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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Efferent"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 12 febbraio 2022

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Efferent"

Yu, Zhou, J. Michael McIntosh, Soroush G. Sadeghi e Elisabeth Glowatzki. "Efferent synaptic transmission at the vestibular type II hair cell synapse". Journal of Neurophysiology 124, n. 2 (1 agosto 2020): 360–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00143.2020.

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Type II vestibular hair cells (HCs) receive inputs from efferent neurons in the brain stem. We used in vitro optogenetic and electrical stimulation of vestibular efferent fibers to study their synaptic inputs to type II HCs. Stimulation of efferents inhibited type II HCs, similar to efferent effects on cochlear HCs. We propose that efferent inputs adjust the contribution of signals from type I and II HCs to vestibular nerve fibers.

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Mishra, Srikanta K. "The role of efferents in human auditory development: efferent inhibition predicts frequency discrimination in noise for children". Journal of Neurophysiology 123, n. 6 (1 giugno 2020): 2437–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00136.2020.

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Despite several decades of research, the functional role of medial olivocochlear efferents in humans remains controversial and is thought to be insignificant. Here it is shown that medial efferent inhibition strongly predicts frequency discrimination in noise for younger children but not for older children and adults. Young children are relatively more dependent on the efferent system for listening-in-noise. This study highlights the role of the efferent system in hearing-in-noise during childhood development.

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Kaiser, A., e G. A. Manley. "Physiology of single putative cochlear efferents in the chicken". Journal of Neurophysiology 72, n. 6 (1 dicembre 1994): 2966–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.72.6.2966.

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1. An experimental approach was developed that allowed recording of neurophysiological activity from single putative cochlear efferents in the auditory brain stem of anesthetized chickens with the use of glass micropipettes. The aim of this study was to study spontaneous and tone-evoked activity from single efferent neurons in the chick and to compare their properties with those of other vertebrate hair cell organs. Because the birds, like mammals, have a complex hearing organ with different hair cell types and different afferent and efferent innervation, the purpose of this study was also to determine whether different types of efferents exist. 2. In the same electrode penetrations, putative trapezoid fibers were also isolated. In addition, the penetration angle permitted recordings from units in both cochlear nuclei, nucleus magnocellularis and nucleus angularis (probably mostly cochlear afferents), in the same animal. This allowed monitoring of the auditory sensitivity of the individual animal during the experiment. With the use of physiological criteria, it was possible to distinguish between trapezoid fibers and putative cochlear efferents. Possible alternative origins of the responses described are discussed. 3. Tuning curve characteristics of putative efferents were determined. They were as sensitive as ascending auditory neurons. Q10 dB values of efferent tuning curves were < 2.5 and thus showed poorer frequency selectivity than ascending fibers; in some cases they covered the entire hearing range of the chicken. 4. Latencies to tone pips were different for ascending neurons and putative efferent units. For trapezoid fibers and neurons from the cochlear nuclei, latencies usually did not exceed 5 ms, whereas latencies of efferents were always longer. 5. Because of the interaural canal that connects both middle ear cavities in birds, the measurement of the lateralization of the efferents was difficult. In any case, the majority of putative cochlear efferents responded more sensitively to sound stimulation of the contralateral side. 6. Of the efferent units, 28% showed no spontaneous activity. The others either showed regular spontaneous activity, or their time-interval histograms showed longer modes than ascending fibers. In general, mean spontaneous activity was lower than in ascending fibers, being < 30 spikes/s. 7. In contrast to reports from mammalian studies, in which efferents only showed on peristimulus time (PST) response pattern to tonal stimuli (chopper), two different response types were found in this study: two excitation types (chopper and primary-like) and one suppression type.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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WILLIAMSON, R. "Efferent Influences on the Afferent Activity from the Octopus Angular Acceleration Receptor System". Journal of Experimental Biology 119, n. 1 (1 novembre 1985): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.119.1.251.

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Electrophysiological recordings were made from afferent units of the octopus angular acceleration receptor system during the electrical stimulation of efferent axons to this system. Of the afferent units examined, 93% changed their activity in response to stimulation of the efferent axons. During efferent stimulation 77% of the afferent units decreased their activity. The magnitude of the inhibition and the time to maximum response were frequency dependent, with most units showing an increase in inhibition with increase in efferent stimulation frequency. The poststimulus recovery from inhibition was of two types: either a gradual increase in activity to the pre-stimulus resting level of activity (Fig. 3) or a rapid increase in activity to a level above the pre-stimulus level, i.e. a postinhibitory rebound or facilitation, and then a gradual decline to the resting level of activity (Fig. 4). During long periods of efferent stimulation (<40 s) the inhibition was not maintained. During stimulation of the efferent axons 16% of the afferent units increased their activity. The post-stimulus response consisted of either a gradual decrease in activity to the pre-stimulus level of resting activity or a rapid increase in activity followed by a gradual decrease to the resting level of activity (Fig. 6). During long periods of efferent stimulation the excitation increased to a plateau level which was maintained for the duration of the stimulus period (Fig. 7). Sinusoidal oscillations of the statocyst evoked bursts of afferent activity in time with the movement. The magnitude of these bursts could be decreased or increased by stimulation of the efferent axons (Fig. 8). It is proposed that two populations of efferents are present in the octopus statocyst, one inhibitory and the other excitatory, and that both types of efferent affect single afferent units.

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Highstein, S. M., e R. Baker. "Action of the efferent vestibular system on primary afferents in the toadfish, Opsanus tau". Journal of Neurophysiology 54, n. 2 (1 agosto 1985): 370–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1985.54.2.370.

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Spinalized toadfish were held in a lucite chamber and perfused through the mouth with running seawater. Primary vestibular afferents and vestibular efferent axons and somas were studied with glass microelectrodes. Vestibular semicircular canal afferent and efferent axons were visually identified and penetrated with glass microelectrodes. Afferents responded to pulses of injected current with trains of action potentials, whereas efferents responded with only a single spike. This differential response to injected current served to further distinguish these two classes of nerve fibers that share the same canal nerve for part of their course. When current pulses were injected into efferent somadendritic recording sites, cells responded with trains of action potentials similar to those seen in other central nervous system neurons. Semicircular canal afferents were spontaneously active and occupied the same spectrum of regularity as vestibular afferents recorded in other species. Behavioral arousal evoked by lightly touching the fish on the snout or over the eye resembled spontaneous arousal observed in the field and consisted of eye withdrawal, fin erection, and attempted swimming. Efferent vestibular neurons were spontaneously active and increased their frequency of discharge when the fish was behaviorally aroused. Most efferents were briskly activated by behavioral arousal, but the time constant of the decay of their responses was variable ranging from 100 to 600 ms. Not only touch, but multimodal stimuli were capable of increasing the level of spontaneous activity of efferent vestibular neurons. The shortest latency to behavioral activation was 160 ms. Vestibular primary afferents also manifested increase in neuronal activity with behavioral activation. Irregularly discharging afferents were much more responsive than regularly discharging afferents. One rare case of transient inhibition in a regularly discharging afferent is illustrated. Severing the efferent vestibular nerve blocked behavioral activation in vestibular primary afferents. Electrical stimulation of the efferent vestibular nerve produced excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) at latencies within the monosynaptic range in vestibular primary afferents. These monosynaptic EPSPs could produce action potentials in primary afferents or could sum with subthreshold depolarizations produced by current passed through the microelectrode to initiate impulses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Liberman, M. C. "Response properties of cochlear efferent neurons: monaural vs. binaural stimulation and the effects of noise". Journal of Neurophysiology 60, n. 5 (1 novembre 1988): 1779–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1988.60.5.1779.

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1. Discharge properties of olivocochlear efferent neurons were measured in anesthetized cats. Previous studies of these neurons concentrated on monaural stimulation with tones and found sound-evoked discharge rates rarely exceeded 60 spikes/s (16, 20). In the present study, rates as high as 140 spikes/s were achieved by binaural stimulation and/or the addition of noise. Based on studies on the known effects of electrically stimulating the efferents such high rates of sound-evoked efferent activity probably have significant feedback effects on the auditory periphery. 2. Spontaneous discharge rate (SR) was weakly correlated with threshold among efferent neurons: those with SRs greater than 1 spikes/s were generally more sensitive than spontaneously inactive fibers. The discharge rate measured in the absence of acoustic stimulation was shown to be dependent on stimulation history: some units with zero SR became spontaneously active after several minutes of continuous noise stimulation. 3. For stimulation with monaural tones, efferent excitability varied with characteristic frequency (CF): units with CF less than 10 kHz tended to have lower thresholds, higher discharge rates, and shorter latencies than higher CF units. These differences could be minimized by the addition of broadband noise (see below). 4. When tones were presented to one ear at a time, most efferent units appeared monaural (91%), with roughly two-thirds excited by ipsilateral stimuli and one-third by contralateral stimuli. However, the effects of simultaneous stimulation of the two ears suggested that the great majority of efferent units have binaural inputs: the addition of opposite-ear noise or tones, which presented alone were not excitatory, typically enhanced the response to main-ear stimulation. This type of binaural facilitation was strongest among low-CF efferents when the opposite-ear stimuli were tones, and strongest among high-CF units when the opposite-ear stimulus was broadband noise. 5. The binaural facilitation seen using opposite-ear noise both lowered the threshold (by as much as 40 dB) and increased the discharge rate (by as much as 80%) to tones presented in the main ear. Significant facilitation was seen with noise levels as low as 25 dB SPL or tone levels as low as 30 dB SPL. In general, the weaker the response to monaural stimuli, the stronger the binaural facilitation. 6. The facilitatory effects of stimulation with continuous noise could outlast the stimulus. Persistent increases in efferent sensitivity were documented following 10-min exposures to broadband noise at 85-115 dB SPL.

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Yoshioka, Takashi, Jonathan B. Levitt e Jennifer S. Lund. "Independence and merger of thalamocortical channels within macaque monkey primary visual cortex: Anatomy of interlaminar projections". Visual Neuroscience 11, n. 3 (maggio 1994): 467–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800002406.

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AbstractAn important issue in understanding the function of primary visual cortex in the macaque monkey is how the several efferent neuron groups projecting to extrastriate cortex acquire their different response properties. To assist our understanding of this issue, we have compared the anatomical distribution of VI intrinsic relays that carry information derived from magno- (M) and parvocellular (P) divisions of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus between thalamic recipient neurons and interareal efferent neuron groups within area VI. We used small, iontophoretic injections of biocytin placed in individual cortical laminae of area VI to trace orthograde and retrograde inter- and intralaminar projections. In either the same or adjacent sections, the tissue was reacted for cytochrome oxidase (CO), which provides important landmarks for different efferent neuron populations located in CO rich blobs and CO poor interblobs in laminae ⅔, as well as defining clear boundaries for the populations of efferent neurons in laminae 4A and 4B. This study shows that the interblobs, but not the blobs, receive direct input from thalamic recipient 4C neurons; the interblobs receive relays from mid 4C neurons (believed to receive convergent M and P inputs), while blobs receive indirect inputs from either M or P (or both) pathways through layers 4B (which receives M relays from layer 4Cα) and 4A (which receives P relays directly from the thalamus as well as from layer 4Cβ). The property of orientation selectivity, most prominent in the interblob regions and in layer 4B, may have a common origin from oriented lateral projections made by mid 4C spiny stellate neurons. While layer 4B efferents may emphasize M characteristics and layer 4A efferents emphasize P characteristics, the dendrites of their constituent pyramidal neurons may provide anatomical access to the other channel since both blob and interblob regions in layers ⅔ have anatomical access to M and P driven relays, despite functional differences in the way these properties may be expressed in the two compartments.

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KHADILKAR, RASHMI V., JOHN R. MYTINGER, LAURA E. THOMASON, SCOTT L. RUNYON, KEVIN J. WASHICOSKY e ROBERT N. JINKS. "Central regulation of photosensitive membrane turnover in the lateral eye of Limulus. I. Octopamine primes the retina for daily transient rhabdom shedding". Visual Neuroscience 19, n. 3 (maggio 2002): 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523802192066.

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Limulus lateral eyes shed and renew a portion of their photosensitive membrane (rhabdom) daily. Shedding, in many species including Limulus, is regulated by complex interactions between circadian rhythms and light. Little is known about how circadian clocks and photoreceptors communicate to regulate shedding. Limulus photoreceptors do not contain an endogenous circadian oscillator, but rely upon efferent outflow from a central clock for circadian timing. To investigate whether the putative efferent neurotransmitter octopamine (OA) communicates circadian rhythms that prime the lateral eye for transient rhabdom shedding, we decoupled photoreceptors from the clock by transecting the lateral optic nerve (contains the retinal efferent fibers). Overnight (6 h) intraretinal injections of 40 μM OA restored transient shedding to lateral eyes with transected nerves to levels comparable to those of intact internal control eyes. To determine whether OA acts alone in communicating circadian rhythms that prime the lateral eye for transient shedding, we “primed” eyes with intact nerves for transient shedding with exogenous OA during subjective day. In nature, lateral eyes shed their rhabdoms only once a day at dawn following overnight efferent priming. Eyes in animals placed in darkness during subjective day, when the retinal efferents are quiescent, and injected for 6 h with 40 μM OA shed their rhabdoms in response to a second introduction to light. Untreated control eyes of the same animals did not. The same results were observed in vitro in lateral eyes treated similarly. Octopamine is the only efferent neurotransmitter/messenger required to make lateral eyes competent for transient shedding. Phentolamine, an OA receptor antagonist, reduced the number of photoreceptors primed for transient shedding and the amount of rhabdom shed in those photoreceptors suggesting that OA acts via a specific OA receptor.

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Rucker, Janet C., e Paul H. Phillips. "Efferent Vision Therapy". Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology 38, n. 2 (giugno 2018): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wno.0000000000000480.

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Norgren, R., e G. P. Smith. "A method for selective section of vagal afferent or efferent axons in the rat". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 267, n. 4 (1 ottobre 1994): R1136—R1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1994.267.4.r1136.

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Although normally a mixed nerve, intracranially the vagus separates into dorsal rootlets that contain afferent axons and ventral rootlets that contain efferents. Surgical procedures are described for exposing the ventral surface of the occipital bone at the level where the vagus passes through the posterior lacerated foramen. When the foramen is expanded medially and the dura lanced, the intracranial course of the vagus can be observed by use of an operating microscope. Under these conditions, either the efferent or the afferent rootlets can be severed selectively. When the dorsal rootlets are divided and the contralateral trunk is cut below the diaphragm, a selective bilateral subdiaphragmatic afferent vagotomy is produced with unilateral sparing of the efferents. Cutting the efferents intracranially has the converse effect.

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Tesi sul tema "Efferent"

Garinis, Angela. "Efferent Control of the Human Auditory System". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195850.

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The effects of auditory efferent activity on peripheral physiology may be examined by presenting broadband noise (BBN) to the contralateral ear during otoacoustic emission (OAE) recordings. The presentation of BBN typically produces a reduction of OAE amplitudes in comparison to a condition without BBN. This is termed contralateral suppression. Limited information exists regarding the effects of contralateral BBN on responses observed at higher levels in the auditory system. The present study employed this paradigm to investigate interactions of attention and laterality on the transient evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE), auditory brainstem response (ABR) and cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEP) P1-N1-P2. TEOAEs were evoked by 60 dB SPL clicks; ABRs and CAEPs were evoked by 60 dB SPL 2.0 kHz tone pips in 15 normally hearing adults. Four conditions were employed for each ear: 1) quiet (no noise); 2) 60 dB SPL contralateral BBN; 3) words (at -3 dB SNR) embedded in 60 dB SPL contralateral BBN while subjects classified words as animal versus food items; 4) words from condition #3 played backwards and embedded in 60 dB SPL contralateral BBN. For TEOAEs: 1) more suppression was evident in the active attention condition than the passive listening conditions and 2) right ear OAE amplitudes for the 8-18 ms time period exhibited more suppression in the presence of BBN for all noise conditions, although this did not meet statistical significance. For the ABR experiment, amplitudes in the noise conditions decreased in all epochs for the right ear, but not for the left. For the CAEP experiment, asymmetries were evident in temporal regions and an effect of contralateral noise was evident. The outcome of this investigation suggests that efferent activation by noise and active attention has diverse modulatory effects on electroacoustic and electrophysiologic responses along the auditory pathway.

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Sutcliffe, Louise Kathleen. "Chemical genetic dissection of efferent IRE1α signalling". Thesis, Durham University, 2012. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5943/.

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The Endoplasmic Reticulum is the cellular organelle primarily responsible for producing proteins on the secretory pathway, a pathway important in the production of biopharmaceuticals. One of the requirements for the successful production of a functional protein is correct folding of the polypeptide sequence. During conditions such as viral infection, mutant protein expression and cell differentiation the endoplasmic reticulum is placed under conditions of stress. IRE1 is a protein kinase and endoribonuclease, which along with PERK and ATF6, forms part of the Unfolded Protein Response, the system by which the cell deals with the stress caused by a high protein load. IRE1 is capable of increasing the protein folding capacity of the ER, by upregulating chaperone proteins and reducing the load by attenuating translation, (protective response). This action is mediated by splicing of the mRNA coding for the bZIP transcription factor XBP-1. IRE1 is also capable of causing apoptotic responses via TRAF2 (cell injuring response) resulting in the activation of JNK and NFκB. In this study, using site directed mutagenesis a panel of IRE1 mutants was produced and screened for alterations to the protective and cell injuring responses. Of these the D711A mutant was shown in mouse embryonic fibroblasts to retain endoribonuclease activity, and to display an attenuated cell injuring response. When this mutant was applied to an industrial CHO cell line it appeared to exhibit an increase in biopharmaceutical productivity over the wild type IRE1, indicating its potential for use in the biopharmaceutical cell lines.

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Ferry, Robert Thomas. "Auditory Processing and the Medial Olivocochlear Efferent System". Thesis, University of Essex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495573.

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The aim of this thesis is to investigate the role of the medial olivocochlear (MaC) efferent system in auditory processing. This was achieved by 'upgradi~g' an existing computer model of the mammalian auditory periphery (Meddis, 2006) to include the effect of stimulating the MaC system. The improved model (Ferry and Meddis, 2007) was evaluated against published physiological data including the responses of the basilar membrane, auditory nerve, and compound action potential. In all cases the model was able to replicate the basic effects ofMaC stimulation at each stage of the auditory periphery as demonstrated physiologically. The model was then used to investigate the suggestion that the MaC system is involved in improving the discriminability of transient sounds such as speech in noise. An improvement in the model auditory nerve response to speech when presented in noise was demonstrated as a result of MaC stimulation. This improvement was then quantified using a series of automatic speech recognition experiments. These experiments demonstrated that MaC stimulation in the model could be used to increase speech recognition performance at all signal-to-noise ratios tested. The temporal effect (or 'overshoot' phenomenon) was then used to characterise the time course of the MaC system psychoacoustically, and also to investigate the role of the MaC system in this phenomenon. The time course measured is in agreement with both temporal effect and MaC system literature and this time course will be added to the model at a future date. The temporal effect was demonstrated in the model only when MaC stimulation is used. This is consistent with the suggestion that the MaC system is an underlying mechanism of the temporal effect phenomenon. The model is proposed as a platform with which it possible to study the complex effects ofMaC stimulation in auditory perception.

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Simon, Horst Hubertus. "Development of the efferent system in the segmented chick brainstem". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307096.

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MANIERE, CHRISTOPHE. "Acouphenes et exploration fonctionnelle du systeme efferent olivo-cochleaire median". Besançon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BESA3018.

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Fletcher, Mark. "Perceptual correlates of efferent modulation in the human auditory system". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28915/.

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Elicitation of the medial olivocochlear reflex (MOCR) causes a reduction in the amount of gain (amplification) applied by the cochlear amplifier. This gain-control function is thought to play an important role in speech-in-noise perception. Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) offer a qualitative measure of the effect of the MOCR on cochlear gain, but a quantitative measure is lacking. The aim of this thesis was to test whether any of the putative perceptual correlates of MOCR-induced cochlear gain reduction might provide such a measure. The first study (Chapter 2) is concerned with the mechanism of the overshoot effect, in which a brief signal presented at the onset of a masker is harder to detect when the masker is preceded by silence than when it is preceded by a “precursor” sound. It has been suggested that, in overshoot, the precursor might reduce cochlear gain by eliciting the MOCR and thereby cause a reduction in suppressive masking of the signal (adaptation of suppression). Overshoot, suppression, and adaptation of suppression were measured in the same participants. While the precursor yielded strong overshoot, and the masker produced strong suppression, the precursor did not appear to cause any adaptation of suppression. Predictions based on an established model of the cochlear input-output function indicate that the failure to obtain any adaptation of suppression is unlikely to represent a false negative outcome. It is argued that overshoot may be due to higher-order perceptual factors such as transient masking or attentional diversion. Overshoot was therefore not pursued as a quantitative measure of the MOCR. The second study (Chapter 3) aimed to develop a quantitative measure of the MOCR by modifying the established temporal masking curve (TMC) method for estimating cochlear gain psychophysically. The TMC method involves measuring the lowest masker level needed to just render inaudible a weak signal as a function of the temporal gap between the masker and signal. Here, the masker’s duration was shortened so that the masker would not itself elicit the MOCR in time to affect the signal’s audibility. A new way of estimating cochlear gain from TMC data by fitting the entire data set with a generic model of the cochlear response function was also developed. Using this approach, the effect on cochlear gain of a broadband-noise elicitor presented to the contralateral ear was measured. The TMCs suggest that the elicitor reduced cochlear gain by 4 dB, on average. OAE suppression measurements in the same participants suggested that this gain reduction was mediated by the MOCR. The approach developed in this chapter provides a quantitative estimate of MOCR-induced cochlear-gain reduction caused by a contralateral elicitor. The third study (Chapter 4) aimed to assess the validity of recent findings by Yasin et al. (2014), who reported an MOCR-induced cochlear-gain reduction by an ipsilateral elicitor that was four times larger than that found in the second study using a contralateral elicitor. Yasin et al. (2014) estimated cochlear gain reduction using the fixed-duration masking curve (FDMC) method, which is similar to the TMC method used in Chapter 3. In Chapter 4, the FDMC method was used to estimate the amount of gain reduction caused by a long ipsilateral elicitor, like the one used by Yasin et al. (2014). This was compared to the amount of gain reduction caused by a much shorter ipsilateral elicitor, which was presented at a level that produced the same amount of masking of the signal as the long elicitor, but was too short to have activated the MOCR in time to affect the signal detectability. The long and short elicitors both caused large psychophysical effects, indicating either that the MOCR acts more quickly than previously thought, or that the effect was not due to MOCR-induced cochlear gain reduction. OAE suppression was also found for both the long and short elicitors. It is argued that both the OAE and psychophysical effects of the short and long elicitors may, at least in part, be the result of nonlinear interactions between the elicitor and the masker resulting from direct temporal overlap of their cochlear responses. This thesis provides evidence against the idea that MOCR-induced cochlear-gain reduction plays a major role in either overshoot or in a recently reported large psychophysical masking effect by an ipsilateral noise, both of which have previously been attributed to the MOCR. This thesis has also contributed towards the refinement of an approach for quantitatively measuring cochlear gain and MOCR-induced cochlear gain reduction by a contralateral noise. In future, this approach could become a valuable audiometric profiling tool, and may give insight into the individual differences that underlie hearing problems in audiometrically normal listeners. Parametric exploration of the MOCR using this approach may also allow the functional importance of the MOCR in humans to be better understood.

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Ahmadi, Seyedeh Mahnaz. "CENTRAL VERSUS MONOTIC MASKING IN NON-SIMULTANEOUS MASKING CONDITIONS". The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1268166584.

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Shepherd, Iain Thomas. "The early development of the tectal efferent projection in the chick". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359514.

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Hill, Jennifer Clare. "The relationship between auditory efferent function and frequency selectivity in man". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313735.

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Mahmood, Sally L. "The effect of the menstrual cycle on evoked otoacoustic efferent suppression". College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8148.

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Thesis (Au.D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Hearing and Speech Sciences. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Efferent"

H, Nodar Richard, e Musiek Frank E, a cura di. Efferent auditory system: Structure and function. San Diego: Singular Publishing Group, 1997.

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Clara, Matesz, a cura di. The efferent system of cranial nerve nuclei: A comparative neuromorphological study. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1993.

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Székely, George, e Clara Matesz. The Efferent System of Cranial Nerve Nuclei: A Comparative Neuromorphological Study. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77938-1.

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Ryugo, David K. Auditory and vestibular efferents. New York: Springer, 2011.

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Fleissner, Günther. Efferent control of visual sensitivity in arthropod eyes: With emphasis on circadian rhythms. Stuttgart: G. Fischer Verlag, 1988.

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Shintai tekiō: Hokō undō no shinkei kikō to shisutemu moderu. Tōkyō: Ōmusha, 2010.

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M, Gelʹfand I., e Orlovskiĭ G. N, a cura di. Cerebellum and rhythmical movements. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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Falk Symposium (103 1997 Freiburg, Germany). Liver and nervous system: Proceedings of the Falk Symposium 103 (Part III of the Liver Week in Freiburg 1997) held in Freiburg, Germany, October 4-5, 1997. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.

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The cognitive neuroscience of action. Oxford, OX: Blackwell, 1997.

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I, Shapovalov A., a cura di. Spinalʹnye mekhanizmy upravlenii͡a︡ myshechnym sokrashcheniem. Moskva: "Nauka", 1985.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Efferent"

Bigbee, John. "Efferent". In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1272–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_314.

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Bigbee, John. "Efferent". In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 929. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_314.

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Bigbee, John. "Efferent". In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_314-3.

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Inai, Kei, Alexander K. C. Leung, Jouni Uitto, Gerhard-Paul Diller, Michael A. Gatzoulis, John-John B. Schnog, Victor E. A. Gerdes et al. "Efferent Loop Syndrome". In Encyclopedia of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, 565. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_6607.

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Ubiali, Thalita, e Maria Francisca Colella-Santos. "Auditory Efferent System". In Advances in Audiology and Hearing Science, 109–23. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. | Contents: Volume 1. Clinical protocols and hearing devices.: Apple Academic Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429292590-4.

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Roberts, Barry L., e Gloria E. Meredith. "The Efferent System". In The Mechanosensory Lateral Line, 445–59. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3560-6_22.

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Ryugo, David K. "Introduction to Efferent Systems". In Auditory and Vestibular Efferents, 1–15. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7070-1_1.

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Holt, Joseph C., Anna Lysakowski e Jay M. Goldberg. "The Efferent Vestibular System". In Auditory and Vestibular Efferents, 135–86. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7070-1_6.

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Gautam, Akash. "Afferent and Efferent Impulses". In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1255-1.

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Robertson, Donald, e Wilhelmina H. A. M. Mulders. "Central Effects of Efferent Activation". In Auditory and Vestibular Efferents, 291–312. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7070-1_10.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Efferent"

Cooper, Nigel P., John J. Guinan, Christopher A. Shera e Elizabeth S. Olson. "Efferent Insights into Cochlear Mechanics". In WHAT FIRE IS IN MINE EARS: PROGRESS IN AUDITORY BIOMECHANICS: Proceedings of the 11th International Mechanics of Hearing Workshop. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3658118.

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Holmes, W. Harvey, e Matthew R. Flax. "Efferent feedback can explain many hearing phenomena". In MECHANICS OF HEARING: PROTEIN TO PERCEPTION: Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on the Mechanics of Hearing. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4939425.

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Mountain, David C., Christopher A. Shera e Elizabeth S. Olson. "Medial Cochlear Efferent Function: A Theoretical Analysis". In WHAT FIRE IS IN MINE EARS: PROGRESS IN AUDITORY BIOMECHANICS: Proceedings of the 11th International Mechanics of Hearing Workshop. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3658092.

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Sioulas, A., K. Papadaki, G. Tzimas e I. Scotiniotis. "DOUBLE PIGTAIL STENT INSERTION FOR EFFERENT LOOP SYNDROME". In ESGE Days 2019. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1681915.

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GUINAN, J. J., e N. P. COOPER. "FAST EFFECTS OF EFFERENT STIMULATION ON BASILAR MEMBRANE MOTION". In Proceedings of the International Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812704931_0035.

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Rui Zhou, Ning Jiang, K. B. Englehart e P. A. Parker. "Simulation and classification of the efferent activity in brachial nerves". In 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2009.5332707.

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COOPER, N. P., e J. J. GUINAN. "MEDIAL OLIVOCOCHLEAR EFFERENT EFFECTS ON BASILAR MEMBRANE RESPONSES TO SOUND". In Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812773456_0011.

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Grataloup, C., M. Hoen, F. Pellegrino, E. Veuillet, L. Collet e Fanny Meunier. "Reversed speech comprehension depends on the auditory efferent system functionality". In Interspeech 2005. ISCA: ISCA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2005-294.

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AVAN, P., e B. BÜKI. "EFFERENT REFLEX ASSESSMENT WITH OTOACOUSTIC EMISSIONS: UNAMBIGUOUS SEPARATION FROM MIDDLE-EAR EFFECTS". In Proceedings of the International Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812793980_0053.

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Petrini, Francesco Maria, Stanisa Raspopovic, Marco Bonizzato, Federica Giambattistelli, Loredana Zollo, Eugenio Guglielmelli e Silvestro Micera. "Efferent microneurography recordings: A tool for motor control study and hand-prosthesis decoding". In 2013 6th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ner.2013.6695952.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Efferent"

Marsh, Loyal. The ductuli efferentes in Macaca mulatta : electron microscopic evaluation of changes after vasectomy. Portland State University Library, gennaio 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.3055.

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