Articoli di riviste: "Corn. Corn Colletotrichum graminicola"

1

Jamil, Farhat F., e R. L. Nicholson. "Cultural studies on Colletotrichum graminicola isolates from shattercane, sorghum and corn". Mycological Research 93, n. 1 (luglio 1989): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(89)80138-8.

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Crouch, Jo Anne, Bruce B. Clarke e Bradley I. Hillman. "Unraveling Evolutionary Relationships Among the Divergent Lineages of Colletotrichum Causing Anthracnose Disease in Turfgrass and Corn". Phytopathology® 96, n. 1 (gennaio 2006): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-96-0046.

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Colletotrichum species cause anthracnose diseases on a number of grass hosts and are common inhabitants of many others. They are divided into four species: C. sublineolum is pathogenic to Sorghum spp.; C. caudatum is found on C4 grasses such as indiangrass and big bluestem; C. falcatum causes red rot of sugarcane; and C. graminicola sensu lato is a broadly defined species including isolates that attack maize, wheat, oats, and many forage, turf, and amenity grasses of the subfamily Pooideae. In this paper, a combination of hierarchal- and nonhierarchal-based analyses were employed to examine evolutionary relationships among the grass-infecting Colletotrichum species, with special emphasis on isolates from turf and other grasses in the subfamily Pooideae. Reconstructions performed with data sets from over 100 Colletotrichum isolates at three variable loci using phylogenetic and network-based methodologies unambiguously supported the taxonomic separation of maize-infecting isolates of C. graminicola from the pooid-infecting strains of Colletotrichum. To reflect the evolutionary relationships that exist between these distinct lineages, we propose the resurrection of the species name C. cereale to describe the pooid-infecting isolates. There was also support for further subdivision of C. cereale, but the current data are insufficient to confidently subdivide the species, as there was some evidence of recombination between lineages of this species.

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Jamil, Farhat F. "Susceptibility of Corn to Isolates of Colletotrichum graminicola Pathogenic to Other Grasses". Plant Disease 71, n. 9 (1987): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-71-0809.

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Mercure, E. W., H. Kunoh e R. L. Nicholson. "Adhesion of Colletotrichum graminicola conidia to corn leaves, a requirement for disease development". Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 45, n. 6 (dicembre 1994): 407–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0885-5765(05)80039-6.

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Adee, Eric, e Stewart Duncan. "Timing of Strobilurin Fungicide for Control of Top Dieback in Corn". Plant Health Progress 18, n. 2 (1 gennaio 2017): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-03-17-0020-rs.

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Significant yield losses can result from top dieback (TDB) in dent corn (Zea mays L.), which is caused by infection by the fungus Colletotrichum graminicola, which also causes anthracnose. Research on the effectiveness of fungicide application is limited because of the unpredictable nature of the disease. Three field studies were established to assess the timing of fungicide application for foliar diseases that developed TDB, one in Illinois (2010) and the other two in Kansas (2015 and 2016). Fungicide applications at tasseling and later were effective in reducing the incidence of TDB by over 20% and increasing yield over 900 kg/ha, or over 7%, while earlier applications (V5 to V8) did not reduce TDB nor increase yield compared with the untreated check.

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MÜNCH, STEFFEN, NANCY LUDWIG, DANIELA S. FLOSS, JANYCE A. SUGUI, ANNA M. KOSZUCKA, LARS M. VOLL, UWE SONNEWALD e HOLGER B. DEISING. "Identification of virulence genes in the corn pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation". Molecular Plant Pathology 12, n. 1 (1 dicembre 2010): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00651.x.

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Krijger, Jorrit-Jan, Ralf Horbach, Michael Behr, Patrick Schweizer, Holger B. Deising e Stefan G. R. Wirsel. "The Yeast Signal Sequence Trap Identifies Secreted Proteins of the Hemibiotrophic Corn Pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 21, n. 10 (ottobre 2008): 1325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-21-10-1325.

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The hemibiotroph Colletotrichum graminicola is the causal agent of stem rot and leaf anthracnose on Zea mays. Following penetration of epidermal cells, the fungus enters a short biotrophic phase, followed by a destructive necrotrophic phase of pathogenesis. During both phases, secreted fungal proteins are supposed to determine progress and success of the infection. To identify genes encoding such proteins, we constructed a yeast signal sequence trap (YSST) cDNA-library from RNA extracted from mycelium grown in vitro on corn cell walls and leaf extract. Of the 103 identified unigenes, 50 showed significant similarities to genes with a reported function, 25 sequences were similar to genes without a known function, and 28 sequences showed no similarity to entries in the databases. Macroarray hybridization and quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction confirmed that most genes identified by the YSST screen are expressed in planta. Other than some genes that were constantly expressed, a larger set showed peaks of transcript abundances at specific phases of pathogenesis. Another set exhibited biphasic expression with peaks at the biotrophic and necrotrophic phase. Transcript analyses of in vitro-grown cultures revealed that several of the genes identified by the YSST screen were induced by the addition of corn leaf components, indicating that host-derived factors may have mimicked the host milieu.

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Jirak-Peterson, Jennifer C., e Paul D. Esker. "Tillage, Crop Rotation, and Hybrid Effects on Residue and Corn Anthracnose Occurrence in Wisconsin". Plant Disease 95, n. 5 (maggio 2011): 601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-10-0837.

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Corn anthracnose (Colletotrichum graminicola) is an important disease of field corn (Zea mays). Two phases, leaf blight and stalk rot, can reduce yield through either premature leaf senescence or reduced grain harvest due to stalk lodging. Corn residue is an important source of primary inoculum and is increased through cultural practices such as no-tillage and continuous corn cropping, which are common practices in Wisconsin. Field studies conducted at the Arlington Agricultural Research Station (ARS) and the West Madison ARS showed that the incidence and severity of anthracnose leaf blight were higher in continuous-corn crop rotations than in soybean–corn rotations (91% higher incidence, 24 to 78% higher severity). Anthracnose stalk rot was marginally affected by tillage in 2008 (P = 0.09), with higher incidence in chisel-plowed treatments. There was a positive association between spring residue cover and anthracnose leaf blight but no association was found between residue and stalk rot. No association was found between anthracnose leaf blight and stalk rot. There was a negative association between anthracnose leaf blight and yield but not between anthracnose stalk rot and yield. Managing residue levels through crop rotation would help to reduce anthracnose leaf blight but further work is needed to elucidate factors that lead to stalk lodging prior to harvest.

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Ludwig, Nancy, Marco Löhrer, Marcus Hempel, Sebastian Mathea, Ivo Schliebner, Matthias Menzel, Andreas Kiesow, Ulrich Schaffrath, Holger B. Deising e Ralf Horbach. "Melanin Is Not Required for Turgor Generation but Enhances Cell-Wall Rigidity in Appressoria of the Corn Pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 27, n. 4 (aprile 2014): 315–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-09-13-0267-r.

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The ascomycete and causative agent of maize anthracnose and stem rot, Colletotrichum graminicola, differentiates melanized infection cells called appressoria that are indispensable for breaching the plant cell wall. High concentrations of osmolytes accumulate within the appressorium, and the internal turgor pressure of up to 5.4 MPa provides sufficient force to penetrate the leaf epidermis directly. In order to assess the function of melanin in C. graminicola appressoria, we identified and characterized the polyketide synthase 1 (CgPKS1) gene which displayed high similarity to fungal polyketide synthases (PKS) involved in synthesis of 1,3,6,8-tetrahydronaphthalene, the first intermediate in melanin biosynthesis. Cgpks1 albino mutants created by targeted gene disruption were unable to penetrate intact leaves and ruptured frequently but, surprisingly, were able to penetrate ultrathin polytetrafluoroethylene membranes mimicking the plant surface. Nonmelanized Cgpks1 appressoria were sensitive to externally applied cell-wall-degrading enzymes whereas melanized appressoria were not affected. Expression studies using a truncated CgPKS1 fused to green fluorescent protein revealed fluorescence in immature appressoria and in setae, which is in agreement with transcript data obtained by RNA-Seq and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Unexpectedly, surface scans of mutant and wild-type appressoria revealed considerable differences in cell-wall morphology. Melanization of appressoria is indispensable for successful infection of intact leaves. However, cell collapse experiments and analysis of the appressorial osmolyte content by Mach-Zehnder interferometry convincingly showed that melanin is not required for solute accumulation and turgor generation, thus questioning the role of melanin as a barrier for osmolytes in appressoria of C. graminicola.

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Ramadoss, Candadai S., John Uhlig, Don M. Carlson, Larry G. Butler e Ralph L. Nicholson. "Composition of the mucilaginous spore matrix of Colletotrichum graminicola, a pathogen of corn, sorghum, and other grasses". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 33, n. 4 (luglio 1985): 728–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00064a041.

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Rehman, Fazal Ur, Muhammad Adnan, Maria Kalsoom, Nageen Naz, Muhammad Ghayoor Husnain, Haroon Ilahi, Muhammad Asif Ilyas, Gulfam Yousaf, Rohoma Tahir e Usama Ahmad. "Seed-Borne Fungal Diseases of Maize (Zea mays L.): A Review". Agrinula : Jurnal Agroteknologi dan Perkebunan 4, n. 1 (12 febbraio 2021): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36490/agri.v4i1.123.

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Introduction: Maize (Zea mays) is one of the most important cereal crops. It is ranked as 3rd after wheat and rice. Due to its wide adaptability, diversified uses, and low production costs, it has great potential as a cereal crop. In the case of yield losses, various factors are involved. The fungal diseases of maize play a significant role in the reduction of both quantity as well as the quality of maize. Review Results: At the seedling stage, maize suffers from numerous diseases and many of them are seed-borne diseases. Anthracnose stalk rot (Colletotrichum graminicola), Charcoal rot of maize (Macrophomina phaseolina), Crazy top downy mildew disease (Sclerophthora macrospora), Corn grey leaf spot disease (Cercospora zeae-maydis), Aspergillus ear and kernel rot (Aspergillus flavus), Corn smut (Ustilago maydis), Southern corn leaf blight disease (Bipolaris maydis) etc. are important among these diseases.Chemical control of seed-borne pathogens of maize is rather difficult to achieve as a reasonably good. Due to the hazardous environmental effects of chemicals, the Integrated Management of the seed-borne fungal pathogens of corn is mostly preferred. The distribution, disease cycle, symptoms of the damage, effects of environmental factors, economical importance of disease, and integrated disease management options of major seed-borne fungal pathogens of maize have been reviewed in this review article from various currently available sources.

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Gatch, E. W., e G. P. Munkvold. "Fungal Species Composition in Maize Stalks in Relation to European Corn Borer Injury and Transgenic Insect Protection". Plant Disease 86, n. 10 (ottobre 2002): 1156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.10.1156.

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The maize stalk rot complex is comprised of several fungal pathogens, including Gibberella zeae, Colletotrichum graminicola, Stenocarpella maydis, and several members of the genus Fusarium. The European corn borer (ECB) (Ostrinia nubilalis) can contribute to stalk rot development by creating entry wounds and by serving as a vector of some stalk rot pathogens, particularly Fusarium verticillioides. Transgenic insect protection of maize hybrids with insecticidal proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis greatly reduces ECB injury and may therefore alter the species composition and diversity of the stalk rot complex. Field experiments were conducted in 1998, 1999, and 2000 to compare the species composition and diversity of fungi infecting stalks of Bt and non-Bt maize hybrids. Hybrids representing five Bt types (or “events”) and their near-isogenic non-Bt counterparts were subjected to manual and natural infestations with ECB larvae. Stalk tissue samples were cultured to determine fungal species composition. At least one species was isolated from nearly every stalk and from both diseased and symptomless tissues. G. zeae was the most common species in 1998 and 1999, but C. graminicola was most common in 2000. The mean proportions of stalks infected with F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans were significantly lower in Bt hybrids than in non-Bt hybrids in 2 of the 3 years. Conversely, the mean proportion of stalks infected with G. zeae was higher in some Bt hybrids than their non-Bt counterparts in two of the three years. F. verticillioides was more likely to be isolated from ECB-injured tissue, whereas G. zeae and C. graminicola were more likely to be isolated from tissue not associated with ECB injury. The overall species diversity of the stalk rot complex was lower in some Bt hybrids compared with their non-Bt counterparts in 1998 and 1999. ECB activity appeared to alter fungal species composition in stalks, reflecting the association between ECB injury and specific stalk rot pathogens, particularly F. verticillioides. The species composition of fungi infecting stalks of Bt hybrids differed from that of non-Bt hybrids, but the implications of this result are not yet clear.

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Carruthers, R. I., G. C. Bergstrom e P. A. Haynes. "Accelerated Development of the European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), Induced by Interactions with Colletotrichum graminicola (Melanconiales: Melanconiaceae), the Causal Fungus of Maize Anthracnose". Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79, n. 3 (1 maggio 1986): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/79.3.385.

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Waxman, K. D., e G. C. Bergstrom. "First Report of Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum navitas on Switchgrass in New York". Plant Disease 95, n. 8 (agosto 2011): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-11-0164.

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Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a perennial grass with significant potential as a biofuel crop. From 2007 to 2010, foliar lesions were observed in new and mature stands of switchgrass in various locations in New York. Lesions were elliptical with purple margins and white necrotic centers, generally <3 cm long, ~1 mm wide, often coalesced, and containing black setae. Upon incubation, symptomatic leaf tissue developed acervuli with masses of salmon-colored spores. The fungus was identified as Colletotrichum nativas Crouch on the basis of typical cultural characteristics and conidial morphology (1). Conidia were one-celled, hyaline, fusiform, and generally falcate. Conidial length averaged 40 μm (22 to 47 μm) and width averaged 5 μm (4 to 7 μm). Compared with other graminicolous species of Colletotrichum, the conidia were larger and varied from straight to irregularly bent. Sequences of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of three isolates (Cornell accession and corresponding GenBank Nos.: Cn071NY08 (from a >20-year-old naturalized stand of switchgrass in Steuben County), JF437053; Cn080NY08 (from ‘Pathfinder’ in Chemung County), JF437054; and Cn101NY09 (from ‘Blackwell’ in Chemung County), JF437055) exhibited 100% nucleotide identity to the type isolate of C. nativas (GenBank No. GQ919068) collected from switchgrass selection ‘Brooklyn’ in New Jersey (1). Pathogenicity of the sequenced isolates along with seven other isolates (Cn105NY09 from ‘Sunburst’ in Tompkins County; Cn107NY09 from ‘Trailblazer’ in Tompkins County; Cn109NY09 from ‘Forestburg’ in Tompkins County; Cn111NY09 and Cn112NY09 from ‘Shelter’ in Tompkins County; and Cn122NY09 and Cn123NY09 from ‘Cave-in-Rock’ in Genesee County) was evaluated in greenhouse experiments. Seven- to eight-week-old switchgrass plants were inoculated with conidial suspensions (1 × 106 conidia/ml) of C. nativas. Inoculum or sterilized water was sprayed until runoff. Three plants of each of ‘Cave-in-Rock’ and ‘Kanlow’ were sprayed per treatment and the experiment was repeated for 3 of the 10 isolates. Inoculated plants were placed in a mist chamber for 48 h before they were returned to the greenhouse and observed for disease development, which occurred within 1 week of inoculation for both cultivars. No symptoms developed on the control plants. Foliar lesions closely resembled those observed in the field. C. nativas was consistently reisolated from symptomatic tissue collected from greenhouse experiments. Switchgrass anthracnose associated with C. graminicola sensu lata has been reported in many U.S. states (2). On the basis of molecular phylogenetics and distinguishing morphological characters, Crouch et al. erected C. navitas as a novel species distinct from C. graminicola sensu stricto, a taxon restricted to the corn anthracnose pathogen (1). C. nativas was first documented on switchgrass in New Jersey (1) and appears to be the same pathogen causing anthracnose of switchgrass in the adjoining state of Pennsylvania (1,3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. nativas causing anthracnose of switchgrass in New York. References: (1) J. A. Crouch et al. Mycol. Res. 113:1411, 2009. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , May 5, 2011. (3) M. A. Sanderson et al. Agron. J. 100:510, 2008.

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Sherwood, R. T. "Papilla Formation in Corn Root-Cap Cells and Leaves Inoculated withColletotrichum graminicola". Phytopathology 77, n. 6 (1987): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-77-930.

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Reis, E. M., D. Baruffi, L. Remor e M. Zanatta. "Decomposition of corn and soybean residues under field conditions and their role as inoculum source". Summa Phytopathologica 37, n. 1 (marzo 2011): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-54052011000100011.

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Necrotrophic parasites of above-ground plant parts survive saprophytically, between growing seasons in host crop residues. In an experiment conducted under field conditions, the time required in months for corn and soybean residues to be completely decomposed was quantified. Residues were laid on the soil surface to simulate no-till farming. Crop debris of the two plant species collected on the harvesting day cut into pieces of 5.0cm-long and a 200g mass was added to nylon mesh bags. At monthly intervals, bags were taken to the laboratory for weighing. Corn residues were decomposed within 37.0 months and those of soybean, within 34.5 months. Hw main necrotrophic fungi diagnosed in the corn residues were Colletotrichum gramicola, Diplodia spp. and Gibberella zeae, and those in soybeans residues were Cercospora kikuchii, Colletotrichum spp, Glomerella sp. and Phomopsis spp. Thus, those periods shoulb be observed in crop rotation aimed at to eliminating contaminated residues and, consequently, the inoculum from the cultivated area.

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Boyette, C. Douglas. "Unrefined Corn Oil Improves the Mycoherbicidal Activity ofColletotrichum truncatumfor Hemp Sesbania (Sesbania exaltata) Control". Weed Technology 8, n. 3 (settembre 1994): 526–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00039622.

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In greenhouse experiments, unrefined corn oil was tested as an adjuvant with the mycoherbicidal fungus,Colletotrichum truncatum.A1:1 (V/V) fungus/corn oil tank mixture extended by at least 70 h the period of time in which the fungus remains infective between inoculation and the onset of dew. This formulation also reduced the dew period requirements for optimal weed pathogenesis and mortality from 12 h to 2 h, and reduced the required spray volume by 100-fold, from 500 L/ha to 5 L/ha. These results suggest that formulatingC. truncatumin unrefined corn oil greatly improves the bioherbicidal potential of this pathogen.

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Jenns, A. E. "Effect of Illuminance on the Resistance of Inbred Lines of Corn to Isolates ofColletotrichum graminicola". Phytopathology 75, n. 3 (1985): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-75-281.

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Li, Y. G., J. X. Liu, T. X. Zhao, S. Li e P. Ji. "First Report of Damping-Off of Dent Corn Seedlings Caused by Pythium graminicola in Georgia". Plant Disease 102, n. 7 (luglio 2018): 1464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-17-1692-pdn.

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Egley, Grant H., e C. Douglas Boyette. "Water-Corn Oil Emulsion Enhances Conidia Germination and Mycoherbicidal Activity ofColletotrichum truncatum". Weed Science 43, n. 2 (giugno 1995): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500081236.

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A water-corn oil (unrefined) emulsion has promise as a carrier for application of the mycoherbicide,Colletotrichum truncatum.We investigated this formulation (normal emulsion; oil in water) for influences on conidia germination, appressoria formation, and mycoherbicidal activity ofC. truncatum.Germination of conidia after application to hemp sesbania leaves was increased from 30% in water alone to 92% in the water-corn oil emulsion (water:oil, 1:1, by vol). The emulsion did not affect appressoria formation. of the several other oils tested, safflower seed oil enhanced in vitro germination but did not enhance germination and mycoherbicide activity when the conidia-emulsion formulation was applied to hemp sesbania leaves. Application ofC. truncatumconidia in the unrefined corn oil emulsion to hemp sesbania seedlings resulted in 89 to 97% control of the weed after a 24 to 72 h dew delay. The emulsion enhanced mycoherbicide efficacy by stimulating conidia germination by protecting the conidia during a dew-free period, hence, increasing weed infection when a dew occurred.

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Panaccione, Daniel G. "Colletotrichum graminicolaTransformed with Homologous and Heterologous Benomyl-Resistance Genes Retains Expected Pathogenicity to Corn". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 1, n. 3 (1988): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-1-113.

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Ma, Xiaoya, Sureeporn Nontachaiyapoom, Ruvishika S. Jayawardena, Kevin D. Hyde, Eleni Gentekaki, Sixuan Zhou, Yixin Qian, Tingchi Wen e Jichuan Kang. "Endophytic Colletotrichum species from Dendrobium spp. in China and Northern Thailand". MycoKeys 43 (4 dicembre 2018): 23–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.43.25081.

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Species of Colletotrichum are commonly found in many plant hosts as pathogens, endophytes and occasionally saprobes. Twenty-two Colletotrichum strains were isolated from three Dendrobium species – D.cariniferum, D.catenatum and D.harveyanum, as well as three unidentified species. The taxa were identified using morphological characterisation and phylogenetic analyses of ITS, GAPDH, ACT and ß–tubulin sequence data. This is the first time to identify endophytic fungi from Dendrobium orchids using the above method. The known species, Colletotrichumboninense, C.camelliae-japonicae, C.fructicola, C.jiangxiense and C.orchidophilum were identified as fungal endophytes of Dendrobium spp., along with the new species, C.cariniferi, C.chiangraiense, C.doitungense, C.parallelophorum and C.watphraense, which are introduced in this paper. One strain is recorded as an unidentified species. Corn meal agar is recommended as a good sporulation medium for Colletotrichum species. This is the first report of fungal endophytes associated with Dendrobiumcariniferum and D.harveyanum. Colletotrichumcamelliae-japonicae, C.jiangxiense, and C.orchidophilum are new host records for Thailand.

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Fakhruddin, Dhirham Khusma, e Suhartiningsih Dwi Nurcahyanti. "Viabilitas Bacillus sp. Sebagai Agen Antagonis Patogen Tanaman Dalam Formulasi Berbahan Dasar Tepung". Jurnal Pengendalian Hayati 3, n. 1 (18 marzo 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jph.v3i1.17151.

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Bacterial biopesticide formulations needed because the use of bacteria in the suspensions can reduce the ability to control disease in plants. Therefore, a bacterial suspension needs to be mobilized in the formula with a carrier (Carrier) to maintain the viability of bacteria. This research uses the formulation of Bacillus sp. made from rice flour, corn, tapioca and talc with the addition of urea, glucose and CMC. Formulation of Bacillus sp. flour based with the addition of urea, glucose and CMC were tested with Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines and Colletotrichum sp. in vitro. The results showed that Bacillus sp. after formulation it is still able to maintain viabiitas and antagonistic power. Viability of Bacillus sp. the best is in the formulation of rice flour at 14 hsi at 4.94 X 1014 cfu / g while the inhibition zone of Bacillus sp. the best is the corn flour formulation of 13.1 mm and the inhibitory capacity of Bacillus sp. the best is in tapioca flour formulation at 42 hsi at 62.89%

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BOYETTE, C. DOUGLAS, ROBERT E. HOAGLAND e MARK A. WEAVER. "Biocontrol efficacy of Colletotrichum truncatum for hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata) is enhanced with unrefined corn oil and surfactant". Weed Biology and Management 7, n. 1 (marzo 2007): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-6664.2006.00230.x.

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Chagas, Mardonny Bruno de Oliveira, Irailton Prazeres dos Santos, Luis Claudio Nascimento da Silva, Maria Tereza dos Santos Correia, Janete Magali de Araújo, Marilene da Silva Cavalcanti e Vera Lucia de Menezes Lima. "Antimicrobial Activity of Cultivable Endophytic Fungi Associated with Hancornia Speciosa Gomes Bark". Open Microbiology Journal 11, n. 1 (21 settembre 2017): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285801711010179.

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Introduction:In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial potential of cultivable endophytic fungi associated withHancornia speciosaGomes stem bark.Methods and Materials:Plant samples were collected in rainy (July 2010) and dry (January 2011) seasons. In total, 116 endophytic fungi strains were isolated from 90 fragments (64.4% frequency of colonization). Higher fungi frequency was observed in the rainy season (84.4%). The strains were grouped into 14 species; the most frequent werePhoma cava(13.8%),Colletotrichum gloeosporioides(12.1%), andLasiodiplodia theobromae(11.2%). Fungal diversity was similar in both the seasons. Among the 116 strains, 39 (33.6%) showed antimicrobial activity in preliminary screening. The ten most active isolates were subjected to semi-solid fermentation using rice or corn as substrates. Methanolic extracts were obtained from each fermentation medium and the minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum microbicide concentrations (MMC) were determined.Results:The best antimicrobial results (MIC < 100 µg/mL) were observed for fungi strains grown in rice medium:Aspergillus nigerFHS061 againstProteus mirabilis(MIC = 19 µg/mL) andStaphylococcus aureus(MIC = 39 µg/mL). These strains also showed good results when cultivated in corn medium againstP. mirabilis(MIC = 78 µg/mL).Conclusion:Thus, the stem bark ofH. speciosaharbors diverse endophytic fungi with antimicrobial potential.

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Boyette, C. Douglas, e Robert E. Hoagland. "Adjuvant and Refined Corn Oil Formulation Effects on Conidial Germination, Appressorial Formation and Virulence of the Bioherbicide, Colletotrichum truncatum". Plant Pathology Journal 12, n. 2 (15 marzo 2013): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ppj.2013.50.60.

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Pál-Fám, F., Z. Varga e S. Keszthelyi. "Appearance of microfungi in maize stalks due to injuries caused by the European corn borer ( Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.)". Acta Agronomica Hungarica 58, n. 1 (1 marzo 2010): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.58.2010.1.9.

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A better understanding of the relationships between insects and microfungi could help to identify the unknown factors reducing yields in maize. As the first step in current research, the aim was to isolate the microfungal species that can be found in the larval cavity of the European corn borer ( Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. Lepidoptera. Pyraustidae ) (ECB), one of the most important insect pests of maize. In this way, the scale of potential phytopathogens spread by intermediate hosts could be reduced.Fifty stalk sections damaged by ECB larvae were collected in autumn and fifty in spring on a 20-hectare plot in Ráksi (Somogy county). These were placed in wet chambers and incubated at room temperature under natural light. Identification was done from a pure culture inoculated into potato dextrose agar. Twenty-one species from 14 fungus genera were identified, the majority of which were mitosporic fungi. Species belonging to the Fusarium, Acremoniella and Cladosporium genera were predominant. Most of the species were saprotrophic, though some phytopathogenic species ( Gibberella, Colletotrichum, Nigrospora and Fusarium ) were also identified. The number of genera and the incidence of fungi were much higher in spring samples than in autumn ones, except for Fusarium , where incidence was lower in spring. It was found that failing to harvest the maize significantly enhanced the spread of several fungus species, especially phytopathogenic species, the following year, thereby serving as a source of infection.

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Dauch, Amélie L., e Suha H. Jabaji-Hare. "Metallothionein and bZIP Transcription Factor Genes from Velvetleaf and Their Differential Expression Following Colletotrichum coccodes Infection". Phytopathology® 96, n. 10 (ottobre 2006): 1116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-96-1116.

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Colletotrichum coccodes is a biocontrol agent of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), a noxious weed of corn and soybean. Metallothioneins (MTs) and basic region/leucine zipper motif (bZIP) are heavy-metal-binding proteins and transcription factors, respectively, that have been related to several plant processes, including the responses of plants to pathogen attack. Previous investigation of the determinants involved in the velvet-leaf-C. coccodes interaction had shed light on particular plant and fungal genes expressed in this pathosystem. Here, we report on the temporal expression patterns of two distinct types (2 and 3) of MT and bZIP transcription factor genes in velvetleaf leaves following infection with C. coccodes using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Gene expression ratios were significantly upregulated 1 day after infection (DAI), a time at which velvetleaf leaves appeared symptomless. At 2 DAI, bZIP and type 3 MT expression ratios dropped to levels significantly lower than those estimated for noninfected plants. Necrotic symptoms appeared 5 DAI and increased with time, during which gene expression levels were maintained either below or at levels observed in the control. These findings indicate that C. coccodes altered the expression of type 2 and 3 MT and bZIP genes. In addition, this is the first report on induction of a type 3 MT in plants in response to a pathogen attack.

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Koike, S. T. "Crown Rot of Strawberry Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina in California". Plant Disease 92, n. 8 (agosto 2008): 1253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-8-1253b.

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In 2006 and 2007, severely diseased strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) plants were observed in five commercial fields in southern California (Orange County). Disease generally occurred in discrete patches. Within such patches, disease incidence ranged from 10 to 75%. Symptoms consisted of wilting of foliage, drying and death of older leaves, plant stunting, and eventual collapse and death of plants. When plant crowns were dissected, internal vascular and cortex tissues were dark brown to orange brown. Fruiting bodies or other fungal structures were not observed. A fungus was consistently isolated from symptomatic crown tissue that had been surface sterilized and placed on acidified corn meal agar (LA-CMA). All isolates produced numerous, dark, irregularly shaped sclerotia that were 67 to 170 μm long and 44 to 133 μm wide. When isolates were grown on 1.5% water agar with dried and sterilized wheat straw, dark, ostiolate pycnidia and hyaline, single-celled, cylindrical conidia were produced. On the basis of these characters, all isolates were identified as Macrophomina phaseolina (1). The symptomatic plants tested negative for Colletotrichum spp., Phytophthora spp., Verticillium dahliae, and other pathogens. Inoculum for pathogenicity tests was produced by growing six isolates on CMA on which sterilized wood toothpicks were placed on the agar surface. After 1 week, toothpicks were removed and inserted 4 to 5 mm deep into the basal crown tissue of potted strawberry plants (cv. Camarosa) grown in soilless, peatmoss-based rooting medium. Ten plants were inoculated per isolate and one toothpick was inserted per plant. Ten control strawberry plants were treated by inserting one sterile toothpick into each crown. All plants were then grown in a shadehouse. After 2 weeks, all inoculated plants began to show wilting and decline of foliage. By 4 weeks, all inoculated plants had collapsed. Internal crown tissue was discolored and similar in appearance to the original field plants. M. phaseolina was isolated from all inoculated plants. Control plants did not exhibit any disease symptoms, and crown tissue was symptomless. The test was repeated and the results were similar. While M. phaseolina has been periodically associated with strawberry in California (3), to my knowledge, this is the first report of charcoal rot disease on commercial strawberry in California. Charcoal rot of strawberry has been reported in Egypt, France, India, Israel, and the United States (Florida and Illinois) (2,4). Similar to previous reports (2,4), many of the affected California fields were not preplant fumigated with methyl bromide + chloropicrin fumigants, and it is possible that under these changing production practices this pathogen may increase in importance in California. References: (1) P. Holliday and E. Punithalingam. No. 275 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1970. (2) J. Mertely et al. Plant Dis.89:434, 2005. (3) S. Wilhelm. Plant Dis. Rep. 41:941, 1957. (4) A. Zveibil and S. Freeman. Plant Dis. 89:1014, 2005.

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Wang, Shaowei, Guihua Li, Yi Wei, Gang Wang, Yuejia Dang, Penghui Zhang e Shi-Hong Zhang. "Involvement of the Mitochondrial Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase PTPM1 in the Promotion of Conidiation, Development, and Pathogenicity in Colletotrichum graminicola". Frontiers in Microbiology 11 (14 gennaio 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.605738.

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The phosphorylation status of proteins, which is determined by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), governs many cellular actions. In fungal pathogens, phosphorylation-mediated signal transduction has been considered to be one of the most important mechanisms in pathogenicity. Colletotrichum graminicola is an economically important corn pathogen. However, whether phosphorylation is involved in its pathogenicity is unknown. A mitochondrial protein tyrosine phosphatase gene, designated CgPTPM1, was deduced in C. graminicola through the use of bioinformatics and confirmed by enzyme activity assays and observation of its subcellular localization. We then created a CgPTPM1 deletion mutant (ΔCgPTPM1) to analyze its biological function. The results indicated that the loss of CgPTPM1 dramatically affected the formation of conidia and the development and differentiation into appressoria. However, the colony growth and conidial morphology of the ΔCgPTPM1 strains were unaffected. Importantly, the ΔCgPTPM1 mutant strains exhibited an obvious reduction of virulence, and the delayed infected hyphae failed to expand in the host cells. In comparison with the wild-type, ΔCgPTPM1 accumulated a larger amount of H2O2 and was sensitive to exogenous H2O2. Interestingly, the host cells infected by the mutant also exhibited an increased accumulation of H2O2 around the infection sites. Since the expression of the CgHYR1, CgGST1, CgGLR1, CgGSH1 and CgPAP1 genes was upregulated with the H2O2 treatment, our results suggest that the mitochondrial protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPM1 plays an essential role in promoting the pathogenicity of C. graminicola by regulating the excessive in vivo and in vitro production of H2O2.

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Li, Tongda, Ross Mann, Jatinder Kaur, German Spangenberg e Timothy Sawbridge. "Transcriptomics differentiate two novel bioactive strains of Paenibacillus sp. isolated from the perennial ryegrass seed microbiome". Scientific Reports 11, n. 1 (30 luglio 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94820-2.

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AbstractPaenibacillus species are Gram-positive bacteria that have been isolated from a diverse array of plant species and soils, with some species exhibiting plant growth-promoting (PGP) activities. Here we report two strains (S02 and S25) of a novel Paenibacillus sp. that were isolated from perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) seeds. Comparative genomics analyses showed this novel species was closely related to P. polymyxa. Genomic analyses revealed that strains S02 and S25 possess PGP genes associated with biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilisation and assimilation, as well as auxin production and transportation. Moreover, secondary metabolite gene cluster analyses identified 13 clusters that are shared by both strains and three clusters unique to S25. In vitro assays demonstrated strong bioprotection activity against phytopathogens (Colletotrichum graminicola and Fusarium verticillioides), particularly for strain S02. A transcriptomics analysis evaluating nitrogen fixation activity showed both strains carry an expressed nif operon, but strain S02 was more active than strain S25 in nitrogen-free media. Another transcriptomics analysis evaluating the interaction of strains with F. verticillioides showed strain S02 had increased expression of core genes of secondary metabolite clusters (fusaricidin, paenilan, tridecaptin and polymyxin) when F. verticillioides was present and absent, compared to S25. Such bioactivities make strain S02 a promising candidate to be developed as a combined biofertiliser/bioprotectant.

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Testen, Anna L., Francesca Rotondo, Matthew P. Mills, Madeline M. Horvat e Sally A. Miller. "Evaluation of Agricultural Byproducts and Cover Crops as Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation Carbon Sources for Managing a Soilborne Disease Complex in High Tunnel Tomatoes". Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 5 (13 maggio 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.645197.

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Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is a viable option for disease management in tomato production and reduces damage due to a soilborne disease complex consisting of Pyrenochaeta lycopersici, Colletotrichum coccodes, Verticillium dahliae, and Meloidogyne spp. There are plentiful options for ASD carbon sources using byproducts of Midwestern United States agriculture or cover crops, yet these carbon sources have not been evaluated for use in Midwestern settings. Low (10.1 Mg/ha) and high (20.2 Mg/ha) rates of corn gluten meal, distillers dried grains, soybean meal, wheat bran, and dry sweet whey were evaluated as ASD carbon sources in growth chamber and greenhouse bioassays. Cover crops including buckwheat, cowpea, crimson clover, mustard, oilseed radish, sorghum-sudangrass, white clover, and winter rye were evaluated in similar bioassays with one amendment rate (20.2 Mg/ha). Reducing conditions developed in soils regardless of carbon source or rate. Use of high rates of corn gluten meal, distillers dried grains, soybean meal, and wheat bran led to the lowest levels of root rot severity compared to non-treated controls. The higher rate of any byproduct carbon source was always more effective than the lower rate in reducing root rot severity. Use of both rates of soybean meal or corn gluten meal and the high rate of distillers dried grains or dry sweet whey led to significant increases in dry root and shoot biomass compared to controls. For cover crops, ASD with crimson clover, sorghum-sudangrass, white clover, or winter rye amendments reduced root rot severity relative to the aerobic control, but not relative to the anaerobic control. Use of cover crops did not significantly impact plant biomass. A subset of three ASD carbon sources [distillers dried grains, soybean meal, and wheat middlings (midds), all 20.2 Mg/ha] were evaluated in five on-farm ASD trials in high tunnels. Soil temperatures were low during the application period, limiting treatment efficacy. Reducing conditions developed in all soils during ASD treatment, and a moderate but significant reduction in root rot severity was observed following ASD with the soybean meal or wheat midds compared to ASD with distillers dried grains. Tomato yield was not significantly affected by ASD treatment.

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