective in differential diagnosis of lesions of the temporal lobe. However, notably absent from the literature is information concerning performance of adults on time-compressed closed-set speech discrimination tasks. The goal of this study mas to compare performance of 12 males and 12 females between age 50 and age 70 on a time-compressed closed-set speech discrimination test against the performance of 12 males and 12 females between age 10 and age 28 on the same task. The Word Intelligibility by Picture Identification test (WPI) was presented in both non-compressed and time-compressed conditions to all subjects. Previous research suggests that a difference in performance between age groups and between males and females in the older age group should be expected. Average results indicated negligible differences between age or gender groups under any of the conditions tested. Additionally, the test yielded perfect or near perfect scores for all subjects in the non-compressed condition. Lack of differentiation of results suggests that the Word Intelligibility by Picture Identification CUIPI) may be insensitive to the discrimination disorders expected in older adults, that the subjects included in the study were atypical of older adults in general and therefore such discrimination disorders did not exist in the sample, or that the subjects in the study uiere able to apply some type of compensatory strategies which resulted in the unexpected performance.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-07-31T14:49:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertacao Mestrado 2016_Lupercio_ed_FINAL_3.pdf: 4260976 bytes, checksum: 7609f90da476d73ec08d04fc64831f71 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-31T14:49:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertacao Mestrado 2016_Lupercio_ed_FINAL_3.pdf: 4260976 bytes, checksum: 7609f90da476d73ec08d04fc64831f71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-11<br>A utilização de resíduos nos sistemas construtivos favorece a política de preservação do meio ambiente contribuindo na redução do descarte de resíduos sólidos. A lenha de Algaroba (Prosopis Juliflora) utilizada como fonte de energia térmica para geração de vapor, o qual é gerado através da queima da lenha em uma fornalha que gera calor para uma caldeira, gera uma grande quantidade de cinzas. Estas cinzas se descartadas de forma inadequada, ocasionam sérios problemas ambientais. A utilização dessas cinzas, como matéria-prima para estabilizar o solo com adição de cimento (solo-cimento) contribuirá com o desenvolvimento sustentável, minimizando o descarte inadequado deste resíduo sólido no meio ambiente, reduzindo o impacto ambiental, além de tornara produção de tijolos ecológicos economicamente viáveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir tijolos ecológicos de solocimento utilizando da cinza da lenha de Algaroba como material estabilizante do solo. Para isto foram realizados cinco traços com diferentes teores de cinza de 0 % (referência), 10%, 30 %, 40 %, e 50 %. Estes percentuais são referentes à substituição parcial do cimento pela cinza. Os tijolos fabricados com 10% de cinza apresentaram maior resistência à compressão simples e mantiveram-se dentro da norma. Os resultados de absorção de água indicaram que todas as amostras obtiveram valores médios menores que 20 % e valores individuais menores que 22 % de acordo com os valores exigidos pela norma NBR 10834 (ABNT, 1994). Os resultados mostram que é possível utilizar a cinza da lenha de Algaroba na subsstituição parcial do cimento para produzir tijolos de solo-cimento-cinza com o teor de 10% de cinza.<br>The utilization of waste in construction systems favors the environmental preservation policy, contributing in reducing solid waste. The Algaroba (Prosopis Juliflora), used as a thermal energy source to generate steam, which is generated by wood burning in a furnace that generates heat to a boiler, it generates a lot of ash. The se ashes are improperly discarded, causing serious environmental problems. The use of these ashes as a raw material to stabilizing soil with the addition of cement (soil-cement) will contribute for the sustainable development, minimizing improper disposal of solid waste in the environment, reducing environmental impact, besides making the production of ecological bricks economically viable. The objective of this work was to produce ecological bricks of soil-cement using ash mesquite (Prosopis Juliflora) as soil stabilizing material. For this, were done bricks with different contents ash: 0 % (reference), 10%, 30 %, 40 % and 50 %. These percentages refer to the partial replacement of cement by ash. The bricks manufactured with 10% gray have higher resistance to simple compression and remained within the standard. The results of water absorption indicates that all samples obtained average values lower than 20 % and single values lower than 22 %, in accordance with the values required by the standard NBR 10834 (ABNT, 1994). The results show that it is possible to use Algaroba wood ash in partial cement substitution to produce soil-cement-gray brick with the percentage of 10% wood ash.

Este trabalho estuda as propriedades de resistência e rigidez de elementos estruturais roliços de madeira. Para a determinação dos módulos de elasticidade longitudinal (MOE), transversal (G) e de resistência das peças (MOR), são realizados ensaios de flexão estática e de compressão paralela às fibras das espécies Pinus elliottii, Pinus caribaea var. caribaea e Eucalyptus citriodora, em elementos estruturais e em corpos-de-prova de dimensões reduzidas. Os resultados apontam que a partir da relação vão/diâmetro = 18, na flexão estática, é possível desconsiderar as deformações decorrentes do cisalhamento no cálculo de MOE. Indicam também que há diferenças entre MOE na flexão para peças estruturais e para corpos-de-prova de dimensões reduzidas, o mesmo acontecendo para os valores obtidos nos ensaios de compressão paralela para MOE e MOR. Conclui-se que, para as peças estudadas, a relação E/20 não é um bom estimador para G, e que é recomendável o estabelecimento de metodologia de ensaio específica para peças estruturais roliças, sendo sugerido um método ao final deste trabalho.<br>The aim of this work is the determination of stiffness and strength properties of structural round timber. Static bending and compression parallel to grain tests were carried out to obtain modulus of elasticity (MOE), shear modulus (G) and modulus of rupture (MOR). The results suggest that, in bending test, there is no influence in MOE determination due to shear deflection at span/diameter ratio = 18 or more. There is difference in MOE results for structural round timber and for small clear specimen in bending tests, and the same occurs for MOE and MOR in compression parallel to grain tests. Finally, to this structural round timber, the MOE/20 ratio is not recommended to estimate G, and is commendable the establishment of specific structural round timber test methodology, as suggested in this study.

Orientadores: Celio Pasquini, Mario Cesar Ugulino de Araujo<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T13:24:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DantasFilho_HeronidesAdonias_D.pdf: 2337564 bytes, checksum: b5a44bf3eec3ce95ab683c5b2621b012 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007<br>Resumo: Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidas e aplicadas técnicas de seleção de amostras e de variáveis espectrais para calibração multivariada a partir do Algoritmo das Projeções Sucessivas (APS). Também foi utilizada a transformada wavelet para resolver problemas de redução de ruído associado a dados de espectroscopia NIR (Infravermelho Próximo), na construção de modelos de calibração multivariada baseados em Regressão Linear Múltipla (MLR) para estimativa de parâmetros de qualidade de óleo diesel combustível e também de madeira de eucalipto. Os espectros NIR de transmitância para óleo diesel e de reflectância para madeira de eucalipto foram registrados empregando-se um equipamento NIR-Bomem com detector de Arseneto de Gálio e Índio. Para a aplicação em óleo diesel, foram estudadas as regiões espectrais: 850 - 1.100 nm, 1.100 - 1.570 nm e 1.570 - 2.500 nm. Para as amostras de madeira de eucalipto foi empregada a região de 1.100 - 2.500 nm. Os resultados do uso de técnicas de seleção de variáveis e amostras por MLR comprovaram sua simplicidade frente os modelos de regressão por mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS) que empregam toda a região espectral e transformação em variáveis latentes e são mais complexos de interpretar. O emprego de seleção de amostras demonstrou ainda a possibilidade de procedimentos de recalibrações e transferência de calibração que utilizam um número reduzido de amostras, sem a perda significativa da capacidade preditiva dos modelos MLR. O uso de filtragem wavelet também teve sua eficiência comprovada tanto no contexto da calibração multivariada quanto na filtragem de espectros NIR a partir de varreduras individuais. Na maioria dos casos de que trata esta tese e por conseqüência das técnicas quimiométricas empregadas, melhorias quanto à minimização do erro (RMSEP) associado à quantificação dos parâmetros de qualidade, bem como redução do tempo empregado na aquisição de varreduras de espectros NIR foram as principais contribuições fornecidas<br>Abstract: This work describes two techniques for spectral variable and sample selection based on the Successive Projections Algorithm (SPA), aiming the construction of multivariate regression models. Also, the wavelet transform was employed to solve problems related to noise reduction associated with spectroscopic data in the near infrared spectral region (NIR), and employed in the construction of multivariate calibration models based in Linear Multiple Regression (LMR) to estimate the quality parameters of diesel fuel and eucalyptus wood. The NIR transmission spectra for diesel samples and the reflectance spectra obtained for wood samples were acquired by using a NIR-Bomen equipment with AsGaIn detector. For application in diesel, the following spectral regions have been investigated: 850 - 1100 nm, 1100 - 1570 nm and 1570 - 2500 nm. For wood samples the spectral region employed was from 1100 - 2500 nm. The results obtained by using the variable selection techniques and LMR demonstrate their simplicity when compared with its counterpart Partial Least Square (PLS) which employs full spectral region and latent variables, being, therefore, more difficult to be interpreted. The use of wavelet filtering also demonstrates its efficiency both for multivariate calibration and NIR spectral data filtering. In most of the cases approached in this work, and inconsequence for the chemometric techniques employed, improvements in the error (RMSEP) associated with the quality parameters as well a decrease in the analysis time were the main achievements of this work<br>Doutorado<br>Quimica Analitica<br>Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: Raquel Gonçalves<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T23:01:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Trinca_AlexJulio_M.pdf: 4149749 bytes, checksum: 34fcccdf02d4f1b0b171e121e4eb5ac3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006<br>Resumo: é praticamente toda exportada em sua forma in natura sem que a ela seja agregado valor de beneficiamento. Um dos problemas enfrentados pela indústria moveleira é o fato da madeira não ser submetida à classificação, dificultando a elaboração de projetos e a certificação da qualidade do móvel confeccionado a partir deste material. Nesse contexto as empresas moveleiras brasileiras buscam parâmetros para composição e certificação de seu produto, sendo atualmente a norma brasileira ¿Projeto de Estruturas de Madeira¿ ¿ NBR 7190/97, o único instrumento norteador para a caracterização de propriedades da madeira. No entanto, nesse setor as dificuldades para a obtenção de corpos-de-prova nas dimensões especificadas por esse texto normativo têm gerado dúvidas quanto aos resultados de caracterização de propriedades, de maneira que este trabalho teve como objetivo principal verificar se os valores do módulo de elasticidade e da tensão de ruptura no ensaio de compressão paralela às fibras podem ser considerados estatisticamente equivalentes, desde que sejam mantidas a proporcionalidade da dimensão do corpo-de-prova. Para isso adotou-se, como alternativa ao corpo-de-prova proposto pela NBR 7190/97, a dimensão 0,03 m x 0,03 m x 0,09 m. Os ensaios foram realizados utilizando-se 7 diferentes espécies de madeira com densidades variadas, buscando-se, com essa amostragem, a generalização dos resultados. Como objetivo secundário se buscou avaliar a influência das dimensões do corpo-de-prova e da freqüência do transdutor na velocidade de propagação de ondas de ultra-som na direção longitudinal. As espécies adotadas foram: Cerejeira (Torresea sp), Perobinha (Paratecoma peroba) , Cabreúva-vermelha (Myroxylon peruiferum), Angico-preto (Anadenanthera macrocarpa), Garapeira (Apuleia leiocarpa), Eucalipto grandis ( Eucalyptus grandis) e Pinus elliotti (Pinus elliottii). Todos os corpos-de-prova foram ensaiados com aproximadamente 12% de umidade e os ensaios foram realizados em ambiente controlado (21° C ± 1°C). Os resultados permitiram concluir que a hipótese foi verdadeira para todas as espécies estudadas quando se considera a tensão de ruptura<br>Abstract: Most of the exported wood in Brazil is unprocessed, without any aggregated value. To change this scenario technology for wood processing and qualification are required. One of the problems faced by the furniture industry refers to the non classification of the wood, which cause difficulties to projects elaboration and quality certification of the furniture made from this material. In this context the Brazilian Industries of furniture seek for parameters to certificate its products, and the NBR 7190/97 standard ¿Project of Structures of Wood " is, nowadays, the only instrument for the characterization of wood properties. However, for the furniture industry it is very difficult to obtaining the dimensions specified by the standard. This research had as main objective to verify if the means values of the modulus of elasticity and rupture in compression parallel to the grain can be considerate statistically equal, when smaller specimen are used, if the proportionality is maintained. For that it was adopted, as alternative to the specimen proposed by NBR 7190/97, the dimension 0.03 x 0.03 x 0.09 m. For the experiments there were used 7 different species with varied densities. The secondary objective was to evaluate the influence of the specimen size and of the transducer frequency in the speed of ultrasound wave propagation in the longitudinal direction. The adopted species were: Cerejeira (Amburana cearensis), Perobinha (Paratecoma peroba), Cabreúva vermelha (Myroxylon peruiferum), Angico-preto (Anadenanthera macrocarpa), Garapeira (Apulleia leiocarpa), Eucalyptus grandis, (Eucalyptus grandis) and Pinus ellioti (Pinus elliottii). All specimens were tested with approximately 12% moisture content and were accomplished in controlled atmosphere (21° C ± 1°C). The results allowed concluding that the hypothesis was true for all the studied species when the rupture in compression parallel to the grain was considered. For the module of elasticity this hypothesis was not confirmed for two species, from the seven evaluated (garapeira e eucalipto). Although, the mean difference between the results obtained in the tests using both specimens size was 10%, smaller then the maximum allowed variability in mechanical tests (18%). For the ultrasonic velocity propagation four species did not presents statistical variation with the modification of the size of the specimens - cerejeira, garapeira, pinus and eucalyptus while for the perobinha, angico and cabreúva the ultrasonic wave velocity propagation could not be considered statistically equal when the dimension of the specimens was modify. On average (considering all the studied species) the relationship among the ultrasonic wave velocity propagation (VLL) in normalized specimen and in proposed specimen was 0.99, being respectively the maximum and the lower relationships of 1.02 and 0.93. The velocity of wave propagation presents larger variations for values of length of wave percolation/wave length (L/?) up to 3, being more constant above that limit. It was also possible to verify, for the studied species, that the velocity of wave propagation increases with the increase of the transducer frequency. Key words: modulus of elasticity of wood; compression strength parallel to the fiber; ultrasonic wave velocity; dynamic constant<br>Mestrado<br>Construções Rurais e Ambiencia<br>Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:18:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Carlos Otavio Jordao Moreira da Rocha.pdf: 1867760 bytes, checksum: 3392639adc640e871d82c97af23d8da8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-29<br>With the objective of testing the resistance and the biomechanical behavior of external fixators of low cost used in veterinary medicine, were created 6 prototypes la type manufactured from alternative materials, using as orthopedic implants, stainless steel screws 304 porous, and as stabilized bar the methacrylate resin or wood poles (Pinnus ellioti). The models of the fixators tested differ because they have 2, 3 or 4 implants per fractured segment. With the purpose of doing biomechanical evaluations that are closer to the real clinical situation, were selected 2 tubes of polyvinylchloride, commercially known as PVC, with 10 cm length, internal diameter of 1,27 cm and external diameter of 1,95, far 5 cm from each other, representing, this way, the bone bands and the focus of an unstable fracture. This kind of tube is like a long bone because it has an internal space that represents the medullar area and external walls that represent the two osseous cortical. To each external fixator model, were created 5 prototypes, which were submitted to mechanic tests to evaluate the axial compression strength. The device to evaluate the prototypes was the Instron model 4204, with a charge cell of 5 KN (Kilogram-Newton) and the speed of the axial compression was 2 cm/minute, according the rules ASTM D695-92. The values of rigidity, drainage point and maximum security charge were calculated, according to the methodology used by Willer et al., (1991) and by Falc?o (2004). The mechanical evaluation was done in the Instituto de Macromol?culas Elo?sa Mano in the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. We concluded that the models with the stabilized bar made of resin required a larger load than the models made of wood to suffer a plastic deformation. The model with 3 screws per segment of PVC tube and a resin stabilized bar showed to tolerate a higher weight than the others, before showing a plastic deformation, this way it s indicated to dogs that weight up to 26,5Kg with fractures in the thoracic limbs and for dogs that weight up to 44Kg that have fractures in the pelvic limbs.<br>Com objetivo de testar a resist?ncia e o comportamento biomec?nico de fixadores externos de baixo custo utilizados em medicina veterin?ria, foram criados 6 modelos de prot?tipos do tipo Ia confeccionados a partir de materiais alternativos, utilizando-se como implantes ortop?dicos parafusos de a?o inoxid?vel 304 porosos e totalmente rosqueados, e como barra estabilizadora a resina de metacrilato ou hastes de madeira (Pinnus ellioti). Os modelos dos fixadores testados ainda se diferenciam por apresentarem 2, 3 ou 4 implantes por segmento fraturado. Com a finalidade de realizar avalia??es biomec?nicas o mais pr?ximo poss?vel da situa??o cl?nica, optou-se pela escolha de 2 tubos de policloreto de vinila, comercialmente conhecido como PVC, apresentando 10 cm de comprimento, 1,27 cm de di?metro interno e 1,95 cm de di?metro externo, afastados 5 cm entre si, representando assim os fragmentos ?sseos e o foco de uma fratura inst?vel. Este tipo de tubo se assemelha a um osso longo por apresentar um espa?o interno que representa a ?rea medular enquanto que as paredes externas representam as duas corticais ?sseas. Para cada modelo de fixador externo foram criados 5 prot?tipos, submetidos a testes mec?nicos para avalia??o da for?a de compress?o axial. O aparelho para avalia??o dos prot?tipos foi o Instron modelo 4204, com c?lula de carga de 5 KN (Quilograma-Newton) e a velocidade da compress?o axial foi de 2 cm/minuto, seguindo as normas ASTM D695-91. Calculamos as cargas de rigidez, ponto de escoamento e carga de seguran?a m?xima. A avalia??o mec?nica foi realizada no Instituto de Macromol?culas Elo?sa Mano na Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Conclu?mos que os modelos com barra estabilizadora em resina necessitou de uma carga maior do que os modelos de madeira para sofrer deforma??o pl?stica. O modelo com 3 parafusos por segmento de tubo de PVC e barra estabilizadora de resina mostrou suportar maior peso que os demais, antes de apresentar uma deforma??o pl?stica, sendo indicado para c?es com peso corporal de at? 26,5 Kg portadores de fraturas nos membros tor?cicos e para c?es com peso de at? 44 Kg que apresentem fraturas nos membros p?lvicos.

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-04-25T16:48:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCEGS.pdf: 4427743 bytes, checksum: 5e99637e07f5406510f1f85b9c5e9cc1 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-26T19:34:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCEGS.pdf: 4427743 bytes, checksum: 5e99637e07f5406510f1f85b9c5e9cc1 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-26T19:34:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCEGS.pdf: 4427743 bytes, checksum: 5e99637e07f5406510f1f85b9c5e9cc1 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-26T19:58:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCEGS.pdf: 4427743 bytes, checksum: 5e99637e07f5406510f1f85b9c5e9cc1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-02<br>Não recebi financiamento<br>This research aimed to investigate, with the aid of the Brazilian standard NBR 7190 (1990) Wood Structures Project, of the Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the regrouping bootstrap technique, the influence of extraction regions Caracaraí, Bonfim and Claudia, in physical and mechanical properties of Cupiúba wood (Goupia Glabra Aubl), and assess the possibility of estimate (linear, exponential, geometric and logarithmic mathematical models) the physical and mechanical properties investigated as a function of density. The results of ANOVA indicated equivalence in 94% of the properties of the regions of Caracaraí and Claudia, and no equivalence in 50% of the properties in the region of Bonfim, even after extrapolated by the bootstrap technique, the non-equivalence was still 44%, whereas the results obtained from the regression model implied a possibility of an estimate of the physical and mechanical properties of Cupiúba wood due to its apparent density.<br>Esta pesquisa objetivou investigar, com o auxílio da norma brasileira NBR 7190 (1990) Projeto de Estruturas de Madeira, da Análise de Variância de Kruskal-Wallis (ANOVA) e da técnica bootstrap de reagrupamento, a influência das regiões de extração Caracaraí, Bonfim e Claudia, em propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira de Cupiúba (Goupia Glabra Aubl), assim como avaliar a possibilidade da estimativa (modelos linear, exponencial, geométrico, logarítmico) das propriedades físicas e mecânicas investigadas em função da densidade aparente. Os resultados da ANOVA indicaram equivalência em 94% das propriedades das regiões de Caracaraí e Cláudia, e não equivalência em 50% das propriedades da região de Bonfim, e mesmo depois de extrapolados pela técnica bootstrap, apresentou não equivalência em 44% das propriedades. Os resultados obtidos dos modelos de regressão implicaram na possibilidade da estimativa das propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira de Cupiúba em função da densidade aparente.

Western juniper and cinnamon essential oils were combined with ethanol at 2.5, 5, and 10% concentrations by weight and applied to hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa x P. deltoids) veneers by vacuum soaking to produce a naturally durable wood veneer with increased mechanical properties for use in structural composites. Half of these veneers were then modified using viscoelastic thermal compression to increase veneer density and modulus of elasticity. Following densification, unprocessed and VTC processed veneers receiving an essential oil treatment were subjected to an AWPA E21-06 Formosan termite exposure test, AWPA E24-06 mold box test, and brown rot (Gloeophyllum trabeum) decay bending test. While VTC processing drastically reduced the abundance of chemical components inherent within essential oil treatments, veneer specimens without VTC processing showed increased durability. A 10% juniper oil treatment drastically reduced Formosan termite attack on hybrid poplar veneers while a 10% cinnamon oil treatment significantly reduced mold growth. Timbor��, an industrial powdered borate treatment, withstood VTC processing and inhibited Formosan termite attack and mold growth. Tests to evaluate the effectiveness of essential oil treatments against brown rot were unsuccessful. Results suggest that incorporating a disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) treatment prior to VTC processing could help improve VTC wood durability.<br>Graduation date: 2013

碩士<br>國立宜蘭大學<br>森林暨自然資源學系碩士班<br>107<br>Compressed wood is a technology to convert soft and fragile wood with a low density into high-strength and superior performance wood. It can succeed to improve the wood utilization ratio and broaden the applications of domestic wood, but the remaining challenge of compressed wood stems from its dimensional instability. To address this issue, this study applied a post-heat treatment to decrease the internal stress of woods and further maintain its original dimensions. Clear specimens of Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) was selected as studying materials divided into three groups by load-to-annual ring angle including 0°-30°、31°-60°、61°-90°. The last group further subdivide into sapwood/heartwood with various moisture contents. Four levels of compression ratios (10%, 30%, 50%, and 60%) perpendicular to grain was conducted in the densification process. To evaluate the above processing parameters, specimens cracking rate was analyzed using ANOVA and post-hoc test. Then, a post-heat treatment was applied to stabilize the dimensions of densified wood with various treated temperature (160℃, 180℃ and 200℃) under nitrogen environment. The results show heartwood of Japanese Cedar can be damaged during compression process due to its high moisture content. Pre-heat treated wood at 100℃ has the lowest cracking rate. For the specimens with load-to-annual ring angle above 30°, it is suggested to compress less or equal to 50%. For the specimens with load-to-annual ring angle below 30°, it is suggested to compress less or equal to 30%. A few characteristics of densified wood including density, bending strength, modulus of elasticity, hardness, and contact angles increased; while the surface roughness of that decreases. The mass loss of heat treated wood is below 6.63% and the color of treated samples turns darker along with higher treated temperature. Regarding the utilization ratio, the lowest group is the specimens with load-to-annual ring angle less than 30°, down to 84.3%. It is found that post-heat treatments can significantly decrease the spring back phenomena and the lowest percentage of spring back and moisture content was observed at 200℃ heat treated samples. Based on the SEM photos, the cell walls collapsed into an uneven structure as the load-to-annual ring angle less than 30°, while the cell walls collapsed into diamond shapes as the angles between 31°-60°. As the compression rate of ring angle in 61°-90° specimens is more than 50%, the cell walls layers of spring wood were fully compressed.

碩士<br>高雄醫學大學<br>天然藥物研究所碩士班<br>94<br>Abstract The methanolic extract of the root wood of Michelia compressa (Maxim.) Sargent (Magnoliaceae) was partitioned into CHCl3, EtOAc, n-BuOH and H2O soluble layers. The CHCl3 soluble layer showed cytotoxicity against MCF-7, NCI-H460 and SF-268 cancer cell lines. Investigation of the chloroform-soluble fraction by chromatography led to the isolation of twenty-seven compounds, which were identified by spectral evidences, including six sesquiterpenes: costunolide (1), reynosin (2), santamarin (3), parthenolide (4), T-cadinol (5) and arbusculin A (6) seven alkaloids: (-)-N-acetylanonaine (7), (-)-N-acetylnornuciferine (8), (-)-N-formylanonaine (9), (-)-romucosine (10), liriodenine (11), (-)-N-formyldehydroanonaine (12) and artabonatine A (13); four amides: N-trans-feruloyltyramine (14), N-cis-feruloyltyramine (15), N-trans-feruloyl-3-methyldopamine (16) and N-cis-feruloyl-3-methyldopamine (17); five lignans: (+)-5,5''-dimethoxylariciresinol (18), (+)-5-methoxylariciresinol (19), (+)-lariciresinol (20), (±)-syringaresinol (21) and 1,2-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-propanediol (22); one benzenoid: syringaldehyde (23); four steroids: mixture of 3β-hydroxystigmast-5-en-7-one (24) and 3β-hydroxystigmasta-5,22-dien-7-one (25), mixture of 6β-hydroxystigmast-4-en-3-one (26) and 6β-hydroxystigmasta-4,22-dien-3-one (27). The structures of these compounds were determined by spectral evidences. Among the isolates , costunolide (1) is the major compound and compounds 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 16~20, 22~27 were isolated for the first time from Michelia compressa. The costunolide (1) and liriodenine (11) showed cytotoxicity against MCF-7 、NCI-H460 and SF-268 cancer cell lines.

Wir beschäftigen uns mit Problemen der algorithmischen Gruppentheorie und untersuchen dabei die Komplexität von komprimierten Versionen des Wortproblems und des Konjugationsproblems für endlich erzeugte Gruppen. Das Wortproblem fragt für eine feste, endlich erzeugte Gruppe ob ein gegebenes Wort über der Erzeugermenge das neutrale Element der Gruppe repräsentiert. Wir betrachten das gegebene Wort jedoch in einer komprimierten Form, als Straight-line Program (SLP) und untersuchen die Komplexität dieses Problems, das wir \''komprimiertes Wortproblem\'' nennen. SLPs sind kontextfreie Grammatiken, die genau einen String erzeugen. Die Eingabegröße ist dabei stets die Größe des gegebenen SLPs. Eine Hauptmotivation ist dabei, dass für eine feste endlich erzeugte Gruppe das Wortproblem ihrer Automorphismengruppe durch eine Turingmaschine in Polynomialzeit auf das komprimierte Wortproblem der Gruppe selbst reduzierbar ist. Wir untersuchen das komprimierte Wortproblem für die verbreiteten Gruppenerweiterungen HNN-Erweiterungen (amalgamierte Produkte und Graphprodukte) und können zeigen, dass sich Instanzen des komprimierten Wortproblems von einer Turingmaschine in Polynomialzeit auf Instanzen des komprimierten Wortproblems der Basisgruppe (respektive Basisgruppen und Knotengruppen) reduzieren lassen. Weiterhin zeigen wir, dass das komprimierte Wortproblem für endlich erzeugte nilpotente Gruppen von einer Turingmaschine in Polynomialzeit entscheidbar ist. Wir betrachten außerdem eine komprimierte Variante des Konjugationsproblems. Das unkomprimierte Konjugationsproblem fragt für zwei gegebene Wörter über den Erzeugern einer festen endlich erzeugten Gruppe, ob sie in dieser Gruppe konjugiert sind. Beim komprimierten Konjugationsproblem besteht die Eingabe aus zwei SLPs und es wird gefragt, ob die beiden Wörter die von den SLPs erzeugt werden in der Gruppe konjugierte Elemente präsentieren. Wir konnten zeigen, dass sich das komprimierte Konjugationsproblem für Graphgruppen in Polynomialzeit entscheiden lässt. Weiterhin haben wir das Wortproblem der äußeren Automorphismengruppen von Graphprodukten endlich erzeugter Gruppen untersucht. Durch den engen Zusammenhang des komprimierten Konjugationsproblems einer Gruppe mit dem Wortproblem der äußeren Automorphismengruppe konnten wir zeigen, dass sich das Wortproblem der äußeren Automorphismengruppe eines Graphprodukts von endlich erzeugten Gruppen durch eine Turingmaschine in Polynomialzeit auf Instanzen von simultanen komprimierten Konjugationsproblemen der Knotengruppen und Instanzen von komprimierten Wortproblemen der Knotengruppen reduzieren lässt. Als Anwendung gelten obige Resultate auch für right-angled Coxetergruppen und Graphgruppen, da beide spezielle Graphprodukte sind. So folgt beispielsweise, dass das komprimierte Wortproblem einer right-angled Coxetergruppe in Polynomialzeit entscheidbar ist.