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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Cryogenic fracturing"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 8 ottobre 2024

Ultima modifica: 31 luglio 2025

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1

Cha, Minsu, Naif B. Alqahtani, Bowen Yao, et al. "Cryogenic Fracturing of Wellbores Under True Triaxial-Confining Stresses: Experimental Investigation." SPE Journal 23, no. 04 (2018): 1271–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/180071-pa.

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Summary A laboratory study of cryogenic fracturing was performed to test its ability to improve oil/gas recovery from low-permeability reservoirs. Our objective is to develop well-stimulation technologies using cryogenic fluids [e.g., liquid nitrogen (LN)] to increase permeability in a large reservoir volume surrounding wells. The new technology has the potential to reduce formation damage caused by current stimulation methods and minimize or eliminate water usage. The concept of cryogenic fracturing is that a sharp thermal gradient (thermal shock) created at the surfaces of formation rocks by

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2

Alameedy, Usama, and Ali Al-Behadili. "An Overview of How the Petrophysical Properties of Rock Influenced After Being Exposed to Cryogenic Fluid." Journal of Engineering 29, no. 11 (2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2023.11.01.

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Exposure to cryogenic liquids can significantly impact the petrophysical properties of rock, affecting its density, porosity, permeability, and elastic properties. These effects can have important implications for various applications, including oil and gas production and carbon sequestration. Cryogenic liquid fracturing is a promising alternative to traditional hydraulic fracturing for exploiting unconventional oil and gas resources and geothermal energy. This technology offers several advantages over traditional hydraulic fracturing, including reduced water consumption, reduced formation dam

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3

Ahmed, Amna, Teresa Zhu, and Amna Majeed. "Taking the hydro out of hydrofracturing: Application of ultra-light weight proppants to cryogenic liquid nitrogen as a fracturing fluid." University of Ottawa Science Undergraduate Research Journal 1 (August 23, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/osurj.v1i1.3711.

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In the last decade, hydraulic fracturing has rapidly gained popularity worldwide, emerging as the leading method of natural gas extraction in the United States. However, the practice remains controversial due to its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions and the contamination of freshwater used in fracturing fluids. Although waterless fracturing fluids have been developed, including those using N2, CO2, oil, and alcohol, their application has been limited largely due to reduced fracturing power. Recent research has demonstrated that cryogenic nitrogen may prove a viable alternative, if this

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4

Zhang, Yan, Yu Wu, Savenok Olga Vadimovna, Jiadi Yin, Haozhe Geng, and Decheng Li. "Experimental Investigation on Cracking Characteristics of Dry and Saturated Shales in Nitrogen Fracturing after Liquid Nitrogen (LN2) Injection." Geofluids 2023 (April 13, 2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8861524.

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Cryogenic LN2 fracturing is one of the environmentally friendly waterless fracturing technologies that promote the fracture complexity of shale gas reservoir. The water-ice phase transition under freezing condition causes frost heave in saturated shale. The effect of moisture in shale should be taken into account during cryogenic damage process. Therefore, the differences of cracking characteristics between dry and saturated shales were studied in this paper. A laboratory triaxial and high temperature fracturing system was developed for nitrogen fracturing dry and saturated shale after LN2 inj

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5

Longinos, Sotirios Nik, Lei Wang, and Randy Hazlett. "Advances in Cryogenic Fracturing of Coalbed Methane Reservoirs with LN2." Energies 15, no. 24 (2022): 9464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249464.

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Coalbed methane (CBM) is a significant unconventional natural gas resource existing in matrix pores and fractures of coal seams and is a cleaner energy resource compared to coal and crude oil. To produce CBM, stimulation operations are required, given that the coal permeability is generally too low. Hydraulic fracturing is the most widely used technology for reservoir stimulation; however, there are a few challenging issues associated with it, e.g., huge water consumption. In the past decade, the use of liquid nitrogen (LN2) as a fracturing fluid has been intensively studied for stimulating CB

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6

Elwegaa, Khalid, and Hossein Emadi. "The Effect of Thermal Shocking with Nitrogen Gas on the Porosities, Permeabilities, and Rock Mechanical Properties of Unconventional Reservoirs." Energies 11, no. 8 (2018): 2131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082131.

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Cryogenic fracturing is a type of thermal shocking in which a cold liquid or gas is injected into a hot formation to create fractures. Research has shown that like traditional hydraulic fracturing, cryogenic fracturing could improve oil/gas recovery from unconventional reservoirs. Research has also shown, though, that, unlike traditional hydraulic fracturing, which uses water-based fluids, cryogenic fracturing limits and can even heal damage that is near the wellbore. Previous studies on thermal shocking, however, have generally examined only a few parameters at a time. To provide a more compl

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7

Tarom, N., Muhammad Zain Rasheed, Shehan Khan, M. M. Hossain, and Mohammad Sarmadivaleh. "Thermal Hydraulic Fracturing Applying Cryogenic Freezing Technique." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 495 (June 7, 2019): 012076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/495/1/012076.

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8

Cha, Minsu, Xiaolong Yin, Timothy Kneafsey, et al. "Cryogenic fracturing for reservoir stimulation – Laboratory studies." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 124 (December 2014): 436–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2014.09.003.

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9

Cha, Minsu, Naif B. Alqahtani, and Lei Wang. "Cryogenic Fracture Proliferation from Boreholes under Stresses." Processes 11, no. 7 (2023): 2028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11072028.

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Cryogenic fracturing has been explored in recent years as a waterless fracturing method for well stimulation to avoid issues encountered in water-based hydraulic fracturing. Cryogenic stimulation using liquid nitrogen applies large thermal gradients on reservoir rocks to induce fractures. This study investigates the initiation and proliferation of cryogenic fractures from boreholes under external stress on specimens. We flowed liquid nitrogen through boreholes drilled through the center of transparent PMMA cylinders under uniaxial stress and monitored fracture proliferation, temperatures, and

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10

Yang, Zheqi, Baosheng Zhang, and Jianfei Bi. "Laboratory Investigation of Cryogenic Fracturing of HDR Wellbores Under Triaxial-Confining stresses." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2520, no. 1 (2023): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2520/1/012016.

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Abstract Hot dry rock (HDR) contains abundant thermal energy, which can be extracted through fracturing and used for electricity generation. Due to its deep depth, high temperature and high-pressure conditions, it is difficult to initiate fractures for conventional hydraulic fracturing technology. This paper studies the advantage of cryogenic fracturing on the HDR. We have carried out a series of laboratory experiments on granite samples with different lengths of the open hole under triaxial-confining stresses (10 MPa). The nitrogen fracturing wellbores of high temperature (100−300 °C) granite

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11

An, Qi, Chunyang Hong, and Haitao Wen. "Fracture Patterns of Rocks Observed under Cryogenic Conditions Using Cryo-Scanning Electron Microscopy." Processes 11, no. 7 (2023): 2038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11072038.

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Cryogenic fracturing, which uses liquid nitrogen (LN2) as a fracturing fluid, is a waterless fracturing method. However, previous attempts to investigate the fracture morphology of rocks after LN2 quenching have been mainly based on standard scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis at room temperature. This can be problematic since thermally-induced fractures created by temperature difference tend to close as a sample warms and thermal stress relaxes. To address this issue, we established a novel approach employing Cryo-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM) to investigate the fracture pat

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12

Carpenter, Chris. "Cryogenic-Fracturing Treatment of Synthetic-Rock With Liquid Nitrogen." Journal of Petroleum Technology 69, no. 06 (2017): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0617-0070-jpt.

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13

Wang, Hu, Yong Hu, Na Luo, Chunbo Zhou, and Chengzheng Cai. "Effects of Liquid Nitrogen on Mechanical Deterioration and Fracturing Efficiency in Hot Dry Rock." Processes 13, no. 3 (2025): 696. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13030696.

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Geothermal energy can be obtained from hot dry rock (HDR). The target temperatures for heat extraction from HDR range from 100 to 400 °C. Artificial fracturing is employed to stimulate HDR and create a network of fractures for geothermal resource extraction. Liquid nitrogen (LN2) is environmentally friendly and shows better performance in reservoir stimulation than does conventional fracturing. In this study, triaxial compression experiments and acoustic emission location techniques were used to evaluate the impacts of temperatures and confining pressures on the mechanical property deteriorati

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14

Zhang, Kuangsheng, Zhenfeng Zhao, Meirong Tang, et al. "A new type of experimentally proposed in situ heat/gas clean foam fracturing fluid system." Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology 10, no. 8 (2020): 3419–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13202-020-00983-5.

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Abstract When cold fluid is injected into low-temperature, low-pressure, low-permeability reservoirs containing wax-bearing heavy oil, cryogenic paraffin deposition and heavy oil condensation will occur, thus damaging the formation. Moreover, the formation pressure coefficient is low and the working fluid flowback efficiency is low, which affects the fracturing stimulation effect. Therefore, an in situ heat/gas clean foam fracturing fluid system is proposed. This system can ensure that conventional fracturing fluid can create fractures and carry proppant in the reservoir, generate heat in situ

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15

JPT staff, _. "Field Applications of Cryogenic Nitrogen as a Hydraulic-Fracturing Fluid." Journal of Petroleum Technology 50, no. 03 (1998): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0398-0038-jpt.

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16

Cha, Minsu, Naif B. Alqahtani, Xiaolong Yin, Timothy J. Kneafsey, Bowen Yao, and Yu-Shu Wu. "Laboratory system for studying cryogenic thermal rock fracturing for well stimulation." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 156 (July 2017): 780–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2017.06.062.

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17

Liew, M. S., Kamaluddeen Usman Danyaro, and Noor Amila Wan Abdullah Zawawi. "A Comprehensive Guide to Different Fracturing Technologies: A Review." Energies 13, no. 13 (2020): 3326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133326.

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Hydraulic fracturing has made the production of gas more economical. Shale gas possesses the potential to arise as a main natural gas source worldwide. It has been assessed that the top 42 countries, including the U.S., are predicted to own 7299 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of technically recoverable shale gas resources. The main goal of this paper is to serve as a guide of different shale gas extraction methods. The significance of these methods and possible pros and cons are determined. Each technique was explained with the support of literature review. Specifically, this paper revealed that so

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18

Cha, Minsu, Naif B. Alqahtani, Xiaolong Yin, et al. "Propagation of Cryogenic Thermal Fractures from Unconfined PMMA Boreholes." Energies 14, no. 17 (2021): 5433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175433.

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In cryogenic fracturing, a rock surface exposed to cryogenic fluids undergoes a large thermal gradient, and the resultant local tensile stress overcomes rock strength and initiates fractures. This study investigates the development of cracks generated from the cryogenic treatment of a borehole under no external confining stress on specimens. The experiments were performed on transparent PMMA specimens to observe fracture proliferation around boreholes. Liquid nitrogen was flowed through the boreholes to cool the borehole surface. The results show that initial fracture growth is characterized b

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19

Wang, Guilin, Fan Sun, Runqiu Wang, and Tianci Cao. "Simulation of cryogenic fracturing of rock-like materials using material point method." Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 96 (December 2021): 104300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2021.104300.

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20

Yao, Bowen, Lei Wang, Xiaolong Yin, and Yu-Shu Wu. "Numerical modeling of cryogenic fracturing process on laboratory-scale Niobrara shale samples." Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 48 (December 2017): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2016.10.041.

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21

Zhang, Hongyuan, Zhongwei Huang, Shikun Zhang, Zheqi Yang, and John D. Mclennan. "Improving heat extraction performance of an enhanced geothermal system utilizing cryogenic fracturing." Geothermics 85 (May 2020): 101816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2020.101816.

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22

Ren, Keda, and Chengzheng Cai. "Numerical Investigation into the Distributions of Temperature and Stress around Wellbore during the Injection of Cryogenic Liquid Nitrogen into Hot Dry Rock Reservoir." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (June 19, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9913321.

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Cryogenic liquid nitrogen fracturing is expected to provide an effective stimulation method for hot dry rock reservoirs to increase heat production. This paper establishes a three-dimensional model to calculate the distributions of temperature and stress of the reservoir rock when liquid nitrogen is injected into the wellbore. The sensitivity of different parameters and water fracturing to the stress state is studied. The results indicate that when liquid nitrogen is injected into the bottom of well, a huge heat exchange occurs on the rock surface, which generates great thermal stress on the f

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23

Mohd Ridzuan, Nur Fadhilah Aimuni, Tahrin Othman, Afifah Zakiyyah Juri, Jaharah A. Ghani, and Che Hassan Che Haron. "Cryogenic Machining Performance of M303 at High Cutting Speeds." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 36, no. 3 (2024): 1167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2024-36(3)-25.

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The material M303 is commonly used in the fabrication of machinery, automotive components, locomotive axle housings, and injection moulds. It is a stainless martensitic chromium steel known for its high strength, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the machinability of M303 under cryogenic conditions, specifically focusing on high cutting speeds. By exploring the effects of cryogenic machining on M303, the study aims to provide insights into the performance and characteristics of this material under extreme cutting conditions. This stu

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24

Zhao, Xinrui, Lei Wang, Bowen Yao, Minsu Cha, and Yu-Shu Wu. "Cryogenic fracturing of synthetic coal specimens under true-triaxial loadings-An experimental study." Fuel 324 (September 2022): 124530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124530.

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25

Yang, Ruiyue, Zhongwei Huang, Yu Shi, Zheqi Yang, and Pengpeng Huang. "Laboratory investigation on cryogenic fracturing of hot dry rock under triaxial-confining stresses." Geothermics 79 (May 2019): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2019.01.008.

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26

Longinos, Sotirios Nik, Mirlan Tuleugaliyev, and Randy Hazlett. "Influence of subsurface temperature on cryogenic fracturing efficacy of granite rocks from Kazakhstan." Geothermics 118 (March 2024): 102919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.102919.

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27

Huang, Chengyu, Wenhua Wang, and Weizhong Li. "A Novel 2D Model for Freezing Phase Change Simulation during Cryogenic Fracturing Considering Nucleation Characteristics." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (2020): 3308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093308.

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A 2D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model in consideration of nucleation characteristics (homogeneous/heterogeneous nucleation) using the volume of fluid (VOF) method and Lee model was proposed. The model was used to predict the process of a multiphase flow accompanied by freezing phase change during cryogenic fracturing. In this model, nucleation characteristic (homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation) during the freezing process and the influence of the formed ice phase on the flowing behavior was considered. Validation of the model was done by comparing its simulation results to Neuman

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28

Tang, Shibin, Jiaxu Wang, and Peizhao Chen. "Theoretical and numerical studies of cryogenic fracturing induced by thermal shock for reservoir stimulation." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 125 (January 2020): 104160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2019.104160.

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29

Mair, David, Alessandro Lechmann, Romain Delunel, et al. "The role of frost cracking in local denudation of steep Alpine rockwalls over millennia (Eiger, Switzerland)." Earth Surface Dynamics 8, no. 3 (2020): 637–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-637-2020.

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Abstract. Denudation of steep rockwalls is driven by rock fall processes of various sizes and magnitudes. Rockwalls are sensitive to temperature changes mainly because thermo-cryogenic processes weaken bedrock through fracturing, which can precondition the occurrence of rock fall. However, it is still unclear how the fracturing of rock together with cryogenic processes impacts the denudation processes operating on steep rockwalls. In this study, we link data on long-term rockwall denudation rates at the Eiger (Central Swiss Alps) with the local bedrock fabric and the reconstructed temperature

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30

Cai, Chengzheng, Feng Gao, and Yugui Yang. "The effect of liquid nitrogen cooling on coal cracking and mechanical properties." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 36, no. 6 (2018): 1609–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598718766630.

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Liquid nitrogen is a type of super-cryogenic fluid, which can cause the reservoir temperature to decrease significantly and thereby induce formation rock damage and cracking when it is injected into the wellbore as fracturing fluid. An experimental set-up was designed to monitor the acoustic emission signals of coal during its contact with cryogenic liquid nitrogen. Ultrasonic and tensile strength tests were then performed to investigate the effect of liquid nitrogen cooling on coal cracking and the changes in mechanical properties thereof. The results showed that acoustic emission phenomena o

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31

Lundberg, Joyce, and Donald McFarlane. "Cryogenic fracturing of calcite flowstone in caves: theoretical considerations and field observations in Kents Cavern, Devon, UK." International Journal of Speleology 41, no. 2 (2012): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1827-806x.41.2.16.

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32

Ahmed, Amna, Amna Majeed, and Teresa Zhu. "The Application of Ultra-Lightweight Proppants to Cryogenic Liquid Nitrogen as a Fracturing Fluid: A Research Protocol." Undergraduate Research in Natural and Clinical Science and Technology (URNCST) Journal 2, no. 8 (2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.26685/urncst.64.

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33

Xu, Jizhao, Cheng Zhai, Shimin Liu, Lei Qin, and Yong Sun. "Feasibility investigation of cryogenic effect from liquid carbon dioxide multi cycle fracturing technology in coalbed methane recovery." Fuel 206 (October 2017): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.05.096.

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Song, Weiqiang, Xian Shi, Chunguang Wang, Jianchun Xu, Shaojie Chen, and Zhongwei Chen. "Predicting the radial heat transfer in the wellbore of cryogenic nitrogen fracturing: Insights into stimulating underground reservoir." Energy Science & Engineering 8, no. 3 (2020): 582–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ese3.479.

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Zhang, Jicheng, Leilei Si, Junguo Chen, Mehmet Kizil, Chunguang Wang, and Zhongwei Chen. "Stimulation Techniques of Coalbed Methane Reservoirs." Geofluids 2020 (July 10, 2020): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5152646.

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Coalbed methane (CBM) plays an important role in securing world energy supply and transiting electricity generation from fossil fuel to renewables. CBM reservoirs are generally very tight and require effective stimulation to achieve economic extraction. In recent years, an increasing number of coal seam stimulation techniques were developed, but selecting the most suitable stimulation technique for a particular CBM reservoir condition is becoming increasingly challenging. Therefore, it is deemed very important to compare the effectiveness of different stimulation techniques in a meaningful way

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36

Yin, Guangzhi, Delei Shang, Minghui Li, et al. "Permeability evolution and mesoscopic cracking behaviors of liquid nitrogen cryogenic freeze fracturing in low permeable and heterogeneous coal." Powder Technology 325 (February 2018): 234–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2017.10.058.

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Longinos, Sotirios Nik, Azza Hashim Abbas, Arman Bolatov, Piotr Skrzypacz, and Randy Hazlett. "Application of Image Processing in Evaluation of Hydraulic Fracturing with Liquid Nitrogen: A Case Study of Coal Samples from Karaganda Basin." Applied Sciences 13, no. 13 (2023): 7861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13137861.

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Research of microstructure and permeability evolution of coal following LN2 treatment elucidate the process of cryogenic fracturing due to environmentally friendly behavior in comparison with conventional hydraulic fracturing. The evolution of the 2D microstructure of bituminous coal before and after LN2 treatment was examined using a high-resolution camera. The image processing was implemented using functions from the OpenCV Python library that are sequentially applied to digital images of original coal samples. The images were converted into binary pixel matrices to identify cracks and to ev

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Wang, Xiuying, Yu Wang, Jiujun Xu, Juncai Sun, Yuqian Wang, and Guangming Xie. "Effects of Cooling Media on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Friction Stir Welded SA516 Gr.70 Cryogenic Steel Joints." Materials 17, no. 18 (2024): 4661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17184661.

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SA516 Gr.70 steels were welded by friction stir welding (FSW) under various media of air, water, and water + CO2 cooling, and the effect of the cooling media on the microstructure and mechanical properties of joints was systematically analyzed. The nugget zone (NZ) under the air-cooling condition contained coarse bainite + martensite. Martensite was obtained by decreasing the cooling media temperature. Furthermore, tensile fracturing of the joints occurred in the basal metal (BM), and the ultimate tensile strength of the joints under various cooling media was similar to that of the BM. However

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Longinos, Sotirios Nik, and Randy Hazlett. "Cryogenic fracturing efficacy in granite rocks: Fracture toughness and brazilian test differences after elevated temperatures and liquid nitrogen exposure." Geoenergy Science and Engineering 244 (January 2025): 213436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoen.2024.213436.

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Yang, Ruiyue, Chunyang Hong, Wei Liu, Xiaoguang Wu, Tianyu Wang, and Zhongwei Huang. "Non-contaminating cryogenic fluid access to high-temperature resources: Liquid nitrogen fracturing in a lab-scale Enhanced Geothermal System." Renewable Energy 165 (March 2021): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.11.006.

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Longinos, Sotirios Nik, Dastan Begaliyev, Mohammad Asif, and Mirlan Tuleugaliyev. "Cryogenic fracturing of coal with LN2 treatment: A sustainable approach for enhancing coalbed methane extraction in water-scarce regions." Gas Science and Engineering 142 (October 2025): 205686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205686.

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Patel, Sanket, Isaac Wilson, Hari Sreenivasan, and Shanker Krishna. "Numerical simulations of proppant transportation in cryogenic fluids: Implications on liquid helium and liquid nitrogen fracturing for subsurface hydrogen storage." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 56 (February 2024): 924–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.12.268.

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Köhler, Andreas, Valerie Maupin, Christopher Nuth, and Ward van Pelt. "Characterization of seasonal glacial seismicity from a single-station on-ice record at Holtedahlfonna, Svalbard." Annals of Glaciology 60, no. 79 (2019): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aog.2019.15.

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ABSTRACTGlacial seismicity provides important insights into glacier dynamic processes. We study the temporal distribution of cryogenic seismic signals (icequakes) at Holtedahlfonna, Svalbard, between April and August 2016 using a single three-component sensor. We investigate sources of observed icequakes using polarization analysis and waveform modeling. Processes responsible for five icequake categories are suggested, incorporating observations of previous studies into our interpretation. We infer that the most dominant icequake type is generated by surface crevasse opening through hydrofract

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Xu, Jizhao, Cheng Zhai, Lei Qin, Shangjian Wu, Yong Sun, and Ruowei Dong. "Characteristics of Pores under the Influence of Cyclic Cryogenic Liquid Carbon Dioxide Using Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance." Geofluids 2018 (July 2, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1682125.

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The enhancement of coalbed methane extraction by repeatedly injecting CO2 has been investigated for many decades, mostly focusing on the fracturing and flooding effect in numerous lab experiments, simulations, and field applications, whereas the effect of the accompanying heat transfer during cyclic liquid CO2 (LCO2) injection has rarely been studied. In this paper, the influence of the cyclic injection of cryogenic LCO2 with different cycle numbers and time on the coal pore variation was explored using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance to extract the T2 spectral information. The results ha

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Huang, Chengyu, Wenhua Wang, Yunze Xu, and Weizhong Li. "Experimental Study on Displacement of Water by Sub-Zero N-Hexanol in a Straight Channel." Energies 13, no. 20 (2020): 5409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205409.

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Series of displacement tests of water by cold n-hexanol (below 0 °C) in a straight tube were conducted to investigate the freezing-accompanied displacement process, which occurs during the cryogenic fracturing process. The interrelationship between water freezing and displacement flow was studied. It was found that the displacement flow could significantly affect the water distribution in the flow channel. Along with the displacement proceeding, the n-hexanol overtook the water in the flow direction gradually, and the water in the center of the channel was driven to the edge area. Moreover, th

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46

Weber, Samuel, Jan Beutel, Jérome Faillettaz, Andreas Hasler, Michael Krautblatter, and Andreas Vieli. "Quantifying irreversible movement in steep, fractured bedrock permafrost on Matterhorn (CH)." Cryosphere 11, no. 1 (2017): 567–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-567-2017.

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Abstract. Understanding rock slope kinematics in steep, fractured bedrock permafrost is a challenging task. Recent laboratory studies have provided enhanced understanding of rock fatigue and fracturing in cold environments but were not successfully confirmed by field studies. This study presents a unique time series of fracture kinematics, rock temperatures and environmental conditions at 3500 m a. s. l. on the steep, strongly fractured Hörnligrat of the Matterhorn (Swiss Alps). Thanks to 8 years of continuous data, the longer-term evolution of fracture kinematics in permafrost can be analyzed

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Rybalkin, L. A., and I. M. Serdyuk. "Development of a methodology to research the influence of liquid nitrogen exposure on carbon material." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 2, no. 3 (2022): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2022-2-3-300-306.

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Recently, studies, which are dedicated to the effect of cryogenic substances on the structure of coal, are gaining popularity. The impact of liquid nitrogen on coal leads to micro- and macrostructural disturbances in the continuity of coal due to drastic cooling of the moisture in the microcracks and pore space of the coal, while the volume of ice microcrystals increases. This approach provides the opportunity to treat the massif without additional injection of liquid agents into seams to create pressure to disintegrate it, unlike traditional methods of increasing the filtration surface in coa

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48

Du, Menglin, Chunbo Zhou, Chengzheng Cai, et al. "Damage evolution law and permeability enhancement effect of coal subjected to liquid nitrogen fracturing in coalbed methane mining." Physics of Fluids 37, no. 4 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0263731.

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Liquid nitrogen (LN2) fracturing has great potential to stimulate the cracking of low-permeability coal seams and thus promote the efficient development of coalbed methane (CBM) by leveraging its cryogenic (–196 °C) effects. To investigate the damage evolution law of coal during LN2 fracturing, a thermo–hydro–mechanical coupling damage model is developed that explicitly incorporates LN2-induced frost-heaving effects. Subsequent reservoir simulations quantified permeability enhancement in stimulated coal seams. A comparative analysis of hydraulic (H2O), nitrogen (N2), and LN2 fracturing reveale

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Zhou, Chunbo, Chengzheng Cai, Dongping Wan, et al. "Liquid nitrogen pre-fracturing assisted conventional fracturing for hot dry rock reservoirs." Physics of Fluids 37, no. 7 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0275129.

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Hot dry rock (HDR), which is buried at depths of thousands of meters, at high temperatures, and contains no or little fluid, is regarded as the ideal sustainable energy. Efficiently stimulating fracture networks in HDR provides pathways for fluid circulation and heat extraction. Conventional fracturing makes it difficult to create complex networks simply by injection pressure. Liquid nitrogen can improve the efficiency of reservoir stimulation. The liquid nitrogen acting can be classified into injection and fracturing. Liquid nitrogen injection mainly relies on the cryogenic effect. Liquid nit

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50

Wen, Haitao, Ruiyue Yang, Zhongwei Huang, et al. "Experimental Comparisons of Different Cryogenic Fracturing Methods on Coals." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4236234.

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