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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Convection (Oceanography)"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 31 luglio 2024

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1

Callies, Jörn, and Raffaele Ferrari. "Baroclinic Instability in the Presence of Convection." Journal of Physical Oceanography 48, no. 1 (January 2018): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0028.1.

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AbstractBaroclinic mixed-layer instabilities have recently been recognized as an important source of submesoscale energy in deep winter mixed layers. While the focus has so far been on the balanced dynamics of these instabilities, they occur in and depend on an environment shaped by atmospherically forced small-scale turbulence. In this study, idealized numerical simulations are presented that allow the development of both baroclinic instability and convective small-scale turbulence, with simple control over the relative strength. If the convection is only weakly forced, baroclinic instability

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2

Straneo, Fiammetta, Mitsuhiro Kawase, and Robert S. Pickart. "Effects of Wind on Convection in Strongly and Weakly Baroclinic Flows with Application to the Labrador Sea*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 32, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 2603–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485-32.9.2603.

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Abstract Large buoyancy loss driving deep convection is often associated with a large wind stress that is typically omitted in simulations of convection. Here it is shown that this omission is not justified when overturning occurs in a horizontally inhomogeneous ocean. In strongly baroclinic flows, convective mixing is influenced both by the background horizontal density gradient and by the across-front advection of buoyancy due to wind. The former process—known as slantwise convection—results in deeper convection, while the effect of wind depends on the relative orientation of wind with respe

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3

Pasquero, Claudia, and Eli Tziperman. "Statistical Parameterization of Heterogeneous Oceanic Convection." Journal of Physical Oceanography 37, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 214–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo3008.1.

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Abstract A statistical convective adjustment scheme is proposed that attempts to account for the effects of mesoscale and submesoscale variability of temperature and salinity typically observed in the oceanic convective regions. Temperature and salinity in each model grid box are defined in terms of their mean, variance, and mutual correlations. Subgrid-scale instabilities lead to partial mixing between different layers in the water column. This allows for a smooth transition between the only two states (convection on and convection off) allowed in standard convective adjustment schemes. The a

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4

Buch, Erik. "Physical oceanography of the Greenland Sea." Meddelelser om Grønland. Bioscience 58 (January 1, 2007): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/mogbiosci.v58.142635.

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Ocean-atmosphere interactions in the North Atlantic are responsible for heat transports that keep the Nordic region and North Western Europe 5–10°C warmer than the average of the corresponding latitude belt. This is to a large extent due to the ocean’s thermohaline circulation (THC). This circulation is driven by differences in water density, which is a function of temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline) and particularly by convection processes in the northern North Atlantic, especially the Labrador Sea and the Greenland Sea. Therefore, the Greenland Sea has attracted much attention i

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5

Zhou, S. Q., L. Qu, Y. Z. Lu, and X. L. Song. "The instability of diffusive convection and its implication for the thermohaline staircases in the deep Arctic Ocean." Ocean Science 10, no. 1 (February 24, 2014): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-10-127-2014.

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Abstract. In the present study, the classical description of diffusive convection is updated to interpret the instability of diffusive interfaces and the dynamical evolution of the bottom layer in the deep Arctic Ocean. In the new consideration of convective instability, both the background salinity stratification and rotation are involved. The critical Rayleigh number of diffusive convection is found to vary from 103 to 1011 in the deep Arctic Ocean as well as in other oceans and lakes. In such a wide range of conditions, the interface-induced thermal Rayleigh number is shown to be consistent

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6

Zhou, S. Q., L. Qu, Y. Z. Lu, and X. L. Song. "The instability of diffusive convection and its implication for the thermohaline staircases in the deep Arctic Ocean." Ocean Science Discussions 10, no. 4 (August 13, 2013): 1343–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-10-1343-2013.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract. In the present study, the classical description of diffusive convection is updated to interpret the instability of diffusive interfaces and the dynamical evolution of the bottom layer in the deep Arctic Ocean. In the new consideration of convective instability, both the background salinity stratification and rotation are involved. The critical Rayleigh number of diffusive convection is found to vary from 103 to 1011 in the deep Arctic Ocean as well as in other oceans and lakes. In such a wide range of conditions, the interface-induced thermal Rayleigh number is indicated to be consis

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7

Spall, Michael A. "Influences of Precipitation on Water Mass Transformation and Deep Convection." Journal of Physical Oceanography 42, no. 10 (May 22, 2012): 1684–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-11-0230.1.

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Abstract The influences of precipitation on water mass transformation and the strength of the meridional overturning circulation in marginal seas are studied using theoretical and idealized numerical models. Nondimensional equations are developed for the temperature and salinity anomalies of deep convective water masses, making explicit their dependence on both geometric parameters such as basin area, sill depth, and latitude, as well as on the strength of atmospheric forcing. In addition to the properties of the convective water, the theory also predicts the magnitude of precipitation require

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8

Su, Zhan, Andrew P. Ingersoll, Andrew L. Stewart, and Andrew F. Thompson. "Ocean Convective Available Potential Energy. Part I: Concept and Calculation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 46, no. 4 (April 2016): 1081–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-14-0155.1.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstractThermobaric convection (type II convection) and thermobaric cabbeling (type III convection) might substantially contribute to vertical mixing, vertical heat transport, and deep-water formation in the World Ocean. However, the extent of this contribution remains poorly constrained. The concept of ocean convective available potential energy (OCAPE), the thermobaric energy source for type II and type III convection, is introduced to improve the diagnosis and prediction of these convection events. OCAPE is analogous to atmospheric CAPE, which is a key energy source for atmospheric moist co

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9

Wirth, A., and B. Barnier. "Mean Circulation and Structures of Tilted Ocean Deep Convection." Journal of Physical Oceanography 38, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 803–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jpo3756.1.

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Abstract Convection in a homogeneous ocean is investigated by numerically integrating the three-dimensional Boussinesq equations in a tilted, rotating frame ( f–F plane) subject to a negative buoyancy flux (cooling) at the surface. The study focuses on determining the influence of the angle (tilt) between the axis of rotation and gravity on the convection process. To this end the following two essential parameters are varied: (i) the magnitude of the surface heat flux, and (ii) the angle (tilt) between the axis of rotation and gravity. The range of the parameters investigated is a subset of ty

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10

Legg, Sonya. "A Simple Criterion to Determine the Transition from a Localized Convection to a Distributed Convection Regime*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 34, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 2843–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2653.1.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract A recent numerical study by Noh et al. of open-ocean deep convection in the presence of a single geostrophic eddy showed that two possible regimes exist: 1) the localized convection regime in which baroclinic instability of the eddy dominates, with slantwise fluxes and restratification, and 2) the distributed convection regime in which vertical mixing dominates. Noh et al. found that localized convection dominates for relatively small buoyancy forcing, strong eddies, and strong surface ambient stratification. Here it is shown that this regime transition can be expressed in terms of a

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11

Chanut, Jérôme, Bernard Barnier, William Large, Laurent Debreu, Thierry Penduff, Jean Marc Molines, and Pierre Mathiot. "Mesoscale Eddies in the Labrador Sea and Their Contribution to Convection and Restratification." Journal of Physical Oceanography 38, no. 8 (August 1, 2008): 1617–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo3485.1.

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Abstract The cycle of open ocean deep convection in the Labrador Sea is studied in a realistic, high-resolution (4 km) regional model, embedded in a coarser (⅓°) North Atlantic setup. This configuration allows the simultaneous generation and evolution of three different eddy types that are distinguished by their source region, generation mechanism, and dynamics. Very energetic Irminger Rings (IRs) are generated by barotropic instability of the West Greenland and Irminger Currents (WGC/IC) off Cape Desolation and are characterized by a warm, salty subsurface core. They densely populate the basi

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12

Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, Peter B. Rhines, and Charles C. Eriksen. "Horizontal Stratification during Deep Convection in the Labrador Sea." Journal of Physical Oceanography 44, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-13-069.1.

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Abstract Deep convection—the process by which surface waters are mixed down to 1000 m or deeper—forms the primary downwelling of the meridional overturning circulation in the Northern Hemisphere. High-resolution hydrographic measurements from Seagliders indicate that during deep convection—though water is well mixed vertically—there is substantial horizontal variation in density over short distances (tens of kilometers). This horizontal density variability present in winter (January–February) contains sufficient buoyancy to restratify the convecting region to observed levels 2.5 months later,

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13

Schloesser, Fabian. "Large-Scale Dynamics of Circulations with Open-Ocean Convection." Journal of Physical Oceanography 45, no. 12 (December 2015): 2933–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-15-0088.1.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstractFormation of the densest water masses in the North Atlantic and its marginal seas involves open-ocean convection. The main goal of this study is to contribute to the general understanding of how such convective regions connect to the large-scale ocean circulation. Specifically, analytic and numerical versions of a variable density layer model are used to explore the processes underlying the circulation in an idealized ocean basin. The models are forced by a surface buoyancy flux, which generates a density maximum in the ocean interior. In response to the forcing, a region forms that is

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14

Straneo, Fiammetta. "On the Connection between Dense Water Formation, Overturning, and Poleward Heat Transport in a Convective Basin*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 36, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 1822–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2932.1.

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Abstract An isopycnal, two-layer, idealized model for a convective basin is proposed, consisting of a convecting, interior region and a surrounding boundary current (buoyancy and wind-driven). Parameterized eddy fluxes govern the exchange between the two. To balance the interior buoyancy loss, the boundary current becomes denser as it flows around the basin. Geostrophy imposes that this densification be accompanied by sinking in the boundary current and hence by an overturning circulation. The poleward heat transport, associated with convection in the basin, can thus be viewed as a result of b

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15

Carpenter, J. R., T. Sommer, and A. Wüest. "Stability of a Double-Diffusive Interface in the Diffusive Convection Regime." Journal of Physical Oceanography 42, no. 5 (May 1, 2012): 840–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-11-0118.1.

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Abstract In this paper, the authors explore the conditions under which a double-diffusive interface may become unstable. Focus is placed on the case of a cold, freshwater layer above a warm, salty layer [i.e., the diffusive convection (DC) regime]. The “diffusive interface” between these layers will develop gravitationally unstable boundary layers due to the more rapid diffusion of heat (the destabilizing component) relative to salt. Previous studies have assumed that a purely convective-type instability of these boundary layers is what drives convection in this system and that this may be par

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16

Pasetto, Stefano, Cesare Chiosi, Mark Cropper, and Eva K. Grebel. "Scale-free convection theory." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, A29B (August 2015): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316006700.

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AbstractConvection is one of the fundamental mechanisms to transport energy, e.g., in planetology, oceanography, as well as in astrophysics where stellar structure is customarily described by the mixing-length theory, which makes use of the mixing-length scale parameter to express the convective flux, velocity, and temperature gradients of the convective elements and stellar medium. The mixing-length scale is taken to be proportional to the local pressure scale height of the star, and the proportionality factor (the mixing-length parameter) must be determined by comparing the stellar models to

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17

Gnanadesikan, Anand, Cassidy M. Speller, Grace Ringlein, John San Soucie, Jordan Thomas, and Marie-Aude Pradal. "Feedbacks Driving Interdecadal Variability in Southern Ocean Convection in Climate Models: A Coupled Oscillator Mechanism." Journal of Physical Oceanography 50, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 2227–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-20-0037.1.

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AbstractNumerous climate models display large-amplitude, long-period variability associated with quasiperiodic convection in the Southern Ocean, but the mechanisms responsible for producing such oscillatory convection are poorly understood. In this paper we identify three feedbacks that help generate such oscillations within an Earth system model with a particularly regular oscillation. The first feedback involves increased (decreased) upward mixing of warm interior water to the surface, resulting in more (less) evaporation and loss of heat to the atmosphere which produces more (less) mixing.

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18

Grignon, L., D. A. Smeed, H. L. Bryden, and K. Schroeder. "Importance of the variability of hydrographic preconditioning for deep convection in the Gulf of Lion, NW Mediterranean." Ocean Science 6, no. 2 (June 14, 2010): 573–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-6-573-2010.

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Abstract. We study the variability of hydrographic preconditioning defined as the heat and salt contents in the Ligurian Sea before convection. The stratification is found to reach a maximum in the intermediate layer in December, whose causes and consequences for the interannual variability of convection are investigated. Further study of the interannual variability and correlation tests between the properties of the deep water formed and the winter surface fluxes support the description of convection as a process that transfers the heat and salt contents from the top and intermediate layers t

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19

Grignon, L., D. A. Smeed, H. L. Bryden, and K. Schroeder. "Importance of the variability of hydrographic preconditioning for deep convection in the Gulf of Lion, NW Mediterranean." Ocean Science Discussions 7, no. 1 (January 18, 2010): 51–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-7-51-2010.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract. We study the variability of hydrographic preconditioning defined as the heat and salt contents in the Ligurian Sea before convection. The stratification is found to reach a maximum in the intermediate layer in December, whose causes and consequences for the interannual variability of convection are investigated. Further study of the interannual variability and correlation tests between the properties of the deep water formed and the winter surface fluxes support the description of convection as a process that transfers the heat and salt contents from the top and intermediate layers t

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20

Verma, Vicky, Hieu T. Pham, and Sutanu Sarkar. "Interaction between Upper-Ocean Submesoscale Currents and Convective Turbulence." Journal of Physical Oceanography 52, no. 3 (March 2022): 437–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-21-0148.1.

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Abstract The interaction between upper-ocean submesoscale fronts evolving with coherent features, such as vortex filaments and eddies, and convective turbulence generated by surface cooling of varying magnitude is investigated. Here, we decompose the flow into finescale (FS) and submesoscale (SMS) fields explicitly to investigate the energy pathways and the strong interaction between them. Most of the surface cooling flux is transferred to the FS kinetic energy through the FS buoyancy flux carried by the convective plumes. Overall, the SMS strengthens due to surface cooling. The frontogenetic

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21

Zhang, Weiwei, and Xiao-Hai Yan. "Lateral Heat Exchange after the Labrador Sea Deep Convection in 2008." Journal of Physical Oceanography 44, no. 12 (November 26, 2014): 2991–3007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-13-0198.1.

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Abstract The mechanisms through which convected water restratifies in the Labrador Sea are still under debate. The Labrador Sea restratification after deep convection in the 2007/08 winter is studied with an eddy-resolving numerical model. The modeled mixed layer depth during wintertime resembles the Argo observed mixed layer very well, and the lateral heat flux during the subsequent restratification is in line with observations. The Irminger rings (IRs) are reproduced with fresher caps above the 300-m depths, and they are identified and tracked automatically. The model underestimates both the

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22

Fiedler, Brian H. "Mesoscale cellular convection: is it convection?" Tellus A 37A, no. 2 (March 1985): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.1985.tb00278.x.

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23

Colin de Verdière, A. "A Simple Model of Millennial Oscillations of the Thermohaline Circulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 37, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 1142–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo3056.1.

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Abstract Stommel’s two-box model of thermohaline circulation is modified to include the possibility of convection. When reduced to a two-degrees-of-freedom dynamical system, the model exhibits the well-known multiple (thermal and haline) steady states as well as new convective thermal steady states. However, for some values of the control parameters (such as the freshwater flux) oscillations occur. Millennial period oscillatory regimes correspond to switches between the Stommel’s haline fixed point and the convective thermal state, both of which are unstable in a window of precipitation values

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24

Sandal, Cathrine, and Doron Nof. "A New Analytical Model for Heinrich Events and Climate Instability." Journal of Physical Oceanography 38, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 451–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jpo3722.1.

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Abstract The authors focus on Heinrich events and the question of whether the arrest and restart of convection can explain the associated sudden changes in oceanic and atmospheric temperature. For this purpose, a new (mixed) dynamical-box model is developed in which the ocean and atmosphere communicate via both Ekman layers and convection. The conservation of heat, salt, volume flux, and a “convection condition” yields a system of algebraic equations that are solved analytically. As expected, it is found that as the freshwater flux increases, the convective ocean temperature decreases. The hea

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25

Su, Zhan, Andrew P. Ingersoll, Andrew L. Stewart, and Andrew F. Thompson. "Ocean Convective Available Potential Energy. Part II: Energetics of Thermobaric Convection and Thermobaric Cabbeling." Journal of Physical Oceanography 46, no. 4 (April 2016): 1097–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-14-0156.1.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstractThe energetics of thermobaricity- and cabbeling-powered deep convection occurring in oceans with cold freshwater overlying warm salty water are investigated here. These quasi-two-layer profiles are widely observed in wintertime polar oceans. The key diagnostic is the ocean convective available potential energy (OCAPE), a concept introduced in a companion piece to this paper (Part I). For an isolated ocean column, OCAPE arises from thermobaricity and is the maximum potential energy (PE) that can be converted into kinetic energy (KE) under adiabatic vertical parcel rearrangements. This s

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26

Li, Qing, and Baylor Fox-Kemper. "Assessing the Effects of Langmuir Turbulence on the Entrainment Buoyancy Flux in the Ocean Surface Boundary Layer." Journal of Physical Oceanography 47, no. 12 (December 2017): 2863–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0085.1.

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AbstractLarge-eddy simulations (LESs) with various constant wind, wave, and surface destabilizing surface buoyancy flux forcing are conducted, with a focus on assessing the impact of Langmuir turbulence on the entrainment buoyancy flux at the base of the ocean surface boundary layer. An estimate of the entrainment buoyancy flux scaling is made to best fit the LES results. The presence of Stokes drift forcing and the resulting Langmuir turbulence enhances the entrainment rate significantly under weak surface destabilizing buoyancy flux conditions, that is, weakly convective turbulence. In contr

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27

Paquin, Jean-Philippe, Youyu Lu, Simon Higginson, Frédéric Dupont, and Gilles Garric. "Modelled Variations of Deep Convection in the Irminger Sea during 2003–10." Journal of Physical Oceanography 46, no. 1 (January 2016): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-15-0078.1.

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AbstractResults from a high-resolution ice–ocean model are analyzed to understand the physical processes responsible for the interannual variability of ocean convection over the Irminger Sea. The modeled convection in the open Irminger Sea for the winters of 2007/08 and 2008/09 is in good agreement with observations. Deep convection is caused by strong atmospheric forcing that increases the ocean heat loss through latent and sensible heat fluxes. Greenland tip jets are found to be the only strong wind events that directly affect the deep convection area and explain up to 53% of the total turbu

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Taylor, John R., and Raffaele Ferrari. "Buoyancy and Wind-Driven Convection at Mixed Layer Density Fronts." Journal of Physical Oceanography 40, no. 6 (June 1, 2010): 1222–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jpo4365.1.

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Abstract In this study, the influence of a geostrophically balanced horizontal density gradient on turbulent convection in the ocean is examined using numerical simulations and a theoretical scaling analysis. Starting with uniform horizontal and vertical buoyancy gradients, convection is driven by imposing a heat loss or a destabilizing wind stress at the upper boundary, and a turbulent layer soon develops. For weak lateral fronts, turbulent convection results in a nearly homogeneous mixed layer (ML) whose depth grows in time. For strong fronts, a turbulent layer develops, but this layer is no

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Kumar, Pardeep. "Magneto-Rotatory Convection in Couple-Stress Fluid." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON FLUID MECHANICS 18 (October 6, 2023): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232013.2023.18.6.

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Background: Thermal convection is the most convective instability when crystals are produced from a single element like silicon and the thermal instability of a fluid layer heated from below plays an important role in geophysics, oceanography, atmospheric physics, etc. The flow through porous media is of considerable interest for petroleum engineers, for geophysical fluid dynamicists and has importance in chemical technology and industry. Many of the flow problems in fluids with couple-stresses indicate some possible experiments, that could be used for determining the material constants, and t

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Jones, Helen, and John Marshall. "Restratification after Deep Convection." Journal of Physical Oceanography 27, no. 10 (October 1997): 2276–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<2276:radc>2.0.co;2.

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Dewar, William K. "Convection in Small Basins." Journal of Physical Oceanography 32, no. 10 (October 2002): 2766–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<2766:cisb>2.0.co;2.

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DELDEN, AARNOUT. "Comments on “Mesoscale cellular convection: is it convection?”." Tellus A 37A, no. 5 (October 1985): 487–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.1985.tb00446.x.

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33

Rieck, Jan K., Claus W. Böning, and Klaus Getzlaff. "The Nature of Eddy Kinetic Energy in the Labrador Sea: Different Types of Mesoscale Eddies, Their Temporal Variability, and Impact on Deep Convection." Journal of Physical Oceanography 49, no. 8 (August 2019): 2075–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-18-0243.1.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstractOceanic eddies are an important component in preconditioning the central Labrador Sea (LS) for deep convection and in restratifying the convected water. This study investigates the different sources and impacts of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) and its temporal variability in the LS with the help of a 52-yr-long hindcast simulation of a 1/20° ocean model. Irminger Rings (IR) are generated in the West Greenland Current (WGC) between 60° and 62°N, mainly affect preconditioning, and limit the northward extent of the convection area. The IR exhibit a seasonal cycle and decadal variations linked

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34

Kimura, Satoshi, Keith W. Nicholls, and Emily Venables. "Estimation of Ice Shelf Melt Rate in the Presence of a Thermohaline Staircase." Journal of Physical Oceanography 45, no. 1 (January 2015): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-14-0106.1.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstractDiffusive convection–favorable thermohaline staircases are observed directly beneath George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctica. A thermohaline staircase is one of the most pronounced manifestations of double-diffusive convection. Cooling and freshening of the ocean by melting ice produces cool, freshwater above the warmer, saltier water, the water mass distribution favorable to a type of double-diffusive convection known as diffusive convection. While the vertical distribution of water masses can be susceptible to diffusive convection, none of the observations beneath ice shelves so far have sho

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35

Oliver, K. I. C., T. Eldevik, D. P. Stevens, and A. J. Watson. "A Greenland Sea Perspective on the Dynamics of Postconvective Eddies*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 38, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 2755–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo3844.1.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract Open ocean deep postconvection contributes to the formation of the dense waters that fill the global deep ocean. The dynamics of postconvective vortices are key to understanding the role of convection in ocean circulation. Submesoscale coherent vortices (SCVs) observed in convective regions are likely to be the anticyclonic components of hetons. Hetons are dipoles, consisting of a surface cyclone and a weakly stratified subsurface anticyclone, that can be formed by convection. Here, key postconvective processes are investigated using numerical experiments of increasing sophistication

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Coates, M. J., G. N. Ivey, and J. R. Taylor. "Unsteady, Turbulent Convection into a Rotating, Linearly Stratified Fluid: Modeling Deep Ocean Convection." Journal of Physical Oceanography 25, no. 12 (December 1995): 3032–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025<3032:utciar>2.0.co;2.

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37

Vauclair, S. "Thermohaline Convection in Main Sequence Stars." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, S252 (April 2008): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308022527.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstractThermohaline convection is a well known subject in oceanography, which has long been put aside in stellar physics. In the ocean, it occurs when warm salted layers sit on top of cool and less salted ones. Then the salted water rapidly diffuses downwards even in the presence of stabilizing temperature gradients, due to double diffusion between the falling blobs and their surroundings. A similar process may occur in stars in case of inverse μ-gradients in a thermally stabilized medium. Here we describe this process and some of its stellar applications.

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38

Gelderloos, Renske, Caroline A. Katsman, and Sybren S. Drijfhout. "Assessing the Roles of Three Eddy Types in Restratifying the Labrador Sea after Deep Convection." Journal of Physical Oceanography 41, no. 11 (November 1, 2011): 2102–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-11-054.1.

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Abstract Restratification after deep convection is one of the key factors in determining the temporal variability of dense water formation in the Labrador Sea. In the subsurface, it is primarily governed by lateral buoyancy fluxes during early spring. The roles of three different eddy types in this process are assessed using an idealized model of the Labrador Sea that simulates the restratification season. The first eddy type, warm-core Irminger rings, is shed from the boundary current along the west coast of Greenland. All along the coastline, the boundary current forms boundary current eddie

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39

Brakstad, Ailin, Kjetil Våge, Lisbeth Håvik, and G. W. K. Moore. "Water Mass Transformation in the Greenland Sea during the Period 1986–2016." Journal of Physical Oceanography 49, no. 1 (January 2019): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0273.1.

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AbstractHydrographic measurements from ships, autonomous profiling floats, and instrumented seals over the period 1986–2016 are used to examine the temporal variability in open-ocean convection in the Greenland Sea during winter. This process replenishes the deep ocean with oxygen and is central to maintaining its thermohaline properties. The deepest and densest mixed layers in the Greenland Sea were located within its cyclonic gyre and exhibited large interannual variability. Beginning in winter 1994, a transition to deeper (>500 m) mixed layers took place. This resulted in the formation o

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40

Sohail, Taimoor, Bishakhdatta Gayen, and Andrew McC. Hogg. "The Dynamics of Mixed Layer Deepening during Open-Ocean Convection." Journal of Physical Oceanography 50, no. 6 (June 2020): 1625–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-19-0264.1.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstractOpen-ocean convection is a common phenomenon that regulates mixed layer depth and ocean ventilation in the high-latitude oceans. However, many climate model simulations overestimate mixed layer depth during open-ocean convection, resulting in excessive formation of dense water in some regions. The physical processes controlling transient mixed layer depth during open-ocean convection are examined using two different numerical models: a high-resolution, turbulence-resolving nonhydrostatic model and a large-scale hydrostatic ocean model. An isolated destabilizing buoyancy flux is imposed

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41

Send, Uwe, and John Marshall. "Integral Effects of Deep Convection." Journal of Physical Oceanography 25, no. 5 (May 1995): 855–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025<0855:ieodc>2.0.co;2.

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42

Jones, Helen, and John Marshall. "Convection with Rotation in a Neutral Ocean: A Study of Open-Ocean Deep Convection." Journal of Physical Oceanography 23, no. 6 (June 1993): 1009–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1993)023<1009:cwrian>2.0.co;2.

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43

Vankevich, R. E., E. V. Sofina, T. E. Eremina, A. V. Ryabchenko, M. S. Molchanov, and A. V. Isaev. "Effects of lateral processes on the seasonal water stratification of the Gulf of Finland: 3-D NEMO-based model study." Ocean Science Discussions 12, no. 5 (October 12, 2015): 2395–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-12-2395-2015.

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Abstract. This paper tries to fill the gaps in knowledge of processes affecting the seasonal water stratification in the Gulf of Finland (GOF). We used state-of-the-art modeling framework NEMO aimed for oceanographic research, operational oceanography, seasonal forecasting and climate studies to build an eddy resolving model of the GOF. To evaluate the model skill and performance two different solutions where obtained on 0.5 km eddy resolving and commonly used 2 km grids for one year simulation. We also explore the efficacy of nonhydrostatic effect (convection) parameterizations available in N

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44

Pham, Hieu T., Sutanu Sarkar, William D. Smyth, James N. Moum, and Sally J. Warner. "Deep-Cycle Turbulence in the Upper Pacific Equatorial Ocean: Characterization by LES and Heat Flux Parameterization." Journal of Physical Oceanography 54, no. 2 (February 2024): 577–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-23-0015.1.

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Abstract Observations in the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrents (EUC) show that the nighttime deep-cycle turbulence (DCT) in the marginal-instability (MI) layer of the EUC exhibits seasonal variability that can modulate heat transport and sea surface temperature. Large-eddy simulations (LES), spanning a wide range of control parameters, are performed to identify the key processes that influence the turbulent heat flux at multiple time scales ranging from turbulent (minutes to hours) to daily to seasonal. The control parameters include wind stress, convective surface heat flux, shear magnitude, a

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45

Cuny, Jérôme, Peter B. Rhines, Friedrich Schott, and John Lazier. "Convection above the Labrador Continental Slope." Journal of Physical Oceanography 35, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 489–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2700.1.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract The Labrador Sea is one of the few regions of the World Ocean where deep convection takes place. Several moorings across the Labrador continental slope just north of Hamilton Bank show that convection does take place within the Labrador Current. Mixing above the lower Labrador slope is facilitated by the onshore along-isopycnal intrusions of low-potential-vorticity eddies that weaken the stratification, combined with baroclinic instability that sustains slanted mixing while restratifying the water column through horizontal fluxes. Above the shelf break, the Irminger seawater core is d

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46

Zunino, Patricia, Herlé Mercier, and Virginie Thierry. "Why did deep convection persist over four consecutive winters (2015–2018) southeast of Cape Farewell?" Ocean Science 16, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-16-99-2020.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract. After more than a decade of shallow convection, deep convection returned to the Irminger Sea in 2008 and occurred several times since then to reach exceptional convection depths (> 1500 m) in 2015 and 2016. Additionally, deep mixed layers deeper than 1600 m were also reported southeast of Cape Farewell in 2015. In this context, we used Argo data to show that deep convection occurred southeast of Cape Farewell (SECF) in 2016 and persisted during two additional years in 2017 and 2018 with a maximum convection depth deeper than 1300 m. In this article, we investigate the respective r

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47

Umlauf, Lars, Peter L. Holtermann, Christiane A. Gillner, Ralf D. Prien, Lucas Merckelbach, and Jeffrey R. Carpenter. "Diffusive Convection under Rapidly Varying Conditions." Journal of Physical Oceanography 48, no. 8 (August 2018): 1731–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-18-0018.1.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstractIn most observations of diffusive convection in the ocean and in lakes, the characteristic diffusive staircases evolve over long time scales under quasi-stationary background conditions. In the Baltic Sea, however, diffusive staircases develop inside the flanks of intermittent intrusions that induce strong inverse temperature gradients over a vertical range of a few meters, varying on time scales of hours to days. Here, results are discussed from an extensive field campaign conducted in summer 2016 in the southern Baltic Sea, including temperature microstructure data from ocean gliders

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48

Byshev, V. I., V. G. Neiman, V. T. Paka, and B. N. Filyushkin. "TAREEV'S PARADOXES ON THE 90th ANNIVERSARY OF DOCTOR OF PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES BORIS TAREEV." Journal of Oceanological Research 49, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29006/1564-2291.jor-2021.49(2).8.

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Abstract (sommario):

The article is devoted to the 90th anniversary of the prominent Russian oceanographer and former senior researcher at the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Science Boris Alexandrovich Tareev, (1931–1972). A brief information about the main fields and results of his creative scientific activity is given. The paper tells about his study of deep density convection in the ocean, as well as hydrophysics and hydrodynamics of internal gravity waves, and at last the baroclinic instability of ocean currents. The metaphorical allocation of three remarkab

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49

de Boer, A. M., J. R. Toggweiler, and D. M. Sigman. "Atlantic Dominance of the Meridional Overturning Circulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 38, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jpo3731.1.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract North Atlantic (NA) deep-water formation and the resulting Atlantic meridional overturning cell is generally regarded as the primary feature of the global overturning circulation and is believed to be a result of the geometry of the continents. Here, instead, the overturning is viewed as a global energy–driven system and the robustness of NA dominance is investigated within this framework. Using an idealized geometry ocean general circulation model coupled to an energy moisture balance model, various climatic forcings are tested for their effect on the strength and structure of the ov

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50

Kuzmina, Natalia, Bert Rudels, Tapani Stipa, and Victor Zhurbas. "The Structure and Driving Mechanisms of the Baltic Intrusions." Journal of Physical Oceanography 35, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 1120–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2749.1.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract Data from closely spaced CTD profiling performed in the eastern Gotland Basin after the 1993 inflow event are used to study thermohaline intrusions in the Baltic Sea. Two CTD cross sections display abundant intrusive layers in the permanent halocline. Despite the overwhelming dominance of the salinity stratification, diffusive convection is shown to work in the Baltic halocline enhancing diapycnical mixing. To understand the driving mechanisms of observed intrusions, these are divided into different types depending on their structural features. Only two types of observed intrusions ar

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