Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "English language Lexicology"

Corpus linguistics is being used for a wide range of research tasks. A database on English lexicology was compiled on the basis of the semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic information found in the stylistically marked lexical items of the COBUILD 1987. It offers linguistic information on 7981 units annotated as "formal" or "informal" in the COBUILD 1987. This database may be used for quantitative and qualitative analysis and for a critical evaluation of the classifications used in the COBUILD dictionary. The aim of this paper is basically descriptive: (i) some information is given on the linguistic information stored; (ii) some tentative conclusions are drawn. For example, if the COBUILD formality labels were assigned rigorously, it might be concluded that (i) "formality" is a skew system; (ii) that the "formal/informal" scale has an equi distribution; (iii) that emphasising informal adverbs are so numerous because they illustrate a tendency to exaggeration observed in informal, relaxed situations, in which interactants usually struggle for controlling the message.

Abstract This chapter has fourteen sections: 1. General; 2. History of English Linguistics; 3. Phonetics and Phonology (not covered this year); 4. Morphology; 5. Syntax; 6. Semantics; 7. Lexicography, Lexicology, and Lexical Semantics; 8. Onomastics; 9. Dialectology and Sociolinguistics; 10. New Englishes and Creolistics; 11. Second Language Acquisition. 12. English as a Lingua Franca; 13. Pragmatics and Discourse. 14. Stylistics. Section 1 is by Viktorija Kostadinova; section 2 is by Nuria Yáñez-Bouza; sections 4 and 5 are by Gea Dreschler and Sune Gregersen; section 6 is by Beáta Gyuris; section 7 is by Kathryn Allan; section 8 is by Maggie Scott; section 9 is by Lieselotte Anderwald; section 10 is by Sven Leuckert; section 11 is by Tihana Kraš; section 12 is by Tian Gan, Ida Parise, Sum Pok Ting, Juliana Souza da Silva and Alessia Cogo; section 13 is by Beke Hansen; section 14 is by Jessica Norledge.

This paper focuses on studying the lexical features of color designations in English and Russian, as color vocabulary has differences in word formation, associations, the richness of meanings, and stylistic features. The methodological basis of the study comprises works of such domestic and foreign researchers as E. V. Krapivnik, V. G. Kulpina, S. G. Shafikov, G. V. Struchalina, B. Berlin, and others. The Russian and English language students will understand better the linguistic and cultural specifics of color designations in fiction texts. The outcomes of this work will help in preparing academic courses in English and Russian Stylistics, Lexicology, and Translation Studies. This work will help students and all those who study Russian and Russian languages better understand the linguistic and cultural specifics of color meanings in texts of artistic orientation. The work results will help to prepare courses on the stylistics of the English and Russian languages, Lexicology, and Translation Studies.

The Department of Lexicography and Lexicology at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań has done extensive research on dictionary use in the context of language teaching and learning. The department forms part of the Faculty of English, which is the largest institution in continental Europe educating teachers of English at the B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. levels. Therefore, it is only natural that the language-teaching potential of dictionaries is the main focus of the studies undertaken in the Department.

The article examines linguostylistic specifics of the pragmatical and symbolic realization of the poetic discourse based on English. As the purpose of the work, we analyzed the use of linguistic means of symbolization in the English poetic discourse in the linguopragmatic aspect. The article discusses the importance of stylistic means in English for poetic influence on the addressee. In analyzing verses from pragmalinguistic side is necessary to show their stylistic peculiarities. We did a contextual analysis of poetic works at the text and hypotext levels using the method of symbolic interpretation, stylistic analysis, and linguopragmatic analysis. As the material of the study, we analyzed the poetic works of English poets. The theoretical significance of research results is to identify linguistic specifics of pragmatic and symbol realization of the poetic discourse in the English linguoculture. The study contributes to the development of discursive linguistics, pragmalinguistics, lexicology and stylistics of English, theory of linguistics, linguoculturology. In practical terms, results can be used in teaching the theory of discourse, pragmalinguistics, linguistic analysis of the poetic text, lexicology, and stylistics of English.

The relevance of the English Language learning is substantiated in the article for many reasons. First, because of its prevalence in the whole world. Secondly, due to the huge number of lexical and stylistic features, such as context, polysemantic words, direct word order in sentence, variability (British, American, Canadian, Australian, New Zealand English). Thirdly, owing to its clarity, conciseness, emotional colouring and individuality. The article defines the possibilities of the contextual method using in the Turkish and English language Lexicology studying. Such teaching methods as descriptive (for a general description of the context); contextual-interpretive (to identify the functional and semantic meaning of a word), as well as a method of creating a problem situation using a contextual task were used for achieving the goal. The features of the English language as the language of international communication are determined; the place of the context in English is considered and the role of the English context in comparison with the Turkish one is defined. The difficulties of translating words from English and vice versa due to their ambiguity are stipulated. Especially it concerns synonymic dominants, idioms, set phrases and phrasal verbs. Context has been shown to understand the meaning of a word or phrase. Depending upon the context and lexical surroundings, most words in common vocabulary can change their meaning in both Turkish and English.

A particular status of the English language as the language of international communication and connections between the nearly related English and German languages resulted in the emergence of many interlingual borrowings in the Modern English and German language vocabularies. The paper aims to consider the functioning of borrowings (loanwords) in the English and German languages. To reach the aim of the research and to carry out the tasks assigned, the following methods were used: a descriptive method, the method of correlation, componential analysis and, comparative semantic analysis. The paper focuses on linguistic and extralinguistic factors of the German and English interaction. Special attention is paid to clarifying the notion of borrowing in modern linguistic science. The word-formative calques and half-calques (hybrids), which differ from ordinary lexical borrowings by using partially borrowed lexical material, are identified in addition to direct lexical borrowings in the language subsystem under study. The paper demonstrates the significant influence of English borrowings on the structural-semantic qualities of German words, on various semantic changes, as well as on the participation of loanwords in the lexico-semantic variation: synonymy, polysemy, homonymy, and antonymy. The results of the research can also be used in the teaching and learning of both languages, in the course of lexicology or linguistics.

The article establishes the linguacultural gender specifics of the British song slang. All languages are constantly changing, slang invades the vocabulary of people (male and female). Of research, interest is the definition of slang, its origin, the vital need for human communication. The purpose of the study is to identify the gender characteristics of British song slang. Slang as a language system of modern linguistics is considered. In the article, main features and gender characteristics of British slang are described. The authors analyze the song slang of female and male performers and compare the song slang of performers of both sexes. The methods of research are descriptive method, comparative analysis, definitional analysis, lexical and semantic analysis, lexical and grammatical analysis, stylistic analysis, interpretive analysis, quantitative analysis, involving a continuous sample. The material of the study was songs by modern British male and female performers. The theoretical significance of the study is to identify the features of modern British song slang. Research results contribute to the development of lexicology and stylistics of the English language, to contrastive linguistics, linguoculturology. The establishment of the gender specificity of British musical slang contributes to the development of linguistic gender studies. The practical application of the research results is revealed in the possibility of teaching courses in English lexicology, stylistics, and gender linguistics, as well as compiling a linguistic dictionary of modern musical culture.

The goal of this work consists in determination of similarities and differences in value characteristics of freedom expressed in the speech of senior age politicians of the United States, United Kingdom and Russia. The subject of this research is the semantics of English and Russian aphorisms that represent value understanding of freedom in the speech of aging politicians of the listed countries. The speech of senior people was selected due to the lack of studies on the matter within comparative linguistics. Based on the material of aphorisms of the famous aging politicians of the United States, United Kingdom and Russia, the author defines the composition of topical units and groups that reflect value understanding of freedom in the English and Russian languages. The scientific novelty lies in the establishment of similarities and differences in value characteristics of freedom in the speech of English-language and Russian-language aging politicians. As a result of the conducted analysis, it was revealed that in the speech of English-language and Russian-language aging politicians, freedom is rarely the topic of discussion, they rather create the own aphorisms and at times utilize aphorisms from the corresponding English and Russian glossaries. Most often, aging politicians discuss the questions related to practical manifestation of freedom, as well as touch upon reflection of the value of freedom as a phenomenon or a process. Comparison of the composition of aphorisms in Russian and English languages demonstrates that they differ for the most part. The author concludes on the specificity of topical units. The acquired results can be applied in the university lectures on comparative lexicology of English and Russian languages.

Other-directed emotions, both positive (e.g. love, pity, admiration) and negative (e.g. hatred, anger, disgust), play an important role in communication due to their social nature and involvement of another party. Emotive discourse regulates social encounters and triggers response in participants of such encounters. When learning a new language, one needs to be able to interpret correctly emotive discourse and, ideally, to articulate adequately one's own emotions. Therefore, it is important to know what emotion concepts exist in a given language and if they differ in any way from the speaker's first language. From the sociolinguistic point of view, other-directed discontent is extremely culture-dependent: there are strict rules of what, how and when can or should be expressed and consequently interpreted by an illocutor and reacted upon. Moreover, according to the Russian National Corpus frequency chart, emotion terms of discontent are the most frequent ones among the other-directed emotions in Russian: obida “offence/resentment” is extremely salient, only surpassed by the lexemes denoting "love", "hope", "happiness", “joy” and "fear". The present study seeks to fill the gap in studies on the conceptualisation of other-directed discontent in Russian, compared to English and Spanish. For this purpose, relevant research papers, lexicographical sources and corpora studies have been employed. The results show that power relations are crucial for the lexical choice when expressing other-directed discontent in Russian, i.e. emotion words are chosen according to the social status of both the experiencer and the causer. Moreover, there are different classifications of discontent-related words in Russian: 'rational' vs. irrational, 'expressive' vs. 'inexpressive', 'high', i.e. connected to the 'soul', and 'low', i.e. connected to the body. The comparative analysis of Russian, English and Spanish other-directed discontent has revealed both similarities and differences in the respective versions of the concept. All three languages have 'low vs. high intensity', 'external vs. internal' and 'significant vs. insignificant' dichotomies. Also metaphorical conceptualisation is similar, mostly as 'a substance in a container', although the theme of 'elements' prevails in Russian, 'hot fluid in a container' in English and 'possessed object' in Spanish. Etymology plays a certain role in conceptualisation in all three languages, especially in English (e.g. anger) and Russian (e.g. obida). In addition, differences in synonymic groups and recurrent antonyms (mir “peace” in Russian, paciencia “patience” in Spanish, and pleasure in English) reflect differences in respective naïve pictures of the world. On the morphosyntactic level, specific traits of Russian are 1) fusion with active verbs caused by conceptualisation of emotions as actions, and 2) derivation being the main means of lexical replenishment and the main salience indicator of a term. In reference to the discursive representation of other-directed discontent, the outline of the social component in the conceptual structure and the qualitative Russian, English and Spanish corpora studies resulted in the reconstruction of the subtextual discourse. The discourse is motivated by 'archaic', rural morality in Russian, which constructs the world as a common house, by patriarchal morality in Spanish, which propagates action as a sign of power, and by the rule of law in English, postulating anger as a valid means of self-assertion.
Les emocions dirigides cap als altres, tant les positives (per exemple, amor, pietat, admiració) com les negatives (per exemple odi, ràbia, fàstic), juguen un paper important a la comunicació a causa de la seva naturalesa social i l'involucrament d'un altre. El discurs emotiu regula encontres socials i provoca resposta en els participants d'aquests encontres. A l'hora d'aprendre un nou idioma, és necessari poder interpretar correctament el discurs emotiu i articular adequadament les seves emocions. Així doncs, és important per un parlant saber quins conceptes d'emocions existeixen a l'dioma en qüestió i si són diferents dels conceptes de la seva primera llengua. Des del punt de vista sociolingüístic, el descontentament dirigit cap als altres (tradicionalment anomenat anger en anglès i en la recerca internacional) és extremadament dependent de la cultura: hi ha regles estrictes sobre com, quan i què es pot expressar. A més, segons el Corpus Nacional Rus, les paraules del descontentament són les més freqüents entre les emocions dirigides cap als altres, només superades pels lexemes amb significat “amor”, “esperança”, “felicitat”, “alegria” i “por”. El treball present té com a objectiu estudiar la conceptualització del descontentament dirigit cap als altres en rus, comparat amb l'anglès i el castellà. Amb aquesta finalitat, s'han utilitzat articles de recerca rellevants, recursos lexicogràfics i estudis de corpus. Els resultats demostren que les relacions de poder són crucials per a l'elecció lèxica a l ´hora d'expressar el descontentament en rus. Això vol dir que les paraules emocionals s'escullen segons l'estatus social de l'experimentador del descontentament i del causador del descontentament. A més, hi ha classificacions diferents de les paraules del descontentament en rus: racionals o irracionals, expressives o inexpressives, 'altes' (relacionades amb l'ànima) i 'baixes' (relacionades amb el cos). L'anàlisi comparatiu del descontentament en rus, anglès i castellà ha revelat tant similituds com diferències en les seves respectives versions. En totes tres llengües apareixen dicotomies 'baixa o alta intensitat', 'extern-intern', 'significatiu-insignificatiu'. La conceptualització metafòrica del descontentament també és similar. Majoritàriament està conceptualitzat com a 'substància dins d'un recipient', tot i que el tema dels 'elements' predomina en rus, 'el líquid calent dins d'un recipient' en anglès i 'l'objecte en possessió' en castellà. L'etimologia juga un cert paper a la conceptualització en tots tres idiomes, especialment en anglès (per exemple anger) i en rus (per exemple obida). També, les diferències en grups sinonímics i en antònims recurrents (mir “pau” en rus, paciencia “paciència” en castellà, i pleasure “plaer” en anglès) reflecteixen diferències en els 'imatges naïfs del mon' en els tres idiomes. A nivell morfosintàctic, els trets específics del rus són 1) la fusió del lèxic emocional amb els verbs actius, causada per la conceptualització dels emocions com a accions, i 2) la derivació, sent el mitjà principal de l'enriquiment lèxic i l'indicador principal de la prominència d'un terme. En referència a la representació discursiva del descontentament dirigit cap als altres, la descripció del component social dins de l'estructura conceptual i l'estudi qualitatiu del corpus rus, anglès i castellà han donat com a resultat la reconstrucció del discurs subtextual. El discurs rus és motivat per la moral arcaica i rural i construeix el món com una casa comuna. El discurs castellà és motivat per la moral patriarcal, fent èmfasi en l'acció com a signe de poder. El discurs anglès és influenciat per l'imperi de la llei i postula anger com a mitjà vàlid d'autoafirmació.

ANALYSE DIACHRONIQUE DU TRÉSOR DE LA LANGUE FRANÇAISEET DE L’OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY :LE TRAITEMENT DES EMPRUNTSRÉSUMÉIl n’est pas de langue dont le lexique ne s’enrichisse au gré des emprunts, qui permettent d’accroître et de renouveler le fonds lexical au fur et à mesure que se développent les relations entre les pays et entre leurs cultures. Les langues anglaise et française, en raison de leur rayonnement sur tous les continents, ont acquis un contingent très important de mots venus d’ailleurs, qu’elles se sont en outre souvent partagé. En effet, du fait de leur proximité géographique et d’une histoire commune d’une grande richesse, l’anglais et le français ont été amenés à s’interpénétrer pendant plus de dix siècles. Nous avons voulu, dans cette étude, montrer l’impact des emprunts sur les deux langues, et analyser la façon dont ils sont traités dans les dictionnaires les plus extensifs qui soient de part et d’autre de la Manche : le Trésor de la Langue Française et l’Oxford English Dictionary.Dans une première partie, nous étudions la constitution des lexiques anglais et français au fil du temps en fonction des apports étrangers, avant de définir la notion même d’emprunt et d’en montrer la complexité. Enfin, nous présentons le corpus sur lequel repose ce travail.La seconde partie est consacrée à la présentation du Trésor de la Langue Française et de l’Oxford English Dictionary. Après avoir retracé l’histoire des dictionnaires de langue et la genèse de ces deux dictionnaires, leurs caractéristiques sont mises en évidence et leur constitution finement analysée, tant sur le plan macrostructurel que sur le plan microstructurel. Nous avons également montré les atouts que représente leur informatisation.La dernière partie s’arrête plus précisément sur le traitement des emprunts en fonction de leur type dans ces ouvrages et sur les indications données à leur sujet, avant de faire porter l’accent sur les particularités propres au traitement des emprunts et sur les difficultés inhérentes à la description lexicographique des mots venus d’ailleurs
THE TRÉSOR DE LA LANGUE FRANÇAISE ANDTHE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY :A DIACHRONICAL ANALYSIS OF LOAN-WORDSABSTRACTThere is no language that does not expand thanks to loan-words : they permit the lexical stock to get richer and refreshed as are developed the relationships between cultures and countries. English and French languages, since they have been spreading over all continents, have acquired a lot of words from other horizons, that, moreover, they often shared. Actually, we can but notice that their geographic proximity and the richness of their history have aroused an important interpenetration during more than ten centuries. That is why we wanted to show, in this study, the impact of loan-words on both languages, and to analyse the way the most extensive dictionaries on either side of the Channel — the Trésor de la Langue Française and the Oxford English Dictionary — dealt with them.In the first part of this work, we study how French and English lexicons were built up over the course of time according to foreign contributions, and we define the very notion of loan-word in order to show how complex it is. Afterwards, we present the corpus on which rests this study.The second part is dedicated to an exhaustive presentation of the Trésor de la Langue Française and of the Oxford English Dictionary. After a recounting of language dictionaries and of the creation of those two dictionaries, their main features are highlighted and their constitution accurately examined, as well macrostructurally as microstructurally. We also point out the advantages of their informatisation.In the last part, we observe more precisely how the different types of loan-words are reported and what kind of indications are given about them. Then, we point out the distinctive characteristics of the way loan-words are dealt with and the lexicographical difficulties in describing words from elsewhere

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de fazer um estudo sobre a projeção do inglês, língua universal, sobre a portuguesa, considerando-se os empréstimos lexicais, porta de entrada para a configuração e enriquecimento vocabular da língua de chegada. Estes vocábulos são indicativos ao vocabulário da língua de especialidade, divulgados nos programas da Internet. Fizemos uma pequena reflexão sobre o fenômeno da linguagem virtual, que vem se cristalizando em discurso interativo de povos e nações colocadas frente a frente ao sistema de globalização. Pretendemos, neste relato, abordar resultados de uma pequena análise de textos recolhidos dos sites da Internet, permitindo transpor para o usuário uma comunicação interacional e de projeção rápida de informações que estão sempre à disposição dos grupos sociais. Essa interatividade, segundo nossos critérios de estudo, permitiu centrar duas questões. A primeira fazer o usuário tomar conhecimento dos acontecimentos informacionais no mundo frente ao sistema global. A segunda referente a individualização dos grupos sociais, em respeito às realidades específicas de sua história, de sua cultura.
The objective of this work was to make a study on the projection os English, as universal language, over Portuguese, opening a research centered in the loan of words from English to Portuguese. These words are indicative of the vocabulary of the language of specialty, divulged in Internet programs. We have made a reflection upon the phenomenon of the virtual language, a language that is crystallizing in interactive speeches of peoples and nations, face to face to the globalization system. We intend, in this study, to approach results of small analysis of texts, collected from sites in the Internet, allowing transposing to the user an interactive communication of fast projection of information, always available for social groups. This interactivity, according to our criteria of study, allowed us to focus two issues. The first one is to make the user be aware of the informational events in the world face to global system. The second refers to the individualization of the social groups, in respect to the specific realities of its history and its culture.

This thesis tests the early incorporation of prosodic information during on-line processing of ambiguous word pairs such as Packing cases. The word pair is syntactically ambiguous between a noun or verb phrase interpretation. However, the two interpretations are prosodically distinct. An on-line, cross-modal, response-time task found that subjects disambiguated the word pairs using prosodic information. Experiment 2 swapped the timing,f_o and amplitude of the noun phrase versions with the verb phrase versions. If prosodic information were guiding parsing, swapping the prosody of the alternatives should change subjects' parses of the word-pairs. Subjects interpreted the cross-synthesised noun phrases as verb phrases and the crosssynthesised verb phrases as noun phrases. This provides additional evidence in favour of early prosodic processing. Experiment 3 tested whether subjects' ability to differentiate the two forms would be affected by flattening the f_o of the word pairs. Subjects' ability to disambiguate the word pairs was reduced by flattening the f_o of the stimuli. Again, this provides evidence in favour of f_o guiding parsing. Experiment 4 investigated the perceptual salience of prosodic information in the absence of lexical information, by testing parsing of delexicalised versions of the same wordpairs. Subjects continued to disambiguate the stimuli. This indicates that prosody can guide parsing even without lexical information. The results of the four experiments provide strong evidence in favour of the early incorporation of prosodic information in parsing: prosodic information can influence on-line parsing even in the presence of contradictory syntactic and spectral preferences; and in the absence of lexical information. This thesis concludes that the results of the experiments support strong interaction models of processing.

This pilot study addresses the distribution of nonstandard syntactic and lexical features in Indian English (IE) across a homogeneous group of highly educated IE speakers. It is found that nonstandard syntactic features of article use, number agreement and assignment of verb argument structure do not display uniform intragroup distribution. Instead, a relationship is found between nonstandard syntactic features and the sociolinguistic variables of lower levels of exposure to and use of English found within the group. While nonstandard syntactic features show unequal distribution, nonstandard lexical features of semantic reassignment, and mass nouns treated as count nouns display a more uniform intragroup distribution.

In the modern world, in the epoch of growth of information technologies, an advertisement is one of the most popular varieties of mass communication that rapidly develops. The growth of advertisement substantially influences on lexical composition of language, creates in a language new concepts and expressions, in particular slang and jargon. Native speakers begin to use such vocabulary in everyday life. Especially modern English has such phenomenon, because it is used all over the world. Nowadays, an advertisement performs the function of public ideas formation. Influencing on people, an advertisement creates consumer philosophy and ideology. One of the most sensible to the advertisement categories of people is youth, because they are in the process of active socialization. Exactly an advertisement is mostly aimed at young consumers, that is why it becomes more widely spread and such products need specific language means of influence. Advertisement makers try to overcome psychological distance between an advertisement and audience, so they use of extralinguistic language units, elements of slang or to create new words. Topicality of this work is defined by the fact that a slang is an integral part of English, and the latest research of slang is of great importance. A slang is one of the most actual and ambiguous problems of modern lexicology. In the world where new slang units appear every day, updating of theoretical and practical knowledge of slang and its functions is very important for modern lexicology. In addition, the deeper analysis of advertisement reports with a slang must be done. A scientific novelty of work is that theoretical knowledge in relation to a slang and advertisement in the conditions of modern development of information technologies are incorporated and generalized; opinions of scientists are analyzed in relation to functioning of slang in an advertisement. The aim of the article is to study features of slang functioning in modern English-language advertisements and analysis of basic methods of translating of such advertisement texts. The achievement of these aims needs solution of the following tasks: 1) to interpret a concept "slang" and "jargon" and define, what a slang differs from jargon in the context of the newest researches; 2) to present the basic methods of forming of slang in modern English; 3) to describe the general views of slang and identify their specifics; 4) to interpret a concept "advertisement" and describe the stylistic features of advertisement text; 5) to describe the features of slang use in advertisement texts; 6) to explain functioning of slang in an advertisement on the example of advertisement slogans and texts; 7) to define the specific features of English-Ukrainian translation of advertisements. The subject of research is an analysis of slang features in modern English and Ukrainian languages in advertisement texts.

The purpose of the study is to correlate and compare the linguistic and cultural features of phraseological units with the component-zoonym in Russian, French and English. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it presents a number of specific observations and conclusions made as a result of personal analysis, combining structural, semantic and cognitive elements, conducted on a specific material. The practical value of this study is that its results can be further used to study the issues of lexicology and stylistics of the three languages.