Tesi sul tema "Diseño molecular"
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Sani, Daniele. "Evolución genómica por diseño molecular de levaduras industriales". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/34325.
Testo completoSani, D. (2013). Evolución genómica por diseño molecular de levaduras industriales [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/34325
TESIS
García, García Ángeles. "Diseño y selección por topología molecular de nuevos compuestos antimicobacterianos". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10265.
Testo completoMolecular topology, MT, has been used to select new active compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTBC) and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). MT has proved to be a useful formalism to find quantitative structure-activity relations (QSAR), based on the numeric characterization of the molecules through topological indices (TI), that is to say, to obtain the topological functions: P(TI) = A0 + Ai(TIi), where P represents the property, A0 the intercept and Ai the regression coefficients. In order to the effectiveness of the functions, four new families of TI were introduced. Once calculated the TI of forty five active compounds, the predictive functions as well as the discriminant functions allowing us to discriminate among active and inactive compounds, were achieved. Next the molecular models were designed using the selected functions, and they were applied to databases of chemical structures for the selection of potentially active substances. Finally, we carried out the in vitro assays in order to check the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the selected compounds. Conclusions: 1. The new TI contribute to improve in more than 30% of the predictive functions on those already described, and also to a significant effectiveness to discriminate among active and inactive compounds against MTBC and MAC. 2. The obtained functions have demonstrated that it is possible to predict efficiently the MIC and other pharmacological properties of the active compounds.3. Useful models have been obtained for the selection of active compounds against MTBC and MAC.4. After in vitro tests at the laboratory, the following results stand out:· 10 compounds were active against MTBC (MIC≤16g/mL): BAK, DNOC, DOCA, linezolid, paromomycin, pentamidine, reserpine, ribavirin, TPEN and trifluoperazine.· 6 were active against MAC (MIC≤16g/mL): BAK, linezolid, paromomycin, TPEN, trifluoperazine and pentamidine.· Six new substituted pirimidines synthesized at the University of Gerona were selected. Theoretically they present a good pharmacological profile and their in vitro assays demonstrated that the MIC against MTBC were between 32 and 64 g/mL, what induces us to consider these structures as new leads as antituberculosis agents.
Etcheverry, Berríos Álvaro Francisco. "Diseño y síntesis de sistemas curcuminoides para aplicaciones en electrónica molecular". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/164101.
Testo completoLa electrónica molecular es una rama de la nanotecnología cuya finalidad es la utilización de moléculas individuales como componentes electrónicos. Si consideramos que una molécula es la estructura estable más pequeña, alcanzar este grado de miniaturización sería el objetivo final en la búsqueda de dispositivos electrónicos más eficientes. Para esto, es necesario entender cómo las propiedades intrínsecas de una molécula afectan el desempeño de estos dispositivos, con el fin de desarrollar sistemas moleculares que posean propiedades interesantes y sean capaces de formar contactos robustos y confiables. El objetivo de esta tesis es el diseño y estudio de sistemas moleculares que puedan ser utilizados en la construcción de dispositivos basados en electrónica molecular. Considerando esto, los sistemas curcuminoides son posibles candidatos para electrónica molecular debido a que presentan una estructura altamente conjugada y versatilidad sintética que permite modificar químicamente su estructura, modulando así las propiedades observadas. En este sentido, se propusieron dos líneas de trabajo para esta tesis: 1) la modificación de los anillos aromáticos terminales con el fin de utilizarlos como grupos de anclaje; y, 2) la modificación del grupo -dicetona central con el fin de modular sus propiedades opto-electrónicas. Durante esta tesis se obtuvieron 11 ligandos orgánicos (ligandos curcuminoides 1-6; derivados heterocíclicos 1a, 2a, 4a y 4aa; y un ligando pseudo-curcuminoide 7), y 16 compuestos de coordinación (complejos con BF2 1b, 2b, 4b, 6b y 7b; y complejos con metales de transición I-IX), estudiándose sus propiedades opto-electrónicas mediante espectroscopia UV-Vis y electroquímica, para finalmente realizar estudios de conductancia molecular en un dispositivo MCBJ. A partir de los resultados obtenidos queda manifestada la relevancia de los grupos de anclaje al permitir el acoplamiento molécula-electrodo; por otro lado, las modificaciones al grupo -dicetona, mediante la formación de heterociclos o compuestos de coordinación, permite modular la conductancia molecular debido a los cambios producidos en la estructura electrónica. Se espera que los resultados obtenidos en esta tesis contribuyan a expandir el conocimiento sobre la relación existente entre la estructura electrónica de las moléculas y su conductancia molecular, y así en el futuro poder desarrollar dispositivos basados en electrónica molecular.
Molecular electronics is a branch of nanotechnology which aims to use single molecules as electronic components. If we consider that a molecule is the smallest stable structure, achieving this degree of miniaturization is the ultimate goal in the search for more efficient electronic devices. To accomplish this is necessary to fully understand how the intrinsic properties of a molecule affect the performance of such devices, aiming to develop molecular systems with interesting properties and with the ability to form strong and reliable contacts. The purpose of this thesis is to design and study molecular systems which could be applied in the development of devices based on molecular electronics. Considering this, curcuminoid systems are candidates for molecular electronics because they exhibit a highly conjugated system and synthetic versatility allowing to chemically modify its structure, thereby modulating the properties of these systems. In this sense, two research lines were proposed: 1) the modification of the terminal aromatic rings to use them as anchoring groups; and, 2) the modification of the central -diketone moiety in order to modulate its opto-electronic properties. For this thesis 11 organic ligands (curcuminoid ligands 1-6; heterocyclic derivatives 1a, 2a, 4a and 4aa; and a pseudo-curcuminoid ligand 7), and 16 coordination compounds (BF2 complexes 1b, 2b, 4b, 6b and 7b; and transition metal complexes I-IX) were obtained, their opto-electronic properties were studied through UV-Vis spectroscopy and electrochemistry, to finally perform single-molecule conductance measurements in a MCBJ device. From the results obtained, the relevance of the anchoring groups is clear, allowing the molecule-electrode coupling; on the other hand, the modifications to the -diketone group, through the formation of heterocycles or coordination compounds, allows the modulation of the molecular conductance due to the changes produced in the electronic structure. It is expected that the results obtained in this thesis will contribute to expand the knowledge related with the dependance between the electronic structure of the molecules and their molecular conductance, and in the future development of devices based on molecular electronics
Conicyt
Casasús, Lis Rosa. "Diseño de puertas moleculares controladas a nivel nanoscópico". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/8510.
Testo completoCasasús Lis, R. (2009). Diseño de puertas moleculares controladas a nivel nanoscópico [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/8510
Palancia
Huarcaya, Victoria Natalya Mercedes. "Mejora del diseño del módulo termo-mecánico de un termociclador para uso en biología molecular". Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/6003.
Testo completoTesis
Etcheberrigaray, Torres Marco Antonio. "Diseño de banco de pruebas para placas de filtración de polietileno de ultra alto peso molecular". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2007. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/104716.
Testo completoSepúlveda, Robles Daniel Eduardo. "Diseño de una aplicación para la simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular "Proteína-Ligando" Mediante Herramientas Basadas en Java". Thesis, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, 2010. http://catarina.udlap.mx/u_dl_a/tales/documentos/mcc/sepulveda_r_de/.
Testo completo(cont.) Para los procesos necesarios en la preparación de las moléculas (proteínas y ligandos), en parte de la simulación se utilizo "Chemistry Development Kit" (CDK); que consiste en una API en Java con herramientas para el desarrollo de aplicaciones de tipo bioinformatico, que brinda utilidades en la carga de archivos .pdb, .sdf, y para la implementación de cargas de Gasteiger, etc. Para el cálculo de la energía entre las moléculas se propuso e implemento una fórmula que hace uso de las interacciones que se dan entre las moléculas; finalmente para la simulación se implemento un algoritmo genético para recorrer las configuraciones posibles entre la proteína y el ligando en el espacio de búsqueda con lo que se obtiene la mejor configuración posible. En la elaboración de la aplicación se estudiaron algunos de los distintos métodos (algoritmos) computacionales que existen para llevar a cabo la simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular, es conveniente mencionar que en este caso en particular se hizo énfasis en las técnicas usadas para el acoplamiento de tipo "proteína-ligando". Finalmente se Analizaron algunas de las herramientas disponibles que se usan en modelado del Acoplamiento Molecular con la finalidad de tener parámetros de la entrada y la salida, en este caso se uso a Docking Server (http://www.dockingserver.com). .
Forti, Flavio. "Flexibilidad conformacional de moléculas bioactivas: implicaciones en diseño de fármacos y función de globinas". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/82130.
Testo completoThe study of ligand-receptor interaction is relevant to drug design. In this work we have studied: ligand diffusion through the receptor to the active site and selection of the bioactive conformation implied in ligand-receptor recognition In the first part we have developed a Multilevel methodology to efficiently explore the conformational space of drug-like molecules. It is based on a conformational search at a RM1 level and a “a posteriori” refinement with B3LYP and MP2. For molecules in solution a parametrization of the MST solvation model for RM1 was needed. Precise free energies of solvation have been obtained with the new set of parameters for neutral compounds. For ionic compounds there is a strong dependence with the scale factor used to modulate the electrostatic frontier between solvent and solute. The use of environment-adapted scale factor provides a suitable strategy. The results obtained for neutral histamine are encouraging considering its conformational and tautomeric complexity and agree with most of the previous studies. In the second part, we have studied the impact of heme distortions on its O2 affinity. Distortions reduce affinity with the exception of the breathing mode (compressionexpansion) Positive breathing found in “Methanosarcina Acetivorans” protoglobin (MaPgb) could contribute to the reported high O(2) affinity since there is no distal effect, generally responsible of high affinity in globins. A new tunnel system defined between G and B helices (tunnel 1) and B and E helices (tunnel 2) allows ligand access. Contrary to tunnel 1, tunnel 2 is always open. Phe(145)G8 is found in open and closed conformations that regulate migration through tunnel 1. Dimerization and the presence of a heme-bound ligand facilitate opening of tunnel 1. The bound ligand is detected by Phe(93)E11 and transferred to Phe(145)G8 through changes in helices B and E. This could shed light on the kinetic studies by Cristiano Viappiani. Slow and fast conformations could reflect the opening of tunnel 1 when another ligand is bound. MaPgb could be involved in a bimolecular process where the entrance of a ligand would facilitate binding of a second one.
García, Colomer Albert. "Diseño, selección y producción de nuevos biolubricantes". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/48759.
Testo completoEl objetivo del proyecto es el desarrollo de nuevos procesos químicos para la modificación de los subproductos obtenidos en la producción del biodiésel, para obtener ésteres de propiedades mejoradas como lubricantes. Las tres propiedades más importantes que debe tener un fluido para su uso como lubricante son: viscosidad, propiedades en frío y estabilidad oxidativa. Los biolubricantes de 1ª generación muestran una serie de limitaciones cuando son comparados con sus equivalentes en base petróleo. Debido a las condiciones de operación, los lubricantes deben soportar altas temperaturas (estabilidad química y oxidativa), al igual que tener unas buenas propiedades en frío (punto de fluencia y de turbidez). Estas propiedades están intrínsecamente ligadas a la estructura química de los ácidos grasos utilizados en los biolubricantes de 1ª generación, donde las insaturaciones infieren buenas propiedades en frío pero una baja estabilidad oxidativa debido a su alta reactividad. Para la obtención de biolubricantes de 2ª generación se requiere la sustitución de las insaturaciones por ramificaciones con el fin de aumentar la estabilidad oxidativa de los compuestos manteniendo unas buenas propiedades en frío. En el presente trabajo se ha desarrollado una nueva vía sintética en tres pasos utilizando la estrategia de epoxidación-apertura de las insaturaciones, para obtener compuestos donde las insaturaciones han sido sustituidas por ramificaciones éster-éster asimétricas. Se han caracterizado los nuevos productos sintetizados (densidad, viscosidad, punto de fluencia…) con el fin de estudiar la relación estructura propiedades. La introducción de la ramificación produce una mejora sustancial de la estabilidad oxidativa de los compuestos manteniendo unas buenas propiedades en frío, la viscosidad cinemática experimenta un notable incremento debido al proceso de ramificación y algunas propiedades pueden ser moduladas mediante la longitud de la ramificación. Las propiedades de los nuevos compuestos han sido comparadas con las propiedades de otros biolubricantes de 2ª generación descritos en la bibliografía, mostrando la gran diferencia que produce el uso de enlaces tipo éter o éster y la simetría o asimetría en las ramificaciones. Un estudio computacional mediante dinámica molecular de los distintos tipos de ramificación posibles, ha permitido la racionalización del comportamiento los distintos tipos de ramificación a nivel molecular. Finalmente se ha realizado un estudio sobre la posibilidad de obtener estos productos mediante técnicas de biotecnología blanca, concretamente la esterificación de alcoholes altamente impedidos utilizando lipasas. Los resultados han mostrado que es posible obtener compuestos con un alto valor añadido mediante un proceso que mejore los procesos basados en la química tradicional.
The project aims to develop new chemical processes for the modification of the byproducts obtained in the production of biodiesel in order to obtain esters with improved properties as lubricants. The three most important properties that an oil should have to be used as a lubricant are: viscosity, cold properties and oxidative stability. The 1st generation biolubricants show some limitations when compared with their petroleum based counterparts. Due to the operating conditions, lubricants must withstand high temperatures (chemical and oxidative stability), as well as having good cold properties (pour point and turbidity). These properties are inherent to the chemical structure of the fatty acids used in 1st generation biolubricants, where the good cold properties are inferred by the unsaturations while giving low oxidative stability because of their high reactivity. To obtain 2nd generation biolubricants, it requires the unsaturation replacement by branches in order to increase the oxidative stability of the compounds while maintaining good cold properties. In this work we have developed a new synthetic pathway in three steps using the strategy of epoxidation-ring opening of unsaturations, in order to obtain compounds where the unsaturations have been replaced by ester-ester asymmetric branches. We have characterized the new synthesized products (density, viscosity, pour point ...) in order to study the relationship between structure properties. The introduction of branching produces a substantial improvement of the oxidative stability of the compounds while maintaining good cold properties, kinematic viscosity substantially increases due to branching and some properties can be modulated by the length of the branch. The properties of the new compounds have been compared with the properties of other 2nd generation bio-lubricants described in the literature, showing the difference produced by the use of ether or ester bonds and the symmetry or asymmetry of the branches. A computational study using molecular dynamics of different possible types of branching, has allowed the rationalization of the behavior of different types of branching at the molecular level. Finally, we have conducted a study on the possibility of obtaining such products through white biotechnology techniques, namely the esterification of hindered alcohols using lipases. The results have shown that it is possible to obtain compounds with high added value through a process which improves the available processes based on traditional chemistry.
Gutiérrez, de Terán Castañón Hugo. "Modelización molecular de los receptores de adenosina y sus ligandos en el marco de diseño de fármacos asistido por ordenador". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7075.
Testo completo· El desarrollo de una estrategia original para la selección de una muestra que cubra adecuadamente la diversidad molecular existente en una base de datos de compuestos químicos
· La construcción de un modelo de la región transmembrana del receptor A1 humano de adenosina, en el que se ha localizado y caracterizado un sitio de unión de agonistas compatible con los datos experimentales.
· Predicciones teóricas de las energías de unión de ligandos, realizadas a partir de los complejos agonista-receptor predichos sobre el modelo mencionado, obteniendo un grado de acuerdo con los datos experimentales que resulta esperanzador
The goal of the present thesis is to gain knowledge about the biochemistry and pharmacology of adenosine receptors, as well as to understand structure-activity relationships for the existing ligands for this receptors. In order to achieve this goal, we have used several techniques and methodologies from the computer-aided drug design field. Results presented in this work include:
· The development of an original strategy of selection of a maximum diversity sample that adequately covers the original molecular diversity contained in a compound database
· The building of the transmembrane region of a human A1 adenosine receptor model. In such a model, an agonists binding site has been located and characterized, showing agreement with experimental data.
· The resulting ligand-receptor complexes have been studied with computational approaches for the prediction of ligand-binding free energies. A nice correlation with experimental results was observed
Rodríguez, Torrecillas Ivan 1979. "Molecular basis to human P-glycoprotein reversion". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/586099.
Testo completoLos transportadores ABC (ATP binding cassette), encargados de transportar un amplio espectro de moléculas a través de la bicapa lipídica, pueden estar asociados con diversas enfermedades. Juegan un papel importante en la multirresistencia a fármacos (MDR), obstáculo importante en la quimioterapia del cáncer y en el tratamiento de leishmaniasis. En bacterias varios transportadores pueden conferir el fenotipo MDR, en humanos son principalmente cinco, entre ellos la glicoproteína P/(ABCB1). Para comprender la base estructural de la actividad inhibidora de P-gp, determinar los sitios de unión de los ligandos a P-gp y diseñar inhibidores de P-gp más potentes, se realizó i) un modelo 3D-QSAR usando CoMSIA en un conjunto de sesquiterpenos, ii) simulaciones de acoplamiento molecular de varios compuestos en un modelo de homología de LMDR1, transportador de la P-gp perteneciente a la familia ABC de Leishmania y iii) un estudio completo de interacción entre sesquiterpenos y la P-gp humana.
Amadoz, Navarro Alicia. "Diseño, desarrollo e implementación de una plataforma bioinformática orientada al análisis y gestión de infomación en epidemiología molecular". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/81336.
Testo completoLarge volumes of data are currently needed in genetics research and infectious diseases epidemiology studies. In a medium size laboratory, information needed in research studies is usually stored independently within different formats and places, which makes information management and data analysis a difficult task. This organization of information involves that the common laboratory workflow is made in a slow and disorganized way. In this situation, information integration is of vital importance to perform these kind of studies in an efficient, systematized and common manner for all the researchers in a laboratory. The main aim of this thesis was to cover the necessity of a data management and analysis system for molecular epidemiology studies of infectious diseases, that allow researchers to store and analyze clinical information of patients together with molecular data of pathogens in a centralized way. epiPATH, the bioinformatics platform that is presented in this thesis, has two different groups of tools designed to interact between them in order to ease the management and analysis of huge amounts of data. We designed and developed a database together with data management applications, and we also integrated and developed different analysis applications to perform molecular epidemiology, population and evolutionary genetics studies. From the moment a patient arrives to a hospital until the processing and analysis of molecular sequences obtained from infectious pathogens in the laboratory, lots of information is collected from different sources. Our database covers many aspects of samples, laboratory processes, molecular sequences, clinical information, treatments, pathogens, transmissions and outbreaks information. epiPATH allows researchers to perform comparisons between pathogens and multiple infections studies. Moreover, it allows studies from variability within pathogens and evolutionary changes to their distribution among patients with different clinical conditions. In this respect, our platform is also useful for the facilitation of surveillance based on either syndromic or disease-specific signals. We also developed the epiPATH-tools, a group of applications for population and evolutionary genetics that calculate parameters relating to a large amount of sequences. They include parameters of interest in the study of population divergence, synonymous and non-synonymous positions, neutrality tests and polymorphism studies.
Fontaine, Fabien. "Development and applications of new 3D molecular descriptors". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7080.
Testo completoIn order to correlate the differences of structure with the differences of activity of series of compounds, it is important to use relevant molecular descriptors. The GRIND and VolSurf descriptors belong to the so-called alignment-free descriptors family. In other words, they do not require to align the compounds in order to compare its molecular interaction fields. In this study, we applied these descriptors to the selection of chemical reagent from a database of compounds. The selection has been done following a protocol which allows to maximize the diversity of the sample and so to obtain some compounds highly informative. In addition we developed new shape descriptors which are based on the changes of curvature of the molecular surface. The results obtained show that the new shape descriptors are well integrated in the original GRIND descriptors. Furthermore, we designed new alignment-free descriptors called 'anchor-GRIND' which use one atom of each molecule as a reference point for the comparison of the molecular interaction fields. The 'anchor-GRIND' descriptors allow a more precise and more simple description than the GRIND descriptors, which makes them more relevant for the analysis of some families of compounds.
Inca, Martínez Miguel Alfredo Martín. "Diagnóstico molecular para distonía primaria DYT1: diseño basado en PCR para la mutación 904_906delGAG/907_909delGAG en el gen torsina1a". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/12015.
Testo completoEl documento digital no refiere asesor
Desarrolla una técnica de PCR para identificar la mutación 904_906delGAG/907_909delGAG del gen TORSINA1A. Utilizando 5 muestras de personas saludables (controles negativos) y 2 muestras de pacientes DYT1 (controles positivos). Se estandarizó dos protocolos de PCR convencional, uno con 4 y otro con 2 cebadores. Los cebadores fueron diseñados con el programa AmplifX. Los ensayos in vitro revelaron una baja especificidad de los cebadores 3 y 4 en el primer protocolo. El protocolo con 2 cebadores, mostró una banda adicional con un patrón de migración semejante a un fragmento de 250 pb, solo presente en controles positivos, y consistente con los resultados de PCR-RFLP, técnica estándar de oro para identificar esta deleción. Utilizando el protocolo PCR con dos cebadores, se identificó la deleción 904_906delGAG/907_909delGAG en 5 de 25 pacientes (20%) con sospecha de DYT1 atendidos en el servicio de Neurogenética del INCN. Un protocolo basado en PCR convencional con dos cebadores permite discriminar la presencia de la mutación 904_906delGAG/907_909delGAG del gen TORSINA1A vinculada a DYT1. Estudios posteriores que analicen la banda adicional obtenida con los cebadores 1 y 2, permitirían validar este procedimiento para diagnóstico en la práctica clínica.
Tesis
Mendoza, Galindo Jorge Oscar. "Implementación de un sistema de adquisición de datos con la interfaz de Arduino Mega para el estudio de fenómenos físicos". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/11633.
Testo completoTesis
Perez, Benito Laura. "Application of Molecular Dynamics methods to the study of biological systems". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/402258.
Testo completoApplication of Molecular Dynamics (MD) methods to the study of biological systems. This thesis is focused on the application of both classical MD and free energy perturbation (FEP) to study biological systems such as G protein-coupled receptors and BACE1 inhibitors. The thesis is divided into 5 sections, firstly an introduction where a timeline and evolution of MD methodology is explained, secondly a second section on Methods, the third section focuses on the use of MD simulation to study two different aspects of GPCRs, oligomerization of the tetramer formed by Adenosine receptors and the mechanism of activation by allosteric ligands targeting the metabotropic glutamate 2 receptor. The fourth section is focused on the application of FEP with the aim of designing new BACE1 inhibitors and to implement this methodology into a real drug discovery project performed in collaboration with Janssen Pharmaceutica. The final section summarizes the conclusions reached. Overall, it is shown that state of the art MD simulations, and hence modern computational methodology, can be of value to understand the described scenarios at the molecular level, and in particular the interactions and dynamic processes which occur. This in turn will help with more detailed understanding of basic biology and drug design. The work justifies future applications in these areas and continued deeper exploration of the limits of the impact which MD and FEP methods can reach.
Fernández, Rivas Gema. "Diseño y evaluación de nuevas técnicas de diagnóstico serológico y molecular para el diagnóstico de las infecciones de transmisión sexual". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/384559.
Testo completoThe term sexually transmitted infections (STIs) includes a number of syndromes caused by pathogens that can be acquired through sexual activity with a high incidence in recent years. Under the concept of STI are grouped both classical venereal diseases (urethritis, syphilis, chancroid and lymphogranuloma venereum) and others with different ways of transmission (hepatitis B and C, MSM intestinal amebiasis, infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and some parasites). Encompass the most important pathogens Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, Trichomonas vaginalis, HIV and other emerging organisms like Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum. The correct diagnosis of STIs is important for public health problem and because the complications that can occur in patients undiagnosed. In clinical practice often STIs have a syndromeic diagnosis, sometiems by the lack of sensitive of the diagnostic tests employed or by the lack of these tools in some laboratories. The Thesis has three main objectives that have been addressed in three different articles. The first objective is to evaluate an avidity technique to identifying recent infection by HIV 1 using an automated chemiluminescence immunoassay (QLIA). Recent Infection Testing Algorithm (RITA) is a generic name for a variety of laboratory techniques that distinguish the recent HIV acquisition. The study indicates that the test is a reliable method to identify recent HIV-1 infection and could be used in a RITA algorithm to estimate the incidence of HIV-1 infection in the population. The second objective of the Thesis was to describe the use of an automated technical VITROS Syphilis TPA (treponemal QLIA assay) for diagnosis of syphilis compared to other enzymeimmunoassays, as well as the classic reaginic test, and its use as a first step in the new reverse algorithm comparing with the classic Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) with subsequent confirmation with Treponema Pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA). The easy use of this automatic system can be implemented as a screening test in laboratories with high workload due to its high negative predictive value. To complete the study of STIs, the third aim of the Thesis was to study and evaluate a new biology molecular technique using PCR multiplex with different types of samples from selected populations previously studied by other techniques. This method allows the detection of seven major pathogens of STI (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium) from a single sample. The data obtained were compared with the conventional methods performed in our laboratory. The sensitivity, specificity and predictive values obtained were highly significant, allowing the adoption of this technique for the diagnosis of STIs. Another objective was the ability to detect Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium. His controversial presence, still presents some shadows that hopefully we can clarify as we know them. New molecular and immunological techniques evaluated in this Thesis have been useful for detecting causative agents of STI. In general, PCR assays are highly sensitive and specific when compared with other techniques such culture or wet mounts examinations. Furthermore, the introduction of multiple PCR based strategies would identify patients with coinfections and also explain failures in treatments.
Vázquez, Lozano Javier. "On the usage of lipophilic descriptors for molecular similarity evaluation". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667608.
Testo completoEl fet d'assumir que molècules estructuralment semblants donaran lloc a activitats biològiques similars ha estat una idea àmpliament explotada en el disseny de fàrmacs. Aquesta premissa subjau en la majoria de les aplicacions pràctiques en recerca química i farmacèutica. No obstant això, el concepte de similitud molecular és subjectiu i la seva interpretació pot variar segons l’ús que se’n vulgui derivar. La quantificació d’aquesta mesura de semblança molecular depèn de la representació de les característiques químiques presents en l'estructura molecular mitjançant descriptors 1D, 2D o 3D, la ponderació d'aquests descriptors i l'expressió matemàtica de la funció de similitud. En l’àmbit de les característiques químiques utilitzades en els mètodes tridimensionals de similitud molecular, les propietats electrostàtiques i estèriques han estat dominants tradicionalment. Tanmateix, això oculta el paper fonamental exercit per altres contribucions a l'afinitat d'unió, com els canvis en la (de)solvatació del lligant i del receptor. Malgrat la seva rellevància, la lipofilicitat ocupa aparentment un paper secundari com a descriptor principal del reconeixement lligand-receptor. Sota aquesta premissa s’ha desenvolupat una eina de cribratge virtual 3D basada en lligands (PharmScreen) que explota les relacions de similitud entre topologies hidrofòbiques derivades del model continuo de solvatació Miertus – Scrocco – Tomasi (MST). Els estudis reportats al llarg d’aquesta tesis recolzen la utilitat de les contribucions atòmiques a la lipofilicitat com a descriptors fonamentals en estudis de similitud, complementant la informació derivada dels descriptors tradicional. PharmScreen es presenta, així, com una eina competitiva per aplicar en campanyes de cribratge virtual basada en lligand o en combinació amb tècniques basades en proteïna, obrint una nova finestra en l’ampli espai químic.
Lagreze, Pérez Jorge Javier. "Diseño experimental para el estudio de la posible función de la citrato sintasa mitocondrial de Annona cherimola (Ac-mCS) en la maduración de frutos". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/151852.
Testo completoDurante la maduración de los frutos, existen cambios a nivel fisiológico y bioquímico, como son: variaciones en la respiración, textura, color y acidez; como consecuencia de la remodelación de la pared celular, síntesis y degradación de pigmentos y variaciones en la acumulación de azúcares y ácidos orgánicos. Los dos últimos, son utilizados por las células vegetales como sustratos respiratorios, y particularmente los ácidos orgánicos como el ácido cítrico y málico tienden a ser degradados a lo largo de la maduración. En contraposición a lo anterior, estudios previos realizados en nuestro laboratorio en frutos de Annona cherimola var. Concha Lisa, se encontró mayores niveles de ácido cítrico, mayor actividad citrato sintasa y una mayor acumulación de transcrito codificante para la enzima citrato sintasa (CS) en el estado de madurez de consumo en comparación con el estado analizado en cosecha. Considerando lo anterior, la enzima CS parece tener un rol importante en la acumulación de citrato en frutos de chirimoya. Como una primera aproximación al estudio de su posible función, este seminario de título tiene por objetivo general caracterizar Ac-mCS mediante su localización subcelular en N. tabacum y la transformación estable de S. lycopersicum, a través de dos estrategias enfocadas en la expresión heteróloga de la enzima mCS de A. cherimola var. Concha lisa. Se observó mediante microscopía confocal, que la enzima Ac-mCS posee localización mitocrondial en hojas de Nicotiana tabacum. Por otro lado, para la transformación de tomate se construyeron y utilizaron dos vectores para la expresión heterologa de Ac-mCS bajo el control del promotor CaMV 35S y de un fragmento del promotor de poligalacturonasa de tomate (PG), sometiéndose los explantes de tomate a la transformación y organogénesis somática, pero sin lograr obtener plantas transgénicas adultas.
During fruit ripening, biochemichal and phisiological changes occur, such as variations in respitarory rate, texture, colour, and acidity; as a consequence of the cell wall remodelation, pigments synthesis and degradation, and variations in the accumulation of sugar and organic acids. The latter ones, are vegetable cell metabolic substrates, and particularly organic acids such as citric and malic acid, tend to be degraded during ripening. However, previous studies held in our laboratory in Annona cheriloma cv Concha Lisa fruits, showed increased levels in citric acid, increased citrate synthase activity and large mitochondrial citrate synthase (Ac-mCS) transcript accumulation at consumption maturity compared to the analyses performed at harverst. Considering all these points, citrate synthase seems to account for an important role in the citrate accumulation in cherimola fruit. As a first approach to the potential function of this enzyme, the main objective of this work was to characterize Ac-mCS by subcellular localization in N. tabacum, and stable transformation of S. lycopersicum, using two strategies, both of them focused in the mCS enzyme heterologue expression from A. cherimola cv. Concha lisa. Confocal microscopy in Nicotiana tabacum leaves revealed that the Ac-mCS enzyme has a mitochondrial localization. On the other hand, two expression vectors were built and used to express Ac-mCS under the transcriptional control of the CaMV 35S promoter or the tomato polygalacturonase promoter fragment (PG).Tomato explants were, subjected to the transformation process, and somatic organogenesys, but no adult transgenic plants were obtained.
Vasconcelos, Pacheco Aimee. "Diseño y síntesis de nanosistemas derivatizados con péptidos y su aplicación en biomedicina". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/360591.
Testo completoIn this work, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) and liposome were designed to be used in two lines of research: “Ocular delivery” and “Peptide inhibitors of HIV-1”. Peptide for ocular delivery (POD) and human immunodeficiency virus transactivator were conjugated with biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)–polyethylene glycol (PEG)-nanoparticles (NPs) in an attempt to improve ocular drug bioavailability. The NPs were prepared by the solvent displacement method following two different pathways. One involved preparation of PLGA NPs followed by PEG and peptide conjugation (PLGA-NPs-PEG-peptide); the other involved self-assembly of PLGA-PEG and the PLGA-PEG-peptide copolymer followed by NPs formulation. The conjugation of the PEG and the peptide was confirmed by a colorimetric test and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Flur¬biprofen was used as an example of an anti-inflammatory drug. The physicochemical properties of the resulting NPs (morphology, in vitro release, cell viability, ocular tolerance and in vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy) were studied. Taken together, these data demonstrate that PLGA-PEG-POD NPs are promising vehicles for ocular drug delivery. GBV-C has the beneficial effect of retarding the progression of AIDS in people who are coinfected with both the GBV-C and HIV viruses. In previous works, peptides derived from the envelope proteins (E1 and E2) of GBV-C virus were studied. In order to increase the anti-HIV-1 activity of the peptide P6-2 (belonging to the E2 protein), different chemical modifications of its structure were made: addition of a fatty acid, conjugation to NPs and liposome containing P6-2 peptide and the chimeric molecule resulting from the binding of the latter peptide and VIR peptide (VIR-P6-2), previously reported by their anti-HIV-1 activity. Liposomes containing peptide VIR-P6-2 showed an increase inhibitory activity in the order of 3-6 times. On the other hand, E1P8 cyclic peptide (belonging to the E1 protein) has demonstrated a higher anti-HIV-1 activity. Saturation transfer difference (STD)-NMR is a method that allows to screen the binding of compounds to a receptor and to characterize the binding epitope. STD-NMR results indicate that E1P8 cyclic peptide is able to interact with the peptide fusion of HIV-1 and open new perspectives to design new GBV-C peptide based entry inhibitors.
Alonso, Cotchico Lur. "Computational design of artificial metalloenzymes". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664006.
Testo completoEnzyme design is the scientific field that aims at discovering and/or optimizing biomolecules to reach new-to-Nature reactions. It is an area in wild expansion and constitutes one of the cornerstones of the transition of chemical practices towards greener alternatives. An elegant way to construct novel biocatalysts is through the embedding of organometallic cofactors into biological scaffolds, leading to the so-called Artificial Metalloenzymes (ArMs). These hybrids bridge the catalytic versatility of the organometallic compound with the substrate and spatial specificity of the biological host. The design of ArMs has spread increasingly during the last two decades taking clear advantage of the major expansion of structural biology and the maturity of organometallic catalysis. Molecular modelling aims to help designers to provide with structural information that could serve for constructing optimum biocatalysts. However, despite the increasing improvement of the computation performance and the exponential development of new simulation techniques, the complexity of dealing with transition metal including systems has promoted modellers not to explore the ArM constructs. The InSiliChem group, in which this Ph.D. has been performed, has focused on developing a specific framework for the study and design of ArMs. In particular, this has been based on the development of in silico multiscale strategies including standard computational methods. This Ph.D. aims at increasing the potentiality of our computational platform for ArM design by 1) including classical Molecular Dynamics simulations into the integrative computational framework and 2) testing the validity of the methodology for the design of real case ArMs. The results obtained could be summarize as follows: • The catalytic mechanism of two novel ArMs were decoded using the updated computational pipeline. These were a copper-Phenanthroline containing hydratase based on the Lactococcus Multidrug Resistance Regulator (LmrR) and a variety of novel mutants based on Streptavidine-Noyori complexes for cyclic imine reduction reaction. The study revealed the importance of the contribution of the MD simulations to decode the catalytic mechanism of these ArMs and to assess the impact of second sphere mutations on the catalytic tendencies. (Chapter 4) • Using the same approach, calculations were carried out for the in silico design of hydratases, but in this case based on the inclusion of a novel unnatural amino acid. This was first applied to the LmrR scaffold, for which mutants suggested via computation for optimum enantiomeric excess (ee) were then experimentally assessed with success. Next, based on the experience obtained, we expanded the de novo exercise towards the design of Artificial Metallopeptides. (Chapter 5) • The final part of the work focused on deciphering molecular variables that our previous studies showed to be far more complex than expected. This was the impact of the active site configuration to define the catalytic activity of the ArMs. In particular, we decoded the rearrangement of a variety of LmrR-heme complex for the cyclopropanation reaction to proceed. From this study it clearly appeared that the flexibility of the receptor is key for the porphyrin based ArMs to reach their catalytic activity. To further assess the importance of this molecular variable, we expanded this work to the study of distinct naturally occurring heme binding proteins. (Chapter 6) Overall, this Ph.D. represents a step forward on the methodological development of the computer based enzyme design. Furthermore, it sheds light on how transition metal compounds could cooperate with biological scaffolds at the molecular level with the focus on the de novo design of new biocatalysts.
Rebollar, Álvarez Aarón. "Diseño y caracterización de péptidos específicamente dirigidos al bloqueo de la formación del apresorio en el hongo fitopatógeno Magnaporthe oryzae". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/308335.
Testo completoRice blast caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is the most devastating rice disease, causing losses and ravaging thousands of hectares every year. Antifungal treatments are often ineffective and become useless soon due to the high fungus variation rate. Furthermore, within the current legislative framework at European level, it is increasingly restricting the use of broad-spectrum antifungal compounds because of the potential damage that can cause to the ecosystem and human health. One promising alternative to conventional antifungal compounds are the use of antimicrobial peptides, and in particular the target-orientated peptides able to block an essential infective process. A basic step on the development of rice blast diseases is the formation of appressoria, necessary to break the leaf surface and penetrate the mesophyll. To develop novel compounds able to block this process without affecting the life cycle of the fungus could be a promising alternative to control rice blast diseases, a priori no toxic to other organisms including humans. In this work, we board this objective by performing two approaches, the screening of a peptide combinatorial library and the rational design of natural known antimicrobial peptides. We have design a set of peptides able to control the infection caused by M. oryzae by specific inhibition of appressorium formation, but without a lytic effect. Our results show that small peptides, such as the heptapeptide PAF104, represses the gene expression of MoMSB2 and MoMST11, involved in the Pmk1 MAPK pathway essential to M. oryzae appressorium formation. Moreover, the designed peptides showed a differential effect on some infective structures (i.e., appressoria, appressorium-like structures and hyphopodia), supporting that the molecular regulation of these structures is different, an idea previously proposed by other researchers. By confocal microscopy we showed that the appressoria treated with MgAPI16 present aberrant physical and not functional structures. As a conclusion, the main contribution of this work is the design of a set of synthetic peptides, de novo designed heptapeptides PAF104, MgAPI24, MgAPI40 y MgAPI47 and the peptide MgAPI16 derived from the natural antimicrobial peptide Cecropin A, which are able to control rice blast development through the specific inhibition of the appressorium formation in M. oryzae. Therefore, this work contributes to the design of novel strategies based in targeted-orientated peptides for plant protection, which should be environmentally friendly.
Aragunde, Pazos Hugo. "Ingeniería enzimática de quitina desacetilasas y glicosintasas como biocatalizadores: diseño racional de la especificidad y evolución dirigida". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/416597.
Testo completoLos resultados presentados en esta tesis están divididos en dos capítulos en función de los enzimas estudiados: quitina desacetilasas y glicosintasas. Las de-N-acetilasas de quitina (CDAs) son un grupo de enzimas que catalizan la hidrólisis de los grupos acetamido de los residuos GlcNAc de quitina, quitosano y oligosacáridos de quitina (COS). Las CDAs pertenecen a la familia 4 de las esterasas de carbohidratos (CE4), la cual también incluye esterasas de acetilxilano y desacetilasas de petidoglucano. Los quitosanos son polisacáridos de N-acetil-glucosamina y glucosamina. Los COS y derivados parcialmente desacetilados (paCOS) han demostrado ser moléculas bioactivas en un amplio rango de aplicaciones como pueden ser antimicrobianos, inmunoestimulantes, nano formulaciones para drug o gene delivery, promotores de crecimiento vegetal, promotores de la cicatrización de heridas, etc. La mayoría de las actividades biológicas asociadas a los paCOS parecen depender no solo del grado de polimerización (DP) y de acetilación (DA), sino también del patrón de acetilación (PA). Esta relación estructura función remarca el rol crucial de las CDAs. Los objetivos de esta tesis comprenden los estudios de la relación estructura-función dentro del marco del Subsite Capping Model. La presencia de varios loops rodeando el sitio activo, los cuales varían en tamaño y estructura en función de la CDA, definen los subsitios accesibles en el surco catalítico y, a su vez, también son responsables de definir el patrón de desacetilación. En esta tesis se reporta la validación de una metodología analítica HPLC-MS para la monitorización de la actividad de CDAs, la demostración experimental del Subsite Capping Model usando la desacetilasa de quitooligosacáridos de Vibrio cholerae y los resultados del diseño racional de los loops para la modulación de la especificidad de sustrato. Varias generaciones de mutantes fueron estudiadas obteniéndose como resultado un enzima altamente optimizado. El otro capítulo incluye el trabajo realizado en el campo de las glicosintasas. Estas enzimas se han convertido en unas eficientes herramientas para la síntesis de oligosacáridos, glicoconjugados y polisacáridos. Se derivan de glicosidasas con retención de conformación anomérica en las que la actividad hidrolítica ha sido abolida por la mutación del nucleófilo catalítico pero que catalizan eficientemente reacciones de transglicosilación cuando se les proporcionan donadores activados con fluoruro con la configuración anomérica opuesta a la del sustrato del enzima hidrolítico parental. Mejorar el rendimiento de las glicosintasas actuales (y futuras) y la ingeniería de la especificidad por sustratos artificiales están siendo afrontadas por metodologías de evolución dirigida. Estas aproximaciones dependen en gran medida de métodos de alta eficiencia de cribado. En este trabajo se presenta un método de cribado independiente de la especificidad del enzima para el cribado de bibliotecas de glicosintasas basado en un quimiosensor fluorescente de fluoruro capaz de transducir la actividad glicosintasa a fluorescencia. Se describe el desarrollo y validación del ensayo así como su aplicación a una biblioteca de saturación del residuo nucleófilo en la 1,3-1,4-β-glucanasa de Bacillus licheniformis. Además, se encuentra un nuevo y sorprendente mutante que es posteriormente caracterizado, el mutante E134D. Esta nueva glicosintasa proporciona conocimiento mecanistico sobre el rol de los residuos adyacentes en la reacción catalítica de las glicosintasas.
The results presented in this thesis are divided in two chapters depending on the enzymes studied: chitin deacetylases and glycosynthases. Chitin de-N-acetylases (CDAs) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the acetamido groups of GlcNAc residues of chitin, chitosan, and chitin oligosaccharides (COS). CDAs belong to the family 4 of carbohydrate esterases (CE4), which also includes acetylxylan esterases and peptidoglycan deacetylases. Chitosans are a family of polysaccharides of N-acetyl-glucosamine and glucosamine. COS and their partially deacetylated derivatives (paCOS) have proven to be bioactive molecules in a broad variety of applications such as antimicrobials, immunostimulants, nanoformulations for drug and gene delivery, plant growth promoters, wound healing activity, etc. Most of the biological activities associated with paCOS seem to be largely dependent not only on the degree of polymerization (DP) and degree of acetylation (DA), but also on the specific acetylation pattern (PA). This structure-function relationship highlights the key role of the CDAS. The objectives of this thesis comprises the studies of structure-function relationships in the frame of the Subsite Capping Model. The presence of several loops surrounding the active site, which vary in size and structure depending on the CDA, define the accessible binding subsites of the catalytic cleft and seem to be responsible of defining the deacetylation pattern. In this thesis it is reported the validation of an analytical HPLC-MS methodology for CDA activity monitoring, the experimental demonstration of the Subsite Capping Model using the Vibrio cholerae chitin oligosaccharide deacetylase as reference and the results of the rational engineering of loops for the modulation of substrate specificity. Several generations of mutants were studied resulting in a greatly optimized enzyme. The other chapter is the work developed with glycosynthases, these enzymes have become efficient tools for the enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides, glycoconjugates and polysaccharides. They derive from retaining glycosidases in which the hydrolase activity has been abolished by mutation of the catalytic nucleophile but efficiently catalyse transglycosylation reactions when using activated glycosyl fluoride donors with the opposite anomeric configuration than the substrate in the parental hydrolase enzyme. Improving the performance of current (and new to come) glycosynthases and engineering specificity for non-natural substrates is being addressed by enzyme directed evolution. These approaches largely depend on efficient high throughput screening methods. In this work it is presented a general screening assay independent of the enzyme specificity for the screening of glycosynthase libraries based on a fluoride fluorescent chemosensor that transduces glycosynthase activity into fluorescence. This work describes the development and validation of the assay and its application to a nucleophile saturation mutant library of Bacillus licheniformis 1,3-1,4-β-glucanase, In addition, a new and surprising mutant was found and furtherly characterized, the E134D mutant. This new glycosynthase provides mechanistic insights on the role of neighbouring residues in the glycosynthase catalytic reaction.
Ponce, Ccanto José Luis, e Ríos David Alberto Zegarra. "Diseño e implementación de un módulo para procesos de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) en la replicación de ADN". Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/1326.
Testo completoTesis
Presa, i. Rodríguez Andreu. "Diarylethene-based Pt(II) molecular switches: a novel approch to photoactivated chemotherapy". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400875.
Testo completoLa fotoactivació de complexos metàl·lics amb potencial activitat antitumoral és un camp de recerca amb un interès creixent, que persegueix el desenvolupament de tractaments més selectius i eficients. Tradicionalment, la quimioteràpia fotoactivada (PACT) basada en compostos de coordinació inorgànics s'ha centrat en els processos fotoquímics que tenen lloc en el centre metàl·lic. En canvi, en aquesta tesi doctoral s'ha desenvolupat una estratègia alternativa enfocada en la fotoactivació dels lligands, aprofitant les excel·lents propietats fotoquímiques dels diariletens. Amb aquest objectiu, s'han dissenyat i preparat diferents complexos dinuclears de Pt(II) amb lligands basats en l'estructura del ditienilciclopentè. Aquestes molècules presenten dues formes fotoisomèriques interconvertibles i tèrmicament estables, que a més difereixen notablement en les seves propietats. El comportament fotoquímic dels lligands i complexos sintetitzats s'ha estudiat per mitjà d'espectroscòpia 1H RMN i UV-Vis, i d’altra banda també s'han resolt diverses estructures cristal·lines. Addicionalment, s'han emprat càlculs computacionals DFT per tal d'analitzar l'efecte sobre l'activitat fotoquímica del fragment diariletè produït per l'acoblament de diferents grups funcionals. Seguidament, s'ha investigat la interacció amb ADN de cadascun dels fotoisòmers dels complexos de Pt(II) preparats, mitjançant diferents tècniques. Els estudis realitzats han posat de manifest que la fotointerconversió d'aquest tipus de sistemes dóna lloc a diferents modes d’unió i graus d'afinitat envers l'ADN, tal i com és desitjable per un fàrmac fotoactivable. En darrer lloc, l'activitat antiproliferativa dels compostos ha estat avaluada a través de diferents assaigs cel·lulars in vitro, que han permès corroborar el gran potencial dels sistemes basats en diariletens per ser aplicats en el disseny de fàrmacs.
Sorribes, Terrés Iván. "Funcionalización Química de Calcogenuros Clúster de Molibdeno con Simetría C3 dirigida hacia sus aplicaciones en catálisis y el diseño de materiales". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/94139.
Testo completoSeira, Castán Constantí. "Simulación molecular aplicada a inhibidores de 11β hidroxiesteroide deshidrogenasa tipo 1 y efecto de temperatura en Citoglobina". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/650373.
Testo completoThis doctoral thesis has two objectives. The first is the study of structure-activity relationships in drug design, which mostly include the adamantane group due to its structural and physicochemical properties, on the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. The interest in this enzyme is due to the role that it plays in the context of metabolic diseases such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome, and provides a new approach in the treatment of age-related cognitive dysfunctions, including Alzheimer's disease. Accordingly, the thesis describes the approximations made for the design of compounds involved in the inhibition of this enzyme from the perspective of the work done in molecular modeling and of the predicted binding mode of the proposed inhibitors. This research has been carried out in collaboration with several Departments, among them Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutical Chemistry of the Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences of the University of Barcelona, where the synthesis of the compounds was carried out, obtaining promising results for different sets of compounds. The second aim involves the study of the migration process of ligands in globins focusing on the particular case of cytoglobin, fourth member of the globin family. The main interest has been focused in the study, by means of molecular modelling, of the effect of temperature on the transport of ligands in cyoglobin. The relationship between structure, dynamics and function has been examined by comparing human cytoglobin with the Chaenocephalus aceratus and Dissostichus mawsoni, with emphasis on the influence of temperature on the topology of its internal cavities. A qualitative study on the migration of O2 through the different systems was also carried out, disclosing the vital importance of hydrogen bonding (or lack thereof) between serine 30 and tryptophan 151 as a key factor in the stability of the protein and the conformation, size and continuity of its internal tunnel cavities.
Majewski, Maciej. "Implications of Structural Stability for Drug Design". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671195.
Testo completoDelgado, Soler Laura. "Optimització in silico de compostos antitumorals". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/32013.
Testo completoNowadays, personalized medicine and directed therapies have emerged as appealing strategies for pharmaceutical companies. The long-term goal is developing new treatments to target molecular pathways altered only in affected cells, thus reducing undesired side effects and toxicity problems. This is a tedious and long process although the incorporation in its framework of rational drug design techniques has reduced the time needed to identify new active molecules. The knowledge of molecular mechanisms involved in a given pathology allows finding a point of the process that can be targeted, usually a protein, restoring the normal cell behavior. Once identified the therapeutic target it is possible to find compounds that reproduce interactions between this protein and the corresponding natural regulations by means of molecular modeling techniques. In principle, these compounds are expected to mimic the biological effect of the natural regulators. Antitumoral therapies oriented to promote apopotosis or control the cell proliferation process are gaining importance nowadays. In addition, opportunities for therapeutic intervention in this context are growing with the discovery of new proteins involved in these pathways. In fact, the drawback of compounds known at date relies on selectivity problems and, thus, the huge number of undesired side effects of these treatments. Hence, development of selective treatments is a very active research field. The goal of the present PhD project is to identify new anticancer agents using molecular modeling techniques. On the one hand, it has been tried to identify inhibitors of the Bcl-2 protein family in order to restore normal apoptosis levels in tumoral cells and, on the other hand, for the CDK4 and CDK6 proteins, key regulators of eukaryotic cell cycle. All these proteins are deregulated in many types of cancer and thus, are presented as interesting targets for the cancer treatment. The identification of compounds with potency and selectivity for these proteins that can be used as lead compounds that finally will become commercial drugs is seeked.
Salvadó, López Baldiri. "Design principles in two component systems and his-asp phosphorelays". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/393740.
Testo completoEl objectivo principal de esta tesis es la búsqueda de principios de diseño que relacionen la estructura y la función de redes bioquímicas de transducción de señales, concretamente en two-component systems (TCS) y phosphorelays (PR). La tesis se inicia con una revisión de los métodos usados para el estudio de principios de diseño en sistemas moleculares y algunos de los resultados obtenidos hasta ahora, seguida de una discusión sobre la importancia del estudio de dichos principios de diseño. A continuación, exploramos los proteomas secuenciados de más de 7000 organismos y hacemos un inventario de los distintos tipos de organización en operones o proteínas de los dominios proteicos implicados en TCS y PR, con el objetivo de deducir el repertorio de estructuras existentes en la naturaleza para estos circuitos moleculares. Para terminar, comparamos mediante modelización matemática las propiedades dinámicas de tres circuitos distintos de TCS, y observamos que una proteína adicional que interacciona con la histidina quinasa o con el response regulator modifica el espacio de valores de los parámetros del sistema en el cual existe biestabilidad.
The ultimate goal of this thesis is to set the stage for finding general design principles underlying the relationship between network design and network function in two-component (TCS) and His-Asp phosphorelay (PR) signal transduction systems. This thesis starts with a review of the methods for and results from the study of design principles in molecular systems, and a discussion about the importance of studying those design principles. Next, a survey of the fully sequenced and annotated genomes and proteomes of more than 7000 different organisms is performed in order to identify different types of organizations of the TCS/PR protein domains in operons and multidomain proteins. From this data, the existing diversity of TCS/PR circuit designs will be inferred. Finally, we compare through mathematical modeling the dynamic properties associated with three types of TCS circuit designs, and find that a third component that binds to and modulates the activity of either the sensor kinase or the response regulator can modify the parameter space in which bistability in the system’s response is possible.
Estrada, Tejedor Roger. "Desenvolupament del programari ArIS (Artificial Intelligence Suite): implementació d’eines de cribratge virtual per a la química mèdica". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/51367.
Testo completoEl diseño molecular de sistemas de interés para la química médica y para el diseño de fármacos siempre ha estado condicionado por la disponibilidad sintética de los resultados. Desde el momento en que la química combinatoria se incorpora en el esquema sintético, cambia el papel de la química computacional: la diversidad de estructuras que pueden sintetizarse hace necesaria la introducción de métodos, como el cribado virtual, que permitan evaluar la viabilidad de grandes quimiotecas virtuales en un tiempo razonable. Los métodos quimioinformáticos responden a la necesidad anterior, ofreciendo al usuario métodos eficaces para la predicción teórica de actividades biológicas o propiedades de interés. Entre ellos destacan los métodos basados en la relación cuantitativa de estructura-actividad (QSAR), que han demostrado ser eficaces para establecer modelos de predicción en el ámbito farmacológico y biomédico. Se ha evaluado la utilización de métodos QSAR no lineales en terapia fotodinámica del cáncer, dado que es una de las líneas de investigación de interés del Grup d’Enginyeria Molecular (GEM) del IQS. El diseño de fotosensibilizadores se puede realizar a partir de la predicción de propiedades fisicoquímicas (como su espectro de absorción o su hidrofobicidad) y del estudio de su localización subcelular preferente, la cual ha demostrado recientemente jugar un papel muy importante en la eficacia del proceso global. Por otro lado, las redes neuronales artificiales son actualmente uno de los métodos mejor valorados para establecer modelos QSAR no lineales. Es por ello que resulta muy interesante disponer de un programa capaz de aplicar estos métodos y que, además, sea lo suficientemente versátil y adaptable como para poder aplicarse a distintos problemas, según las necesidades del usuario. Por este motivo se ha desarrollado el programa ArIS, el cual incluye los principales métodos de redes neuronales artificiales para realizar tareas de clasificación y predicción cuantitativa, necesarios para el estudio de problemas de interés como la predicción de la actividad anti-VIH de análogos del AZT, la optimización de formulaciones químicas o el reconocimiento estructural de grandes sistemas moleculares.
Molecular modelling of interesting systems for medicinal chemistry and drug design highly depends on availability of synthetic results. Since combinatorial chemistry was incorporated into the synthetic scheme, the role of computational chemistry has changed: the structural diversity of candidates to be synthesized requires the introduction of computational methods which are able to screen large virtual libraries. Answering to this requirement, chemoinformatics offers many kinds of different methods for predicting biological activities and molecular properties. One of the most relevant techniques among them is Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR), which can be used to establish prediction models for both, pharmacological and biomedical sectors. The use of non- linear QSAR methods has been evaluated in photodynamic therapy of cancer, one of the research areas of the Grup d’Enginyeria Molecular (GEM) at IQS. Molecular design of photosensitizers can be performed by computational studies of their physicochemical properties (absorption spectra or hydrophobicity, for example) and subcellular localization, which becomes a key factor in the efficacy of the overall process. Furthermore, artificial neural networks are nowadays rated as one of the very best methods for establishing non-linear QSAR models. Developing software that includes all these methods would be certainly interesting. Implemented algorithms should be versatile and easily adaptable for their use in any problems. We have developed ArIS software, which includes the most important methods of artificial neural networks for classification and quantitative prediction. ArIS has been used to predict anti-HIV activity of AZT-analogues, for optimization of chemical formulations and for structural recognition in large molecular systems, among others.
Durán, Alcaide Ángel. "Development of high-performance algorithms for a new generation of versatile molecular descriptors. The Pentacle software". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7201.
Testo completoEl trabajo que se presenta en esta tesis se ha centrado en el desarrollo de algoritmos de altas prestaciones para la obtención de una nueva generación de descriptores moleculares, con numerosas ventajas con respecto a sus predecesores, adecuados para diversas aplicaciones en el área del diseño de fármacos, y en su implementación en un programa científico de calidad comercial (Pentacle). Inicialmente se desarrolló un nuevo algoritmo de discretización de campos de interacción molecular (AMANDA) que permite extraer eficientemente las regiones de máximo interés. Este algoritmo fue incorporado en una nueva generación de descriptores moleculares independientes del alineamiento, denominados GRIND-2. La rapidez y eficiencia del nuevo algoritmo permitieron aplicar estos descriptores en cribados virtuales. Por último, se puso a punto un nuevo algoritmo de codificación independiente de alineamiento (CLACC) que permite obtener modelos cuantitativos de relación estructura-actividad con mejor capacidad predictiva y mucho más fáciles de interpretar que los obtenidos con otros métodos.
Pujadas, Lorente Montserrat. "Interfaces proteína-proteína: un nuevo tipo de diana terapéutica". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/287326.
Testo completoFernández, Pérez María Piedad. "Bases moleculares de la resistencia del melanoma a los antifolatos: diseño de nuevas estrategias terapéuticas". Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/336089.
Testo completoMelanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer and it is highly resistant to all current modalities of cancer therapy, including cytotoxic drugs as methotrexate (MTX), an antifolate widely used in clinical oncology against many cancer types. Recently, our lab discovered a new melanoma-specific mechanism of MTX resistance by which folate receptor α (FR-α)–mediated endocytotic transport of MTX facilitates melanosomal drug sequestration and cellular export in melanoma cells, thereby reducing the accumulation of MTX in intracellular compartments. That low MTX intracellular concentration is just able to induce cell growth arrest, but not cell death in melanoma cells. Particularly, we found that melanoma treatment with MTX induces cell cycle arrest without inducing apoptosis, activates melanin synthesis and melanosome biogenesis, and accelerates melanosomal export; but the cellular and molecular processes by which MTX mediates all these effects had not been elucidated. The Main Objective of the present PhD Thesis was the identification of the molecular basis of the cell cycle arrest, the activation of melanogenesis and the acceleration of melanosome transport induced by MTX treatment that, collectively, protect melanoma cells against MTX-induced apoptosis. The Secondary Objective, was the development of new therapeutic strategies combining MTX with drugs directed against molecular targets that are key components of the mechanisms of melanoma resistance to MTX. Regarding the Techniques and Instrumentation, we used several experimental models, including melanoma and non melanoma cell lines, an artificial skin melanoma model, and mice melanoma xenografts. We also employed a battery of cell biology techniques (viability, apoptosis and migration assays; electronic and optical microscopy; flow citometry; immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, etc.); biochemistry techniques (western blotting, protein immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, enzymatic activity determination by UV-VIS espectroscopy, etc.); molecular biology techniques (nucleic acid extraction, PCR, RT-qPCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation, etc.). The Results of the implementation of these techniques were subjected to the appropriate statistical tests and are summarized bellow. Since the ability of cells to delay cell cycle progression and halt DNA synthesis represents a defensive mechanism that spares potential toxicity, firstly we focused on deciphering the molecular basis of the MTX-induced cell cycle arrest. We identified the transcription factor E2F1 and the checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) as key mediators of this mechanism of resistance. The results indicated that MTX stimulated the transcriptional activity of E2F1 on the promoters of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and thymidylate synthase (TS), which lead to an increase in the dTTP levels, instead of dTTP depletion as occurs in MTX-sensible cells. Since dTTP is an allosteric inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, which is necessary for the synthesis of all the dNTPs, dTTP excess induced DNA replication fork stress that activates the ATR/Chk1 DNA damage signaling pathway. Under these conditions, melanoma cells were protected from apoptosis by arresting their cell cycle in early S-phase. However, abrogation of this checkpoint by CHEK1 silencing or by UCN-01 (7-hydroxystaurosporine)-mediated Chk1 inhibition, rapidly triggered MTX-induced cell death, suggesting that inhibition of Chk1 in combination with this kind of antimetabolite chemotherapy is a viable therapeutic strategy to overcome melanoma resistance. Secondly, we focused on the study of the activation of melanogenesis observed after MTX treatment. Our results showed that Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) that normally acts as a master regulator of melanocyte development, function and survival, is responsible for the activation of melanogenesis in melanoma after MTX treatment. In fact, MTX treatment increases the expression of this transcription factor which in turn induces the expression of melanocytic differentiation genes driving melanin production and melanosome biogenesis as tyrosinase (TYR). The increased TYR expression in response to MTX-mediated MITF activation provided an opportunity to design a two step strategy consisting in the combination of MTX with a prodrug that our group had previously designed to be activated by TYR. This prodrug is a compound called 3-O-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)-(-)-epicatechin (TMECG) that inhibits the enzyme DHFR with high affinity. The combination of MTX and TMECG was able to induce depletion of thymidine pools, double-strand DNA breaks, and highly efficient E2F1-mediated apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Recently, it has been recognized that MITF acts as a melanoma rheostat in determining tumor subpopulation identity. In melanomas, reduced MITF expression leads to G1 arrested, invasive cells with stem-like properties including the ability to initiate tumors with high efficiency. By contrast, elevated MITF leads to activation of differentiation genes. In between, intermediate levels of MITF allow the proliferation of melanoma cells. Consequently, tumors comprise a mix of MITF-positive and negative melanoma cells. Therefore, the increase of MITF expression by MTX treatment would drive heterogeneous populations of tumor cells to a differentiated and less invasive phenotype and, at the same time, would sensitize these differentiated cells to the TYR-processed prodrug TMECG in a cell-specific fashion. In a different approach, we explored the molecular basis of the activation of the transport of melanosomes observed after MTX treatment with the aim of designing a therapeutic strategy driven to block the MTX export within melanosomes. We identified a new MTX-activated molecular pathway involved in the export of melanosomes, in which the motor protein MyosinVa (MyoVa) plays a key role. Our results demonstrated that melanoma treatment with MTX leads to Akt2-dependent MyoVa phosphorylation, which enhances its ability to interact with melanosomes and accelerates their exportation. Due to these findings, we designed a combined therapy driven to block this MyoVa/Akt2 pathway. Because UCN-01 is also a potent inhibitor of PDK1, which activates Akt by phosphorylation, we hypothesized that the inhibition of this Akt2 phosphorylation by UCN-01 may result in the disruption of MTX stimulated melanosome transport. In fact, MTX/UCN-01 combined therapy prevented MTX export by blocking melanosome transport and was able to induce a highly efficient E2F1-mediated apoptosis in culture and in vivo. In summary, we observed that the combination of MTX and UCN-01 may represent a therapeutic option for the treatment of this evasive disease
El melanoma es el tipo de cáncer de piel más agresivo y muestra una alta resistencia frente a todas las terapias anticancerígenas disponibles en la actualidad, incluyendo agentes citotóxicos como el metotrexato (MTX), un antifolato ampliamente utilizado en oncología clínica. Recientemente, nuestro laboratorio ha descubierto un nuevo mecanismo de resistencia al MTX específico de las células de melanoma por el cual, la endocitosis de esta droga mediada por el receptor de fólico α (FR-α) conduce al secuestro del MTX en los melanosomas y a su expulsión al exterior celular, reduciendo así la acumulación de esta droga en los compartimentos intracelulares. Esta baja concentración de MTX en el interior celular es capaz únicamente de inducir un arresto del crecimiento, pero no de inducir la muerte de las células de melanoma. Por tanto, se sabía que el tratamiento con MTX es capaz de inducir arresto del ciclo celular sin inducir apoptosis, de activar la síntesis de melanina y la biogénesis de melanosomas, y de acelerar el transporte de melanosomas, pero los mecanismos celulares y moleculares por los cuales el MTX mediaba estos efectos era desconocido. El Objetivo Principal de esta Tesis Doctoral fue la identificación de las bases moleculares del arresto del ciclo celular, de la activación de la melanogénesis y de la aceleración del transporte melanosomal inducidos por el tratamiento con MTX que, en conjunto, protegen a las células de melanoma de la apoptosis inducida por el MTX. El Objetivo Secundario fue el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias terapéuticas combinando el MTX con agentes dirigidos frente a dianas moleculares clave en los mecanismos de resistencia. En cuanto a las Técnicas e Instrumentación, se emplearon como modelos experimentales varias líneas celulares de melanoma y de otros tipos de cáncer, un modelo de melanoma de piel artificial y un modelo de xenoinjerto de melanoma en ratón. Además, empleamos una batería de técnicas de biología celular (ensayos de viabilidad, apoptosis y migración; microscopía óptica y electrónica; inmunohistoquímica; inmunoflorescencia, etc.); técnicas de bioquímica (western blot, inmunoprecipitación de proteínas, espectrometría de masas, determinación de actividad enzimática mediante espectroscopía UV-VIS, etc.); técnicas de biología molecular (extracción de ácidos nucleicos, PCR, RT-qPCR, inmunoprecipitación de cromatina, etc.) Los Resultados de la implementación de las citadas técnicas fueron sometidos a las pruebas estadísticas apropiadas y se resumen a continuación: Dado que se ha descrito que la capacidad de las células de detener la síntesis de ADN constituye un mecanismo de defensa que evita posibles daños, en primer lugar nos centramos en descifrar las bases moleculares del arresto del ciclo celular inducido por el MTX. Así, identificamos al factor de transcripción E2F1 y a la quinasa Chk1 como mediadores de este mecanismo de resistencia. Nuestros resultados demostraron que el tratamiento con MTX estimulaba la actividad transcripcional de E2F1 sobre los promotores de los genes de la dihidrofolato reductasa (DHFR) y la timidilato sintasa (TS). Esto conducía a un incremento en los niveles de dTTP, en lugar de a una depleción de dTTP, como ocurre en células sensibles al MTX. Puesto que el dTTP es un inhibidor alostérico de la ribonucleótido reductasa que es necesaria para la síntesis de todos los dNTPs, este exceso de dTTP inducía un estrés en las horquillas de replicación capaz de activar la vía de señalización del daño al ADN mediada por ATR/Chk1. En estas condiciones, las células de melanoma evitan la apoptosis mediante el arresto de su ciclo celular al inicio de la fase S. Sin embargo, la eliminación de este checkpoint mediante el silenciamiento genético de CHEK1 o mediante la inhibición de esta quinasa con UCN-01 (7-hidroxistaurosporina) tras el tratamiento con MTX desencadena rápidamente la muerte celular, sugiriendo que la inhibición de Chk1 en combinación con este tipo de antimetabolitos es una estrategia terapéutica eficaz para vencer la resistencia del melanoma. En segundo lugar, nos centramos en el estudio de la activación de la melanogénesis por el MTX. Nuestros resultados demostraron que el factor de transcripción MITF (Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor) que, en melanocitos normales actúa como un regulador clave del desarrollo, función y supervivencia, era el responsable de la activación de la melanogénesis tras el tratamiento con MTX. De hecho, el MTX incrementa la expresión de este factor de transcripción el cual, a su vez, induce la expresión de genes implicados en la diferenciación melanocítica que conducen a la producción de melanina, como la enzima tirosinasa (TYR), y a la biogénesis de melanosomas. Este aumento en la expresión de TYR en respuesta a la activación de MITF mediada por MTX nos permitió diseñar una estrategia terapéutica basada en la combinación de MTX con una prodroga activada por TYR que había sido sintetizada previamente en nuestro laboratorio. Esta prodroga es el compuesto denominado 3-O-(3,4,5-trimetoxibenzoil)-(-)-epicatequina (TMECG), capaz de inhibir a la enzima DHFR con una alta afinidad. La combinación MTX/TMECG fue capaz de inducir el agotamiento de las reservas de timidina, roturas de doble cadena en el ADN y la apoptosis mediada por E2F1 con una alta eficacia, tanto in vitro como in vivo. Recientemente se ha descrito que MITF actúa como un reóstato en melanoma, determinando la identidad de las distintas subpoblaciones tumorales. Según este modelo, bajos niveles de MITF dan lugar a células arrestadas en G1, altamente invasivas con propiedades de célula madre, incluyendo una alta capacidad de iniciar tumores. Por el contrario, niveles elevados de MITF conducen a la activación de genes de diferenciación. Entre ambos, niveles intermedios de MITF permiten la proliferación de las células de melanoma. En consecuencia, los tumores suponen una mezcla de células con distintos niveles de MITF. Por tanto, el aumento de la expresión de MITF por el tratamiento con MTX conduciría a las poblaciones heterogéneas de células tumorales hacia un fenotipo común, diferenciado y menos invasivo, y, al mismo tiempo, sensibilizaría a estas células diferenciadas a una prodroga activada por TYR como el TMECG. En una aproximación diferente, estudiamos las bases moleculares de la activación del transporte de melanosomas inducida por el tratamiento con MTX. En este sentido, identificamos una nueva vía molecular implicada en la exportación de melanosomas en la que juega un papel esencial la proteína motora Miosina Va (MyoVa). Nuestros resultados demostraron que el tratamiento del melanoma con MTX conduce a una fosforilación de MyoVa mediada por Akt2 que incrementa la capacidad de esta proteína de interaccionar con los melanosomas y acelera su exportación. En vista de estos hallazgos, diseñamos una terapia combinada encaminada a bloquear la activación del transporte mediada por esta vía. Dado que se ha descrito que el UCN-01 es un potente inhibidor de PDK1, la cual activa a Akt por fosforilación, diseñamos una terapia de MTX combinado con UCN-01 para bloquear el transporte melanosomal. Efectivamente, la terapia combinada MTX/UCN-01 logró evitar la exportación de MTX mediante el bloqueo del transporte melanosomal y fue capaz de inducir la apoptosis mediada por E2F1 con una alta eficiencia tanto in vitro como in vivo.
Alfonso, Navarro María. "Diseño y aplicación de receptores moleculares bioinspirado en la naturaleza anfótera del anillo del imidazol". Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/369568.
Testo completoThe development of specific chemosensors for the efficient detection of anions and cations is an important subject in the field of Supramolecular Chemistry due to their fundamental roles in biological, environmental and chemical processes. Simultaneously, an emerging field within this area is based on the design and application of preorganized heteroditopic receptors for the simultaneous sensing both cationic and anionic guest species. In this context, the main objectives of this PhD thesis are focused on the design, synthesis and study of sensor behavior of several kinds of azaheterocyclic receptors containing a signal unit and, at least, a covalently linked amphoteric imidazole ring as binding unit. In addition, the angular annelation of additional azaheterocyclic units to the imidazole ring have been also carried out in order to improve the binding ability of the resulting poly-azaheterocycle receptors. Another common structural motif in the design of these receptors is the ferrocene unit that displaying remarkable electrochemical-sensing properties. Therefore, first objetive of this PhD Thesis is related to the design and study of a ferrocene-based heteroditopic receptor in which the ferrocene moiety is attached to an imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline. The presence of a quinoxaline ring, angularly fused to a imidazole unit, create a cavity where the N atoms present could synergistically cooperate in recognizing cationic species, while the NH group of the imidazole ring would be available for the recognition of anionic. In fact, this receptor behaves as a dual electrochemical and optical chemosensor molecule for Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+ y Pb2+ metal cations The second objetive is based on the design and study of 7,8-disubstituted 2-ferrocenyl-1H-imidazo [4,5-f]quinoxalines containing phenyl, pyridyl, furanyl or thienyl units. The 7,8-diphenyl substituted receptor behaves as a highly selective redox, chromogenic and fluorescent chemosensor molecule for Pb2+ cations in MeCN solution, while the receptor bearing two additional pyridine rings as substituents, exhibits ability for sensing Hg2+ cations in the same medium. On the other hand, the functionalization of the quinoxaline ring with furane o thiophene rings contributes to improve the efficiency of the recognition processes. Thus, both receptors show a dramatic enhancement in the binding of HSO4- and H2PO4- anions when are co-bound with Zn2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Mg2+ o Ni2+ cations, whereas no affinity of the free receptors by HSO4- anion and Ni2+ or Mg2+ cations individually is observed. These receptors behave as ion-pair chemosensors by strong perturbation of the redox potential of the ferrocene unit and a remarkable enhancement of the fluorescence in the presence of an anionic and cationic species. Another objetive of this PhD Thesis is based on the annulation of an additional policyclic ring, such as phenanthrene, phenanthroline or pyrene. to the imidazoquinoxaline core, in order to improve the selectivity and sensitivity of this set of receptors. Thus, the dipyrido-imidazo-phenazine and imidazo-phenanthro-phenazine based receptors act as a selective molecular probe of Hg2+ cation through three different channels: electrochemical, colorimetric and fluorescent. However, dibenzo-imidazo-phenazine based receptor behaves as a highly selective redox/chromogenic/fluorescent chemosensor molecule for Pb2+ cations in MeCN/H2O (9/1). In addition, we have synthesized other type of multichannel chemosensor molecules based on the 2-ferrocenil-7-substituted benzobisimidazol system, decorated with another ferrocene, 2,4-dinitrobenzene or pyrene unit. The bisferrocene-benzobisimidazole acts as a dual highly selective redox and fluorescent molecular sensor for Hg2+ cation and HSO4- anion probably through initial proton transfer followed by hydrogen bond formation and subsequent anion coordination. The ferroceyl-2,4-dinitrophenyl-bisimidazole behaves as a redox and chromogenic chemosensor molecule for AcO-, H2PO4- and SO42- anions and Zn2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+ cations the recognition process being accompanied by a colour change which allows their “naked eye” detection. On the other hand, the ferroceyl-pyrenyl-bisimidazole shows a strong increase of the monomer emission band only in the presence of H2PO4-. In the same way, we have also described the synthesis and binding properties of a receptor in which the redox activity of the ferrocene group, the fluorogenic behaviour of pyrene and the binding ability of the imidazole ring are combined in a highly preorganized system. This ferrocenil-imidazopryrene dyad behaves as a host separated ion pair sensor which is able to simultaneously recognize an anion and a cation through two different channels: electrochemical and fluorescent. Finally, a set of imidazo[4,5-e]-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole multifunctional receptors, differently functionalized with other heterocyclic rings to improve the sensing properties (pyrrol, pyridine, imidazole) or the luminescent character (7-azaindole, benzo[g]indole) have also been synthesized. These receptors display solvatofluorochromism and intense fluorescence both in solution and in the solid state. Moreover, the receptor that contain a pyrrol unit as substituent, acts as luminescent molecular chemosensors for the detection of nitroaromatic compounds, particularly exhibiting a selective response towards picric acid. On the other hand, the receptor functionalized with a pyridine unit behaves as an ion-pair receptor of Cd(AcO)2 and Zn(AcO)2 either in solutions or in the solid state. Interestingly, the formation of the ion-pair complexes in solution, allows the selective extraction of the Zn2+ in the presence of the Cd2+ salt, either by a chloroform or diethyl ether solution of the receptor.
Skalic, Miha 1990. "Deep learning for drug design : modeling molecular shapes". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667503.
Testo completoEl disseny de drogues novells es un procés complex que requereix trobar les molècules adequades, entre un gran ventall de possibilitats, que siguin capaces d’unir-se a la proteïna desitjada amb unes propietats fisicoquímiques favorables. Els mètodes d’aprenentatge automàtic ens serveixen per a aprofitar dades antigues sobre les molècules i utilitzar-les per a noves prediccions, ajudant en el procés de selecció de molècules potencials sense la necessitat exclusiva d’experiments. Particularment, l’aprenentatge profund pot sera plicat per a extreure patrons complexos a partir de representacions simples. En aquesta tesi utilitzem l’aprenentatge profund per a extreure patrons a partir de representacions tridimensionals de molècules. Apliquem models de classificació i regressió per a predir la bioactivitat i l’afinitat d’unió, respectivament. A més, demostrem que podem predir les propietats dels lligands per a una cavitat proteica determinada. Finalment, utilitzem un model generatiu profund per a disseny de compostos. Donada una forma d’un lligand demostrem que podem generar compostos similars i, donada una cavitat proteica, podem generar compostos que potencialment s’hi podràn unir.
Bates, Ferdia. "Design and development of molecularly imprinted polymers and imprinted sensors". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399170.
Testo completoThis thesis was predominantly undertaken to study and investigate molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) with a view to their use as high longevity sensing elements in sensor arrays. The research line of the thesis was intended to lead to the integration of these imprinted arrays into an Electronic Tongue (ET) sensing system which is the area of expertise of the research group in which this project was primarily executed. Having initially executed a review of the literature, focusing initially on the application of the MIPs to an electrochemical device, an imprinted voltammetric sensor and a complimentary sensing procedure was developed using a combination of protocols extracted from the literature. This sensor, described in Article 1, had good selectivity toward the primary analyte, theophylline, and specificity against structural analogues. Though the design of the sensor allowed for significantly improved regeneratibility of the sensor relative to similar systems in the literature, the insulating nature of the polymers used in the MIP reduced the electron transfer rate at the sensor surface and thus resulted in a reduction in sensitivity. Following this initial experimental study, a secondment was undertaken in the University of Leicester under the supervision of Professor Sergey Piletsky. During this period, an intensive study of the design process of molecular imprinting, aided by an in-house computational molecular modelling platform, was conducted focusing on the design of an imprinted receptor for the low solubility 'model template', melamine. This MIP was successfully synthesised, characterised and used in the detection of melamine in milk samples, as detailed in Article 2. Further development of computational modelling techniques for the evaluation of MIP modelling techniques was also achieved with a view to create a virtual evaluation technique for the design of imprinted receptor sites optimised for the requirements of their application to an ET sensor array using the skills acquired during the Leicester secondment as detailed in Article 3. As detailed in the final chapter of this thesis, the insight into the imprinting process which was acquired during the research has been used to design a sensor array system which meets the specifications of ET experimental runs. This takes the form of the introduction of the research topic computationally selected polyelectrolytes, immobilised onto a voltammetric electrode surface via highly robust conducting graphite ink. Additional recommendations are also made to further enhance the on-going MIP projects within the laboratory, such as the separation of the MIP and the electrode to increase MIP regeneratibility. Some final suggestions for some other inter-institutional collaboration are also presented which aim to creating portable ET system for in-field sample collection and analysis.
Novoa, Pardo Eva Maria. "Evolution of the gene translation machinery and its applications to drug discovery". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/101147.
Testo completoLa traducción de proteinas es un proceso central en todas las células, en el cual el ARN mensajero es descodificado en el ribosoma para producir una cadena aminoacídica, que después se plegará dando lugar a una proteina activa. Este proceso está facilitado por los ARN de transferencia (ARNt), que llevan unidos covalentemente amino ácidos específicos. La unión precisa de cada amino ácido a su ARNt está catalizada por las aminoacil-ARNt sintetasas, y por tanto, estas enzimas son las responsables de establecimiento del código genético. A pesar del papel central de los ARNt en la traducción de proteinas, las conexiones entre la dinámica de la población de genes de ARNt y su evolución a través de los distintos genomas no se ha estudiado. En este trabajo hemos caracterizado la evolución de las especies desde el estudio de sus poblaciones de ARNt, encontrando que su evolución está ligada a la aparición de distintas estrategias de maximización de la eficiencia de traducción. A su vez, estas distintas estrategias surgen por la aparición de distinas enzimas de modificación del ARNt en diversos puntos de la evolución, causando en gran medida el fenómeno del uso desigual de codones entre las distinas especies, y entre los genes dentro de una misma especie. Además, en este trabajo se ha caracterizado con mayor detalle la maquinaria de traducción de Plasmodium falciparum, la especie causante del mayor número de muertes anuales por malaria. Para intentar encontrar fármacos que inhiban al parásito, hemos diseñado distintas estrategias de diseño de fármacos, y hemos testeado varias librerias contra eritrocitos infectados por este parásito, encontrando algunas prometedoras moleculas que inhiben al parásito sin causar citotoxicidad en células humanas, y que funcionan también funcionan in vivo en modelos de ratón.
Malone, Samuel Andrew. "Morphological, molecular and genetic aspects of the GnRH neuronal migratory process in mice and humans". Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL2S031/document.
Testo completoThe control of mammalian reproduction is mediated by a hypothalamic network that integrates various stimuli to regulate the periodic secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). GnRH neurons, originate in the olfactory placode and enter the brain along vomeronasal and terminal axons during embryonic development. This process has been well studied in rodents, however, a full characterisation in humans was lacking. Alterations either in the development of this system or in the secretion of GnRH are associated with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) in humans, a condition characterized by failure of sexual competence. Due to the inextricable links in the development of the olfactory and GnRH systems, there also exists the developmental condition, Kallmann syndrome (KS), associating hypogonadism due to GnRH deficiency and anosmia. Both CHH and KS are oligogenic disorders, with the underlying genetic mutations only explained in 50% of the clinical cases.At the heart of this study, we have undertaken a full characterisation of the GnRH migratory process during the first trimester of gestation in a large series of human embryos and foetuses and provide the first chronological and quantitative atlas of GnRH distribution. This has been aided by the novel application of organic solvent based tissue clearing techniques to human embryological tissue. This allows, for the first time, a true representation and appreciation of cells in their native, in vivo context. The results of this study have revealed not only that the number of GnRH neurons in humans is significantly higher than previously thought, but that GnRH cells migrate into several extrahypothalamic brain regions in addition to the hypothalamus. Their presence in these areas raises the possibility that GnRH has non-reproductive roles, creating new avenues for research on GnRH functions in cognitive, behavioural and physiological processes.The second aim of this work has been to characterise a novel candidate gene responsible for the development of the GnRH system. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), best known for its role in facilitating the differentiation of the bipotential gonad in males, has recently been shown by our lab to exert significant effects on GnRH neurons postnatally. Here we have undertaken whole exome sequencing of a large cohort of European CHH and KS patients, identifying several novel missense mutations in the Amh gene that are not present in the control cohort. Various in vitro and biochemical analyses of mutations bioactivity as well as analysis of a transgenic mouse line have been used to assess the functional relevance of these mutations.Mutations in Amh resulted in impaired secretion of AMH and reduced bioactivity of the secreted protein in in vitro studies; eventually leading to reduced migratory capacity. This strongly suggests that these mutations could have a pathogenic effect. We also show that its receptor AMHR2 is expressed along the olfactory fibres and by GnRH neurons during the GnRH migratory process. Pathohistological analysis of Amhr2-/- mice revealed defective embryonic migration of GnRH cells to the basal forebrain, leading to a significant reduction in the total number of GnRH neurons in the adult brains of these animals resulting in reduced fertility. We therefore propose that AMH signalling insufficiency contributes to the pathogenesis of human CHH conditions and highlights a novel role for AMH in the correct development and function of GnRH neurons
Fracalanzza, Suely Aparecida Pimenta. "Identificação, resistência a antimicrobianos e caracterização molecular de Enterococcus isolados de alimentos". reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2007. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/8235.
Testo completoOs enterococos são patógenos com considerável capacidade de expressar resistência a vários antimicrobianos. Sua natureza ubiqüitária e resistência às condições ambientais adversas explicam sua habilidade para colonizar diferentes habitats e seu potencial para se disseminar com facilidade através da cadeia alimentar. No presente estudo avaliamos a distribuição das espécies e a susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos entre enterococos isolados a partir de alimentos de origem animal (carne de frango e leite pasteurizado) obtidos de supermercados e feiras livres no Rio de Janeiro / RJ, Brasil. As seguintes espécies foram identificadas, entre 167 amostras isoladas obtidos de carne de frango e 127 obtidas de leite pasteurizado: E. faecalis (184 – 62,6%), E. casseliflavus (51 – 17,3%), E. durans (19 – 6,5%), E. gallinarum (9 – 3%), E. gilvus (7 – 2,4%), E. faecium 6 – 2%), E. hirae (4 – 1,4%) e E. sulfureus (3 – 1%). Os percentuais de resistência aos antimicrobianos entre os isolados foram: 32,1% à tetraciclina; 23,3% à eritromicina; 11,3% à estreptomicina; 0,7% ao cloranfenicol; 3,9% à gentamicina, 2,1% ao imipenem; 1,1% à norfloxacina; 0,7% à ciprofloxacina, nitrofurantoína e penicilina e 0,4% /à ampicilina. Resistência intermediária foi detectada em percentuais que variaram de 0,5% para a linezolida até 62% para a eritromicina. Nenhuma das amostras bacterianas apresentou resistência aos glicopeptídeos testados, vancomicina e teicoplanina. Resistência a níveis elevados de aminoglicosídeos foi observada em 13,1% dos isolados. Multirresistencia aos antimicrobianos foi observada nas espécies E. faecalis, E. casseliflavus, E. faecium, E. gallinarum, E. durans e E. gilvus. Entre os enterococos isolados de carne de frango e leite pasteurizado foi possível detectar a presença do gene ermB, responsável pela resistência à eritromicina entre E. faecalis, E. casseliflavus, E. gallinarum e E. durans. Os genes tetL, tetM e tetO, foram detectados nas espécies E. faecalis, E. casseliflavus e E. gallinarum isoladas a partir carne de frango. A diversidade genética de E. faecalis (54 isolados) apresentando características de multirresistencia aos antimicrobianos, procedentes de carne de frango e de leite pasteurizado foi avaliada através da análise dos perfis de fragmentação do DNA cromossômico utilizando a endonuclease de restrição SmaI e eletroforese em campo pulsado (PFGE). Foi detectado um número elevado (39) de diferentes perfis de fragmentação do DNA cromossômico. Deste total, a maioria (30) foi constituída por apenas um isolado, revelando um elevada diversidade genética.
The enterococci are important nosocomial pathogens with a remarkable capacity of expressing resistance to several antimicrobial agents. Their ubiquitous nature and resistance to adverse environmental conditions take account for their ability to colonize different habitats and for their potential for easy spreading through the food chain. In the present study we evaluated the distribution of species and antimicrobial susceptibility among enterococcal isolates recovered from food obtained in retail stores in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The following species were identified among 167 isolates obtained from poultry meat and 127 from pasteurized milk: Enterococcus faecalis (62.6%), Enterococcus casseliflavus (17.3%), Enterococcus durans (6.5%), Enterococcus gallinarum (3.0%), Enterococcus gilvus (2.4%), Enterococcus faecium (2.0%), Enterococcus hirae (1.4%), and Enterococcus sulfureus (1.0%). The overall percentages of antimicrobial resistant isolates were: 31.2 % to tetracycline, 23.8% to erythromycin, 11.3% to streptomycin, 4.3% to chloramphenicol, 3.9% to gentamicin, 1.4% to norfloxacin, 1.1% to imipenem, 0.7% to ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, and penicillin and 0.4% to ampicillin. Intermediate resistance was detected in frequencies varying from 0.5% for linezolid to 58.2% for erythromycin. None of the isolates showed resistance to glycopeptides. High-level resistance to aminoglycosides was observed in 13.1% of the isolates. Multiresistance was observed in E. faecalis, E. casseliflavus, E. faecium, E. gallinarum, E. durans and E. gilvus. The presence of the gene ermB, coding for the resistance to erythromycin, was detected by PCR in E. faecalis, E. casseliflavus, E. gallinarum and E. durans. The presence of the genes tetL, tetM and tetO, associated with resistance to tetracycline, were detected by PCR, among E. faecalis, E. casseliflavus, and E. gallinarum isolatede from poultry meat. The genetic diversity among multiresistant E. faecalis (54 isolates) from poultry meat and pasteurized milk, was evaluated by the analysis of the cromossomic DNA fragmentation profile by PFGE after cleavage with SmaI by PFGE. A variety (39) of different cromossomic DNA fragmentation profile or clonal complexes was found among multiresistant E. faecalis from poultry meat and milk, indicating a high level of genetic diversity.
Nuez, Imbernón Alicia. "Materiales magnéticos moleculares: Diseño de imanes quirales basados en cianuros bimetálicos y de agentes de contraste en IRM basados en complejos metálicos con radicales libres". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10281.
Testo completoThe first chapter of this Thesis deals with the design of chiral magnets based on bimetallic cyanides. The synthesis and characterization of ten Prussian blue analogues of Ni3Fe2 and Cu3Fe2 type obtained from trans-chxn, trans-(1S,2S)-chxn, trans-(1R,2R)-chxn and cis-chxn (chxn = cyclohexane-1,2-diamine) is given. These are compounds [Ni(trans-chxn)2]3[Fe(CN)6]2·2H2O (1), [Ni(cis-chxn)2]3[Fe(CN)6]2·2H2O (2), [Ni(trans-(1S,2S)-chxn)2]3[Fe(CN)6]2·2H2O (3), [Ni(trans-(1R,2R)-chxn)2]3[Fe(CN)6]2·2H2O (4), [Cu(cis-chxn)2]3[Fe(CN)6]2·7H2O (5), [Cu(trans-(1S,2S)-chxn)2]3[Fe(CN)6]2·4.5H2O (6), [Cu(trans-(1R,2R)-chxn)2]3[Fe(CN)6]2·4.5H2O (7), [Cu(cis-chxn)]3[Fe(CN)6]2·6H2O (8), [Cu(trans-(1S,2S)-chxn)]3[Fe(CN)6]2·nH2O (9) and [Cu(trans-(1R,2R)-chxn)]3[Fe(CN)6]2·nH2O (10).Products (1)-(4) and (8)-(10) exhibit long rage ferromagnetic order. A magnetic study of compounds (1), (2) and (3) performed both on polycrystalline samples and oriented single crystals has shown that magnetic anisotropy plays an important role in domain dynamics.Stoichiometric control of the coordination sphere of copper in CuIIFeIII systems has enabled the preparation of compounds with long range magnetic order. (8) is the first structurally characterized CuIIFeIII ferromagnet to date.Finally, compounds (3), (4), (9) and (10) are chiral magnets. Chirality has been confirmed by X Rays and circular dichroism.The second chapter of this Thesis deals with the design of contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaginery (MRI). It shows the synthesis and characterization of four DOTA-like and TETA-like gadolinium complexes substituted with nitronyl and imino nitroxide free radicals ((8), (9), (12) and (13)).These complexes and their precursors have been characterized by IR, NMR, electronic absorption and ESI-MS. Magnetic measurements and EPR have been also performed, pointing to a quasi paramagnetic behaviour.A preliminary relaxometric study of Gd3+ complexes indicates that products (8) and (9) could be suitable MRI contrast agents. Their relaxivities are higher than those of currently used contrast agents such as [Gd-DOTA(H2O)]- (Dotarem®), [Gd-DTPA(H2O)]2- (Magnevist®) or [Gd-DTPA-BMA (H2O)] (Omniscan®). Moreover, their relaxivities are highly pH-dependent. This feature might prove to be useful for differentiating between healthy and damaged parts of a tissue.
Pessanha, Fernanda Soares. "Resistência antimicrobiana e tipagem molecular de pseudomonas aeruginosa isoladas de feridas crônicas". Universidade Federal Fluminense, 2015. https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/2578.
Testo completoMade available in DSpace on 2016-10-24T17:42:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Soares Pessanha.pdf: 2199380 bytes, checksum: bb078e15b653af8e5dfd1387ea2db7e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
Mestrado Acadêmico em Ciências do Cuidado em Saúde
Introdução: Para a correta reparação das feridas, as diversas fases do processo de cicatrização devem ocorrer na sequencia correta, numa intensidade ideal. Vários fatores afetam a cicatrização das feridas ao interferir em uma ou mais fases deste processo, tal como, a presença de infecção. Objetivo geral: Analisar as cepas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa encontradas nas feridas crônicas tratadas com gel de carboximetilcelulose a 2% ou com placa de poliuretano. Método: Pesquisa observacional descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa, realizada através da coleta de material biológico de feridas crônicas de pacientes atendidos em serviços ambulatoriais, empregando swabs. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro – UFF) com número de parecer 815.353. As cepas de P. aeruginosa foram identificadas por MALDI-TOF MS, submetidas a testes de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos, identificação de genes de virulência através de PCR e tipagem molecular através de PFGE. Resultados: Das 43 feridas a partir das quais foram coletados swabs, em 31 (72,09%) obteve-se isolamento de P. aeruginosa (foram identificadas 48 cepas). Estas feridas têm 3,6 vezes mais chances de desenvolverem infecção quando comparadas àquelas a partir das quais esse microrganismo não foi isolado. As cepas isoladas dos pacientes em uso de gel de carboximetilcelulose a 2% apresentaram maiores taxas de resistência a gentamicina e ciprofloxacino (ambos com 7,89%). Já as cepas isoladas dos pacientes tratados com placa de poliuretano, destacaram-se pela resistência a ciprofloxacino (90%). Foram identificadas três cepas multirresistentes de duas feridas tratadas com placa de poliuretano impregnada com prata. Foram positivas para presença do gene exoS 26 cepas (54,16%), e 13 (27,08%), para o gene exoU. Observou-se mesmo perfil de PFGE entre as cepas coletadas em diferentes momentos de onze pacientes, enquanto que em seis pacientes as cepas coletadas em diferentes momentos foram distintas. Não houve semelhança de padrões de fragmentação de DNA entre cepas derivadas de pacientes diferentes. Conclusão: A maioria das feridas não apresentava sinais clínicos de infecção. Foram identificadas 48 cepas de P. aeruginosa. O isolamento deste microrganismo é fator de risco para desenvolvimento de infecção. As cepas de P. aeruginosa têm baixos índices de resistência antimicrobiana, com apenas três cepas multiresistentes. Os desbridamentos realizados nas feridas crônicas não têm sido efetivos para descolonização de P. aeruginosa, já que um mesmo clone bacteriano foi identificado na ferida em diferentes momentos, na maioria dos casos
Introduction: For proper wound healing, various stages of the healing process must occur in a correct sequence and an ideal intensity. Several factors affect the wounf healing on one or more phases of this process, such as the presence of infection. General objective: To analyze Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains found in chronic wounds treated with 2% carboxymethylcellulose gel or polyurethane plate. Method: Descriptive observational research with a quantitative approach, carried out through the collection of biological material of chronic wounds of patients attended in outpatient services, using swabs. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (Academic Hospital Antonio Pedro - UFF) with number 815.353. P. aeruginosa strains were identified by MALDI-TOF MS, subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, identification of virulence genes by PCR and molecular typing by PFGE. Results: Of the 43 wounds from which swabs were collected, at 31 (72.09%) was obtained isolation of P. aeruginosa (48 strains have been identified). These wounds are 3.6 times more likely to develop infection when compared to those from which this microorganism was not identified. The strains isolated from patients using 2% carboxymethyl cellulose gel showed more resistance rates to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin (both 7.89%). Already the strains isolated from patients treated with polyurethane plate, highlighted by the resistance to ciprofloxacin (90%). Three multiresistant strains were identified from two wounds treated with polyurethane plate impregnated with silver. 26 strains (54.16%) were positive for the presence of exoS gene and 13 (27.08%), for the exoU gene. It was observed even PFGE profile among strains collected at different times of eleven patients, while in six patients, strains collected at different times were different. There was no resemblance DNA fragmentation patterns among strains derived from different patients. Conclusion: Most of the wounds showed no clinical signs of infection. 48 strains of P. aeruginosa have been identified. The isolation of this microorganism is a risk factor for development of infection in chronic wounds. Strains of P. aeruginosa demonstrated low antimicrobial resistance rates and only three multi-resistant strains were identified. The debridement performed in chronic wounds is not effective for removing colonization by P. aeruginosa, because same bacterials clones was identified in the wound swabs collected in same patients at different times in most cases
Dey, Bijan Kumar Campos Ana Regina. "The role of the Drosophila zinc finger transcription factor disconnected (disco) in the development of ventral appendages: A molecular genetic study". *McMaster only, 2006.
Cerca il testo completoUlisse, Ulisse Karla. "Microextracción de fármacos antiinflamatorios no esteroidales desde matrices acuosas usando polímero de impresión molecular inmovilizado en un sistema de disco rotatorio". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/117243.
Testo completoLos llamados contaminantes emergentes, están presentes en un variado rango de productos de la vida cotidiana, como los productos farmacéuticos que son liberados de manera indiscriminada a las plantas de tratamiento de aguas, donde al no ser removidos en su totalidad tienden a permanecer en la fase acuosa, y por lo tanto, son frecuentemente detectados en aguas superficiales. La preocupación recae en que sus productos de degradación pueden ser incluso más tóxicos que los contaminantes iniciales. Entre los productos farmacéuticos, las drogas antiinflamatorias no esteroidales (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) (NSAIDs), han sido detectadas frecuentemente en el medio ambiente y no poseen una legislación que las regule. Es por esto que se desarrolló un método analítico para determinar la concentración de estos fármacos más comúnmente usados en muestras acuosas, mediante la técnica de microextracción por sorción en disco rotatorio (rotating disk sorptive extraction) (RDSE). El dispositivo de extracción es de teflón y presenta una cavidad en el cual se le inmoviliza un polímero de impresión molecular (MIP) como sorbente selectivo para la extracción de los analitos, con la posterior cuantificación mediante cromatografía gaseosa acoplada a espectrometría de masas (CG-MS), con previo proceso de derivatización de los extractos provenientes de RDSE. Las condiciones de extracción optimizadas para los antinflamatorios no esteroidales, ácido mefenámico y diclofenaco fueron las siguientes: volumen de muestra de 50 mL, 25 mg de fase MIP, agitación a 3000 rpm, tiempo de extracción de 60 minutos, pH 2 y un proceso de desorción con 10 mL de metanol por 5 minutos. Se demostró que para los fármacos en estudio la fase sorbente de MIP extrae en promedio 3 veces más que la fase con el mismo polímero no impreso (NIP), dejando de manifiesto el efecto de las cavidades de la molécula impresa. La metodología propuesta se validó en una matriz de agua potable. El método alcanzó límites de detección entre 0,060 - 0,223 μgL-1 de AINEs con recuperaciones entre 99-100% ± 5-6%. La aplicación en muestras de aguas residuales obtenidas de una planta de tratamiento de Santiago entregó concentraciones para estos fármacos entre 1,8 - 4,3 μgL-1 en el afluente y de 1,3 – 2,8 en el efluente
The so called emerging contaminants are present in a wide range of daily life products such as drugs that are haphazardly released into water treatment plants where, as they are not completely removed, they tend to remain in the aqueous phase and consequently are found in surface waters. The concern lies in that they can transform into products that are more toxic and more dangerous than the original contaminants. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a type of drugs that have been frequently detected in the environment and are not regulated by law. For this reason, an analytical method was developed to determine the concentration of the most commonly used NSAIDs in aqueous samples, using the rotating-disk sorptive microextraction technique (RDSE). The extraction device, made of Teflon, contains a cavity in which it can immobilize a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as a selective sorbent for extracting analytes, which are subsequently quantified using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method once the extracts from RDSE were subject to a derivatization process. The optimal condition for extraction of the mefenamic acid and diclofenac NSAIDs were the following: sample volume of 50 mL, 25 mg of MIP, 3000 rpm agitation, extraction time 60 min, pH2 and desorption with 10 mL of methanol during 5 minutes. For the drugs under study, it was shown that the sorbent phase of MIP recovered on average three times more than the same phase with no imprinted polymer (NIP), evidencing the effect of the cavities of the imprinted molecule. The proposed methodology was validated using a potable water matrix The method achieved NSAIDs detection limits between 0.060 to 0.223 ugL-1 with recoveries between 99-100% ± 5-6%. The application (of this method) to waste water samples obtained from a water treatment plant in Santiago showed NSAIDs concentrations of 1.8 to 4.3 μgL-1 in the influent stream and 1.3 to 2.8 μgL-1 in the effluent stream
ABRÃO, Lailah Cristina de Carvalho. "Desenvolvimento de um disco de extração em fase sólida molecularmente impresso para a pré-concentração seletiva de tetraciclinas em amostras de água seguida de análise por HPLC-UV". Universidade Federal de Alfenas, 2013. https://bdtd.unifal-mg.edu.br:8443/handle/tede/309.
Testo completoEmerging organic pollutants have caused great environmental concern. Among the most common pharmaceuticals, antibiotics are in focus, especially tetracyclines. The occurrence of these analytes at low levels makes necessary the use of selective and sensitive extraction techniques to enrich those compounds even in the presence of other concomitant interferents. In this way, it is thought that molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) fit perfectly to this application mainly due to their characteristics of selectivity and sensitivity. In addition, the use of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and glycerol dimethacrylate (GDMA) during the synthesis increases the number of surface hydroxyl groups, which in turns makes the polymer more compatible with aqueous systems, since they enhance the hydrogen bonds between the water and surface hydroxyl groups, minimizing the interference of this solvent in the complex analyte-polymer. Thus, the objective of this project was to develop a MIP disk for the extraction of tetracyclines from water samples followed by the HPLC-UV analysis. The MIP was synthesized using oxytetracycline as template, methacrylic acid as functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linker agent, 2,2’-azo-bis-iso-butyronitrile as radical initiator and HEMA and GDMA as hydrophilic monomers. The polymer was then compressed in a disk form of 40 mm of internal diameter and 2 mm of thickness and this system was used in solid-phase extraction procedures. The developed method showed great results for selective extraction of tetracyclines with good linearity, precision and accuracy showing limits of quantification of 5 µg L-1.
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
López, Muñoz Laura. "Homology modeling and structural analysis of the antipsychotic drugs receptorome". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7228.
Testo completoThe study started with obtaining homology models for all the receptors putatively involved in the antipsychotic drugs receptorome, suitable for building consistent drug-receptor complexes. These complexes were structurally analyzed and compared using multivariate statistical methods, which in turn allowed the identification of the relationship between the pharmacological properties of the antipsychotic drugs and the structural differences in the receptor targets. The results can be exploited for the design of safer and more effective antipsychotic drugs with an optimum binding profile.
Tradicionalmente se asumía que los fármacos terapéuticamente efectivos actuaban interaccionando con un único receptor. Actualmente está ampliamente reconocido que el efecto farmacológico de la mayoría de los fármacos es más complejo y abarca a un conjunto de receptores, algunos asociados a los efectos terapéuticos y otros a los secundarios y toxicidad. Los fármacos antipsicóticos son un ejemplo de compuestos eficaces que se caracterizan por unirse a varios receptores simultáneamente (principalmente a receptores unidos a proteína G, GPCR). El trabajo de la presente tesis se ha centrado en el estudio de los mecanismos moleculares que determinan el perfil de afinidad de unión por múltiples receptores de los fármacos antipsicóticos.
En primer lugar se construyeron modelos de homología para todos los receptores potencialmente implicados en la actividad farmacológica de dichos fármacos, usando una metodología adecuada para construir complejos fármaco-receptor consistentes. La estructura de estos complejos fue analizada y se llevó a cabo una comparación mediante métodos estadísticos multivariantes, que permitió la identificación de asociaciones entre la actividad farmacológica de los fármacos antipsicóticos y diferencias estructurales de los receptores diana. Los resultados obtenidos tienen interés para ser explotados en el diseño de fármacos antipsicóticos con un perfil farmacológico óptimo, más seguros y eficaces.
Luong, Quyen V. "Determining the Physiological Contribution of Adipocyte Subpopulations". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1565279745478695.
Testo completoSouza, Fernanda Luiza de. "Variabilidade genética do fungo Erythricium salmonicolor, agente causal da rubelose dos citros". Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-11052006-161407/.
Testo completoThe fungus Erythricium salmonicolor is the causal agent of pink disease, which infects branches of many host plants, such as citrus, rubber, and apple. This disease may be a serious problem in Brazil, since it can reduce the citrus production up to 10%. Brazil is the major world citrus producer, therefore this problem is alarming. The genetic diversity of E. salmonicolor from Brazilian plants has not been evaluated, so the aims of this study were i) to evaluate the genetic diversity by RAPD of E. salmonicolor isolates from São Paulo and Minas Gerais; ii) to evaluate the vegetative compatibility and hyphal fusion of this fungus; and iii) to select endophytic bacteria able to inhibit the E. salmonicolor growth. RAPD analysis showed at least 6 distinct haplotypes (A, B, C, D, E, F), which did not have correlation with the isolation site and host plant. Also, vegetative compatibility tests showed that 84% of crosses resulted in hyphal fusion, but this compatibility was not related to the RAPD haplotypes. Eight endophytic bacteria were selected against E. salmonicolor, which could be used for biological control of this pathogen. However it was observed different types of interaction among endophytic bacteria and E. salmonicolor strains, since these bacteria inihibited differentially two fungi isolates. It reveals the genetic variability between these fungi isolates that belongs to different haplotypes These results show the importance of future studies concerning the sexual phase of E. salmonicolor, since the genetic variability seems to be high and this hyphal fusion, which precede the formation of heterokaryon (sexual and parassexual reproduction), could be responsible for the variability in this filamentous fungus.
Stragliotto, María Fernanda. "Interacción enzima-sustrato modificado : diseño y desarrollo de superficies biofuncionales". Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11086/14595.
Testo completo"Modelización molecular de los receptores de adenosina y sus ligandos en el marco de diseño de fármacos asistido por ordenador". Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2004. http://www.tesisenxarxa.net/TDX-0930104-091416/.
Testo completo