Articoli di riviste: "Energetical optimization"

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S\^arbu, Ioan, e Gabriel Ostafe. "Energetical optimization of water distribution systems in large urban centers". Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 52, n. 2 (2008): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/pp.me.2008-2.09.

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Suzuki, A. "Cascade Connection of Solar Collectors for Effective Energy Gain". Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 108, n. 3 (1 agosto 1986): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268089.

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The theoretical analysis and optimization of two different types of solar collectors connected in series are presented. The energetical approach to the cascade system with two types of collectors has revealed the importance of the product of the collector efficiency factor and the optical efficiency. If the value of the first collector is larger than that of the succeeding one, then the cascade system is found to be more effective than using either one of the collectors alone. Furthermore, the optimum operating conditions for the system including the determination of the suitable area ratio can be uniquely obtained from the consideration of the maximum exergy gain.

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Entezari, Ashkan, Ali Manizadeh e Rouhollah Ahmadi. "Energetical, exergetical and economical optimization analysis of combined power generation system of gas turbine and Stirling engine". Energy Conversion and Management 159 (marzo 2018): 189–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.01.012.

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Hervieu, Alexandre, Arnaud Le Bris e Clément Mallet. "FUSION OF HYPERSPECTRAL AND VHR MULTISPECTRAL IMAGE CLASSIFICATIONS IN URBAN α–AREAS". ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-3 (6 giugno 2016): 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iii-3-457-2016.

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An energetical approach is proposed for classification decision fusion in urban areas using multispectral and hyperspectral imagery at distinct spatial resolutions. Hyperspectral data provides a great ability to discriminate land-cover classes while multispectral data, usually at higher spatial resolution, makes possible a more accurate spatial delineation of the classes. Hence, the aim here is to achieve the most accurate classification maps by taking advantage of both data sources at the decision level: spectral properties of the hyperspectral data and the geometrical resolution of multispectral images. More specifically, the proposed method takes into account probability class membership maps in order to improve the classification fusion process. Such probability maps are available using standard classification techniques such as Random Forests or Support Vector Machines. Classification probability maps are integrated into an energy framework where minimization of a given energy leads to better classification maps. The energy is minimized using a graph-cut method called quadratic pseudo-boolean optimization (QPBO) with &alpha;-expansion. A first model is proposed that gives satisfactory results in terms of classification results and visual interpretation. This model is compared to a standard Potts models adapted to the considered problem. Finally, the model is enhanced by integrating the spatial contrast observed in the data source of higher spatial resolution (i.e., the multispectral image). Obtained results using the proposed energetical decision fusion process are shown on two urban multispectral/hyperspectral datasets. 2-3% improvement is noticed with respect to a Potts formulation and 3-8% compared to a single hyperspectral-based classification.

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Dechesne, C., C. Mallet, A. Le Bris e V. Gouet-Brunet. "SEMANTIC SEGMENTATION OF FOREST STANDS OF PURE SPECIES AS A GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM". ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-1/W1 (30 maggio 2017): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-1-w1-141-2017.

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Forest stand delineation is a fundamental task for forest management purposes, that is still mainly manually performed through visual inspection of geospatial (very) high spatial resolution images. Stand detection has been barely addressed in the literature which has mainly focused, in forested environments, on individual tree extraction and tree species classification. From a methodological point of view, stand detection can be considered as a semantic segmentation problem. It offers two advantages. First, one can retrieve the dominant tree species per segment. Secondly, one can benefit from existing low-level tree species label maps from the literature as a basis for high-level object extraction. Thus, the semantic segmentation issue becomes a regularization issue in a weakly structured environment and can be formulated in an energetical framework. This papers aims at investigating which regularization strategies of the literature are the most adapted to delineate and classify forest stands of pure species. Both airborne lidar point clouds and multispectral very high spatial resolution images are integrated for that purpose. The local methods (such as filtering and probabilistic relaxation) are not adapted for such problem since the increase of the classification accuracy is below 5%. The global methods, based on an energy model, tend to be more efficient with an accuracy gain up to 15%. The segmentation results using such models have an accuracy ranging from 96% to 99%.

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Saramak, Agnieszka, e Daniel Saramak. "Coal Modeling Investigations in International Collaboration in the Light of Bibliometric Analysis of the Problem". Energies 15, n. 16 (20 agosto 2022): 6040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15166040.

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The article concerns an analysis of records registered in Web of Science (WoS) database related to the problem of coal modeling. All publications registered in the WoS from the time period 1951–2021 were analyzed, mostly in terms of international collaboration, merit content and research areas. It appeared that international scientific cooperation on this topic is differently considered, depending on the country. The leader in terms of the number of documents remains China, while the highest citation counts were gained by research teams, with the USA as the leader. Several sub-categories within research areas could be also divided on the basis of key words, while the most popular topic is connected with energetical aspects of coal utilization.

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Hülsemann, Benedikt, Torsten Mächtig, Marcel Pohl, Jan Liebetrau, Joachim Müller, Eberhard Hartung e Hans Oechsner. "Comparison of Biological Efficiency Assessment Methods and Their Application to Full-Scale Biogas Plants". Energies 14, n. 9 (22 aprile 2021): 2381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092381.

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For calculation of biological efficiency of a biogas plant (BP), it is required to determine the specific methane potential (SMP) of the substrate. A study comparing available methods for determination of SMP and the comparison with data of full-scale BPs is missing but necessary according to the differences in process conditions between both. Firstly, mass and mass associated energy balances of 33 full-scale BPs were calculated and evaluated. The results show plausible data for only 55% of the investigated BPs. Furthermore, conversion and yield efficiencies were calculated according to six different methods for SMP determination. The results show a correlation between the measured on-site specific methane yield and the calculated SMP by methods based on biological degradability. However, these methods underestimate the SMP. Calculated SMPs based on calorific values are higher, but less sensitive. A combination of biochemical and energetical methods is a promising approach to evaluate the efficiency.

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Wong, Jeremy D., Jessica C. Selinger e J. Maxwell Donelan. "Is natural variability in gait sufficient to initiate spontaneous energy optimization in human walking?" Journal of Neurophysiology 121, n. 5 (1 maggio 2019): 1848–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00417.2018.

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In new walking contexts, the nervous system can adapt preferred gaits to minimize energetic cost. During treadmill walking, this optimization is not usually spontaneous but instead requires experience with the new energetic cost landscape. Experimenters can provide subjects with the needed experience by prescribing new gaits or instructing them to explore new gaits. Yet in familiar walking contexts, people naturally prefer energetically optimal gaits: the nervous system can optimize cost without an experimenter’s guidance. Here we test the hypothesis that the natural gait variability of overground walking provides the nervous system with sufficient experience with new cost landscapes to initiate spontaneous minimization of energetic cost. We had subjects walk over paths of varying terrain while wearing knee exoskeletons that penalized walking as a function of step frequency. The exoskeletons created cost landscapes with minima that were, on average, 8% lower than the energetic cost at the initially preferred gaits and achieved at walking speeds and step frequencies that were 4% lower than the initially preferred values. We found that our overground walking trials amplified gait variability by 3.7-fold compared with treadmill walking, resulting in subjects gaining greater experience with new cost landscapes, including frequent experience with gaits at the new energetic minima. However, after 20 min and 2.0 km of walking in the new cost landscapes, we observed no consistent optimization of gait, suggesting that natural gait variability during overground walking is not always sufficient to initiate energetic optimization over the time periods and distances tested in this study. NEW & NOTEWORTHY While the nervous system can continuously optimize gait to minimize energetic cost, what initiates this optimization process during every day walking is unknown. Here we tested the hypothesis that the nervous system leverages the natural variability in gait experienced during overground walking to converge on new energetically optimal gaits created using exoskeletons. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that participants did not adapt toward optimal gaits: natural variability is not always sufficient to initiate spontaneous energy optimization.

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Hrechyn, Bohdan, Yevhen Krykavskyy e Jacek Binda. "The Development of a Model of Economic and Ecological Evaluation of Wooden Biomass Supply Chains". Energies 14, n. 24 (20 dicembre 2021): 8574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248574.

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This scientific publication is dedicated to the development of scientific methodological and practical recommendations about the formation of ecologistics approaches towards usage of the energetical potential of wooden biomass as a promising trend of economic activity subject development. The hierarchy of ecological chain build-up is established, which will allow one to effectively organize the logistics of supply of biomass to the place of energy production. The methodological approaches to modeling of economic and ecological evaluation of wooden mass supply chain were improved. It is aimed to the calculation of expanses and harmful emissions that depend on specific logistics processes in implementation of perspective actions of collection and recycling of wooden biomass and substitution of non-renewable energy sources by it, which, on the one hand, analyzes the actual state of affairs of knowledge in the field of ecological processes evaluation, and on the other hand, however, identifies restrictions on the amounts of potential provision of biomass. Due to the proposed model of economic and ecological evaluation of the supply chain of wooden biomass and the development of software with a database that covers information on specific logistics processes, it will be possible to conduct economic and ecological evaluation on each step of the logistics chain, present specific processes in cash equivalents, depict ecological effectiveness, and identify the most vulnerable points of the logistics system, opening vast opportunities for improvement of other supply systems.

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MANNSFELD, STEFAN C. B., e TORSTEN FRITZ. "ADVANCED MODELLING OF EPITAXIAL ORDERING OF ORGANIC LAYERS ON CRYSTALLINE SURFACES". Modern Physics Letters B 20, n. 11 (10 maggio 2006): 585–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984906011189.

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A fine balance between weak molecule-molecule interactions and usually only weakly laterally varying molecule-substrate interactions governs the physical structure of organic-inorganic and organic-organic heteroepitaxial thin films. Therefore, it is important to investigate the energetics of realistically large overlayer domains. So far, Potential calculations for large domains of organic overlayers on crystalline substrates were computationally demanding due to the vast number of atoms to be considered. Here, we present a technique which for the first time enables the calculation of both the molecule-substrate interaction potential and the molecule-molecule interaction potential for large molecular domains (up to several thousands of rather large molecules) by utilizing potential energy grid files. This technique does not only allow the investigation of the substrate influence but also full Monte-Carlo based structural optimizations, if applied to 2D crystalline overlayers. Furthermore, it provides an estimate for the energetic gain combined with the differently aligned overlayer domains. In several examples we will discuss the usefulness of this method. As a general result, we will provide evidence that energetically favorable lattice structures in OMBE systems are not restricted to commensurate unit cells or coincident super cells.

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Mitrović, Ratko. "Optimal Utilization of Hydro-Energetic Potential of Flows on Moraca River". Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 8 (12 ottobre 2012): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v8i0.4927.

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The process of finding optimal solution for utilization of hydro-energetic potential of a river flow is a very complex procedure, because it is necessary to find a compromise between an energetically optimal solution and a solution with lower negative influence on the environment and sociological conditions, which is often contradictory in practice. In order to show more precisely the complexity in choosing an optimal solution for utilization of hydro-energetic potential of a river flow, a mathematical model of multi-criteria optimization and multi-criteria rating for different variants of utilization of the River Moraca basin is posited. For the process of multi-criteria optimization, a complete software packages and large documentation as well as preliminary projects for planned hydropower plants have been used. The aim is to reach an optimal utilization of hydro-energetic potential of a river flow, especially in cases when the existing investigations do not give priority to a particular variant, and the hydropower plants has to be constructed in near future.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v8i0.4927 Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Issue No. 8, 2011 JanuaryPage: 61-68Uploaded date: 23 June, 2011

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Brown, Aaron E., James M. Hammerton, Miller Alonso Camargo-Valero e Andrew B. Ross. "Integration of Hydrothermal Carbonisation and Anaerobic Digestion for the Energy Valorisation of Grass". Energies 15, n. 10 (10 maggio 2022): 3495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103495.

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The integration of hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) and anaerobic digestion (AD) can overcome some of the disadvantages of thermal or biological processing alone. This study aims to investigate integrated HTC-AD across a range of integration strategies and HTC processing temperatures (150 °C, 200 °C and 250 °C) to improve the energy conversion efficiency (ECE) of grass, compared to AD alone. The separation of hydrochars (HCs) for combustion and process waters (PWs) for digestion appears to be the most energetically feasible HTC-AD integration strategy, compared to HC or HTC-slurry AD. Hydrochars represent the greater energy carrier with between 81–85% of total energy output. The ECE of grass was improved from 51% to 97% (150 °C), 83% (200 °C) and 68% (250 °C) through integrated HTC-AD. Therefore, lower HTC processing temperatures yield more favourable energetics. However, higher HTC temperatures favour more desirable HC properties as a combustion fuel. The hydrochar produced at 250 °C (HC-250) displayed the highest HHV (25.8 MJ/kg) and fixed carbon: volatile matter ratio (0.47), as well as the greatest reduction in slagging and fouling potential (ash flow temperature > 1550 °C). Overall, integrated HTC-AD is an effective energy valorisation strategy for grass. A compromise exists between the quality of hydrochar and the energetic balance. However, at 250 °C the process remains energetically feasible (EROI = 2.63).

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Adamiak, Katarzyna, e Andrzej Bartoszewicz. "New Time-Varying Sliding Surface for Switching Type Quasi-Sliding Mode Control". Energies 14, n. 13 (24 giugno 2021): 3811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133811.

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This study considers the problem of energetical efficiency in switching type sliding mode control of discrete-time systems. The aim of this work is to reduce the quasi-sliding mode band-width and, as follows, the necessary control input, through an application of a new type of time-varying sliding hyperplane in quasi-sliding mode control of sampled time systems. Although time-varying sliding hyperplanes are well known to provide insensitivity to matched external disturbances and uncertainties of the model in the whole range of motion for continuous-time systems, their application in the discrete-time case has never been studied in detail. Therefore, this paper proposes a sliding surface, which crosses the system’s representative point at the initial step and then shifts in the state space according to the pre-generated demand profile of the sliding variable. Next, a controller for a real perturbed plant is designed so that it drives the system’s representative point to its reference position on the sliding plane in each step. Therefore, the impact of external disturbances on the system’s trajectory is minimized, which leads to a reduction of the necessary control effort. Moreover, thanks to a new reaching law applied in the reference profile generator, the sliding surface shift in each step is strictly limited and a switching type of motion occurs. Finally, under the assumption of boundedness and smoothness of continuous-time disturbance, a compensation scheme is added. It is proved that this control strategy reduces the quasi-sliding mode band-width from O(T) to O(T3) order from the very beginning of the regulation process. Moreover, it is shown that the maximum state variable errors become of O(T3) order as well. These achievements directly reduce the energy consumption in the closed-loop system, which is nowadays one of the crucial factors in control engineering.

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Atoyev, Konstantin. "Optimization Problems of Green Energetics". Cybernetics and Computer Technologies, n. 3 (29 novembre 2022): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.34229/2707-451x.22.3.8.

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Introduction. The widespread introduction of "green energy", which is based on renewable energy sources (RES), is recognized as the main direction on which the efforts of the world community should be concentrated in the fight against global warming. The complex network structure of the modern global economy requires a deep scientific substantiation of measures for such a transformation of the energy sector and forecasting their long-term consequences, which, in the face of growing uncertainty associated with the emergence of a large number of new systemic risks, is not an easy task. The decarbonization of the energy sector through greater use of renewable energy is thus a complex minimax optimal control problem and requires the creation of appropriate mathematical models for its solution. The article proposes a mathematical model for determining the dynamics of changes in the share of green energy (SGE) in the overall energy balance, which minimizes the growth rate of greenhouse gases (GG) in the atmosphere and maintains a given standard of living for the population. The purpose of the article is to investigate, using mathematical modeling, how a change in the SGE affects the level of decarbonization and the quality of life of the population, to determine the optimal levels of the SGE, at which the level of GG is minimized and energy production and production functions of some sectors of the economy are maximized. Results. A mathematical model has been developed to determine the conditions under which the growth rate of GG concentration in the atmosphere is minimized and a given standard of living of the population is maintained. The model combines in a single structure similarly described sectors of the economy, each of which is considered in terms of productivity levels, the number of jobs and structural disturbances (six-sector Lorentz model with varying coefficients depending on the level of GG. The model allows us to explore how changes in GG levels and the relationship between various sectors of the economy affect the risks of sustainable development and the quality of life of the population. The conditions for the occurrence of turbulent modes of operation are determined, which lead to an increase in the total number of structural disturbances and a decrease in the total level of productivity. Conclusions. The obtained results show that there is a critical level, starting from which the further growth of SGE in the overall energy balance leads to a reduction in the total volume of products created by the energy sector, which negatively affects the quality of life of the population. The development of this work will be aimed at identifying effective trajectories for the transformation of the energy sector in order to minimize GG emissions and structural disturbances and maximize the levels of production functions of economic sectors. A multicriteria optimal control problem will be investigated, which would allow solving practical problems of energy transformation under conditions of increased uncertainty and risks. Keywords: mathematical modeling, green energy, risk management.

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Yıldırım, Hüseyin, e Ali Kemal Garip. "Investigation of structural and energetic behavior of 55-atom Pt–Ag–Au ternary nanoalloys". International Journal of Modern Physics B 35, n. 12 (10 maggio 2021): 2150174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979221501745.

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A systematic theoretical investigation of structural and energetic behaviors of 55-atom Pt–Ag–Au ternary nanoalloys has been performed in two different composition systems. We have performed Gupta and Density Functional Theory (DFT) approaches on chosen systems. The Basin-Hopping algorithm is used for structural optimizations of PtnAg[Formula: see text]Au[Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]–13) and PtnAu[Formula: see text]Ag[Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]–13) ternary nanoalloys with Gupta many-body potential to model interatomic interactions. Local optimization results show that while the tendency of Au atoms to be located varies according to the composition system, the tendency of Pt and Ag atoms to be located does not change in both. For all compositions of Pt–Ag–Au nanoalloys, the structures with the best chemical ordering were then reoptimized by DFT relaxations and the mixing energies of the Gupta and DFT levels were compared. Our mixing energy analysis showed that PtnAg[Formula: see text]Au[Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]–13) nanoalloys are not energetically suitable for mixing at both Gupta and DFT level. Also, mixing energy variations of PtnAu[Formula: see text]Ag[Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]–13) nanoalloys obtained at Gupta level does not agree with the one obtained at DFT level. In addition, it has been found that the minimization energy changes when an atom in the central site is exchanging by an atom in the second shell and surface.

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Dorogi, J., T. Debreceni e G. Gy. Balázs. "Investigation of eAircraft energetic optimization". Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 1, n. 15 (aprile 2017): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj15.268.

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Urbaniak, Kardas-Cinal e Jacyna. "Optimization of Energetic Train Cooperation". Symmetry 11, n. 9 (16 settembre 2019): 1175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11091175.

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In the article, possible ways of using energy recovered during regenerative braking of trains are presented. It is pointed out that the return of recovered electricity directly to the catenary and its use in the energy cooperation of vehicles can be a no-cost method (without additional infrastructure). The method of energy cooperation between trains and its main assumptions, that uses the law of conservation of energy, are described in detail. An original model is proposed which assumes optimization by controlling the train arrival time at the station within the technical time reserve. Optimization method was used metaheuristic and adapted swarm algorithm called the firefly algorithm. An exemplary simulation of the energy cooperation of trains for selected stops of a double-track railway line of the Tricity Rapid Urban Railway has been done and the obtained results are presented. Finally, in discussion and conclusions, the results were summarized and the significance of the development of the discussed method for transport rationalization was presented.

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Bilić, A., Y. G. Shen, B. V. King e D. J. O'Connor. "Embedded Atom Method Study of Pd Thin Films on Cu(001)". Surface Review and Letters 05, n. 05 (ottobre 1998): 959–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x98001298.

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We have studied the structures formed by the deposition of 0.5 and 1 monolayer (ML) of Pd on a Cu(001) surface using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and static optimizations. The energetics are given by the semiempirical embedded atom method (EAM). At 0.5 ML Pd coverage we find that a Pd–Cu c (2×2) single layer surface alloy is created, consistent with experimental observations. At 1 ML Pd coverage a double layer c (2×2) Cu–Pd surface alloy is found to be energetically favored over structures with a clock-reconstructed topmost layer. However, metastable configurations of the top layer consisting of a clock-rotated phase with the (2×2) p4g symmetry coexisting with phases with c (2×2) and p (2×2) symmetries can also be obtained, in agreement with the experimental results.

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Li, Xuan, Minchen Li e Chenfanfu Jiang. "Energetically consistent inelasticity for optimization time integration". ACM Transactions on Graphics 41, n. 4 (luglio 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3528223.3530072.

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In this paper, we propose Energetically Consistent Inelasticity (ECI), a new formulation for modeling and discretizing finite strain elastoplasticity/viscoelasticity in a way that is compatible with optimization-based time integrators. We provide an in-depth analysis for allowing plasticity to be implicitly integrated through an augmented strain energy density function. We develop ECI on the associative von-Mises J2 plasticity, the non-associative Drucker-Prager plasticity, and the finite strain viscoelasticity. We demonstrate the resulting scheme on both the Finite Element Method (FEM) and the Material Point Method (MPM). Combined with a custom Newton-type optimization integration scheme, our method enables simulating stiff and large-deformation inelastic dynamics of metal, sand, snow, and foam with larger time steps, improved stability, higher efficiency, and better accuracy than existing approaches.

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Kellie, Jennifer L., e Stacey D. Wetmore. "Selecting DFT methods for use in optimizations of enzyme active sites: applications to ONIOM treatments of DNA glycosylases". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 91, n. 7 (luglio 2013): 559–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2012-0506.

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When using a hybrid methodology to treat an enzymatic reaction, many factors contribute to selecting the method for the high-level region, which can be complicated by the presence of dispersion-driven interactions such as π–π stacking. In addition, the proper treatment of the reaction center often requires a large number of heavy atoms to be included in the high-level region, precluding the use of ab initio methods such as MP2 as well as large basis sets, in the optimization step. In the present work, popular DFT methods were tested to identify an appropriate functional for treating the high-level region in ONIOM optimizations of reactions catalyzed by nonmetalloenzymes. Eight different DFT methods (B3LYP, B97-2, MPW1K, MPWB1K, BB1K, B1B95, M06-2X, and ωB97X-D) in combination with four double-ζ quality Pople basis sets were tested for their ability to optimize noncovalent interactions (hydrogen bonding and π–π) and characterize reactions (proton transfer, SN2 hydrolysis, and unimolecular cleavage). Although the primary focus of this study is accurate structure determination, energetics were also examined at both the optimization level of theory, and with triple-ζ quality basis set and select (M06-2X or ωB97X-D) methods. If dispersion-driven interactions exist within the active site, then MPWB1K/6-31G(d,p) or M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p) are recommended for the optimization step with subsequent triple-ζ quality single-point energies. However, since dispersion-corrected functionals (M06-2X and ωB97X-D) generally require diffuse functions to yield appropriate geometries, the possible size of the high-level region is greatly limited with these methods. In contrast, if the model is large enough to recover steric constraints on π–π interactions, then B3LYP with a small basis set performs comparatively well for the optimization step and is significantly less computationally expensive. Interestingly, the functionals that afford the best geometries often do not yield the best energetics, which emphasizes the importance of structural benchmark studies.

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Dlabaja, T., e J. Malaťák. "Optimization of anaerobic fermentation of kitchen waste". Research in Agricultural Engineering 59, No. 1 (6 marzo 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2/2012-rae.

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Anaerobic fermentation is a suitable method of energetic and material utilisation of waste coming from restaurants and canteens. Laboratory experiments of wet anaerobic fermentation were performed in a continuous reactor and in batch reactors under mesophilic conditions. Effects of hydraulic retention time, organic loading rate, period of feeding and recirculation of digestate were examined in the continuous reactor. Effects of substrate pre-treatment (crushing, heating, freezing) were examined in the batch reactors. Degree of substrate degradation ranged between 83–85% within hydraulic retention time of 2–30 days. Appropriate organic loading rate was found in the range 2–3 kg of volatile solids per m3/day. Recirculation of digestate (both an inoculum for fresh substrate and replacement of fresh water supply) caused an increase in ammonia concentration and led to immediate inhibition of the process. The results further showed a positive effect of substrate pre-treatment in the initial phase of fermentation. However, degree of degradation did not show a significant increase for the period of 20 days of fermentation.    

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Swartz, Wesley E. "Optimization of energetic electron energy degradation calculations". Journal of Geophysical Research 90, A7 (1985): 6587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ja090ia07p06587.

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Glanz, S. "Energetic optimization of distillations in hybrid processes". Computers & Chemical Engineering 19, n. 1 (11 giugno 1995): S51—S56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-1354(95)00151-q.

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Glanz, S., e J. Stichlmair. "Energetic optimization of distillations in hybrid processes". Computers & Chemical Engineering 19 (giugno 1995): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-1354(95)87014-8.

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Tokić, Grgur, e Dick K. P. Yue. "Optimal shape and motion of undulatory swimming organisms". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, n. 1740 (28 marzo 2012): 3065–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0057.

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Undulatory swimming animals exhibit diverse ranges of body shapes and motion patterns and are often considered as having superior locomotory performance. The extent to which morphological traits of swimming animals have evolved owing to primarily locomotion considerations is, however, not clear. To shed some light on that question, we present here the optimal shape and motion of undulatory swimming organisms obtained by optimizing locomotive performance measures within the framework of a combined hydrodynamical, structural and novel muscular model. We develop a muscular model for periodic muscle contraction which provides relevant kinematic and energetic quantities required to describe swimming. Using an evolutionary algorithm, we performed a multi-objective optimization for achieving maximum sustained swimming speed U and minimum cost of transport (COT)—two conflicting locomotive performance measures that have been conjectured as likely to increase fitness for survival. Starting from an initial population of random characteristics, our results show that, for a range of size scales, fish-like body shapes and motion indeed emerge when U and COT are optimized. Inherent boundary-layer-dependent allometric scaling between body mass and kinematic and energetic quantities of the optimal populations is observed. The trade-off between U and COT affects the geometry, kinematics and energetics of swimming organisms. Our results are corroborated by empirical data from swimming animals over nine orders of magnitude in size, supporting the notion that optimizing U and COT could be the driving force of evolution in many species.

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Balco, Peter, Martina Drahošová e Peter Kubičko. "Data analysis in process of energetics resource optimization". Procedia Computer Science 130 (2018): 597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.04.109.

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Komínek, Petr. "Heat Supply Optimization". Advanced Materials Research 1041 (ottobre 2014): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1041.139.

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Abstract (sommario):

Due to the energetic evaluation of buildings, the solutions for optimal heat supply are a problem of current interest. The topicality of this problem is underlined by the European Union requirements for reducing the energetic demands of buildings by the year 2020.From the operational point of view, most of the heating systems seem to be optimal; however, with the use of the results of this detailed analysis it is possible to make even further improvement. The objective is not to supply more heat energy than necessary in order to achieve energy saving. This reduction of heat supply can be achieved by the use of the heat accumulation potential of the building by means of appropriately chosen heating mode. By operation modes are meant a mode with constant heating and a mode with interrupted heating.In this sample case of non-stationary simulation during the interrupted heating regime it is possible to demonstrate the potential saving achieved by the chosen interrupted heating mode. The case study is conducted on a secondary school building. In this project, supported by the specific investigation project on the Faculty of Civil Engineering, I carried out an experiment of an interrupted mode, which was also supported by a theoretical part, in which a non-stationary calculation was used.This contribution suggests the possibility to save energy by optimization of the heat supply. It also presents the difference between a stationary and non-stationary solution to this problem.

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Del Monte, Marco, Raffaele Meles e Christian Circi. "Optimization of Interplanetary Trajectories Using the Colliding Bodies Optimization Algorithm". International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2020 (3 gennaio 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9437378.

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In this paper, a recent physics-based metaheuristic algorithm, the Colliding Bodies Optimization (CBO), already employed to solve problems in civil and mechanical engineering, is proposed for the optimization of interplanetary trajectories by using both indirect and direct approaches. The CBO has an extremely simple formulation and does not depend on any initial conditions. To test the performances of the algorithm, missions with remarkably different orbital transfer energies are considered: from the simple planar case, as the Earth-Mars orbital transfer, to more energetic ones, like a rendezvous with the asteroid Pallas.

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Taylor, Graham K., Kate V. Reynolds e Adrian L. R. Thomas. "Soaring energetics and glide performance in a moving atmosphere". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, n. 1704 (26 settembre 2016): 20150398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0398.

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Here, we analyse the energetics, performance and optimization of flight in a moving atmosphere. We begin by deriving a succinct expression describing all of the mechanical energy flows associated with gliding, dynamic soaring and thermal soaring, which we use to explore the optimization of gliding in an arbitrary wind. We use this optimization to revisit the classical theory of the glide polar, which we expand upon in two significant ways. First, we compare the predictions of the glide polar for different species under the various published models. Second, we derive a glide optimization chart that maps every combination of headwind and updraft speed to the unique combination of airspeed and inertial sink rate at which the aerodynamic cost of transport is expected to be minimized. With these theoretical tools in hand, we test their predictions using empirical data collected from a captive steppe eagle ( Aquila nipalensis ) carrying an inertial measurement unit, global positioning system, barometer and pitot tube. We show that the bird adjusts airspeed in relation to headwind speed as expected if it were seeking to minimize its aerodynamic cost of transport, but find only weak evidence to suggest that it adjusts airspeed similarly in response to updrafts during straight and interthermal glides. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Moving in a moving medium: new perspectives on flight’.

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Mitsopoulos, Georgios, Evangelos Bellos e Christos Tzivanidis. "Financial and Energetic Optimization of Greek Buildings Insulation". Designs 2, n. 3 (17 settembre 2018): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs2030034.

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The most important parameter in the design of the building envelope is the insulation thickness, because it dramatically influences the heating and cooling loads. The objective of this study is the investigation of different insulation scenarios for the four climate zones of Greece and, more specifically, the cities Heraklion, Athens, Thessaloniki, and Florina. The insulation thickness is examined up to 8 cm and the optimum thickness is determined by the minimization of the simple payback period in order to design a cost-effective system. Moreover, the primary energy consumption, the heating/cooling loads, and the equivalent CO2 emissions are calculated. Furthermore, a multi-objective evaluation procedure of the various insulated scenarios is conducted in order to show the relationship between the energetic and the financial optimization. Generally, it is found that the optimum insulation thickness is around 4 cm for all the climate zones using financial criteria, while the energy criteria indicate higher thicknesses. These results can be applied to the suitable design of Greek residential buildings.

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Airimitoaie, Tudor-Bogdan, Dumitru Popescu, Câtâlin Dimon e Grigore Stâmâtescu. "Robust control and optimization for thermo-energetic installations". IFAC Proceedings Volumes 42, n. 2 (2009): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20090506-3-sf-4003.00006.

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Lodes, Antonín, e Otto Mierka. "New approach to energetic optimization of pneumatic transport". Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 28, n. 2 (ottobre 1990): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0255-2701(90)80005-p.

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Daley, Monica A., e James R. Usherwood. "Two explanations for the compliant running paradox: reduced work of bouncing viscera and increased stability in uneven terrain". Biology Letters 6, n. 3 (24 marzo 2010): 418–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0175.

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Economy is a central principle for understanding animal locomotion. Yet, compared with theoretical predictions concerning economy, animals run with compliant legs that are energetically costly. Here, we address this apparent paradox, highlighting two factors that predict benefits for compliant gaits: (i) minimizing cost of work associated with bouncing viscera; and (ii) leg control for robust stability in uneven terrain. We show that consideration of the effects of bouncing viscera predicts an energetic optimum for relatively compliant legs. To compare stability in uneven terrain, we introduce the normalized maximum drop (NMD), a measure based on simple kinematics, which predicts that compliant legs allow negotiation of relatively larger terrain perturbations without failure. Our model also suggests an inherent trade-off in control of leg retraction velocity ( ω ) for stability: low ω allows higher NMD, reducing fall risk, whereas high ω minimizes peak forces with terrain drops, reducing injury risk. Optimization for one of these factors explicitly limits the other; however, compliant legs relax this trade-off, allowing greater stability by both measures. Our models suggest compromises in leg control for economy and stability that might explain why animals run with compliant legs.

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Gajera, Udaykumar, Loriano Storchi, Danila Amoroso, Francesco Delodovici e Silvia Picozzi. "Toward machine learning for microscopic mechanisms: A formula search for crystal structure stability based on atomic properties". Journal of Applied Physics 131, n. 21 (7 giugno 2022): 215703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0088177.

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Machine-learning techniques are revolutionizing the way to perform efficient materials modeling. We here propose a combinatorial machine-learning approach to obtain physical formulas based on simple and easily accessible ingredients, such as atomic properties. The latter are used to build materials features that are finally employed, through linear regression, to predict the energetic stability of semiconducting binary compounds with respect to zinc blende and rocksalt crystal structures. The adopted models are trained using a dataset built from first-principles calculations. Our results show that already one-dimensional (1D) formulas well describe the energetics; a simple grid-search optimization of the automatically obtained 1D-formulas enhances the prediction performance at a very small computational cost. In addition, our approach allows one to highlight the role of the different atomic properties involved in the formulas. The computed formulas clearly indicate that “spatial” atomic properties (i.e., radii indicating maximum probability densities for [Formula: see text] electronic shells) drive the stabilization of one crystal structure with respect to the other, suggesting the major relevance of the radius associated with the [Formula: see text]-shell of the cation species.

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Gerencser, G. A., e B. R. Stevens. "Energetics of sodium-coupled active transport mechanisms in invertebrate epithelia". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 257, n. 3 (1 settembre 1989): R461—R472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.257.3.r461.

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The Na+ gradient has been implicated as the sole or primary energy source for accumulative transport of organic solutes (e.g., sugars, amino acids) across the mucosal membrane of a variety of epithelial cells. A basic question concerning the Na+-coupled transport process in epithelia is whether the energy available from the transmucosal Na+ electrochemical difference is sufficient to sustain an accumulated organic solute steady-state level. Measurements of Na+ activities, with Na+-sensitive microelectrodes, gave accurate estimates of the Na+ electrochemical potential difference across the mucosal membrane of Aplysia californica gut. The results suggest that the transmucosal Na+ gradient can furnish sufficient energy to sustain the observed intracellular levels of the cotransported species. Many other species sustain large intracellular-extracellular gradients (less than 10(6):1) of free solutes. Theoretical models suggest that secondary active transport mechanisms in these epithelia operate by energetic multiple coupling to the Na+ electrochemical gradient; coupling coefficients of approximately 3 may represent an evolutionary optimization of these epithelial cotransporters. To properly investigate the cotransport mechanisms and energetics in invertebrate membranes, prototype mammalian vesicle experiments should be extended to the invertebrate laboratory.

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Lee, Christopher. "Predicting Protein Mutant Energetics by Self-consistent Ensemble Optimization". Journal of Molecular Biology 236, n. 3 (febbraio 1994): 918–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.1994.1198.

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37

Williams, Terrie M. "The evolution of cost efficient swimming in marine mammals: limits to energetic optimization". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 354, n. 1380 (29 gennaio 1999): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0371.

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Mammals re–entered the oceans less than 60 million years ago. The transition from a terrestrial to an aquatic lifestyle required extreme morphological and behavioural modifications concomitant with fundamentally different locomotor mechanisms for moving on land and through water. Energetic transport costs typically reflect such different locomotor modes, but can not be discerned from the fossil record. In this study the energetic challenges associated with changing from terrestrial to aquatic locomotion in primitive marine mammals are examined by comparing the transport, maintenance and locomotor costs of extant mammals varying in degree of aquatic specialization. The results indicate that running and swimming specialists have converged on an energetic optimum for locomotion. An allometric expression, COT TOT = 7.79 mass −0.29 ( r 2 = 0.83, n = 6 species), describes the total cost of transport in J kg −1 m −1 for swimming marine mammals ranging in size from 21 kg to 15,000 kg. This relation is indistinguishable from that describing total transport costs in running mammals. In contrast, the transitional lifestyle of semi–aquatic mammals, similar to that of ancestral marine mammals, incurs costs that are 2.4–5.1 times higher than locomotor specialists. These patterns suggest that primitive marine mammals confronted an energetic hurdle before returning to costs reminiscent of their terrestrial ancestry, and may have reached an evolutionary limit for energetic optimization during swimming.

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Ding, Jiatao, Jiangchen Zhou, Zhao Guo e Xiaohui Xiao. "Energy-Efficient Bipedal Walking: From Single-Mass Model to Three-Mass Model". Robotica 39, n. 9 (22 febbraio 2021): 1537–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574720001320.

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SUMMARYThe work aims to realize energy-efficient bipedal walking by employing the three-mass inverted pendulum model (3MIPM) and compare its energy performance with linear inverted pendulum model (LIPM). To do this, a general optimal index on center of mass (CoM) acceleration is first derived for energetic cost evaluation. After defining the equivalent zero moment point (ZMP) motion, an unconstrained optimization approach for CoM generation is extended for 3MIPM, which can track different ZMP references and address the height variation as well. To make use of the allowable ZMP movement, a constrained optimization method is also employed, contributing to lower energetic cost. Simulation and hardware experiments on a humanoid robot demonstrate that the 3MIPM could achieve higher energy efficiency.

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Abbasi, Amirali, Jaber Jahanbin Sardroodi e Alireza Rastkar Ebrahimzade. "The adsorption of SO2 on TiO2 anatase nanoparticles: a density functional theory study". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 94, n. 1 (gennaio 2016): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2015-0065.

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First-principles calculations have been carried out to investigate the adsorption properties of SO2 molecules on nitrogen-doped TiO2 anatase nanoparticles using the density functional theory method to fully exploit the gas-sensing capabilities of TiO2 particles. For this purpose, we have mainly studied the adsorption of the SO2 molecule on the dangling oxygen atom and doped nitrogen atom sites of the TiO2 nanoparticles because these sites are more active than other sites in the adsorption processes. The complex systems consisting of the SO2 molecule positioned toward the undoped and nitrogen-doped nanoparticles have been relaxed geometrically. The results presented include structural parameters such as bond lengths and bond angles and energetics of the systems such as adsorption energies. The electronic structure and its variations resulting from the adsorption process, including the density of states, molecular orbitals, and the charge transfer, are discussed. We found that the adsorption of the SO2 molecule on the nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles is energetically more favorable than the adsorption on the undoped ones. These results thus provide a theoretical basis for the potential applications of TiO2 nanoparticles in the removal and sensing of SO2 and give an explanation for helping in the optimization of improved gas removers and sensor devices.

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Ionită, Monica Alina, e Cătălin Alexandru. "Control System Design for a Mechatronic Solar Tracker". Applied Mechanics and Materials 332 (luglio 2013): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.332.248.

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This paper presents the optimization of a tracking system for photovoltaic modules, regarding the growth of energetic efficiency. The study takes into consideration the optimization of the control system, which is developed with the commercial DFC (Design for Control) software environment EASY5. The tracking system is approached in mechatronic concept, by integrating the control system and the mechanical device of the solar tracker at the virtual prototype level. The optimization is performed by using parametric design technique, the design variables for optimization being the amplification factors of the controllers. The optimization study leads to the maximization of the incident solar radiation gain by minimizing the tracking errors.

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D’Angelo, Gianni, Francesco Palmieri e Antonio Robustelli. "Artificial neural networks for resources optimization in energetic environment". Soft Computing 26, n. 4 (21 gennaio 2022): 1779–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00500-022-06757-x.

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AbstractResource Planning Optimization (RPO) is a common task that many companies need to face to get several benefits, like budget improvements and run-time analyses. However, even if it is often solved by using several software products and tools, the great success and validity of the Artificial Intelligence-based approaches, in many research fields, represent a huge opportunity to explore alternative solutions for solving optimization problems. To this purpose, the following paper aims to investigate the use of multiple Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for solving a RPO problem related to the scheduling of different Combined Heat & Power (CHP) generators. The experimental results, carried out by using data extracted by considering a real Microgrid system, have confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

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Airimiţoaie, Tudor-Bogdan, Dumitru Popescu e Cătălin Dimon. "Advanced control and optimization of a thermo-energetic installations". IFAC Proceedings Volumes 43, n. 17 (2010): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20100908-3-pt-3007.00062.

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Valencia-Ortega, G., e L. A. Arias-Hernandez. "Energetic optimization effects in single resonant tunneling GaAs-nanoconverters". Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 124 (ottobre 2020): 114231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2020.114231.

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Pérez, José Antonio, José Antonio Orosa e Ángel Martín Costa. "Energetic optimization of the ventilation system in modern ships". Applied Thermal Engineering 108 (settembre 2016): 816–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.07.176.

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Braimakis, Konstantinos, e Sotirios Karellas. "Energetic optimization of regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) configurations". Energy Conversion and Management 159 (marzo 2018): 353–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.12.093.

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Stöcker, Sabine, e Daniel Weihs. "Optimization of energetic advantages of burst swimming of fish". Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 24, n. 17-18 (25 novembre 2001): 1387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mma.187.

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Wong, Jeremy D., Shawn M. O’Connor, Jessica C. Selinger e J. Maxwell Donelan. "Contribution of blood oxygen and carbon dioxide sensing to the energetic optimization of human walking". Journal of Neurophysiology 118, n. 2 (1 agosto 2017): 1425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00195.2017.

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Human gait adaptation implies that the nervous system senses energetic cost, yet this signal is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the blood gas receptors sense cost for gait optimization by controlling blood O2 and CO2 with step frequency as people walked. At the simulated energetic minimum, ventilation and perceived exertion were lowest, yet subjects preferred walking at their original frequency. This suggests that blood gas receptors are not critical for sensing cost during gait.

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Ma, Sicong, Cheng Shang, Chuan-Ming Wang e Zhi-Pan Liu. "Thermodynamic rules for zeolite formation from machine learning based global optimization". Chemical Science 11, n. 37 (2020): 10113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sc03918g.

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Machine learning based atomic simulation explores more than one million minima from global potential energy surface of SiAlPO system, and identifies thermodynamics rules on energetics, framework and composition for stable zeolite.

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Sorokina, Larisa, Roman Ryazanov, Yury Shaman e Egor Lebedev. "Electrophoretic deposition of Al-CuOx thermite materials on patterned electrodes for microenergetic applications". E3S Web of Conferences 239 (2021): 00015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123900015.

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In this paper, the features and main nuances of electrophoretic deposition of energetic nanoscale powder materials based on Al and CuOx were investigated and formulated. We have successfully demonstrated the advantage of using suspension non-stop ultrasonic mixing and horizontal electrode placement during deposition. The possibility of local deposition of energetic materials on an electrically conductive topological pattern was shown. The influence of the mass of the deposited material on the behavior of the wave combustion process of a locally formed energetic material was investigated. This study provides guidance for the multiobjective optimization and increasing the reproducibility of the local electrophoretic deposition process of energetic materials. The results indicate that Al-CuOx mixture can be integrated into microenergy systems as a material with excellent specific energy characteristics and high combustion rate.

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Ben Abda, Amel, Emna Jaïem, Sinda Khalfallah e Abdelmalek Zine. "An energy gap functional: Cavity identification in linear elasticity". Journal of Inverse and Ill-posed Problems 25, n. 5 (1 ottobre 2017): 573–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jiip-2016-0067.

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AbstractThe aim of this work is an analysis of some geometrical inverse problems related to the identification of cavities in linear elasticity framework. We rephrase the inverse problem into a shape optimization one using an energetic least-squares functional. The shape derivative of this cost functional is combined with the level set method in a steepest descent algorithm to solve the shape optimization problem. The efficiency of this approach is illustrated by several numerical results.

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