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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Emission de particule"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 3 maggio 2025

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Emission de particule"

Jasiński, Remigiusz. "Analysis of Particle Emissions from a Jet Engine including Conditions of Afterburner Use". Energies 15, n. 20 (18 ottobre 2022): 7696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207696.

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Particle emissions from aircraft engines are mainly related to the emission of particles with very small diameters. The phenomena of the formation of particles in various operating conditions of turbine engines are known. However, it is difficult to find the results of research on the use of the afterburner in the literature. Increased aviation activity within military airports and situations such as air shows are associated with a very intense emission of particles, and pose a direct threat to human health. This article presents an analysis of particulate matter emissions from a military aircraft engine, with particular emphasis on operation with an afterburner. The parameters of the emission of particles determined were: PM Number Emissions Index (EIN), Particle Number Emissions Intensity (EN), PM Mass Emission Index (EIM), PM Mass Emission Intensity (EM), Differential Particle Number Emission Index, Differential Particle Volume Emission Index, and Differential Particle Mass Emission Index. The value of EIN for the afterburner use was the lowest among the whole operation range of the engine and was equal to 1.3 × 1015 particles per kilogram. The use of an afterburner resulted in a sharp increase in the EIM coefficient, which reached 670 mg/kg. Despite a very large increase in fuel consumption, the EIM coefficient turned out to be over 60 times greater than in the case of 100% engine thrust.

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Karjalainen, Panu, Hilkka Timonen, Erkka Saukko, Heino Kuuluvainen, Sanna Saarikoski, Päivi Aakko-Saksa, Timo Murtonen et al. "Time-resolved characterization of primary particle emissions and secondary particle formation from a modern gasoline passenger car". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, n. 13 (14 luglio 2016): 8559–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8559-2016.

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Abstract. Changes in vehicle emission reduction technologies significantly affect traffic-related emissions in urban areas. In many densely populated areas the amount of traffic is increasing, keeping the emission level high or even increasing. To understand the health effects of traffic-related emissions, both primary (direct) particulate emission and secondary particle formation (from gaseous precursors in the exhaust emissions) need to be characterized. In this study, we used a comprehensive set of measurements to characterize both primary and secondary particulate emissions of a Euro 5 level gasoline passenger car. Our aerosol particle study covers the whole process chain in emission formation, from the tailpipe to the atmosphere, and also takes into account differences in driving patterns. We observed that, in mass terms, the amount of secondary particles was 13 times higher than the amount of primary particles. The formation, composition, number and mass of secondary particles was significantly affected by driving patterns and engine conditions. The highest gaseous and particulate emissions were observed at the beginning of the test cycle when the performance of the engine and the catalyst was below optimal. The key parameter for secondary particle formation was the amount of gaseous hydrocarbons in primary emissions; however, also the primary particle population had an influence.

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Feißel, Toni, Florian Büchner, Miles Kunze, Jonas Rost, Valentin Ivanov, Klaus Augsburg, David Hesse e Sebastian Gramstat. "Methodology for Virtual Prediction of Vehicle-Related Particle Emissions and Their Influence on Ambient PM10 in an Urban Environment". Atmosphere 13, n. 11 (18 novembre 2022): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111924.

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As a result of rising environmental awareness, vehicle-related emissions such as particulate matter are subject to increasing criticism. The air pollution in urban areas is especially linked to health risks. The connection between vehicle-related particle emissions and ambient air quality is highly complex. Therefore, a methodology is presented to evaluate the influence of different vehicle-related sources such as exhaust particles, brake wear and tire and road wear particles (TRWP) on ambient particulate matter (PM). In a first step, particle measurements were conducted based on field trials with an instrumented vehicle to determine the main influence parameters for each emission source. Afterwards, a simplified approach for a qualitative prediction of vehicle-related particle emissions is derived. In a next step, a virtual inner-city scenario is set up. This includes a vehicle simulation environment for predicting the local emission hot spots as well as a computational fluid dynamics model (CFD) to account for particle dispersion in the environment. This methodology allows for the investigation of emissions pathways from the point of generation up to the point of their emission potential.

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Wang, Xinning, Yin Shen, Yanfen Lin, Jun Pan, Yan Zhang, Peter K. K. Louie, Mei Li e Qingyan Fu. "Atmospheric pollution from ships and its impact on local air quality at a port site in Shanghai". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, n. 9 (14 maggio 2019): 6315–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6315-2019.

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Abstract. Growing shipping activities in port areas have generated negative impacts on climate, air quality and human health. To better evaluate the environmental impact of ship emissions, an experimental characterization of air pollution from ships was conducted in Shanghai Port in the summer of 2016. The ambient concentrations of gaseous NO, NO2, SO2 and O3 in addition to fine particulate matter concentrations (PM2.5), particle size distributions and the chemical composition of individual particles from ship emission were continuously monitored for 3 months. Ship emission plumes were visible at the port site in terms of clear peaks in the gaseous species and particulate matter concentrations. The SO2 and vanadium particle numbers were found to correlate best with ship emissions in Shanghai Port. Single-particle data showed that ship emission particles at the port site mainly concentrated in a smaller size range (<0.4 µm), where their number contributions were more important than their mass contributions to ambient particulate matter. The composition of ship emission particles at the port site suggested that they were mostly freshly emitted particles: their mass spectra were dominated by peaks of sulfate, elemental carbon (EC), and trace metals such as V, Ni, Fe and Ca, in addition to displaying very low nitrate signals. The gaseous NOx composition in some cases of plumes showed evidence of atmospheric transformation by ambient O3, which subsequently resulted in O3 depletion in the area. Quantitative estimations in this study showed that ship emissions contributed 36.4 % to SO2, 0.7 % to NO, 5.1 % to NO2, −0.9 % to O3, 5.9 % to PM2.5 and 49.5 % to vanadium particles in the port region if land-based emissions were included, and 57.2 % to SO2, 71.9 % to NO, 30.4 % to NO2, −16.6 % to O3, 27.6 % to PM2.5 and 77.0 % to vanadium particles if land-based emissions were excluded.

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Karjalainen, P., H. Timonen, E. Saukko, H. Kuuluvainen, S. Saarikoski, P. Aakko-Saksa, T. Murtonen et al. "Time-resolved characterization of primary and secondary particle emissions of a modern gasoline passenger car". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, n. 22 (25 novembre 2015): 33253–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-33253-2015.

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Abstract. Changes in traffic systems and vehicle emission reduction technologies significantly affect traffic-related emissions in urban areas. In many densely populated areas the amount of traffic is increasing, keeping the emission level high or even increasing. To understand the health effects of traffic related emissions, both primary and secondary particles that are formed in the atmosphere from gaseous exhaust emissions need to be characterized. In this study we used a comprehensive set of measurements to characterize both primary and secondary particulate emissions of a modern gasoline passenger car. Our aerosol particle study covers the whole process chain in emission formation, from the engine to the atmosphere, and takes into account also differences in driving patterns. We observed that in mass terms, the amount of secondary particles was 13 times higher than the amount of primary particles. The formation, composition, number, and mass of secondary particles was significantly affected by driving patterns and engine conditions. The highest gaseous and particulate emissions were observed at the beginning of the test cycle when the performance of the engine and the catalyst was below optimal. The key parameter for secondary particle formation was the amount of gaseous hydrocarbons in primary emissions; however, also the primary particle population had an influence. Thus, in order to enhance human health and wellbeing in urban areas, our study strongly indicates that in future legislation, special attention should be directed into the reduction of gaseous hydrocarbons.

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Gomes Nogueira, Ana Paula, Davide Carlevaris, Cinzia Menapace e Giovanni Straffelini. "Tribological and Emission Behavior of Novel Friction Materials". Atmosphere 11, n. 10 (30 settembre 2020): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11101050.

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The tribological behavior and the related airborne particles emission of three copper-free automotive friction materials are investigated. The tests were conducted using a pin-on-disc tribometer equipped with a specifically designed clean-enclosure chamber for the emission measurement. Particle number concentration from particle size 0.3 µm up to 10 µm and the mass of emitted particles between 1 µm to 10 µm were measured. Particular emphasis was given to the chemical composition of the bulk materials, the friction layers and the emissions, in order to explain the acting wear mechanisms, and the recorded emission of airborne particles. The results indicate that the recorded emissions do not correlate with the friction coefficient and the wear rates, since the wear mechanisms exert a different influence on the tribological and emission behavior of the materials under study.

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Lou, Diming, Guokang Lou, Bo Wang, Liang Fang e Yunhua Zhang. "Effect of LP-EGR on the Emission Characteristics of GDI Engine". Machines 10, n. 1 (22 dicembre 2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10010007.

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Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) can improve the fuel economy of gasoline direct-injection (GDI) engines, but at the same time it will have a significant impact on emissions. In this paper, the effects of low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation (LP-EGR) and its rate on the main gaseous and particulate emission characteristic of a GDI engine were investigated. The results showed that the particle size distribution of the GDI engine presented bimodal peaks in nucleation and accumulation mode, and the nucleation mode particles comprised the vast majority of the total particles. The effect of LP-EGR on emissions depended on the engine conditions. At low and medium speed, the particle emissions increased with the increase in the EGR rate, while at high speed, a reduction in the particle emission was observed. When the engine operated in full load condition, an increase in the EGR rate reduced the particle number (PN) concentration significantly, but increased the particle mass (PM) concentration. In terms of the gaseous emission, the EGR could reduce as much as 80% of the NOx emission; however, the total hydrocarbons (THC) emission presented an increased trend, and the maximum increase reached 23.5%. At low and medium loads, the EGR could reduce the CO emission, but at high load, the CO emission worsened with the EGR.

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Josephson, Alexander J., Daniel Castaño, Marlin J. Holmes e Rodman R. Linn. "Simulation Comparisons of Particulate Emissions from Fires under Marginal and Critical Conditions". Atmosphere 10, n. 11 (13 novembre 2019): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10110704.

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Using a particulate emissions model developed for FIRETEC, we explore differences in particle emission profiles between high-intensity fires under critical conditions and low-intensity fires under marginal conditions. Simulations were performed in a chaparral shrubland and a coniferous pine forest representative of the southeast United States. In each case, simulations were carried out under marginal and critical fire conditions. Marginal fire conditions include high moisture levels and low winds, often desired for prescribed fires as these conditions produce a low-intensity burn with slower spread rates. Critical fire conditions include low moisture levels and high winds, which easily lead to uncontrollable wildfires which produce a high-intensity burn with faster spread rates. These simulations’ resultant particle emission profiles show critical fire conditions generate larger particle emission factors, higher total mass emissions, and a higher lofting potential of particles into the atmosphere when compared against marginal fire conditions but similar particle size distrubtions. In addition, a sensitivity analysis of the emissions model was performed to evaluate key parameters which govern particle emission factor and particle size.

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Bai, Fengyue, Chong Wang, Hongyuan Wei, Lin Zhang e Xiaowei Wang. "Study on particulate matter emission characteristics and its influencing factors of a drum brake". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2963, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2025): 012024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2963/1/012024.

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Abstract The particle emission characteristics of a drum brake under different braking cycles and braking conditions are studied based on the inertia test bench, brake sealing chamber, and particle test equipment. The results show that a large number of particles are generated during the braking process, and the number of solid particles at a nominal particle size of approximately 10 nm electrical mobility diameter and larger (SPN10) emission factor can reach 8.927×109 #/km under different braking cycles. With the increase of initial braking speed, initial braking temperature, and vehicle load, the brake wear particulate generated in the braking process increases. The total brake wear particulate number emission has a quadratic function relationship with the initial braking speed and a linear relationship with the initial braking temperature. Brake deceleration has little effect on total brake wear particulate number emissions produced in one brake process.

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Hamatschek, Christopher, Klaus Augsburg, David Schobel, Sebastian Gramstat, Anton Stich, Florian Gulden e David Hesse. "Comparative Study on the Friction Behaviour and the Particle Formation Process between a Laser Cladded Brake Disc and a Conventional Grey Cast Iron Disc". Metals 13, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2023): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13020300.

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Brake-wear particle emissions are the result of the components of a friction brake being in tribological contact, and they are classified as non-exhaust emissions. Since most of the emitted particles belong to the size classes of particulate matter (≤10 μm) and differ significantly in terms of their physico-chemical properties from automotive exhaust emissions, this source is of particular relevance to human health and, therefore, the focus of scientific studies. Previous studies have shown that coated brake discs offer significant wear and emission reduction potential. Nevertheless, no studies are available that describe the specific particle formation process, the contact conditions, the structure of the friction layer and the differences compared to conventional grey cast iron discs. The aim of this study is to describe those differences. For this purpose, the tribological behaviour, the structure of the friction layer and the associated particle dynamics within the friction contact between a laser cladding coated disc and a conventional grey cast iron disc are compared. The required investigations are carried out both ex situ (stationary) and in situ (dynamic). Parallel to the tribological investigations, the particle emission behaviour is determined on an inertia dynamometer using a constant volume sampling system (CVS) and equipment for particle number and particle size distribution measurement. The results show that, for two different brake pads, the laser cladding brake disc has lower wear and less particulate emissions than the grey cast iron brake disc. The wear behaviour of the coating varies significantly for the two brake pads. By contrast, the grey cast iron brake disc shows a significantly lower influence.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Emission de particule"

Ems, Matthieu. "Emission et visualisation de particules de frein : Application sur un banc de freinage à échelle réduite intégrant des conditions d’écoulement représentatives". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Valenciennes, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 2025. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/b30c690c-13f6-4cc8-a488-d7e5afdbe1e7.

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Réduire les émissions de particules, notamment les PM10, les PM2.5 et les ultrafines (<100nm) est devenu un enjeu environnemental et de santé publique. Leur dispersion dans l'environnement proche au cours du freinage à friction est liée, d'une part, aux sollicitations thermomécaniques à l'interface garniture – disque, et d'autre part, à l'encombrement sous véhicule qui va influencer leur trajectoire initiale. Cette thèse fait partie du projet BREAQ visant à réduire l'exposition aux particules fines issues du freinage ferroviaire. Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire s'intéressent plus particulièrement à relier la production de particules aux paramètres thermomécaniques dans le contact d'un frein à disque et à évaluer leur trajectoire par une technique de visualisation. Un banc d'essai de freinage à échelle réduite est dimensionné de sorte à conserver une équivalence sur la densité de flux thermique dissipée et est intégré dans une soufflerie pour émuler le déplacement d'un train. Les conditions d'écoulement d'air sont combinées à celles de freinages afin d’être représentatives de trajets urbains réels. Les particules de différentes tailles sont quantifiées par des compteurs et spectromètres en temps réel, en fonction des paramètres de freinage et d’écoulement. Les données montrent une influence des conditions tribologiques sur le profil des émissions. Les résultats mettent en évidence des phases d'émission de particules (mise en contact, maintien de l’effort, retrait). Une analyse PIV (Particule Imaging Velocimetry), habituellement utilisée pour calculer le champ de vitesse d’un fluide ensemencé, est adaptée à notre étude pour estimer la dispersion des particules proche du système de freinage. Les champs de vitesse estimés des particules sont en cohérence avec les mesures des compteurs. L’analyse PIV a permis de proposer un indicateur de présence, temporel et spatial des particules émises, au cours des différentes phases d'un freinage
Reducing particulate emissions, particularly PM10, PM2.5, and ultrafine particles, has become a critical environmental and public health issue. Their dispersion in the nearby environment during friction braking is linked, on one hand, to the thermomechanical stresses at the pad-disc interface, and on the other hand, to the under-vehicle clearance, which affects their initial trajectory. This thesis is part of the BREAQ project, aimed at reducing exposure to fine particles generated by railway braking. The work presented in this dissertation specifically focuses on correlating particle production with thermomechanical parameters in the contact of a disc brake and evaluating their trajectory through visualization techniques. A scaled-down braking test bench was designed to maintain equivalency in dissipated heat flux density and was integrated into a wind tunnel to simulate train movement. Airflow conditions were combined with braking conditions to accurately represent real urban journeys. Particles of various sizes were quantified in real-time using counters and spectrometers, based on braking and airflow parameters. The data show that tribological conditions influence the emission profile. The results highlight phases of particle emission (contact initiation, force maintenance, release). A Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV) analysis, usually employed to calculate the velocity field of a seeded fluid, was adapted to estimate the dispersion of particles near the braking system. The estimated particle velocity fields are consistent with counter measurements. The PIV analysis enabled the proposal of a temporal and spatial presence indicator of emitted particles during different braking phases

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Fraboulet, David. "Emission cyclotronique ionique dans les plasmas de Tokamak". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10127.

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La detection des produits de fusion (3. 5mev) sera d'importance majeure pour la realisation d'une decharge continue dans les reacteurs de fusion thermonucleaire. Du fait de leur giration cyclotronique, les particules emettent dans la bande radiofrequence rf: 10-500mhz. Notre but est de determiner dans quelle mesure la detection du rayonnement rf issu d'un plasma de reacteur peut renseigner sur ces produits de fusion. Experimentalement, nous avons montre que le rayonnement rf emis par des particules rapides situees au centre de la decharge est detectable. Nous proposons ensuite deux modeles complementaires de cette emission. Le premier procede d'une description locale des echanges d'energie entre les photons et le plasma. Les particules ne sont pas les seules a intervenir et la prise en compte de toutes les especes du plasma est necessaire. Il apparait neanmoins que le diagnostic de la fonction de distribution des particules est possible dans une bande de frequence situee au voisinage des trois premiers harmoniques cyclotroniques et a condition de selectionner les modes de faible k#. Dans ce premier modele, la description des modes est realisee en supposant que l'onde est localement plane. Cette hypothese condamne la possibilite de decrire la propagation des photons dans certaines regions singulieres ou le vecteur d'onde ne peut plus etre defini. En pareil cas, l'ecriture d'une equation de continuite sur l'energie necessite la connaissance du champ electrique, et implique la resolution complete des equations de champ. Notre seconde modelisation realise numeriquement la resolution du systeme maxwell-vlasov a partir d'une formulation variationnelle. Une fois le champ calcule, la mesure de correlation entre plusieurs sondes donne acces a la densite de particules. Pour finir nous proposons ume experience pour demontrer la faisabilite d'un diagnostic fournissant la densite centrale de particules dans un reacteur

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BONNAZ, RAPHAËL. "Désintégration des systèmes hadroniques dans des modèles de quarks constituants". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10099.

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Cette etude porte sur la desintegration de mesons dans des modeles de quarks constituants. Ces derniers sont presentes ainsi que les differents potentiels d'interaction qq employes. La desintegration forte d'un meson en deux ou trois mesons fait l'objet de la seconde partie. Le modele 3p 0 original est presente ainsi que la recherche d'une fonction de vertex (p) dependant de l'impulsion de la paire qq creee. On montre qu'une fonction (p) de type constante + gaussienne se revele superieure a la constante utilisee habituellement. La deuxieme partie est consacree aux transitions electromagnetiques etudiees a travers l'emission d'un photon reel ou virtuel. Dans le cadre de l'emission d'un photon reel les approximations rencontrees dans la litterature sont passees en revue puis comparees a un formalisme depassant l'approximation des grandes longueurs d'ondes. Des angles de melange sont testes pour certains mesons. Pour les photons virtuels, l'expression de la largeur obtenue par vanroyen et weisskopf est redemontree puis etendue en prenant compte la distribution des impulsions des quarks au sein du meson. Un habillage electromagnetique est ajoute aux quarks aboutissant a une amelioration des resultats. Tout au long de cette etude, des fonctions d'onde de divers degres de sophistication sont utilisees. Les resultats de largeurs de desintegration sont compares avec un large eventail de donnees experimentales.

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Wang, Lina. "Quantification of particle emission characteristics and development of an emission model for use in transport microenvironments affected by traffic emissions". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/46912/1/Lina_Wang_Thesis.pdf.

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Vehicle emitted particles are of significant concern based on their potential to influence local air quality and human health. Transport microenvironments usually contain higher vehicle emission concentrations compared to other environments, and people spend a substantial amount of time in these microenvironments when commuting. Currently there is limited scientific knowledge on particle concentration, passenger exposure and the distribution of vehicle emissions in transport microenvironments, partially due to the fact that the instrumentation required to conduct such measurements is not available in many research centres. Information on passenger waiting time and location in such microenvironments has also not been investigated, which makes it difficult to evaluate a passenger’s spatial-temporal exposure to vehicle emissions. Furthermore, current emission models are incapable of rapidly predicting emission distribution, given the complexity of variations in emission rates that result from changes in driving conditions, as well as the time spent in driving condition within the transport microenvironment. In order to address these scientific gaps in knowledge, this work conducted, for the first time, a comprehensive statistical analysis of experimental data, along with multi-parameter assessment, exposure evaluation and comparison, and emission model development and application, in relation to traffic interrupted transport microenvironments. The work aimed to quantify and characterise particle emissions and human exposure in the transport microenvironments, with bus stations and a pedestrian crossing identified as suitable research locations representing a typical transport microenvironment. Firstly, two bus stations in Brisbane, Australia, with different designs, were selected to conduct measurements of particle number size distributions, particle number and PM2.5 concentrations during two different seasons. Simultaneous traffic and meteorological parameters were also monitored, aiming to quantify particle characteristics and investigate the impact of bus flow rate, station design and meteorological conditions on particle characteristics at stations. The results showed higher concentrations of PN20-30 at the station situated in an open area (open station), which is likely to be attributed to the lower average daily temperature compared to the station with a canyon structure (canyon station). During precipitation events, it was found that particle number concentration in the size range 25-250 nm decreased greatly, and that the average daily reduction in PM2.5 concentration on rainy days compared to fine days was 44.2 % and 22.6 % at the open and canyon station, respectively. The effect of ambient wind speeds on particle number concentrations was also examined, and no relationship was found between particle number concentration and wind speed for the entire measurement period. In addition, 33 pairs of average half-hourly PN7-3000 concentrations were calculated and identified at the two stations, during the same time of a day, and with the same ambient wind speeds and precipitation conditions. The results of a paired t-test showed that the average half-hourly PN7-3000 concentrations at the two stations were not significantly different at the 5% confidence level (t = 0.06, p = 0.96), which indicates that the different station designs were not a crucial factor for influencing PN7-3000 concentrations. A further assessment of passenger exposure to bus emissions on a platform was evaluated at another bus station in Brisbane, Australia. The sampling was conducted over seven weekdays to investigate spatial-temporal variations in size-fractionated particle number and PM2.5 concentrations, as well as human exposure on the platform. For the whole day, the average PN13-800 concentration was 1.3 x 104 and 1.0 x 104 particle/cm3 at the centre and end of the platform, respectively, of which PN50-100 accounted for the largest proportion to the total count. Furthermore, the contribution of exposure at the bus station to the overall daily exposure was assessed using two assumed scenarios of a school student and an office worker. It was found that, although the daily time fraction (the percentage of time spend at a location in a whole day) at the station was only 0.8 %, the daily exposure fractions (the percentage of exposures at a location accounting for the daily exposure) at the station were 2.7% and 2.8 % for exposure to PN13-800 and 2.7% and 3.5% for exposure to PM2.5 for the school student and the office worker, respectively. A new parameter, “exposure intensity” (the ratio of daily exposure fraction and the daily time fraction) was also defined and calculated at the station, with values of 3.3 and 3.4 for exposure to PN13-880, and 3.3 and 4.2 for exposure to PM2.5, for the school student and the office worker, respectively. In order to quantify the enhanced emissions at critical locations and define the emission distribution in further dispersion models for traffic interrupted transport microenvironments, a composite line source emission (CLSE) model was developed to specifically quantify exposure levels and describe the spatial variability of vehicle emissions in traffic interrupted microenvironments. This model took into account the complexity of vehicle movements in the queue, as well as different emission rates relevant to various driving conditions (cruise, decelerate, idle and accelerate), and it utilised multi-representative segments to capture the accurate emission distribution for real vehicle flow. This model does not only helped to quantify the enhanced emissions at critical locations, but it also helped to define the emission source distribution of the disrupted steady flow for further dispersion modelling. The model then was applied to estimate particle number emissions at a bidirectional bus station used by diesel and compressed natural gas fuelled buses. It was found that the acceleration distance was of critical importance when estimating particle number emission, since the highest emissions occurred in sections where most of the buses were accelerating and no significant increases were observed at locations where they idled. It was also shown that emissions at the front end of the platform were 43 times greater than at the rear of the platform. The CLSE model was also applied at a signalled pedestrian crossing, in order to assess increased particle number emissions from motor vehicles when forced to stop and accelerate from rest. The CLSE model was used to calculate the total emissions produced by a specific number and mix of light petrol cars and diesel passenger buses including 1 car travelling in 1 direction (/1 direction), 14 cars / 1 direction, 1 bus / 1 direction, 28 cars / 2 directions, 24 cars and 2 buses / 2 directions, and 20 cars and 4 buses / 2 directions. It was found that the total emissions produced during stopping on a red signal were significantly higher than when the traffic moved at a steady speed. Overall, total emissions due to the interruption of the traffic increased by a factor of 13, 11, 45, 11, 41, and 43 for the above 6 cases, respectively. In summary, this PhD thesis presents the results of a comprehensive study on particle number and mass concentration, together with particle size distribution, in a bus station transport microenvironment, influenced by bus flow rates, meteorological conditions and station design. Passenger spatial-temporal exposure to bus emitted particles was also assessed according to waiting time and location along the platform, as well as the contribution of exposure at the bus station to overall daily exposure. Due to the complexity of the interrupted traffic flow within the transport microenvironments, a unique CLSE model was also developed, which is capable of quantifying emission levels at critical locations within the transport microenvironment, for the purpose of evaluating passenger exposure and conducting simulations of vehicle emission dispersion. The application of the CLSE model at a pedestrian crossing also proved its applicability and simplicity for use in a real-world transport microenvironment.

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Brenac, Ariel. "Développements instrumentaux pour la photoémission inverse". Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10010.

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Canon a electron fournissant un faisceau dans la gamme 5 ev-50 ev: resolution en vecteur d'onde de 0,2 a**(-1), courant maximal de 25 microamperes a 20 ev. Les spectres de photoemission inverse resolue angulairement presentent des effets angulaires a 30 ev. A 10 ev les effets angulaires devraient etre plus marques mais de faible rendement du spectrometre a cette energie rend les experiences difficiles. Caracterisation de nouvelles sources d'electrons: electrons emis par effet du champ par une cathode comprenant un grand nombre de micropointes. Ces cathodes fonctionnent a basse temperature. Description du spectrometre uv du vide et de la multidetection des photons

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Nord, Kent. "Particles and unregulated emissions from CI engines subjected to emission control /". Luleå : Luleå University of Technology, 2005. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2005/09.

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Aloupogiannis, Panagiotis. "Etude theorique et experimentale des effets de matrice en analyse par emission de rayons x induite par particules chargees (pixe) : etablissement d'une nouvelle methode de correction dite des "parametres alpha"". Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077002.

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Ding, Yijun, e Yijun Ding. "Charged-Particle Emission Tomography". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621830.

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Conventional charged-particle imaging techniques--such as autoradiography--provide only two-dimensional (2D) images of thin tissue slices. To get volumetric information, images of multiple thin slices are stacked. This process is time consuming and prone to distortions, as registration of 2D images is required. We propose a direct three-dimensional (3D) autoradiography technique, which we call charged-particle emission tomography (CPET). This 3D imaging technique enables imaging of thick sections, thus increasing laboratory throughput and eliminating distortions due to registration. In CPET, molecules or cells of interest are labeled so that they emit charged particles without significant alteration of their biological function. Therefore, by imaging the source of the charged particles, one can gain information about the distribution of the molecules or cells of interest. Two special case of CPET include beta emission tomography (BET) and alpha emission tomography (𝛼ET), where the charged particles employed are fast electrons and alpha particles, respectively. A crucial component of CPET is the charged-particle detector. Conventional charged-particle detectors are sensitive only to the 2-D positions of the detected particles. We propose a new detector concept, which we call particle-processing detector (PPD). A PPD measures attributes of each detected particle, including location, direction of propagation, and/or the energy deposited in the detector. Reconstruction algorithms for CPET are developed, and reconstruction results from simulated data are presented for both BET and 𝛼ET. The results show that, in addition to position, direction and energy provide valuable information for 3D reconstruction of CPET. Several designs of particle-processing detectors are described. Experimental results for one detector are discussed. With appropriate detector design and careful data analysis, it is possible to measure direction and energy, as well as position of each detected particle. The null functions of CPET with PPDs that measure different combinations of attributes are calculated through singular-value decomposition. In general, the more particle attributes are measured from each detection event, the smaller the null space of CPET is. In other words, the higher dimension the data space is, the more information about an object can be recovered from CPET.

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Rojas, Néstor Y. "Diesel exhaust system influences on transient particulate emissions and particle size distribution". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2001. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2292/.

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The behaviour of particulate matter emissions from a Ford XLD 4T, passengercar diesel engine through a practical exhaust system in place was investigated during transient conditions, namely cold start and fast acceleration. Particulate emissions were measured at four sampling points through the exhaust system and the changes in particulate total mass concentration, total number concentration, particle size distribution and Carbon/SOF fractions were determined for various engine operating conditions. Each cold start test consisted of a step-change cold-start with fast acceleration, reaching one of the following target operation conditions: Idle, 1500rpm - 15kW, 2250rpm - 15kW, 2250rpm-35kW and 3500rpm - 15kW. Two preconditioning procedures were designed to provide repeatable cold start tests. These consisted of a) Idle operation for 4 hours the day before the test, followed by overnight soak; and b)10 minutes at high engine speed operation. Fast acceleration tests consisted of idle preconditioning followed by a step change to the target operation conditions. The particulate matter changes through the exhaust system were shown to be dependent on the previous operational history of the engine, idle conditions being effective at forming particle deposits. The amount of particulate deposited or blown out from the exhaust system constituted a significant fraction of the total engine exhaust emissions in a significant number of cold start and acceleration tests. The changes in particle concentration did not occur throughout the system in the same fashion. The catalyst produced predominantly particle number and mass reduction and the second silencer was a more efficient particle collector than the first silencer. From the first silencer, particles were resuspended more easily and in many more cases. Regarding the chemical composition, high-load conditions produced lower Solvent Organic Fraction (SOF) than their low load counterpart. However, the SOF did not change significantly through the exhaust system. Part of this work consisted of examining the use of the Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELP1) to estimate particulate mass emissions. It was observed that the ELP1 tended to overestimate the number of particles in the large (>0.1 (im) size range. This greatly affected the conversion from total particle number concentration to particle mass concentration. A correction based on comparison between the electrical and gravimetric methods (ELPI vs. Andersen Impactors) in the common size range for both techniques was proposed. Transient and steady-state tailpipe emission factors, expressed as grams of particulate per unit of engine work in kWh, were calculated from the test results and used to estimate the effect of transients on total cycle emissions in cycles with a different design from those followed in this work. The ELPI proved to be useful, yet limited for particle collection on Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) grids in several size ranges. TEM images of particles were analysed and their fractal dimension determined.

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Johansson, Petter. "Oil-related Particle Emissions from Diesel Engines". Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Maskinkonstruktion, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9287.

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Libri sul tema "Emission de particule"

N, Poenaru D., e Ivașcu M, a cura di. Particle emission from nuclei. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1989.

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1945-, Hasselkamp D., a cura di. Particle induced electron emission II. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992.

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Hasselkamp, Dietmar, Hermann Rothard, Karl-Ontjes Groeneveld, Jürgen Kemmler, Peter Varga e Hannspeter Winter, a cura di. Particle Induced Electron Emission II. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0038297.

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Rösler, Max, Wolfram Brauer, Jacques Devooght, Jean-Claude Dehaes, Alain Dubus, Michel Cailler e Jean-Pierre Ganachaud, a cura di. Particle Induced Electron Emission I. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0041376.

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Rosbury, Keith D. Generalized particle size distribution for use in preparing size specific particulate emission inventories. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, 1986.

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Delion, Doru S. Theory of Particle and Cluster Emission. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14406-6.

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Zilles, Anne. Emission of Radio Waves in Particle Showers. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63411-1.

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Johansson, Sven A. E., 1923-, Campbell John L e Malmqvist Klas G, a cura di. Particle-induced X-ray emission spectrometry (PIXE). New York: Wiley, 1995.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., a cura di. Final technical report on NCC 2-666: Counting particles emitted by stratospheric aircraft and measuring size of particles emitted by stratospheric aircraft, report covering time period 01 May 1990 to 31 December 1992. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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Boger, Thorsten, e Willard Cutler. Reducing Particulate Emissions in Gasoline Engines. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/0768094186.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Emission de particule"

Merkisz, Jerzy, e Jacek Pielecha. "Characteristics of Particulate Matter Considering Particle Mass and Particle Number". In Nanoparticle Emissions From Combustion Engines, 9–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15928-7_2.

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Roelof, E. C. "Solar Particle Emission". In Physics of Solar Planetary Environments: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics, June 7-18,1976 Boulder, Colorado, Volume I, 214–31. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/sp007p0214.

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Bikam, Peter Bitta. "Vehicle Management and Emission Control and Maintenance". In Green Economy in the Transport Sector, 51–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86178-0_5.

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AbstractSouth Africa range 15th as the world largest CO2 emitter contributing to 1.2% of global emission. During the Kyoto Protocol of 2014, South Africa pledged to reduce its emission by 34% and 42% in 2020 and 2025 respectively. This study is a combination of literature review from South Africa with particular emphasis on road transport. The focus was on vehicle emission with reference to Limpopo Province to demonstrate how emissions from primarily the use of diesel and petrol as one of the major contributors to CO2 emission in the province are vital for the sustainability debate. The methodology used to illustrate the dangers of vehicular emissions were based on statistical estimates from the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) inventory report from 2000 to 2010. The information used in assessing the vehicle emission standards in Limpopo were obtained from DEA. The findings from literature reviews in general and the results from the field survey from Limpopo Province shed some light on South Africa's vehicle emissions policy issues and standards. Also the analysis focused on the impact of vehicular fleet management and carbon emissions. The article concludes by drilling down to vehicle users, motor vehicle repairs, engine over haulers, used engine collection and disposal with respect to their roles in vehicle emission and control in South Africa.

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Zereini, F., F. Alt, J. Messerschmidt, C. Wiseman, A. von Bohlen, K. Liebl, J. Müller e W. Püttmann. "Palladium in Airborne Particulate Matter: Total Concentrations and Particle Size Distribution". In Palladium Emissions in the Environment, 397–405. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29220-9_26.

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Kouimtzis, Th, e A. I. Zouboulis. "Particulate Emission Control". In Airborne Particulate Matter, 279–335. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49145-3_11.

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Hasselkamp, D. "Kinetic electron emission from solid surfaces under ion bombardment". In Particle Induced Electron Emission II, 1–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0038298.

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Rothard, H., K. O. Groeneveld e J. Kemmler. "Kinetic electron emission from ion penetration of thin foils in relation to the pre-equilibrium of charge distributions". In Particle Induced Electron Emission II, 97–147. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0038299.

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Varga, P., e H. Winter. "Slow particle-induced electron emission from solid surfaces". In Particle Induced Electron Emission II, 149–214. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0038300.

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Merkisz, Jerzy, e Jacek Pielecha. "The Relationship between Particle Mass and Particle Number". In Nanoparticle Emissions From Combustion Engines, 93–108. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15928-7_8.

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Delion, Doru S. "Selfconsistent Emission Theory". In Theory of Particle and Cluster Emission, 223–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14406-6_10.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Emission de particule"

Wang, Tong, Diming Lou, Yinghua Zhao, Yunhua Zhang, Piqiang Tan, Zhiyuan Hu e Liang Fang. "Investigation of Injection Strategy on Combustion and Emission Characteristics in a GDI Engine with a 50 MPa Injection System". In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-2381.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">A DMS500 engine exhaust particle size spectrometer was employed to characterize the effects of injection strategies on particulate emissions from a turbocharged gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine. The effects of operating parameters (injection pressure, secondary injection ratio and secondary injection end time) on particle diameter distribution and particle number density of emission were investigated. The experimental result indicates that the split injection can suppress the knocking tendency at higher engine loads. The combustion is improved, and the fuel consumption is significantly reduced, avoiding the increase in fuel pump energy consumption caused by the 50 MPa fuel injection system, but the delayed injection increases particulate matter emissions. In terms of particulate matter emissions, increasing the excess air ratio, advancing direct fuel injection, increasing fuel injection pressure, and delaying ignition timing will all lead to the reduction of the particulate matter emissions. The emission results also demonstrate that an increase in fuel injection pressure from 35 MPa to 50 MPa significantly reduces the particle number (PN) of all particle size segments, which has a significant effect on reducing the number of accumulated particles, and the PN concentration is reduced by more than 20%. At 1500r/min 15 bar working condition, triple injection strategy with 50MPa injection pressure, the PN is reduced by 41% compared with the base engine, and fuel consumption is increased by 0.8%. The characteristics of gas emissions are mainly to provide guidance for the selection of injection strategy to avoid excessive deterioration of gas emissions while optimizing particulate matter emissions and fuel consumption. The optimal particulate emission characteristic is obtained at the last injection end timing of 90°CA.</div></div>

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Kolbeck, Katharina, Matthias Bernhard, Thomas Schröder, David Hesse e Klaus Augsburg. "Influence of the Run-in Methodology on the Particle Number Emission of Brakes". In EuroBrake 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/9122264eb2021-ebs-003.

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The share of exhaust particles of particulate pollution caused by traffic is declining due to electrification and improved exhaust after treatment. Sources like tire, road and the brake are moving into the socio-political focus. For this reason, the UNECE mandated the Particle Measurement Program (PMP) to investigate brake particle emissions. Their task is to develop a methodology, including a cycle, to measure particulate emissions from vehicle brakes. In addition to the emission measurement cycle, a run-in procedure for the brake is also necessary to ensure a stable friction and emission behavior. The PMP proposes to repeat the WLTP-Brake cycle five times, which is time consuming and has not yet been sufficiently evaluated for its suitability as a run-in procedure. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the influence of different run-in procedures on particle emission. This is done by measuring the particle number concentration of new brakes after different run-in procedures at a test stand with an enclosed constant volume sampling system. The results show that the run-in methodology strongly influences the emission behavior in terms of the stability of the following measurements and the reproducibility.

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Kunze, Miles, Valentin Ivanov e Sebastian Gramstat. "Sensor Cluster for Recording the Spread of Emissions in the Wake of a Vehicle". In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4271/2025-01-8492.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Progressive emission reductions and stricter legislation require a closer look at the emission behaviour of a vehicle, in particular non-exhaust emissions and resuspension. In addition to the analysis of emissions in isolation, it is also necessary to consider the impact of transport routes and dispersion potential. These factors provide insight into the movement of dust particles and, consequently, the identification of particularly vulnerable areas. Measurements using low-cost environmental sensors can increase the level of detail of dispersion analyses and allow a statement on the distribution of emissions in the vehicle's wake, as several measuring points can be covered simultaneously. A newly developed measurement setup allows vehicle emissions to be recorded in a plane behind the vehicle in a measurement area of 2 by 2 metres. The measuring grid consisting of 16 sensors (4x4 grid) can be variably positioned up to 1 metre from the rear of the vehicle. The sensors detect fine dust particles size-selectively (0.3 to 10 μm) in particle number and particle mass concentration, as well as VOC and NOx. The sensors also record air temperature and humidity to be able to establish correlations with the ambient conditions. It is shown that the particle dispersion in the flow wake of the vehicle changes with different driving scenarios. Furthermore, it is shown that the driving speed influences the turbulence potential due to resuspension and thus also the particle dispersion. The results obtained provide information on the particle movements behind a vehicle and thus on critical areas in the vicinity of roads. In this context, the resuspension of particles already deposited on the road surface is also becoming increasingly important.</div></div>

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Brandt, sv, Malte Sandgaard, Georg-Peter Ostermeyer, Sebastian Gramstat, Frank Stebner, Conrad Weigmann, Arno Kwade e Carsten Schilde. "Particle Simulation and Metrological Validation of Brake Emission Dynamics on a Pin-on-Disc Tribotester". In EuroBrake 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/7443155eb2021-stp-013.

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The increasing degree of electrification as well as the optimization of particle based exhaust emissions, which is already being driven forward due to legislation, will direct the focus of fine dust considerations in automotive technology to non-exhaust emissions. In contrast to exhaust emissions, there are currently only a few vehicle-related limit values or uniform standards in measurement technology and the measurement procedure. The area of non-exhaust emissions includes tire abrasion, the turbulence of organic and inorganic road particles, and brake wear. Since, in addition to the material component, the particle size also has a significant influence on the health hazard of the material, particulate emissions from brakes are often directly related to health effects. In comparison to previous measurements, which have mostly been carried out in enclosed and clinical environments, the dynamics of the fine dust emitted from the brake will be investigated using a fully automated tribometer and used as a possibility to validate a DEM simulation. Besides the pure measurement of the emitted particle size distributions during the brake application, conclusions on the agglomeration behaviour of the emission particles in the environment shall be drawn. The aim is to predict the environmental impact and the potential danger of the particles to humans due to the particle size released into the environment. The pin-disc contact between brake pad and brake disc serves as the emission source. A coupled CFD-DEM simulation environment was set up to simulate particle dynamics. Based on a rotating brake disc model, the flow-relevant components of the test bench environment were implemented into the simulation setup. The area around the actual brake contact as well as the environment at the tribometer should be considered. For the metrological validation of the simulation, a swarm of calibrated low-cost sensors as well as a scattered light based particle size measuring device will be set up around the tribometer

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Yoon, Seung Hyun, Jin Woo Hwang, Hyun Kyu Suh e Chang Sik Lee. "Effect of Injection Strategy on the Combustion and Exhaust Emissions Characteristics of Biodiesel-Ethanol Blend in a DI Diesel Engine". In ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2009-76063.

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An experimental investigation was performed on the effect of injection strategy on the combustion, exhaust emissions characteristics and the particle size distribution in a direct-injection (DI) compression ignition engine fueled with biodiesel-ethanol blended fuel. The results obtained from the experiment of the particle distributions for the blended fuel are compared to that of diesel fuel. In addition to the distribution of the particles, exhaust emissions such as oxides of nitrogen (NOx), hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions and combustion characteristics under different engine operating parameters were investigated. The engine operating parameters in terms of injection timing and injection strategy were varied to investigate the combustion and emission reduction of biodiesel and ethanol blended fuel. The results show that multiple injection strategy of biodiesel-ethanol blended is beneficial to reduce NOx emissions significantly without significant increase of soot emission. In multiple injection strategy, as the first injection mass was increased, the larger size particles were increased, however total numbers of particles were reduced. Biodiesel-ethanol blended fuel reduced particle concentration of relatively large size compared to the particles concentration of ULSD. Moreover, dramatically lower NOx and soot emissions were found at the blend fueled with engine at the same injection condition.

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Malafeyev, O. A., S. A. Nemnyugin e G. V. Alferov. "Charged particles beam focusing with uncontrollable changing parameters". In 2014 2nd International Conference on Emission Electronics (ICEE). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/emission.2014.6893964.

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Liscinsky, David S., Zhenhong Yu, Archer Jennings, Jay Peck, Bruce True, Andrew Freedman, Scott C. Herndon e Richard C. Miake-Lye. "Characterization of Aviation Soot Emissions With a High-Pressure Gas Turbine Combustor Rig". In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25226.

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Characterization of particulate matter (PM) emissions from commercial and military aircraft engines is a costly procedure, usually influenced by a number of uncontrollable technical issues such as ambient conditions. In this study we demonstrated that a research sector rig representing an aircraft engine combustor can be used to evaluate PM emissions, such as carbonaceous soot, in a well-controlled manner. PM emissions in terms of mass and number, as well as particle size distribution and optical properties, were characterized and quantified with a variety of state-of-the-art measurement instruments. Compared to previously published measurements on advanced commercial aircraft engines (CFM56-7B22), the measured emission index of black carbon soot was 58±3 mg/kg-fuel at simulated higher power conditions, consistent within 25% of field measurements. Measurements of number emission index were within a factor of 2 and geometric mean diameter was between 25 and 35nm again similar to field measurements on engines. Based on the measurements on particle mass and size, the mass mobility exponent of the soot particles had a lower limit of 2.4 indicating near-sphericity and an average density near 1 g/cm3.

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Gupta, Jai Gopal, Avinash Kumar Agarwal e Suresh K. Aggarwal. "Particulate Emissions From Karanja Biodiesel Fuelled Turbocharged CRDI SUV Engine". In ASME 2014 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2014-5653.

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The use of biodiesel substantially reduces particulate matter (PM), hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, slightly reduces power output; increases fuel consumption and marginally increases oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission in an unmodified common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine. Lower blends of biodiesel demonstrated lower emissions, while easing pressure on scarce petroleum resources, without significantly sacrificing engine power output and fuel economy. However due to adverse health effects of smaller size particulate matter (PM) emitted by internal combustion (IC) engines, most recent emission legislations restrict the PM mass emissions in addition to total particle numbers emitted. It is an overwhelming argument that usage of biodiesel leads to reduction in PM mass emissions. In this paper, experimental results of PM emissions using Karanja biodiesel blends (KB20 and KB40) in a modern CRDI transportation engine (maximum fuel injection pressure of 1600 bar) have been reported. This study also explores comparative effect of varying engine speed and load on PM emissions for biodiesel blends vis-à-vis baseline mineral diesel. Particulate size-number distribution, particle size-surface area distribution and total particulate number concentrations were experimentally determined under varying engine operating conditions and compared with baseline mineral diesel. KB20 showed highest particulate number concentration upto 80% rated engine loads, however at rated load, KB40 emitted highest number of particulates.

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Stangierska, Marta, Abdullah Bajwa, Andrew Lewis, Sam Akehurst, James Turner e Felix Leach. "Ensemble Machine Learning Techniques for Particulate Emissions Estimation from a Highly Boosted GDI Engine Fuelled by Different Gasoline Blends". In Energy & Propulsion Conference & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-4306.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Light-duty vehicle emissions regulations worldwide impose stringent limits on particulate matter (PM) emissions, necessitating accurate modelling and prediction of particulate emissions across a range of sizes (as low as 10 nm). It has been shown that the decision tree-based ensemble machine learning technique known as Random Forest can accurately predict particle size, concentration, and accumulation mode geometric standard deviation (GSD) for particulate emission diameters as low as 23 nm from a highly boosted gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine operating on a single fuel, while also offering insights into the underlying factors of emissions production because of the interpretable nature of decision trees.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This work builds on the prior Random Forest research as its basis and further investigates the relative performance of five decision tree-based machine learning techniques in predicting these particulate emission parameters and extends the work to 10 nm particles. In addition to Random Forest, the selected techniques consist of four gradient boosting models: GBM, XGBoost, LightGBM, and CatBoost. Moreover, the influences of fuel chemistry are assessed by using data from 13 gasoline fuel blends, including blends with ethanol and methanol – common bio- and e-fuels. The results show that the CatBoost model achieves the highest prediction accuracy (R<sup>2</sup> between 0.77 and 0.932), even when the feature set is reduced to improve computational efficiency. Random Forest and LightGBM are also shown to be suitable for PM emissions estimation. Permutation feature importance was used to highlight the dependence of PM emissions on both fuel and engine operating parameters – offering new insights into the effect of fuel properties on particulate emissions and their formation in highly boosted engines.</div></div>

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Glen, Andrew, Darielle Dexheimer, Andres L. Sanchez, Clifford K. Ho, Swarup China, Fan Mei e Nurun Nahar Lata. "Near-Field and Far-Field Sampling of Aerosol Plumes to Evaluate Particulate Emission Rates From a Falling Particle Receiver During On-Sun Testing". In ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2021 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2021-63466.

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Abstract High-temperature falling particle receivers are being investigated for next-generation concentrating solar power applications. Small sand-like particles are released into an open-cavity receiver and are irradiated by concentrated sunlight from a field of heliostats. The particles are heated to temperatures over 700 °C and can be stored to produce heat for electricity generation or industrial applications when needed. As the particles fall through the receiver, particles and particulate fragments in the form of aerosolized dust can be emitted from the aperture, which can lower thermal efficiency, increase costs of particle replacement, and pose a particulate matter (PM) inhalation risk. This paper describes sampling methods that were deployed during on-sun tests to record near-field (several meters) and far-field (tens to hundreds of meters) concentrations of aerosol particles within emitted plumes. The objective was to quantify the particulate emission rates and loss from the falling particle receiver in relation to OSHA and EPA National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Near-field instrumentation placed on the platform in proximity to the receiver aperture included several real-time aerosol size distribution and concentration measurement techniques, including a TSI Aerodynamic Particle Sizers (APS), TSI DustTraks, Handix Portable Optical Particle Spectrometers (POPS), Alphasense Optical Particle Counters (OPC), TSI Condensation Particle Counters (CPC), Cascade Particle Impactors, 3D-printed prototype tipping buckets, and meteorological instrumentation. Far-field particle sampling techniques utilized multiple tethered balloons located upwind and downwind of the particle receiver to measure the advected plume concentrations using a suite of airborne aerosol and meteorological instruments including POPS, CPCs, OPCs and cascade impactors. The combined aerosol size distribution for all these instruments spanned particle sizes from 0.02 μm – 500 μm. Results showed a strong influence of wind direction on particle emissions and concentration, with preliminary results showing representative concentrations below both the OSHA and NAAQS standards.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Emission de particule"

Chepeliev, Maksym. Development of the Air Pollution Database for the GTAP 10A Data Base. GTAP Research Memoranda, giugno 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.rm33.

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The purpose of this note is to document data sources and steps used to develop the air pollution database for the GTAP Data Base Version 10A. Emissions for nine substances are reported in the database: black carbon (BC), carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH3), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), organic carbon (OC), particulate matter 10 (PM10), particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The dataset covers four reference years – 2004, 2007, 2011 and 2014. EDGAR Version 5.0 database is used as the main data source. To assist with emissions redistribution across consumption-based sources, IIASA GAINS-based model and IPCC-derived emission factors are applied. Each emission flow is associated with one of the four sets of emission drivers: output by industries, endowment by industries, input use by industries and household consumption. In addition, emissions from land use activities (biomass burning) are estimated by land cover types. These emissions are reported separately without association with emission drivers.

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LeGrand, Sandra, Christopher Polashenski, Theodore Letcher, Glenn Creighton, Steven Peckham e Jeffrey Cetola. The AFWA dust emission scheme for the GOCART aerosol model in WRF-Chem v3.8.1. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), agosto 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41560.

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Airborne particles of mineral dust play a key role in Earth’s climate system and affect human activities around the globe. The numerical weather modeling community has undertaken considerable efforts to accurately forecast these dust emissions. Here, for the first time in the literature, we thoroughly describe and document the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) dust emission scheme for the Georgia Institute of Technology–Goddard Global Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) aerosol model within the Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry (WRF-Chem) and compare it to the other dust emission schemes available in WRF-Chem. The AFWA dust emission scheme addresses some shortcomings experienced by the earlier GOCART-WRF scheme. Improved model physics are designed to better handle emission of fine dust particles by representing saltation bombardment. WRF-Chem model performance with the AFWA scheme is evaluated against observations of dust emission in southwest Asia and compared to emissions predicted by the other schemes built into the WRF-Chem GOCART model. Results highlight the relative strengths of the available schemes, indicate the reasons for disagreement, and demonstrate the need for improved soil source data.

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Corporation, Advanced Engine Technologies. PR-260-9726-R01 Carbon Pollutant Emissions and Performance Trade-Offs vs NOx for RICE. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), dicembre 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011035.

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This work evaluates the effect of emission and performance trade-offs of reduction technologies for reciprocating engine-compressors. Of specific interest are the trade-offs between emissions of NOx versus CO, THCs and in particular HAPS. This work includes accumulated engine performance and emissions data from eight industry and client funded projects encompassing 24 engines of 18 different models typifying two (2SC) and four stroke cycle (4SC) open (OCC) and pre-combustion chamber (PCC) engines in gas transmission service.

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Hucko, R. E. Particulate Emission Abatement for Krakow Boilerhouses. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/643569.

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Hucko, R. E. Particulate Emission Abatement for Krakow Boilerhouses. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), aprile 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/643574.

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Bruce H. Easom, Smolensky Leo A, S. Ronald Wysk, Jan Surowka, Miroslaw Litke e Jacek Ginter. PARTICULATE EMISSION ABATEMENT FOR KRAKOW BOILERHOUSES. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), settembre 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/775036.

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Avis, William. Emission Reductions and Health Impacts of LEVs. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), luglio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.033.

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This rapid literature review summarises evidence on Emission reductions and health impacts of Low and Zero Emission Vehicles (LEVs and ZEVs). The review found a disparate but emerging evidence base derived from studies exploring the issue in a range of settings (predominantly high and middle income countries). The evidence base provides a mixed and complex picture given the heterogeneity of methodological approaches and contextual analyses to assessing reductions and health impacts. The report found a focus on carbon emission reduction and less evidence on other emissions. Given the above, evidence has been collected and presented in an annotated bibliography. A note of caution should be raised when drawing lessons from particular studies, with findings influenced by a range of contextual factors.

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Hu, Tao, Xianqiang Mao, Xuedu Lu e Gloria P. Gerilla-Teknomo. Air Pollutants and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Co-control Evaluation in the People’s Republic of China. Asian Development Bank, dicembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200387-2.

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Local air pollutants (LAPs), such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxide, ozone, and particulate matter, as well as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transport sector are rapidly increasing in the People’s Republic of China. Various measures to control LAPs have been implemented in the country, along with the adoption of strategies to mitigate GHG emissions. The connection between LAP and GHG emission control and reduction offers an opportunity to address both problems simultaneously. This paper presents a methodology that measures the benefits of co-control evaluation on mitigating LAP and GHG emissions. It highlights the methodology’s potential to help maximize measures and strategies that have significant co-control effects.

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Miller, S., e D. Laudal. Fine particulate emissions: Flue gas conditioning for improved fine particle capture in fabric filters: (Task 3. 6). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6841681.

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Karin, Preechar, Yutthana Songsaengchan, Songtam Laosuwan, Chinda Charoenphonphanich, Nuwong Chollacoop e Katsunori Hanamura. Physical Characterization of Biodiesel Particle Emission by Electron Microscopy. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, ottobre 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-32-9150.

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