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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Cyanobacterial toxins Analysis"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 1 febbraio 2022

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1

Codd, Geoffrey A., James S. Metcalf, Clive J. Ward, Kenneth A. Beattie, Steven G. Bell, Kunimitsu Kaya, and Grace K. Poon. "Analysis of Cyanobacterial Toxins by Physicochemical and Biochemical Methods." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 84, no. 5 (September 1, 2001): 1626–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/84.5.1626.

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Abstract Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) produce a wide range of low molecular weight metabolites that include potent neurotoxins, hepatotoxins, and cytotoxins. The accumulation of such toxins in freshwaters, and in brackish and marine waters presents hazards to human and animal health by a range of exposure routes. A review is presented of developments in the detection and analysis of cyanobacterial toxins, other than bioassays, including application of physicochemical, immunoassays, and enzyme-based methods. Analytical requirements are considered with reference to recently derived guideline

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2

Mohamad, Rohaslinda, Mohd Rafatullah, Tengku Yusof, Yi Sim, Norli Ismail, and Japareng Lalung. "Detection of Microcystin (Mcye) Gene in Recreational Lakes in Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia." Current World Environment 11, no. 3 (December 25, 2016): 690–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.11.3.02.

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Toxic cyanobacteria blooms became a worldwide problems as many countries encounter the presence of the blooms in most of water bodies. As part to develop monitoring of cyanobacterial toxins in Malaysia, samples taken in twelve points in five different lakes in Miri, Sarawak. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of cyanobacterial 16S rRNA were carried out to detect the presence of cyanobacteria in the water samples. Cyanobacterial 16S rRNA were detected in all the samples collected. While molecular analysis for detection of cyanobacterial toxin encoding gene were done using specific pr

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3

Kormas, Konstantinos Ar, and Despoina S. Lymperopoulou. "Cyanobacterial Toxin Degrading Bacteria: Who Are They?" BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/463894.

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Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous in nature and are both beneficial and detrimental to humans. Benefits include being food supplements and producing bioactive compounds, like antimicrobial and anticancer substances, while their detrimental effects are evident by toxin production, causing major ecological problems at the ecosystem level. To date, there are several ways to degrade or transform these toxins by chemical methods, while the biodegradation of these compounds is understudied. In this paper, we present a meta-analysis of the currently available 16S rRNA andmlrA(microcystinase) genes diversi

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Ikehara, Tsuyoshi, Kyoko Kuniyoshi, Haruyo Yamaguchi, Yuuhiko Tanabe, Tomoharu Sano, Masahiro Yoshimoto, Naomasa Oshiro, Shihoko Nakashima, and Mina Yasumoto-Hirose. "First Report of Microcystis Strains Producing MC-FR and -WR Toxins in Japan." Toxins 11, no. 9 (September 9, 2019): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11090521.

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Microcystins (MCs) are a group of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by Microcystis and several other genera of cyanobacteria. Many structural variants have been characterized using various methods such as liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibition assay. The representative MC, MC-LR, and related cyanobacterial toxins strongly inhibit PP2A activity and can therefore be assayed by measuring the extent of PP2A inhibition. However, these methods require reference toxin standards for the qu

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5

Andeden, Enver Ersoy, Sahlan Ozturk, and Belma Aslim. "Antiproliferative, neurotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic effects of toxic cyanobacterial extracts." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intox-2018-0026.

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Abstract Cyanobacteria are the rich resource of various secondary metabolites including toxins with broad pharmaceutical significance. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antiproliferative, neurotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic effects of cyanobacterial extracts containing Microcystin-LR (MCLR) in vitro. ELISA analysis results showed that MCLR contents of five cyanobacterial extracts were 2.07 ng/mL, 1.43 ng/mL, 1.41 ng/mL, 1.27 ng/mL, and 1.12 ng/mL for Leptolyngbya sp. SB1, Phormidium sp. SB4, Oscillatoria earlei SB5, Phormidium sp. SB2, Uncultured cyanobacterium, respectively. Phormidium

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6

Everson, Sally, Larelle Fabbro, Susan Kinnear, Geoff Eaglesham, and Paul Wright. "Distribution of the cyanobacterial toxins cylindrospermopsin and deoxycylindrospermopsin in a stratified lake in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 60, no. 1 (2009): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08115.

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This paper describes the vertical water column distribution of the cyanobacterial toxins cylindrospermopsin and deoxycylindrospermopsin in a water body containing the cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon ovalisporum and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. The study site was Cobaki Village Lake, a small stratified anthropogenic lake in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Water quality analysis indicated that stratification and oxygenation of the water column were significant in both the distribution of the cyanobacterial populations and their associated toxin concentrations. Toxin was distributed thro

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7

Khomutovska, Nataliia, Małgorzata Sandzewicz, Łukasz Łach, Małgorzata Suska-Malawska, Monika Chmielewska, Hanna Mazur-Marzec, Marta Cegłowska, et al. "Limited Microcystin, Anatoxin and Cylindrospermopsin Production by Cyanobacteria from Microbial Mats in Cold Deserts." Toxins 12, no. 4 (April 11, 2020): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12040244.

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Toxic metabolites are produced by many cyanobacterial species. There are limited data on toxigenic benthic, mat-forming cyanobacteria, and information on toxic cyanobacteria from Central Asia is even more scarce. In the present study, we examined cyanobacterial diversity and community structure, the presence of genes involved in toxin production and the occurrence of cyanotoxins in cyanobacterial mats from small water bodies in a cold high-mountain desert of Eastern Pamir. Diversity was explored using amplicon-based sequencing targeting the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, toxin potential us

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8

Moradinejad, Saber, Hana Trigui, Juan Francisco Guerra Maldonado, Jesse Shapiro, Yves Terrat, Arash Zamyadi, Sarah Dorner, and Michèle Prévost. "Diversity Assessment of Toxic Cyanobacterial Blooms during Oxidation." Toxins 12, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12110728.

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Fresh-water sources of drinking water are experiencing toxic cyanobacterial blooms more frequently. Chemical oxidation is a common approach to treat cyanobacteria and their toxins. This study systematically investigates the bacterial/cyanobacterial community following chemical oxidation (Cl2, KMnO4, O3, H2O2) using high throughput sequencing. Raw water results from high throughput sequencing show that Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the most abundant phyla. Dolichospermum, Synechococcus, Microcystis and Nostoc were the most dominant genera. In terms of spec

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9

Metcalf, J. S., and G. A. Codd. "Analysis of Cyanobacterial Toxins by Immunological Methods." Chemical Research in Toxicology 16, no. 2 (February 2003): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/tx0200562.

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10

Kleinteich, J., F. Hildebrand, S. A. Wood, S. Ciŕs, R. Agha, A. Quesada, D. A. Pearce, P. Convey, F. C. K̈pper, and D. R. Dietrich. "Diversity of toxin and non-toxin containing cyanobacterial mats of meltwater ponds on the Antarctic Peninsula: a pyrosequencing approach." Antarctic Science 26, no. 5 (May 14, 2014): 521–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102014000145.

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AbstractDespite their pivotal role as primary producers, there is little information as to the diversity and physiology of cyanobacteria in the meltwater ecosystems of polar regions. Thirty cyanobacterial mats from Adelaide Island, Antarctica were investigated using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing and automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis, and screened for cyanobacterial toxins using molecular and chemical approaches. A total of 274 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected. The richness ranged between 8 and 33 cyanobacterial OTUs per sample, reflecting a high mat diversity. Lepto

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11

Cicerelli, Rejane Ennes, Maria de Lourdes B. Trindade Galo, and Henrique Llacer Roig. "Multisource data for seasonal variability analysis of cyanobacteria in a tropical inland aquatic environment." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 12 (2017): 2344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16259.

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Cyanobacterial blooms are related to eutrophic conditions that compromise the many uses of reservoirs. Thus, quick and effective methods for detecting the abundance of cyanobacteria in waterbodies are needed to complement conventional laboratory methods. In addition, inadequate control techniques that are applied at times of high cyanobacterial concentrations can cause the cells to lyse and release toxins into the water. In the present study we investigated the behaviour of cyanobacteria by determining phycocyanin and chlorophyll concentrations, using spectroradiometric and fluorometric techni

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12

Österholm, Julia, Rafael V. Popin, David P. Fewer, and Kaarina Sivonen. "Phylogenomic Analysis of Secondary Metabolism in the Toxic Cyanobacterial Genera Anabaena, Dolichospermum and Aphanizomenon." Toxins 12, no. 4 (April 11, 2020): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12040248.

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Cyanobacteria produce an array of toxins that pose serious health risks to humans and animals. The closely related diazotrophic genera, Anabaena, Dolichospermum and Aphanizomenon, frequently form poisonous blooms in lakes and brackish waters around the world. These genera form a complex now termed the Anabaena, Dolichospermum and Aphanizomenon (ADA) clade and produce a greater array of toxins than any other cyanobacteria group. However, taxonomic confusion masks the distribution of toxin biosynthetic pathways in cyanobacteria. Here we obtained 11 new draft genomes to improve the understanding

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13

Szczukocki, Dominik, Radosław Dałkowski, Barbara Krawczyk, Renata Juszczak, Luiza Kubisiak-Banaszkiewicz, Barbara Olejniczak, and Grzegorz Andrijewski. "Cyanobacterial blooms in kaliski region water reservoirs and water quality parameters / Zakwity sinicowe w zbiornikach okolic Kalisza a wskaźniki jakości wody." Archives of Environmental Protection 41, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aep-2015-0002.

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Abstract Cyanobacterial blooms occur frequently in artificial lakes, especially in water reservoirs with small retention exposition to anthropopressure. The abundant occurrence of cyanobacteria is accompanied by danger of oxygen imbalance in the aquatic environment and the secretion of toxins that are possible threat to human health and life. Cyanobacterial cell growth depends on a number of physical (temperature, light exposure), chemical (pH, concentration of compounds containing nitrogen and phosphorus) and biological (the presence of other organisms) factors. This paper presents the result

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14

Grover, James P., J. Thad Scott, Daniel L. Roelke, and Bryan W. Brooks. "Dynamics of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria with heterocysts: a stoichiometric model." Marine and Freshwater Research 71, no. 5 (2020): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf18361.

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A simulation model for nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria was formulated to predict population and nutrient dynamics in water quality studies. The model tracks population biomasses of nitrogen and phosphorus, which potentially limit population growth. Lack of intracellular nitrogen cues the differentiation of specialised heterocysts for nitrogen fixation. Ecoevolutionary analysis presented here predicts that natural selection optimises heterocyst differentiation in relation to external supplies of nitrogen and phosphorus. Modelling the production of N-rich toxins (e.g. anatoxins, saxitoxins) sugges

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15

KONDO, Fumio, and Ken-ichi HARADA. "Biological Mass Spectrometry. Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Cyanobacterial Toxins." Journal of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan 44, no. 3 (1996): 355–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5702/massspec.44.355.

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16

Lee, Jeong Ae, So Yeong Lee, and Dong Jin Pyo. "Quantitative Analysis of Microcystins, Cyanobacterial Toxins in Soyang Lake." Journal of the Korean Chemical Society 46, no. 6 (December 20, 2002): 535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5012/jkcs.2002.46.6.535.

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17

Koreivienė, Judita, and Olga Belous. "Methods for Cyanotoxins detection." Botanica Lithuanica 18, no. 1 (October 1, 2012): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10279-012-0008-4.

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Abstract Koreivienė J., Belous O., 2012: Methods for cyanotoxins detection [Cianotoksinų nustatymo metodai]. - Bot. Lith., 18(1): 58-65. Global occurrence and concern about microcystin contamination, the potential consequences of exposure to cyanobacterial toxins in recreational and drinking waters promoted the development of numerous methods to detect the toxin and their producers as well as identification and quantification of toxins. In current study we overview numerous methods that have been developed for the cyanotoxin analysis. We discuss advantages and shortages of their applications t

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18

D'ors, A., M. C. Bartolomé, and S. Sánchez-Fortún. "Importance of strain type to predict the toxicological risk associated with Microcystis aeruginosa blooms: comparison of Microtox® analysis and immunoassay." Journal of Water and Health 10, no. 2 (March 23, 2012): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2012.081.

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The occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms in aquatic environments, associated with human health problems and animal deaths, has increased the need for rapid, reliable and sensitive methods to determine the toxicity of microcystin produced by cyanobacteria. An in vitro Microtox® system and a commercially available microcystin ELISA were used to screen out the potential risk associated with selected Microcystis aeruginosa strains (Ma1D–Ma8D). Results showed the existence of three differentiated groups in the selected M. aeruginosa strains. Strains Ma7D and Ma6D were determined to be very tox

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Hartnell, David M., Ian J. Chapman, Nick G. H. Taylor, Genoveva F. Esteban, Andrew D. Turner, and Daniel J. Franklin. "Cyanobacterial Abundance and Microcystin Profiles in Two Southern British Lakes: The Importance of Abiotic and Biotic Interactions." Toxins 12, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12080503.

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Freshwater cyanobacteria blooms represent a risk to ecological and human health through induction of anoxia and release of potent toxins; both conditions require water management to mitigate risks. Many cyanobacteria taxa may produce microcystins, a group of toxic cyclic heptapeptides. Understanding the relationships between the abiotic drivers of microcystins and their occurrence would assist in the implementation of targeted, cost-effective solutions to maintain safe drinking and recreational waters. Cyanobacteria and microcystins were measured by flow cytometry and liquid chromatography cou

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Swanson-Mungerson, Michelle, Philip G. Williams, Joshua R. Gurr, Ryan Incrocci, Vijay Subramaniam, Kinga Radowska, Mary L. Hall, and Alejandro M. S. Mayer. "Biochemical and Functional Analysis of Cyanobacterium Geitlerinema sp. LPS on Human Monocytes." Toxicological Sciences 171, no. 2 (July 4, 2019): 421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfz153.

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Abstract Cyanobacterial blooms are an increasing source of environmental toxins that affect both human and animals. After ingestion of cyanobacteria, such as Geitlerinema sp., toxins and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from this organism induce fever, gastrointestinal illness, and even death. However, little is known regarding the effects of cyanobacterial LPS on human monocytes after exposure to LPS upon ingestion. Based on our previous data using Geitlerinema sp. LPS (which was previously named Oscillatoria sp., a genus belonging to the same order as Geitlerinema), we hypothesized that Geitlerinema

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Dell’Aversano, Carmela, Geoffrey K. Eaglesham, and Michael A. Quilliam. "Analysis of cyanobacterial toxins by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry." Journal of Chromatography A 1028, no. 1 (February 2004): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2003.11.083.

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Aguete, E. C., A. Gago-Martínez, J. A. Rodríguez-Vázquez, S. O'Connell, C. Moroney, and K. J. James. "Application of HPLC and HPCE to the analysis of cyanobacterial toxins." Chromatographia 53, S1 (January 2001): S254—S259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02490338.

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23

Rantala-Ylinen, Anne, Suvi Känä, Hao Wang, Leo Rouhiainen, Matti Wahlsten, Ermanno Rizzi, Katri Berg, Muriel Gugger, and Kaarina Sivonen. "Anatoxin-a Synthetase Gene Cluster of the Cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. Strain 37 and Molecular Methods To Detect Potential Producers." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 20 (August 26, 2011): 7271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.06022-11.

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ABSTRACTCyanobacterial mass occurrences are common in fresh and brackish waters. They pose a threat to water users due to toxins frequently produced by the cyanobacterial species present. Anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a are neurotoxins synthesized by various cyanobacteria, e.g.,Anabaena,Oscillatoria, andAphanizomenon. The biosynthesis of these toxins and the genes involved in anatoxin production were recently described forOscillatoriasp. strain PCC 6506 (A. Méjean et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.131:7512-7513, 2009). In this study, we identified the anatoxin synthetase gene cluster (anaAtoanaGandorf1;

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Metcalf, James S., Steven G. Bell, and Geoffrey A. Codd. "Colorimetric Immuno-Protein Phosphatase Inhibition Assay for Specific Detection of Microcystins and Nodularins of Cyanobacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 904–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.2.904-909.2001.

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ABSTRACT A novel immunoassay was developed for specific detection of cyanobacterial cyclic peptide hepatotoxins which inhibit protein phosphatases. Immunoassay methods currently used for microcystin and nodularin detection and analysis do not provide information on the toxicity of microcystin and/or nodularin variants. Furthermore, protein phosphatase inhibition-based assays for these toxins are not specific and respond to other environmental protein phosphatase inhibitors, such as okadaic acid, calyculin A, and tautomycin. We addressed the problem of specificity in the analysis of protein pho

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NIEDZWIADEK, BARBARA, PETER M. SCOTT, and BEN P. Y. LAU. "Monitoring of Shrimp and Farmed Fish Sold in Canada for Cyanobacterial Toxins." Journal of Food Protection 75, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-324.

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Sixty-one samples of shrimp and 32 samples of farmed fish collected from retail markets across Canada were analyzed for cyanobacterial toxins, including microcystins, paralytic shellfish poisons (saxitoxins), cylindrospermopsin, and β-N-methylamino-l-alanine, using established methods of analysis. None of these toxins were detected in any of the samples. Some shrimp samples screened for paralytic shellfish poisons showed the presence of unknown peaks in the chromatogram after periodate oxidation.

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Vasas, Gábor, Attila Gáspár, Csilla Páger, Gyula Surányi, Csaba Máthé, Márta M. Hamvas, and George Borbely. "Analysis of cyanobacterial toxins (anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin, microcystin-LR) by capillary electrophoresis." ELECTROPHORESIS 25, no. 1 (January 2004): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.200305641.

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Pomati, Francesco, Brendan P. Burns, and Brett A. Neilan. "Identification of an Na+-Dependent Transporter Associated with Saxitoxin-Producing Strains of the Cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 8 (August 2004): 4711–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.8.4711-4719.2004.

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ABSTRACT Blooms of the freshwater cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis are recognized as an important health risk worldwide due to the production of a range of toxins such as saxitoxin (STX) and its derivatives. In this study we used HIP1 octameric-palindrome repeated-sequence PCR to compare the genomic structure of phylogenetically similar Australian isolates of A. circinalis. STX-producing and nontoxic cyanobacterial strains showed different HIP1 (highly iterated octameric palindrome 1) DNA patterns, and characteristic interrepeat amplicons for each group were identified. Suppression subtracti

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Nagata, Satoshi, Tomoaki Tsutsumi, Akihiro Hasegawa, Fuyuko Yoshida, Yoshio Ueno, and Mariyo F. Watanabe. "Enzyme Immunoassay for Direct Determination of Microcystins in Environmental Water." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 80, no. 2 (March 1, 1997): 408–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/80.2.408.

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Abstract An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for direct quantitation of microcys- tins (MCs), a group of freshwater cyanobacterial toxins. An anti-MC monoclonal antibody exhibiting broad cross-reactivity to major MC derivatives was used. The detection limit and linear range of the ELISA standard curve with microcystin-(leucine-ar-ginine) (MCLR), a variant of MCs, were 20 and 20–500 pg/mL, respectively. For analysis of MC released from cyanobacterial cells, water sample filtered through a glass fiber filter was applied directly to ELISA. For analysis of total MC (released

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Qu, Jiangqi, Liping Shen, Meng Zhao, Wentong Li, Chengxia Jia, Hua Zhu, and Qingjing Zhang. "Determination of the Role of Microcystis aeruginosa in Toxin Generation Based on Phosphoproteomic Profiles." Toxins 10, no. 7 (July 23, 2018): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10070304.

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Microcystis aeruginosa is the most common species responsible for toxic cyanobacterial blooms and is considered a significant contributor to the production of cyanotoxins, particularly the potent liver toxins called microcystins. Numerous studies investigating Microcystis spp. blooms have revealed their deleterious effects in freshwater environments. However, the available knowledge regarding the global phosphoproteomics of M. aeruginosa and their regulatory roles in toxin generation is limited. In this study, we conducted comparative phosphoproteomic profiling of non-toxic and toxin-producing

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Prepas, E. E., B. G. Kotak, L. M. Campbell, J. C. Evans, S. E. Hrudey, and C. FB Holmes. "Accumulation and elimination of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins by the freshwater clam Anodonta grandis simpsoniana." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f96-261.

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Freshwater clams (Anodonta grandis simpsoniana) exposed to 51-55 µg · L-1 of dissolved microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in the laboratory for 3 days did not accumulate MC-LR equivalents (MC-LReq). However, clams placed in three eutrophic lakes with phytoplankton containing MC-LR (concentrations from below detection to 8.3 µg · L-1 cellular toxin) for 12-28 days accumulated the toxin (24 ± 7 to 527 ± 330 ng · g-1 MC-LReq; mean ± SE). The relative MC-LReq concentrations in clams reflected MC-LR concentrations in lake phytoplankton, but individual variation was high. In individual clams exposed for 24 days

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Howard, Karen L., and Gregory L. Boyer. "Quantitative Analysis of Cyanobacterial Toxins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry." Analytical Chemistry 79, no. 15 (August 2007): 5980–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac0705723.

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Neilan, Brett A., Elke Dittmann, Leo Rouhiainen, R. Amanda Bass, Verena Schaub, Kaarina Sivonen, and Thomas Börner. "Nonribosomal Peptide Synthesis and Toxigenicity of Cyanobacteria." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 13 (July 1, 1999): 4089–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.13.4089-4097.1999.

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ABSTRACT Nonribosomal peptide synthesis is achieved in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes by the thiotemplate function of large, modular enzyme complexes known collectively as peptide synthetases. These and other multifunctional enzyme complexes, such as polyketide synthases, are of interest due to their use in unnatural-product or combinatorial biosynthesis (R. McDaniel, S. Ebert-Khosla, D. A. Hopwood, and C. Khosla, Science 262:1546–1557, 1993; T. Stachelhaus, A. Schneider, and M. A. Marahiel, Science 269:69–72, 1995). Most nonribosomal peptides from microorganisms are classified as secondary

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Sevilla, E., H. Smienk, P. Razquin, L. Mata, and M. L. Peleato. "Optimization of intracellular microcystin-LR extraction for its analysis by protein phosphatase inhibition assay." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 7 (October 1, 2009): 1903–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.527.

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Microcystins are toxins produced by some strains of cyanobacteria. Several methods have been developed to allow the quantification of microcystins, which are mainly endotoxins. Among those methods, the protein phosphatase inhibition assay is a good candidate as a screening method because of its sensitivity, simplicity and specificity. In this work a method for intracellular microcystin extraction in field water samples and lab cyanobacterial cultures prior to their analysis by protein phosphatase inhibition assay has been optimized. Microcystin-LR and Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 were used

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Passos, Larissa Souza, Éryka Costa Almeida, Claudio Martin Pereira de Pereira, Alessandro Alberto Casazza, Attilio Converti, and Ernani Pinto. "Chemical Characterization of Microcystis aeruginosa for Feed and Energy Uses." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 23, 2021): 3013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113013.

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Abstract (sommario):

Cyanobacterial blooms and strains absorb carbon dioxide, drawing attention to its use as feed for animals and renewable energy sources. However, cyanobacteria can produce toxins and have a low heating value. Herein, we studied a cyanobacterial strain harvested during a bloom event and analyzed it to use as animal feed and a source of energy supply. The thermal properties and the contents of total nitrogen, protein, carbohydrate, fatty acids, lipid, and the presence of cyanotoxins were investigated in the Microcystis aeruginosa LTPNA 01 strain and in a bloom material. Microcystins (hepatotoxins

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Díez-Quijada, Leticia, Remedios Guzmán-Guillén, Ana Prieto Ortega, María Llana-Ruíz-Cabello, Alexandre Campos, Vítor Vasconcelos, Ángeles Jos, and Ana Cameán. "New Method for Simultaneous Determination of Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin in Vegetable Matrices by SPE-UPLC-MS/MS." Toxins 10, no. 10 (October 8, 2018): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10100406.

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Abstract (sommario):

Cyanotoxins are a large group of noxious metabolites with different chemical structure and mechanisms of action, with a worldwide distribution, producing effects in animals, humans, and crop plants. When cyanotoxin-contaminated waters are used for the irrigation of edible vegetables, humans can be in contact with these toxins through the food chain. In this work, a method for the simultaneous detection of Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), Microcystin-RR (MC-RR), Microcystin-YR (MC-YR), and Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) in lettuce has been optimized and validated, using a dual solid phase extraction (SPE) sys

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36

Hu, Jiaming, Jiaqi Liu, Yi Zhu, Zoraida Diaz-Perez, Michael Sheridan, Haley Royer, Raymond Leibensperger, et al. "Exposure to Aerosolized Algal Toxins in South Florida Increases Short- and Long-Term Health Risk in Drosophila Model of Aging." Toxins 12, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12120787.

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Abstract (sommario):

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a rising health and environmental concern in the United States, particularly in South Florida. Skin contact and the ingestion of contaminated water or fish and other seafood have been proven to have severe toxicity to humans in some cases. However, the impact of aerosolized HAB toxins is poorly understood. In particular, knowledge regarding either the immediate or long-term effects of exposure to aerosolized cyanotoxins produced by freshwater blue-green algae does not exist. The aim of this study was to probe the toxicity of aerosolized cyanobacterial blooms usi

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37

Mbukwa, Elbert A., Titus A. M. Msagati, and Bhekie B. Mamba. "Supported liquid membrane-liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of cyanobacterial toxins in fresh water systems." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 50-52 (2012): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2012.09.005.

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38

Krüger, Thomas, Claudia Wiegand, Li Kun, Bernd Luckas, and Stephan Pflugmacher. "More and more toxins around–analysis of cyanobacterial strains isolated from Lake Chao (Anhui Province, China)." Toxicon 56, no. 8 (December 2010): 1520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.09.004.

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39

Howard, Karen L., and Gregory L. Boyer. "Adduct simplification in the analysis of cyanobacterial toxins by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry." Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 21, no. 5 (2007): 699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.2887.

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40

Somdee, Theerasak, and Anchana Somdee. "Comparison of different anion-exchange chromatography resins for the purification of cyanobacterial microcystins." Water Supply 16, no. 1 (July 18, 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.108.

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Abstract (sommario):

For the first time, different types of diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) anion-exchange resins, widely used in previous studies, were investigated to determine the most effective resin for the purification of microcystins (MCs). MCs were extracted from freeze-dried Microcystis aeruginosa cells that had been harvested from the Bueng Nong Khot reservoir, Khon Kaen, Thailand. The toxins were precipitated with ammonium sulfate and then fractionated using five different anion-exchange chromatography resins, followed by chromatography with a C18 cartridge. The toxins were further identified via liquid chroma

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41

Ballot, Andreas, Thida Swe, Marit Mjelde, Leonardo Cerasino, Vladyslava Hostyeva, and Christopher O. Miles. "Cylindrospermopsin- and Deoxycylindrospermopsin-Producing Raphidiopsis raciborskii and Microcystin-Producing Microcystis spp. in Meiktila Lake, Myanmar." Toxins 12, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12040232.

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Abstract (sommario):

Meiktila Lake is a shallow reservoir located close to Meiktila city in central Myanmar. Its water is used for irrigation, domestic purposes and drinking water. No detailed study of the presence of cyanobacteria and their potential toxin production has been conducted so far. To ascertain the cyanobacterial composition and presence of cyanobacterial toxins in Meiktila Lake, water samples were collected in March and November 2017 and investigated for physico-chemical and biological parameters. Phytoplankton composition and biomass determination revealed that most of the samples were dominated by

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42

Otten, Timothy G., Jennifer L. Graham, Theodore D. Harris, and Theo W. Dreher. "Elucidation of Taste- and Odor-Producing Bacteria and Toxigenic Cyanobacteria in a Midwestern Drinking Water Supply Reservoir by Shotgun Metagenomic Analysis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 17 (June 24, 2016): 5410–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01334-16.

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Abstract (sommario):

ABSTRACTWhile commonplace in clinical settings, DNA-based assays for identification or enumeration of drinking water pathogens and other biological contaminants remain widely unadopted by the monitoring community. In this study, shotgun metagenomics was used to identify taste-and-odor producers and toxin-producing cyanobacteria over a 2-year period in a drinking water reservoir. The sequencing data implicated several cyanobacteria, includingAnabaenaspp.,Microcystisspp., and an unresolved member of the orderOscillatorialesas the likely principal producers of geosmin, microcystin, and 2-methylis

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43

Park, Hae-Kyung, Mi-Ae Kwon, Hae-Jin Lee, Jonghee Oh, Su-Heon Lee, and In-Soo Kim. "Molecular Verification of Bloom-forming Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Their Secondary Metabolites in the Nakdong River." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8 (August 13, 2018): 1739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081739.

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Abstract (sommario):

Aphanizomenon spp. have formed harmful cyanobacterial blooms in the Nakdong River during spring, autumn, and now in winter, and the expansion of blooming period and area, associated with the global warming is predicted. The genus Aphanizomenon has been described to produce harmful secondary metabolites such as off-flavors and cyanotoxins. Therefore, the production of harmful secondary metabolites from the Aphanizomenon blooms in the Nakdong River needs to be monitored to minimize the risk to both water quality and public health. Here, we sampled the cyanobacterial blooms in the Nakdong River a

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44

Kim Tiam, Sandra, Muriel Gugger, Justine Demay, Séverine Le Manach, Charlotte Duval, Cécile Bernard, and Benjamin Marie. "Insights into the Diversity of Secondary Metabolites of Planktothrix Using a Biphasic Approach Combining Global Genomics and Metabolomics." Toxins 11, no. 9 (August 27, 2019): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11090498.

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Abstract (sommario):

Cyanobacteria are an ancient lineage of slow-growing photosynthetic bacteria and a prolific source of natural products with diverse chemical structures and potent biological activities and toxicities. The chemical identification of these compounds remains a major bottleneck. Strategies that can prioritize the most prolific strains and novel compounds are of great interest. Here, we combine chemical analysis and genomics to investigate the chemodiversity of secondary metabolites based on their pattern of distribution within some cyanobacteria. Planktothrix being a cyanobacterial genus known to

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45

Wang, Xun, Peifang Wang, Chao Wang, Jin Qian, Tao Feng, and Yangyang Yang. "Relationship between Photosynthetic Capacity and Microcystin Production in Toxic Microcystis Aeruginosa under Different Iron Regimes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9 (September 7, 2018): 1954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091954.

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Abstract (sommario):

Blooms of harmful cyanobacteria have been observed in various water bodies across the world and some of them can produce intracellular toxins, such as microcystins (MCs), which negatively impact aquatic organisms and human health. Iron participates significantly in cyanobacterial photosynthesis and is proposed to be linked to MC production. Here, the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa was cultivated under different iron regimes to investigate the relationship between photosynthetic capacity and MC production. The results showed that iron addition increased cell density, cellular protein conc

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46

Wunsche, L., T. Vicari, S. L. M. Calado, J. Wojciechowski, V. F. Magalhães, H. C. S. Assis, D. M. Leme, and M. M. Cestari. "Genotoxicity detected during cyanobacteria bloom in a water supply reservoir." ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION 15 (November 10, 2020): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5132/eec.2020.01.07.

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Abstract (sommario):

The aquatic ecosystems are susceptible to cyanobacterial blooms due to the eutrophication of water bodies caused by human activities. In this study, phytoplankton and cyanotoxins analysis, as well as cellular and genetic biomarkers of toxicity (Allium cepa test - higher plant test system), were evaluated in water samples of Alagados Reservoir during a cyanobacterial bloom in South Brazil. The water samples were collected during the wet season at two sites in the Reservoir. Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) were detected in both samples (sites 1 and 2); however, the levels of PSTs were higher i

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47

Monchamp, Marie-Eve, Jean-Claude Walser, Francesco Pomati, and Piet Spaak. "Sedimentary DNA Reveals Cyanobacterial Community Diversity over 200 Years in Two Perialpine Lakes." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 21 (August 26, 2016): 6472–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02174-16.

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Abstract (sommario):

ABSTRACTWe reconstructed cyanobacterial community structure and phylogeny using DNA that was isolated from layers of stratified sediments spanning 200 years of lake history in the perialpine lakes Greifensee and Lake Zurich (Switzerland). Community analysis based on amplification and sequencing of a 400-nucleotide (nt)-long 16S rRNA fragment specific toCyanobacteriarevealed operational taxonomic units (OTUs) capturing the whole phylum, including representatives of a newly characterized clade termedMelainabacteria, which shares common ancestry withCyanobacteriaand has not been previously descri

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48

Abbas, Feras, Cristina Porojan, Maxine A. D. Mowe, Mary Lehane, Simon M. Mitrovic, Richard P. Lim, Darren C. J. Yeo, and Ambrose Furey. "Sample extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method development and validation for the quantitative detection of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins and neurotoxins in Singapore's reservoirs." Marine and Freshwater Research 71, no. 5 (2020): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf19157.

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Abstract (sommario):

Cyanobacterial blue–green algal toxins are produced by harmful algal blooms (HABs). Most species of phytoplankton are not harmful, but excessive amounts of certain HAB taxa can cause harm to human and animal health, aquatic ecosystems and local economies. To investigate the prevalence of cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and anatoxin-a (ANA) in Singapore’s reservoirs, a hazard analysis was initiated to profile the CYN and ANA levels present. Water samples from 17 reservoirs were monitored monthly over a 12-month period (November 2012–October 2013). Analyses were conducted by liquid chromatography–tande

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49

Rivasseau, Corinne, Sophie Martins, and Marie-Claire Hennion. "Determination of some physicochemical parameters of microcystins (cyanobacterial toxins) and trace level analysis in environmental samples using liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 799, no. 1-2 (March 1998): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(97)01095-9.

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50

Filatova, Daria, Oscar Núñez, and Marinella Farré. "Ultra-Trace Analysis of Cyanotoxins by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry." Toxins 12, no. 4 (April 11, 2020): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12040247.

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Abstract (sommario):

The increasing frequency of episodes of harmful algal blooms of cyanobacterial origin is a risk to ecosystems and human health. The main human hazard may arise from drinking water supply and recreational water use. For this reason, efficient multiclass analytical methods are needed to assess the level of cyanotoxins in water reservoirs and tackle these problems. This work describes the development of a fast, sensitive, and robust analytical method for multiclass cyanotoxins determination based on dual solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure using a polymeric cartridge, Oasis HLB (Waters Corpora

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