Tesi sul tema "English language Lexicology"

Other-directed emotions, both positive (e.g. love, pity, admiration) and negative (e.g. hatred, anger, disgust), play an important role in communication due to their social nature and involvement of another party. Emotive discourse regulates social encounters and triggers response in participants of such encounters. When learning a new language, one needs to be able to interpret correctly emotive discourse and, ideally, to articulate adequately one's own emotions. Therefore, it is important to know what emotion concepts exist in a given language and if they differ in any way from the speaker's first language. From the sociolinguistic point of view, other-directed discontent is extremely culture-dependent: there are strict rules of what, how and when can or should be expressed and consequently interpreted by an illocutor and reacted upon. Moreover, according to the Russian National Corpus frequency chart, emotion terms of discontent are the most frequent ones among the other-directed emotions in Russian: obida “offence/resentment” is extremely salient, only surpassed by the lexemes denoting "love", "hope", "happiness", “joy” and "fear". The present study seeks to fill the gap in studies on the conceptualisation of other-directed discontent in Russian, compared to English and Spanish. For this purpose, relevant research papers, lexicographical sources and corpora studies have been employed. The results show that power relations are crucial for the lexical choice when expressing other-directed discontent in Russian, i.e. emotion words are chosen according to the social status of both the experiencer and the causer. Moreover, there are different classifications of discontent-related words in Russian: 'rational' vs. irrational, 'expressive' vs. 'inexpressive', 'high', i.e. connected to the 'soul', and 'low', i.e. connected to the body. The comparative analysis of Russian, English and Spanish other-directed discontent has revealed both similarities and differences in the respective versions of the concept. All three languages have 'low vs. high intensity', 'external vs. internal' and 'significant vs. insignificant' dichotomies. Also metaphorical conceptualisation is similar, mostly as 'a substance in a container', although the theme of 'elements' prevails in Russian, 'hot fluid in a container' in English and 'possessed object' in Spanish. Etymology plays a certain role in conceptualisation in all three languages, especially in English (e.g. anger) and Russian (e.g. obida). In addition, differences in synonymic groups and recurrent antonyms (mir “peace” in Russian, paciencia “patience” in Spanish, and pleasure in English) reflect differences in respective naïve pictures of the world. On the morphosyntactic level, specific traits of Russian are 1) fusion with active verbs caused by conceptualisation of emotions as actions, and 2) derivation being the main means of lexical replenishment and the main salience indicator of a term. In reference to the discursive representation of other-directed discontent, the outline of the social component in the conceptual structure and the qualitative Russian, English and Spanish corpora studies resulted in the reconstruction of the subtextual discourse. The discourse is motivated by 'archaic', rural morality in Russian, which constructs the world as a common house, by patriarchal morality in Spanish, which propagates action as a sign of power, and by the rule of law in English, postulating anger as a valid means of self-assertion.
Les emocions dirigides cap als altres, tant les positives (per exemple, amor, pietat, admiració) com les negatives (per exemple odi, ràbia, fàstic), juguen un paper important a la comunicació a causa de la seva naturalesa social i l'involucrament d'un altre. El discurs emotiu regula encontres socials i provoca resposta en els participants d'aquests encontres. A l'hora d'aprendre un nou idioma, és necessari poder interpretar correctament el discurs emotiu i articular adequadament les seves emocions. Així doncs, és important per un parlant saber quins conceptes d'emocions existeixen a l'dioma en qüestió i si són diferents dels conceptes de la seva primera llengua. Des del punt de vista sociolingüístic, el descontentament dirigit cap als altres (tradicionalment anomenat anger en anglès i en la recerca internacional) és extremadament dependent de la cultura: hi ha regles estrictes sobre com, quan i què es pot expressar. A més, segons el Corpus Nacional Rus, les paraules del descontentament són les més freqüents entre les emocions dirigides cap als altres, només superades pels lexemes amb significat “amor”, “esperança”, “felicitat”, “alegria” i “por”. El treball present té com a objectiu estudiar la conceptualització del descontentament dirigit cap als altres en rus, comparat amb l'anglès i el castellà. Amb aquesta finalitat, s'han utilitzat articles de recerca rellevants, recursos lexicogràfics i estudis de corpus. Els resultats demostren que les relacions de poder són crucials per a l'elecció lèxica a l ´hora d'expressar el descontentament en rus. Això vol dir que les paraules emocionals s'escullen segons l'estatus social de l'experimentador del descontentament i del causador del descontentament. A més, hi ha classificacions diferents de les paraules del descontentament en rus: racionals o irracionals, expressives o inexpressives, 'altes' (relacionades amb l'ànima) i 'baixes' (relacionades amb el cos). L'anàlisi comparatiu del descontentament en rus, anglès i castellà ha revelat tant similituds com diferències en les seves respectives versions. En totes tres llengües apareixen dicotomies 'baixa o alta intensitat', 'extern-intern', 'significatiu-insignificatiu'. La conceptualització metafòrica del descontentament també és similar. Majoritàriament està conceptualitzat com a 'substància dins d'un recipient', tot i que el tema dels 'elements' predomina en rus, 'el líquid calent dins d'un recipient' en anglès i 'l'objecte en possessió' en castellà. L'etimologia juga un cert paper a la conceptualització en tots tres idiomes, especialment en anglès (per exemple anger) i en rus (per exemple obida). També, les diferències en grups sinonímics i en antònims recurrents (mir “pau” en rus, paciencia “paciència” en castellà, i pleasure “plaer” en anglès) reflecteixen diferències en els 'imatges naïfs del mon' en els tres idiomes. A nivell morfosintàctic, els trets específics del rus són 1) la fusió del lèxic emocional amb els verbs actius, causada per la conceptualització dels emocions com a accions, i 2) la derivació, sent el mitjà principal de l'enriquiment lèxic i l'indicador principal de la prominència d'un terme. En referència a la representació discursiva del descontentament dirigit cap als altres, la descripció del component social dins de l'estructura conceptual i l'estudi qualitatiu del corpus rus, anglès i castellà han donat com a resultat la reconstrucció del discurs subtextual. El discurs rus és motivat per la moral arcaica i rural i construeix el món com una casa comuna. El discurs castellà és motivat per la moral patriarcal, fent èmfasi en l'acció com a signe de poder. El discurs anglès és influenciat per l'imperi de la llei i postula anger com a mitjà vàlid d'autoafirmació.

ANALYSE DIACHRONIQUE DU TRÉSOR DE LA LANGUE FRANÇAISEET DE L’OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY :LE TRAITEMENT DES EMPRUNTSRÉSUMÉIl n’est pas de langue dont le lexique ne s’enrichisse au gré des emprunts, qui permettent d’accroître et de renouveler le fonds lexical au fur et à mesure que se développent les relations entre les pays et entre leurs cultures. Les langues anglaise et française, en raison de leur rayonnement sur tous les continents, ont acquis un contingent très important de mots venus d’ailleurs, qu’elles se sont en outre souvent partagé. En effet, du fait de leur proximité géographique et d’une histoire commune d’une grande richesse, l’anglais et le français ont été amenés à s’interpénétrer pendant plus de dix siècles. Nous avons voulu, dans cette étude, montrer l’impact des emprunts sur les deux langues, et analyser la façon dont ils sont traités dans les dictionnaires les plus extensifs qui soient de part et d’autre de la Manche : le Trésor de la Langue Française et l’Oxford English Dictionary.Dans une première partie, nous étudions la constitution des lexiques anglais et français au fil du temps en fonction des apports étrangers, avant de définir la notion même d’emprunt et d’en montrer la complexité. Enfin, nous présentons le corpus sur lequel repose ce travail.La seconde partie est consacrée à la présentation du Trésor de la Langue Française et de l’Oxford English Dictionary. Après avoir retracé l’histoire des dictionnaires de langue et la genèse de ces deux dictionnaires, leurs caractéristiques sont mises en évidence et leur constitution finement analysée, tant sur le plan macrostructurel que sur le plan microstructurel. Nous avons également montré les atouts que représente leur informatisation.La dernière partie s’arrête plus précisément sur le traitement des emprunts en fonction de leur type dans ces ouvrages et sur les indications données à leur sujet, avant de faire porter l’accent sur les particularités propres au traitement des emprunts et sur les difficultés inhérentes à la description lexicographique des mots venus d’ailleurs
THE TRÉSOR DE LA LANGUE FRANÇAISE ANDTHE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY :A DIACHRONICAL ANALYSIS OF LOAN-WORDSABSTRACTThere is no language that does not expand thanks to loan-words : they permit the lexical stock to get richer and refreshed as are developed the relationships between cultures and countries. English and French languages, since they have been spreading over all continents, have acquired a lot of words from other horizons, that, moreover, they often shared. Actually, we can but notice that their geographic proximity and the richness of their history have aroused an important interpenetration during more than ten centuries. That is why we wanted to show, in this study, the impact of loan-words on both languages, and to analyse the way the most extensive dictionaries on either side of the Channel — the Trésor de la Langue Française and the Oxford English Dictionary — dealt with them.In the first part of this work, we study how French and English lexicons were built up over the course of time according to foreign contributions, and we define the very notion of loan-word in order to show how complex it is. Afterwards, we present the corpus on which rests this study.The second part is dedicated to an exhaustive presentation of the Trésor de la Langue Française and of the Oxford English Dictionary. After a recounting of language dictionaries and of the creation of those two dictionaries, their main features are highlighted and their constitution accurately examined, as well macrostructurally as microstructurally. We also point out the advantages of their informatisation.In the last part, we observe more precisely how the different types of loan-words are reported and what kind of indications are given about them. Then, we point out the distinctive characteristics of the way loan-words are dealt with and the lexicographical difficulties in describing words from elsewhere

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de fazer um estudo sobre a projeção do inglês, língua universal, sobre a portuguesa, considerando-se os empréstimos lexicais, porta de entrada para a configuração e enriquecimento vocabular da língua de chegada. Estes vocábulos são indicativos ao vocabulário da língua de especialidade, divulgados nos programas da Internet. Fizemos uma pequena reflexão sobre o fenômeno da linguagem virtual, que vem se cristalizando em discurso interativo de povos e nações colocadas frente a frente ao sistema de globalização. Pretendemos, neste relato, abordar resultados de uma pequena análise de textos recolhidos dos sites da Internet, permitindo transpor para o usuário uma comunicação interacional e de projeção rápida de informações que estão sempre à disposição dos grupos sociais. Essa interatividade, segundo nossos critérios de estudo, permitiu centrar duas questões. A primeira fazer o usuário tomar conhecimento dos acontecimentos informacionais no mundo frente ao sistema global. A segunda referente a individualização dos grupos sociais, em respeito às realidades específicas de sua história, de sua cultura.
The objective of this work was to make a study on the projection os English, as universal language, over Portuguese, opening a research centered in the loan of words from English to Portuguese. These words are indicative of the vocabulary of the language of specialty, divulged in Internet programs. We have made a reflection upon the phenomenon of the virtual language, a language that is crystallizing in interactive speeches of peoples and nations, face to face to the globalization system. We intend, in this study, to approach results of small analysis of texts, collected from sites in the Internet, allowing transposing to the user an interactive communication of fast projection of information, always available for social groups. This interactivity, according to our criteria of study, allowed us to focus two issues. The first one is to make the user be aware of the informational events in the world face to global system. The second refers to the individualization of the social groups, in respect to the specific realities of its history and its culture.

This thesis tests the early incorporation of prosodic information during on-line processing of ambiguous word pairs such as Packing cases. The word pair is syntactically ambiguous between a noun or verb phrase interpretation. However, the two interpretations are prosodically distinct. An on-line, cross-modal, response-time task found that subjects disambiguated the word pairs using prosodic information. Experiment 2 swapped the timing,f_o and amplitude of the noun phrase versions with the verb phrase versions. If prosodic information were guiding parsing, swapping the prosody of the alternatives should change subjects' parses of the word-pairs. Subjects interpreted the cross-synthesised noun phrases as verb phrases and the crosssynthesised verb phrases as noun phrases. This provides additional evidence in favour of early prosodic processing. Experiment 3 tested whether subjects' ability to differentiate the two forms would be affected by flattening the f_o of the word pairs. Subjects' ability to disambiguate the word pairs was reduced by flattening the f_o of the stimuli. Again, this provides evidence in favour of f_o guiding parsing. Experiment 4 investigated the perceptual salience of prosodic information in the absence of lexical information, by testing parsing of delexicalised versions of the same wordpairs. Subjects continued to disambiguate the stimuli. This indicates that prosody can guide parsing even without lexical information. The results of the four experiments provide strong evidence in favour of the early incorporation of prosodic information in parsing: prosodic information can influence on-line parsing even in the presence of contradictory syntactic and spectral preferences; and in the absence of lexical information. This thesis concludes that the results of the experiments support strong interaction models of processing.

This pilot study addresses the distribution of nonstandard syntactic and lexical features in Indian English (IE) across a homogeneous group of highly educated IE speakers. It is found that nonstandard syntactic features of article use, number agreement and assignment of verb argument structure do not display uniform intragroup distribution. Instead, a relationship is found between nonstandard syntactic features and the sociolinguistic variables of lower levels of exposure to and use of English found within the group. While nonstandard syntactic features show unequal distribution, nonstandard lexical features of semantic reassignment, and mass nouns treated as count nouns display a more uniform intragroup distribution.

Orientador: Antonieta Laface
Banca: Maria do Rosário Gomes Lima da Silva
Banca: Jeni Silva Turazza
Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de fazer um estudo sobre a projeção do inglês, língua universal, sobre a portuguesa, considerando-se os empréstimos lexicais, porta de entrada para a configuração e enriquecimento vocabular da língua de chegada. Estes vocábulos são indicativos ao vocabulário da língua de especialidade, divulgados nos programas da Internet. Fizemos uma pequena reflexão sobre o fenômeno da linguagem virtual, que vem se cristalizando em discurso interativo de povos e nações colocadas frente a frente ao sistema de globalização. Pretendemos, neste relato, abordar resultados de uma pequena análise de textos recolhidos dos sites da Internet, permitindo transpor para o usuário uma comunicação interacional e de projeção rápida de informações que estão sempre à disposição dos grupos sociais. Essa interatividade, segundo nossos critérios de estudo, permitiu centrar duas questões. A primeira fazer o usuário tomar conhecimento dos acontecimentos informacionais no mundo frente ao sistema global. A segunda referente a individualização dos grupos sociais, em respeito às realidades específicas de sua história, de sua cultura.
Abstract: The objective of this work was to make a study on the projection os English, as universal language, over Portuguese, opening a research centered in the loan of words from English to Portuguese. These words are indicative of the vocabulary of the language of specialty, divulged in Internet programs. We have made a reflection upon the phenomenon of the virtual language, a language that is crystallizing in interactive speeches of peoples and nations, face to face to the globalization system. We intend, in this study, to approach results of small analysis of texts, collected from sites in the Internet, allowing transposing to the user an interactive communication of fast projection of information, always available for social groups. This interactivity, according to our criteria of study, allowed us to focus two issues. The first one is to make the user be aware of the informational events in the world face to global system. The second refers to the individualization of the social groups, in respect to the specific realities of its history and its culture.
Mestre

There is consensus among scholars that there is not just one English language but a family of “World Englishes”. The umbrella-term “World Englishes” provides a conceptual framework to accommodate the different varieties of English that have evolved as a result of the linguistic cross-fertilization attendant upon colonization, migration, trade and transplantation of the original “strain” or variety. Various theoretical models have emerged in an attempt to understand and classify the extant and emerging varieties of this global language. The hierarchically based model of English, which classifies world English as “First Language”, “Second Language” and “Foreign Language”, has been challenged by more equitably-conceived models which refer to the emerging varieties as New Englishes. The situation in a country such as multi-lingual South Africa is a complex one: there are 11 official languages, one of which is English. However the English used in South Africa (or “South African English”), is not a homogeneous variety, since its speakers include those for whom it is a first language, those for whom it is an additional language and those for whom it is a replacement language. The Indian population in South Africa are amongst the latter group, as theirs is a case where English has ousted the traditional Indian languages and become a de facto first language, which has retained strong community resonances. This study was undertaken using the methodology of corpus linguistics to initiate the creation of a repository of linguistic evidence (or corpus), of Indian South African English, a sub-variety of South African English (Mesthrie 1992b, 1996, 2002). Although small (approximately 60 000 words), and representing a narrow age band of young adults, the resulting corpus of spoken data confirmed the existence of robust features identified in prior research into the sub-variety. These features include the use of ‘y’all’ as a second person plural pronoun, the use of but in a sentence-final position, and ‘lakker’ /'lVk@/ as a pronunciation variant of ‘lekker’ (meaning ‘good’, ‘nice’ or great’). An examination of lexical frequency lists revealed examples of general South African English such as the colloquially pervasive ‘ja’, ‘bladdy’ (for bloody) and jol(ling) (for partying or enjoying oneself) together with neologisms such as ‘eish’, the latter previously associated with speakers of Black South African English. The frequency lists facilitated cross-corpora comparisons with data from the British National Corpus and the Corpus of London Teenage Language and similarities and differences were noted and discussed. The study also used discourse analysis frameworks to investigate the role of high frequency lexical items such as ‘like’ in the data. In recent times ‘like’ has emerged globally as a lexicalized discourse marker, and its appearance in the corpus of Indian South African English confirms this trend. The corpus built as part of this study is intended as the first building block towards a full corpus of Indian South African English which could serve as a standard for referencing research into the sub-variety. Ultimately, it is argued that the establishment of similar corpora of other known sub-varieties of South African English could contribute towards the creation of a truly representative large corpus of South African English and a more nuanced understanding and definition of this important variety of World English.

Ova disertacija se bavi procesom morfemizacije krnjih osnova koje su nastaleod leksičkihslivenica. Rekurzivinimslivanjem s različitim inicijalnim elementima,ove osnove se konsoliduju u svom skraćenomobliku ili oblicima, što za rezultat imaseparaciju novih tvorbenih jedinica. Najbitnijiciljevi istraživanja su sledeći: da se utvrditeorijski i terminološki status ovih elementa iodrede kriterijumi za njihovo članstvo u ovojkategoriji; da se na osnovu tih kriterijumanapravi popis morfemizovanih elemenata uzrazvoj metodologije potrebne za njihovuekscerpciju; da se sačini spisak leksema ukojima se javljaju; da se ustanove formalnevarijacije i njihova relativna učestalost kao itipovi i oblici inicijalnih elementa sa kojimase kombinuju, što bi za rezultat imaloformulisanje prototipskog tvorbenog modela;da istraži značenje ovih elemenata, eventualnirazvoj novih semema i smisaonih odnosa; dadâ pregled njihove zastupljenosti upostojećim rečnicima; da predloži modelnjihove leksikografske obrada i da se naosnovu tog predloga sačini rečnik kakomorfemizovanih krnjih osnova, tako i reči ukojima se javljaju.
This dissertation investigates the process ofAB morphemization of truncated bases whichhave originated from lexical blends. Throughtheir recurrent blending with various initialelements, they become consolidated in theirtruncated form or forms, resulting in thesecretion of new word-formational units. Themost important goals of the research are thefollowing: to determine the theoretical andterminological status of these elements andestablish the criteria for categorymembership; to compile a list ofmorphemized elements based on thesecriteria by developing the methodology fortheir extraction; to compile a list of lexemescontaining these newly morphemizedelements; to determine formal variations andtheir relative frequency as well as the typesand forms of initial elements with which theycombine, resulting in theformulation of theprototypical word-formation pattern; toinvestigate the meaning of these elements andthe development of new senses and senserelations; to give an overview of theirrepresentation in existing dictionaries; topropose a model for their lexicographictreatment and to apply that model in thecompilation of a specialized dictionary ofmorphemized truncated bases and words inwhich they appear.

Cette thèse examine les genres sémantique et social des noms de métiers, titres, fonctions d’un point de vue contrastif. Nous avons montré que le français, l’allemand, l’arabe, langues dotées du genre grammatical et l’anglais et le chinois qui en sont dépourvues, possèdent des noms de MTF exprimant les genres sémantique et social. Notre travail a mis en perspective le genre dans le fonctionnement du langage, en référence spécifique. Nous avons mis en évidence que la présence ou l’absence du genre grammatical n’est pas un indicateur suffisant pour prédire le genre sémantique ou le genre social, de même que l’appartenance à une famille de langues ne suffit pas à prévoir des comportements voisins. Un autre résultat concerne le rôle joué par la « variable genre grammatical», en référence spécifique, d’où l’idée d’« effet miroir». Ainsi : lorsqu’une langue possède le genre grammatical, elle a tendance à présenter des noms de MTF véhiculant le genre sémantique et une non-tendance à la valeur générique ; à l'inverse, lorsqu’une langue est dépourvue de genre grammatical, elle montre une non-tendance au genre sémantique des noms de MTF et une tendance à la valeur générique. Concernant le genre social, toutes les langues, qu’elles possèdent ou non le genre grammatical, comportent des noms de MTF porteurs d’asymétries sémantiques. La typologie que nous avons proposée a permis de dégager, au côté de la covert gender, spécifique des langues sans genre grammatical, quatre autres types de genre social qu’on retrouve dans les cinq langues
The thesis examines the semantic gender and the social gender of occupational nouns, titles and terms in a contrastive perspective. I showed how the items examined illustrate convergences in five languages, assuming that some of these languages have the grammatical gender as French, German and Arabic while the others do not have the grammatical gender as English and Chinese. In a other way, despite the diversity of languages, the notions of semantic gender and social gender regarding the occupational nouns, titles and terms are transversal in specific reference. I showed that the presence or the absence of the grammatical gender is not enough for predicting the semantic gender or the social gender in the languages examined and I also pointed that the fact of belonging to a family of languages is not enough to predict nearby behavior. Another result concerns the role played by the " variable grammatical gender " in specific reference. That is the reason why I proposed the idea of " mirror effect ", in spécific reference : indeed, when a language possesses the grammatical gender, this language tends to have names of MTF conveying the semantic gender and has a non-tendency to the generic value. Conversely, when a language lacks the grammatical gender, then it shows a non-tendency to the semantic gender of the names of MTF and a tendency to the generic value (that is to say common gender). Concerning the social gender, all the languages examined, that is to say, which possess or not the grammatical gender contain names of MTF conveying semantic asymmetries. The typology that I proposed has identified, next to the covert gender specific to language without grammatical gender, four other types of social gender found in the five languages

Orientador: Suzi Marques Spatti Cavalari
Banca: Solange Aranha
Banca: Ana Cristina Biondo Salomão
Resumo: O projeto Teletandem Brasil (TELLES, 2006) é um projeto pedagógico e de pesquisa, que se apresenta como uma opção de prática telecolaborativa (O‟DOWD, 2013), e tem como um de seus objetivos proporcionar a aprendizagem de línguas estrangeiras e a aproximação de pessoas que estão distantes geograficamente dentro das instituições de ensino usando, principalmente, ferramentas de videoconferência. O projeto Teletandem tem hoje diferentes modalidades, conforme as oportunidades e necessidades das universidades envolvidas. Nesse contexto, investigamos o uso de vocabulário rico (MALVERN; RICHARDS, 2012) na produção oral de dois aprendizes brasileiros de inglês como língua estrangeira que participaram das sessões de teletandem (TTD) na modalidade institucional integrada (ARANHA; CAVALARI, 2014) em parceria com aprendizes norte-americanos de português. Nosso objetivo é caracterizar as sessões orais de teletandem (SOT) em relação ao uso de vocabulário rico (VR), e descobrir quais características do cenário de aprendizagem (FOUCHER, 2010) mostram-se mais relevantes ao uso de VR nas SOTs. Nosso estudo se caracteriza como uma pesquisa de métodos mistos (DÖRNYEI, 2007), e nosso principal instrumento de coleta de dados é um programa de computador usado para registrar as interações em áudio e vídeo, o Evaer®. Para proceder à análise quantitativa dos dados, transcrevemos as sete SOTs de dois interagentes e submetemos os textos ao programa computacional RANGE, que traça o LFP, ou perfil lexical...
Abstract: Teletandem Brasil (TELLES, 2006) is a pedagogical and research project that is an option in telecollaborative practice (O'Dowd, 2013). One of its objectives is to provide foreign language learning, and the approximation of people who are geographically distant within the educational institutions, using mainly videoconferencing tools. The Teletandem project has different modalities, according to the opportunities and needs of the universities involved. In this context, we investigated the use of rich vocabulary (MALVERN; RICHARDS, 2012) in the oral production of two Brazilian learners of English as a foreign language who participated in the teletandem (TTD) sessions in the integrated institutional modality (ARANHA; CAVALARI, 2014). The Brazilians were working in partnership with North American learners of Portuguese. Our goal with this study is to characterize oral teletandem sessions (OTS) regarding the use of rich vocabulary (RV), and to discover which characteristics of the learning scenario (FOUCHER, 2010) are more relevant to the use of RV in the OTS. Our study is characterized as a mixed methods research (DÖRNYEI, 2007), and our main data collection tool is a computer program used to record the audio and video interactions: Evaer®. In order to quantitatively analyze data, we transcribed the seven OTS of the two students and submitted the texts to the computer program RANGE, which shows the lexical frequency profile (LFP) (LAUFER; NATION, 1995) of the students. The LFP is a measure of language quality that shows the percentage of RV use as well as the percentage of basic and intermediate vocabulary used. The results showed us the OTS that stood out regarding the use of RV, as well as the specific occurrences. These data were used in the qualitative analysis, in which we identified the characteristics of the learning scenario (LS) that were most relevant to oral RV production. For the ...
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La recherche constitue une approche du lexique afro-americain (mots et oralite) des etats-unis continentaux. L'objectif de l'etude est de montrer que, de meme que la grammaire, la syntaxe, la phonologie du black american english, son lexique est suffisamment developpe et autonome pour faire l'objet d'une etude specifique. Un premier chapitre expose les origines et l'evolution du lexique afro-americain et de sa tradition orale, jusqu'a la fin du dix-neuvieme siecle. Cette etude est faite a travers diverses perspectives linguistiques contemporaines. Une premiere partie expose les theories linguistiques emises approximativement de 1900 a 1950, qui debouchent souvent sur des theses racistes. La seconde partie est une etude theorique et descriptive des origines -britanniques et africaines- et de l'evolution du lexique, jusqu'a la fin du dix-neuvieme siecle, vue a travers la perspective linguisque creoliste de la deuxieme moitie du vingtieme siecle. Une approche des stades pidgin et creole du black english est faite, ainsi que des dialectes ouest-africains et bantous, afin de mettre en valeur l'element africain contenu dans le black english. L'etude de la decreolisation de ce dialecte, periode charniere survenant a la fin du dix-neuvieme siecle, represente la transition entre les deux chapitres. Le second chapitre s'attache a montrer l'etat du lexique afro-americain contemporain, et de sa tradition orale (post-decreolisation), la reelle portee de la standardisation de ce systeme (plan linguistique essentiellement)
This research is an approach to black american lexicon (words and oral tradition) of the continental united states of america. The purpose of this study is to show that, as the grammar, syntax or phonology of black english, its lexicon is elaborate enough to be the subject of a specific study. The first chapter shows the origins and the evolution of afro american lexicon and oral tradition until the end of the nineteenth century. This study is made through several contemporary linguistic perspectives. A first part sets the linguistic theories issued between 19001950 ; the second part is a theoritical and descriptive study of the origins (british and african) and the evolution of this lexicon until the end of the nineteenth century, seen through the creolist viewpoint of the second half of the twentieth century. An approach of the pidgin and creole stages of black english is made, as well as west african and bantou dialects, so as to point out the african element found in black english. The study of decreolization of black english (end of the nineteenth century) represents the transition between the two chapters. The second chapter displays a part of the contemporary black lexicon and oral tradition. It shows that decreolization has been partly successful for a large part of african linguistics remains in contemporary blanck english

本論文從詞彙語義的角度探討二語英語中的低被動化現象。本文將就常見的低被動化英語動詞，以動詞語義為基礎，進行類型劃分及解析。通過審視一個香港學習者語料庫中的低被動化結構，本文將確定二語英語中低被動化結構的性質以及分佈情況。基於一組因果及物性的語義特徵，語料庫中經常被學習者低被動化的動詞，將劃分為四類型：一）改變位置動詞，二）三方動詞，三）動態效應動詞，及四）非施事動詞；四主類型再劃分為九次類型。本論文將以語義特徵，例如力傳遞、因果關係和結束點，詳細解析每個低被動化動詞。這項就二語英語中低被動化動詞的類型劃分，不單能夠從語義的角度解析低被動化現象，亦可以用作分析其他與語態有關的二語現象，如泛被動化，以及應用於語言教學。
This dissertation is a lexical semantic study of underpassivized verbs in L2 English. By adopting a verb-oriented and meaning-based approach to underpassivization, this study produces a lexical semantic classification and analysis of frequently underpassivized verbs. A Hong Kong learner corpus is examined in order to determine the nature and extent of underpassivized constructions in L2 English. Based on a set of semantic features of cause-effect transitivity, underpassivization-prone verbs in the corpus are classified into four types, namely 1) Change of position verbs, 2) Tripartite verbs, 3) Dynamic effect verbs and 4) Non-agentive verbs. A total of nine sub-types are identified, and each verb is analyzed according to semantic features such as force transmission, causation, affectedness and telicity. The typology not only provides a lexical semantic account of L2 underpassivization but can also be applied to analyze other voice-related L2 phenomena such as overpassivization and to inform pedagogical practices.
The present study is an initial attempt to apply findings from lexical semantics to the description and explanation of learner errors. Previous studies mainly regard L2 underpassivization as a syntactic phenomenon that can be accounted for using transfer, and argue that L2 underpassivization is the result of the transfer of the topic-comment structure in L1s such as Chinese and Japanese to English (Yip 1995). The transfer theory overlooks the role verb meaning plays in voice-related errors, and is limited in its ability to explain the L2 phenomenon fully. This study investigates underpassivization as a lexical semantic phenomenon, drawing from previous works on proto-roles (Dowty 1991), event structure (Croft 1994) and transitivity (Hopper & Thompson 1980; Tsunoda 1985), and following the tradition in lexical semantics of analyzing verb meaning based on argument alternations (Pinker 1989; Levin 1993). It is believed that when learners underpassivize verbs, they are detransitivizing and decausativizing an originally transitive event. Using the features of cause-effect transitivity, the study shows that reduced transitivity will cause problems for learners in their construal of the event’s cause-effect relation and hence their allocation of thematic roles in the verb’s argument structure, resulting in underpassivization. It is hoped that by focusing on argument structure and event dynamics, this study can offer insights into the impact of verb meaning in the construal of transitivity and the use and misuse of grammatical voice.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Wong, Suzanne Shu-Shan.
Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 225-235).
Abstracts also in Chinese.
Wong, Suzanne Shu-Shan.

Huang, Zeping.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 195-211).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts also in Chinese.

Du, Juanjuan.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 275-280).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.