Tesi sul tema "Evolució"
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Vinuesa, Víctor. "Bone-cracking hyenas (Carnivora, Hyaenidae) from the European Neogene and Quaternary: taxonomy, paleobiology and evolution". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665133.
Testo completoThe family Hyaenidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) include four extant species restricted to Africa and Asia: the bone-cracking hyenas (Crocuta crocuta, Hyaena hyaena, Parahyaena brunnea) and the myrmecophagous aardwolf (Proteles cristata). During the Neogene and Quaternary, hyaenids were more diverse and widely distributed throughout the Old World and even North America, although their diversity and ecomorphological disparity progressively declined since the late Miocene onwards. Many controversies remain about the origin and diversification of hyaenids. This dissertation aims to address some of these topics based on new remains and innovative techniques. It includes a compendium of published articles, organized in two blocks: the first consists of five papers about extinct hyaenids (Hyaenictis, Pliocrocuta and Pachycrocuta), mostly devoted to the morphological description and morphometric comparison of previously unpublished fossils and related taxonomic issues, with emphasis on dental adaptations to durophagy; the second block relies on 3D imaging techniques applied to computed tomography (CT) scans to study the internal cranial anatomy of extinct hyaenids (Pliocrocuta, Crocuta), with emphasis on brain morphology and proportions to derive paleoneurological inferences on social behavior. The main conclusions of the dissertation may be grouped as follows: 1. Taxonomy: The unpublished material from Ronda Oest de Sabadell (late Miocene), La Puebla de Valverde and Villarroya (Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene), and Cueva Victoria (Late Early Pleistocene) is attributed, respectively, to Hyaenictis aff. almerai, Pliocrocuta perrieri, and Pachycrocuta brevirostris. The authorship of the latter is corrected from “Aymard, 1846” to “Gervais, 1850”. Differences in brain morphology support the distinction of both Crocuta spelaea and Crocuta ultima from Crocuta crocuta at the species rank. 2. Paleobiology: The taphonomic study of the large herbivore remains from the Vallparadís Section (Late Early Pleistocene) indicates that Pachycrocuta brevirostris was the main bone modificator agent in the site. In turn, the developed frontal sinuses of Pliocrocuta perrieri, related to improved skull resistance against bite stresses, support a durophagous diet for this species, and the same holds for the zig-zag enamel microstructural pattern of both Pliocrocuta perrieri and Hyaenictis aff. almerai, which enable to reassign the latter to the transitional bone-cracking ecomorphotype 5. With regard to brain morphology, Pliocrocuta perrieri, Crocuta spelaea and Crocuta ultima resemble extant hyaenines, although their frontal lobe is less developed than in Crocuta crocuta, suggesting a less complex social behavior than in the latter species (comparable to that of Hyaena and Parahyaena). Currently available paleoneurological evidence indicates that the hyaenid brain evolved towards greater relative size and complexity throughout the Miocene and that Proteles probably displays the most plesiomorphic brain among extant hyaenids. 3. Evolutionary history: Based on the new morphofunctional and paleoneurological evidence presented, new hypotheses for the evolution of bone-cracking hyaenids are proposed, such as the origin of hyaenines from Hyaenictis. Some of these hypotheses differ from those supported by morphology-based cladistic analyses but are in greater agreement with molecular evidence. The results highlight the potential of cranial internal morphology as a source of phylogenetically informative data that, in the future, might hopefully enable more comprehensive and better resolved phylogenetic analyses that could settle some of the current debates about the evolutionary history of hyaenids.
García, Aloy Sara. "Biogeografia i evolució de campanulàcies i geraniàcies en biomes àrids i mediterranis d'Àfrica". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/458529.
Testo completoAfrica harbours two of the richest regions in plant species of our planet: the Cape Floristic Region and the southern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. This PhD project aims to shed new light on the African biodiversity evolution, which remains poorly studied to date despite its high species richness. Moreover, this thesis contributes to a better understanding of the evolutionary processes that took place within the flora of the southern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, which has been much less investigated than the northern one. Specifically, we studied the diversification processes occurring within Africa, as well as the dispersal patterns between this continent and adjacent zones, with special emphasis on arid and Mediterranean biomes. In order to accomplish these objectives, we focused on two families of vascular plants, Campanulaceae and Geraniaceae. These families inhabit all the continents except Antarctica, but their distribution centres are located in the Mediterranean climatic regions. We investigated both families from a macroevolutionary and a microevolutionary point of view to gain understanding on the processes of diversification, colonisation and adaptation they experienced in Africa. Our first case study aimed to unravel the diversification and biogeographic history of the family Geraniaceae, and investigated how fruit evolution could have promoted the expansion of Geraniaceae to different environments and biogeographic regions. In the second case study, we focused on the genus Monsonia (Geraniaceae), which is an almost exclusively African lineage adapted to arid and Mediterranean environments. In this work, we investigated the evolution of the ecological niche and morphological traits that could have influenced the diversification of the genus and its biogeographic history. The third case study aimed to disentangle the evolutionary origins and the biogeographic history of the Azorina-group, a lineage of Campanula (Campanulaceae) mainly distributed in North Africa and Macaronesia. The main aim of this study was to identify the dispersal corridors within Africa at a macroevolutionary scale, and to unravel which areas constituted refugia during unfavourable climatic periods. Finally, we conducted a fourth work focusing also in the Azorina-group; in this case we conducted a microevolutionary study that zoomed in the lineage that comprises the species Campanula kremeri (distributed in north Africa and the south of the Iberian Peninsula) and Campanula occidentalis (endemic to the Canary islands) with the aim to investigate the biogeographic connections between the floras of these regions in recent times.
López, Valenzuela María 1982. "Functional and evolutionary implications of single nucleotide substitutions in human microRNAs across primates". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/383030.
Testo completoLos microRNAs (miRNA) contribuyen de manera importante a la diversidad fenotípica y tienen un papel demostrado en la evolución. En la presente tesis se realizaron análisis sobre la manera en que las sustituciones nucleotídicas en los miRNAs pudieran haber contribuido a la divergencia entre el humano y sus parientes primates más cercanos. Primero se estudiaron las implicaciones funcionales de un cambio localizado en la “seed-region” del mir-1304, que según se ha reportado difiere entre los humanos de hoy en día y los Neandertales. Al predecir los genes diana para estas dos versiones de mir-1304 encontramos un enorme cambio en número, lo que sugiere una importante evolución para mir-1304 a raíz de esta substitución nucleotídica. Entre los pocos genes diana previstos para el alelo ancestral, se encontraron dos genes implicados en el desarrollo de los dientes, ENAM y AMTN. Su análisis funcional reveló que estos genes pueden ser regulados diferencialmente por los dos alelos mir-1304, lo que sugiere que este cambio puede haber contribuido a la modulación de las diferencias fenotípicas encontradas entre las denticiones de los seres humanos de hoy en día y los Neandertales. La tesis también ofrece una visión global de la diversificación genética en las secuencias de miRNAs desde la separación de los seres humanos y los chimpancés. Después de alinear cuidadosamente todos los genes de miRNA humanos a los genomas del chimpancé y el orangután, se calcularon las tasas de substitución y se compararon agrupados por categorías y con respecto a referencias neutrales. En general se observó una alta conservación en estos reguladores, sin embargo los miRNAs primate-específicos mostraron significativamente más altas tasas de sustitución que los miRNAs más con una distribucion filogenética más amplia. Esto sugiere por una parte que la evolución impulsada por miRNAs en primates podría, al menos parcialmente, deberse a mutaciones en los miRNAs más jóvenes y específicos de los primates y por otro lado que los microRNAs no son una clase de reguladores homogénea sino que dentro de ella existen categorías sujetas a diferentes presiones evolutivas.
Vicente, Salar Rafael. "Micro-geographies of the evolution of urban economic clusters. The economic evolution of the Trafalgar Garment District in Barcelona, 1900 - 2018". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669714.
Testo completoThe small economic changes that can be observed in any neighborhood of any city are a consequence of complex factors not only at an urban scale, but also at a regional, national and international scale. The growing economic globalization means that cities configure a set of economic mechanisms to compete with other cities at a global scale. This process has a direct imprint in the economic structure of intra-urban economic spaces. The thesis aims to contribute to answering the factors that affect the evolution of mature economic spaces in European cities. The case study is the Trafalgar Garment District (TGD), in Barcelona. At the beginning of the 20th century, the TGD was configured as a garment cluster. Throughout the century, the district was losing its nature as a cluster to specialize in the clothing wholesaling. Currently, the economic structure of the TGD is based on activities related to knowledge, creativity and tourism and new micro-economic spaces such as co-workings. Therefore, the present TGD is a new industrial cluster (NIC) The main hypothesis is that the configuration and evolution of the TGD as both an earlier garment cluster and an NIC responds to multi-scalar and interrelated economic processes. However, the urban scale has a strong explanatory role because of the historical contingencies of Barcelona and the urban specificities of the TGD. The validation of this hypothesis has been carried out through a methodology based on statistical and qualitative methods on the one hand and on the use of a set of primary and secondary source, on the other hand. The research is framed within a theoretical framework that includes several concepts such as agglomeration economies, cluster, lock-in and new industrial clusters (NICs). The interrelation of these concepts aids to analyze in a polyhedral way the configuration and evolution of the TGD. The thesis concludes that the configuration and evolution of the TGD is the result of multi-scalar economic processes. However, these cannot be understood without taking in account the Barcelona’s economic processes and the own economic, historical and economic characteristics of the TGD.
Sánchez, Osuna Miquel. "Origen y evolución de los genes que confieren resistencia clínica a sulfamidas y a trimetoprim". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671317.
Testo completoLa resistencia a los compuestos antibacterianos es un grave problema en la sanidad moderna, tanto humana como animal. Está ampliamente demostrado que la resistencia a los antibióticos surgió hace millones de años en bacterias productoras de estos compuestos o en sus competidoras. No obstante, la resistencia a los agentes antibacterianos sintéticos no se puede explicar por el mismo mecanismo, ya que no se producen de forma natural. Por consiguiente, se ha asumido que la resistencia a este tipo de compuestos emergió y ha evolucionado rápidamente a partir de su aplicación en la terapia antibacteriana. La resistencia clínica a las sulfamidas y al trimetoprim se debe principalmente a la presencia de los genes móviles sul y dfr, respectivamente. Estos genes codifican versiones alternativas y funcionales de las enzimas dihidropteroato sintasa y dihidrofolato reductasa que no son inhibidas por la acción de estos antibacterianos, a diferencia de los genes bacterianos folP y folA que codifican las variantes cromosómicas de estos enzimas, típicamente sensibles a los citados agentes quimioterapéuticos. El objetivo central de la presente Tesis Doctoral ha sido la identificación del origen de los genes que confieren resistencia clínica a las sulfamidas y al trimetoprim, así como el análisis del proceso evolutivo que ha dado lugar a las actuales variantes enzimáticas. Para ello, se han analizado las secuencias de los genes sul y su entorno para detectar elementos que permitiesen la elucidación de su origen. De este modo, se ha identificado un motivo Sul presente en las secuencias de las proteínas codificadas por los genes móviles sul1, sul2 y sul3, que confieren resistencia a las sulfamidas, así como la asociación física en múltiples plásmidos del gen sul2 con un fragmento del gen glmM que codifica una fosfoglucomutasa. El estudio comparativo de las secuencias de los genes folP cromosómicos de todo el dominio Bacteria ha permitido identificar la presencia del motivo Sul en las proteínas codificadas en los genes folP de dos familias bacterianas: Rhodobiaceae y Leptospiraceae. El análisis filogenético de las proteínas FolP/Sul y GlmM ha establecido claramente que los genes sul1-2 y sul3 se originaron mediante sendos procesos de movilización independientes de los genes folP cromosómicos presentes, respectivamente, en Rhodobiaceae y Leptospiraceae. Asimismo, los ensayos in vitro han revelado que los genes folP codificados en Rhodobiaceae y en Leptospiraceae confieren resistencia a sulfamidas. Estos resultados indican que la resistencia a las sulfamidas es ancestral y anterior a la introducción clínica de este antibacteriano. Por otro lado, se analizó el origen y evolución de los genes móviles dfrA que confieren resistencia al trimetoprim. Al contrario de lo descrito para los genes sul, los resultados obtenidos en el análisis de las secuencias existentes de genes dfrA móviles indican que éstos se han originado mediante múltiples eventos de transferencia lateral de genes folA cromosómicos. Asimismo, se ha podido establecer que muchos de los genes cromosómicos folA predecesores de los dfrA también confieren resistencia a trimetoprim. Todo ello revela que la resistencia a trimetroprim determinada por elementos móviles se puede explicar por dos procesos independientes y complementarios: i) la captación de genes folA cromosómicos movilizados, portadores de una mutación ancestral responsable de dicha resistencia originada en ausencia del quimioterápico, y ii) la transferencia de genes mutantes espontáneos folA cromosómicos, presentes en una población bacteriana coetánea con la exposición al citado antibacteriano, y habiendo sido seleccionados por dicha exposición.
Antibacterial resistance is a pressing problem in human and animal modern healthcare. It is widely accepted that antibiotic resistance originated million years ago in either the microbes that naturally produce the antibiotics or their competitors. However, resistance to synthetic chemotherapeutic agents cannot be explained by this mechanism, since these drugs are not naturally produced. Resistance to chemotherapeutic compounds is hence assumed to have emerged and evolved rapidly following the clinical introduction of these compounds. Resistance to sulfonamides and trimethoprim is mediated by mobile sul and dfr genes, respectively. These genes encode resistant variants of the di-hydro-pteroate synthase and di-hydrofolate reductase enzymes, in contrast to chromosomal folP and folA genes encoding variants sensitive to these agents. The overall objective of this Doctoral Thesis is the identification of the chromosomal origin of genes conferring clinical resistance to sulfonamides and trimethoprim, and the study of the evolutionary processes governing their emergence and dissemination. In this work, sul genes and their genetic neighborhoods have been analyzed to uncover elements that enable the elucidation of their genetic origin. This analysis has led to the identification of a Sul motif associated with sul-encoded proteins, as well as the observation of a consistent genomic association of the sul2 gene with a phosphoglucosamine mutase gene (glmM) . The study of chromosomal folP genes across the Bacteria domain revealed the presence of the Sul motif in the chromosomal folP genes of two families: the Rhodobiaceae and the Leptospiraceae. Phylogenetic analysis of FolP/Sul and GlmM proteins established that the sul1-2 and sul3 genes originated through the independent mobilization of chromosomal folP genes encoded by the Rhodobiaceae and the Leptospiraceae, respectively. In vitro experiments revealed that both the Rhodobiaceae and the Leptospiraceae chromosomal folP genes confer resistance to sulfonamides. These results suggest that resistance to sulfonamides is ancient and predates the clinical introduction of these drugs. Likewise, the origin and evolution of mobile dfrA genes conferring clinical resistance to trimethoprim have been analysed. The results have shown that, in contrast to sul genes, the dfrA gene arose from multiple mobilization events from chromosomal folA. Furthermore, it has been established that most chromosomal folA genes that are predecessors of mobile dfrA genes also confer trimethoprim resistance. Taken together, these results indicate that the resistance to trimethoprim determined by mobile elements can be explained by two independent and complementary processes: i) the mobilization of chromosomal folA genes carrying an ancestral mutation originated in the absence of trimethoprim and responsible for trimethoprim resistance, and ii) the mobilization of spontaneous mutants in chromosomal folA genes, present in a bacterial population coetaneous with the exposure to trimethoprim, and having been selected by that exposure. Given the absence of sulfonamides and trimethoprim in nature, these results provide a new perspective on the emergence and dissemination of resistance to new-generation chemotherapeutic agents. Thus, this work concludes that resistant genes may exist in the vast bacterial pangenome and can be selected for and mobilized upon exposure to these new drugs.
Povolotskaya, Inna 1986. "Context dependent selection in molecular evolution". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/384000.
Testo completoEpistasis, or genetic interactions between different mutations, is theoretically predicted to play a substantial role in such evolutionary processes as emergence of sexual reproduction and recombination, speciation, adaptive evolution. However, there is little experimental or statistical evidence of the ubiquity of epistatic interactions in nature. Here, we study long-term protein evolution and show that the constant independent selection model cannot describe rates and patterns of protein divergence: protein sequences diverge beyond theoretical limits and the rate of divergence is much slower than predicted. We show that protein evolution is best explained under the assumption of rapid turnover of fitness values associated with individual amino acids. We further extend this computational study and build a theoretical model to capture the effect of non-constant selection on molecular evolution.
López, Viñallonga Sara. "Evolució, filogènia i sistemàtica del complex "Arctium-Cousinia"". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/961.
Testo completoLa filogènia generada al present treball, confirma la monofilia del complex Arctium-Cousinia així com la seva subdivisió en dos llinatges també monofilètics anomenats Arctioide i Cousinioide. Al seu torn posa de manifest la manca de monofilia dels gèneres Arctium i Cousinia i de Cousinia subgèneres Cynaroides i Hypacanthodes. La solució que es proposa és la redefinició del gènere Arctium al qual s'han transferit totes les espècies del llinatge Arctioide i s'han proposat els canvis nomenclaturals pertinents. Paral·lelament, mitjançant la tècnica del rellotge molecular, s'ha datat el complex Arctium-Cousinia en 19.1 ma, la separació dels llinatges Arctioide i Cousinioide en 14.8 ma i la diversificació dels esmentats llinatges en 9.7 ma i 8,7 ma, respectivament.
L'estudi sobre la genètica poblacional d'Arctium minus, realitzat mitjançant l'ús de microsatèl·lits dissenyats a aquest treball, ha mostrat que els patrons de variabilitat genètica de l'esmentada espècie són consistents amb les seves característiques biològiques: la seva capacitat d'autofecundació i el seu curt cicle de vida expliquen la seva baixa diversitat genètica, alts valors d'endogàmia i excés d'homozigots. La major part de la variabilitat genètica es troba entre poblacions a causa d'un baix flux gènic entre elles juntament amb la seva capacitat facultativa d'autofecundació. S'han detectat indicis de què A. Minus s'hauria refugiat al sud de la seva actual àrea de distribució durant les glaciacions del Pleistocè i posteriorment hauria recolonitzat Europa. Aquests patrons s'haurien vist emmascarats per influència recent de l'activitat humana i per esdeveniments de dispersió de llavors a llarga distància.
English summary:
This thesis is focused on the Arctium-Cousinia complex (Compositae, Cardueae-Carduinae), including Arctium L., Cousinia Cass. as one of the largest genera of the Compositae, Hypacanthium Juz. and Schmalhausenia C. Winkl. This group of genera has its highest diversity in the Irano-Turanian region and the mountains of Central Asia (Tien Shan and Pamir-Alaj). Arctium s.str. is Eurosiberian in distribution. Significant difficulties in generic delimitation in this complex arise from the incongruent distribution of several morphological, pollen, karyological and molecular characters.
The phylogeny obtained bears out the monophyly of the Arctium-Cousinia complex and its division in two monophyletic lineages named Arctioid and Cousinioid. Our analyses also show that Arctium and Cousinia as well as Cousinia subgenera Cynaroides and Hypacanthodes are not monophyletic. As a solution, a broadly monophyletic genus Arctium is proposed, including all the species belonging to the Arctioid lineage and we provide nomenclatural changes when necessary. In addition, using the molecular clock approach the Arctium-Cousinia complex is dated in 19.1 mya, the split of the Arctioid and Cousinioid lineages in 14.8 mya and the diversification of the lineages mentioned in 9.7 mya and 8,7 mya, respectively.
Regarding the population genetics of Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh., investigated using microsatellite markers developed for this study, the observed patterns of genetic variation are consistent with its life style. Low gene diversity, high inbreeding values and significant homozygote excess were recovered, factors linked with the self-pollination ability of A. minus and its short-life cycle. Most of the genetic variability is found among instead of within populations due to low gene flow altogether with its self-pollination ability. There are few signs which may suggest that A. minus adapted to the Pleistocene climatic changes in the European populations with putative refugia in the south of its present distribution from where the species might radiate northwards. It is also suggested that original biogeographic patterns in A. minus may have been blurred by human activity and by long distance seed dispersal.
This thesis is focused on the Arctium-Cousinia complex (Compositae, Cardueae-Carduinae), including Arctium L., Cousinia Cass. as one of the largest genera of the Compositae, Hypacanthium Juz. and Schmalhausenia C. Winkl. This group of genera has its highest diversity in the Irano-Turanian region and the mountains of Central Asia (Tien Shan and Pamir-Alaj). Arctium s.str. is Eurosiberian in distribution. Significant difficulties in generic delimitation in this complex arise from the incongruent distribution of several morphological, pollen, karyological and molecular characters.
The phylogeny obtained bears out the monophyly of the Arctium-Cousinia complex and its division in two monophyletic lineages named Arctioid and Cousinioid. Our analyses also show that Arctium and Cousinia as well as Cousinia subgenera Cynaroides and Hypacanthodes are not monophyletic. As a solution, a broadly monophyletic genus Arctium is proposed, including all the species belonging to the Arctioid lineage and we provide nomenclatural changes when necessary. In addition, using the molecular clock approach the Arctium-Cousinia complex is dated in 19.1 mya, the split of the Arctioid and Cousinioid lineages in 14.8 mya and the diversification of the lineages mentioned in 9.7 mya and 8,7 mya, respectively.
Regarding the population genetics of Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh., investigated using microsatellite markers developed for this study, the observed patterns of genetic variation are consistent with its life style. Low gene diversity, high inbreeding values and significant homozygote excess were recovered, factors linked with the self-pollination ability of A. minus and its short-life cycle. Most of the genetic variability is found among instead of within populations due to low gene flow altogether with its self-pollination ability. There are few signs which may suggest that A. minus adapted to the Pleistocene climatic changes in the European populations with putative refugia in the south of its present distribution from where the species might radiate northwards. It is also suggested that original biogeographic patterns in A. minus may have been blurred by human activity and by long distance seed dispersal.
Casals, López Ferran. "Evolució cromosòmica a Drosophila: paper dels elements transposables". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3861.
Testo completoPosteriorment s'ha estudiat quin és el mecanisme que origina les inversions a les poblacions naturals. Anteriorment, s'havia demostrat que la inversió 2j, polimòrfica a D. buzzatii, es va originar per recombinació ectòpica entre dues còpies de l'element transposable del tipus Foldback Galileo. A més, els punts de trencament de la inversió són punts calents d'insercions d'elements transposables i mostren una gran inestabilitat genètica. Per comprovar el caràcter general o excepcional d'aquests resultats s'han caracteritzat molecularment els punts de trencament d'una altra inversió polimòrfica (2q7) de la mateixa espècie. Aquesta inversió també s'ha originat per recombinació ectòpica entre dues còpies de Galileo, i els punts de trencament de la inversió també mostren una gran inestabilitat genètica. La inestabilitat genètica descrita als punts de trencament de les inversions 2j i 2q7 es pot deure a la presència d'elements del tipus Foldback. Aquests elements tenen la capacitat de produir estructures secundàries, que s'ha demostrat que poden originar diferents tipus de reordenacions cromosòmiques. Aquestes estructures també augmenten la capacitat recombinogènica dels elements tipus Foldback, el que pot explicar la participació de Galileo en la generació de les dues inversions.
Finalment s'ha estudiat la distribució cromosòmica dels elements transposables a D. buzzatii. L'anàlisi dels resultats ha permès establir que els elements transposables tendeixen a localitzar-se a les regions de baixa recominació, com les regions pericentromèriques o les regions incloses a les inversions cromosòmiques. També s'han localitzat els elements transposables BuT5 i Galileo exactament a les bandes on s'havia cartografiat els punts de trencament de les inverions 2z3 i 4s. Finalment, s'ha descrit una certa tendència dels elements transposables a localitzar-se a les bandes on s'han cartografiat els punts de trencament d'altres inversions descrites a altre espècies del complexe buzzatii, així com a coincidir diferents elements a les mateixes bandes cromosòmiques. Aquest resultat suggereix que la reducció de la recombinació no seria l'únic factor que provoca la seva acumulació als punts de trencament de les inversions.
The aim of this work is to estimate the frequency of fixation and to determine how paracentric inversions (those not including the centromere) arise in the genus Drosophila. First, we have calculated the fixation rate of inversions between D. melanogaster and two species of the repleta group (D. repleta and D. buzzatii), which diverged from D. melanogaster 40-62 millions years ago. To achieve this aim, we have analysed the molecular organization of three chromosomal regions of D. melanogaster in the two species of the repleta group. Overall, we have mapped 55 markers from D. melanogaster to the chromosomes of D. buzzatii and D. repleta. The markers mapped in this work have been added to those previously mapped in the same chromosome to complete a physical map of the chromosome 2 of D. repleta, with a density of one marker per 219 kb. The different regions studied do not show significant differences in the number of breakpoints, showing that the breakpoints are distributed homogenously over the chromosome. Extrapolating the results of the studied regions to the entire chromosome we obtained a value of 88±14 inversions fixed between D. melanogaster and the two species of the repleta group (0,71 inversions per million year). This value is not statistically different to that obtained with the comparison of 160 markers distributed along the chromosome (114±14 inversions and a rate of 0,92 inversions per million year). These results show that the evolution rate in Drosophila is higher than that of other organisms studied.
Second, we have studied which is the mechanism that originates inversions in natural populations. It had been demonstrated previously that the 2j inversion, polymorphic in D. buzzatii, was originated through ectopic recombination between two copies of the Foldback element Galileo. Moreover, the breakpoints of the inversion have become hotspots for transposable elements insertions and show a high level of genetic instability. To check the generality or exceptionality of these results we have characterized at the molecular level the breakpoints of another polymorphic inversion (2q7) of the same species. This inversion has also been originated by ectopic recombination between two copies of Galileo and the breakpoints also show a high level of genetic instability. The genetic instability described in the breakpoints of 2j and 2q7 inversions is probably due to the presence of Foldback-like elements. These elements are capable of producing secondary structures that have been demonstrated to originate different chromosomal rearrangements. These structures also increase the recombinogenic capability of Foldback-like elements, which can explain the role of Galileo in generating the two inversions.
Finally, we have studied the chromosomal distribution of some transposable elements in D. buzzatii. The analysis of the result have allowed us to establish that transposable elements tend to be localized in low recombination regions, such as the pericentromeric regions o those regions included in the chromosomal inversions. We have also localized precisely the transposable elements BuT5 and Galileo in the chromosomal bands where the breakpoints of inversions 2z3 and 4s have been mapped. Finally, we have detected a tendency of transposable elements to localize in the same chromosomal bands where the breakpoints of other chromosomal inversions described in different species of the buzzatii complex have been mapped. Besides that, transposable elements are often localized in the same chromosomal band. This result suggests that the reduction of recombination is not the only factor that produces its accumulation at the inversion breakpoints.
Florensa, Rodríguez Clara. "Els discursos sobre l’evolució en el franquisme (1939-1967). La Generación del 48 i La evolución sin problema". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/454894.
Testo completoThis thesis explores the discourses on the evolution of species in the first three decades of Francoism (1939-1967). From the study of these discourses in the public sphere, it reaches the debates on this subject in elitist groups: ecclesiastical elites, scientists and the so-called ideologues of the regime. It shows the concern of these elites for the circulation of evolutionary ideas among the general public. This preoccupation was manifested, first, in an evolutionary silence in the general press that lasted for the first ten years of Francoism and, subsequently, in the initiatives to build a version of evolutionism consistent with the ideological principles of the regime, and apt for its circulation in the public sphere. The thesis argues that the discourses on evolution played a key role in the Catholic culture -and science- project, which was one of the programmatic bases of the New State. Through them, not only the anti-materialist and transcendental rhetoric advocated by the regime, but also its anti-communist rhetoric, were legitimized. At an international level, the ideal of science intended for the New Spain clashed with the principles on which the Modern Synthesis of Evolution, or Neo-Darwinism, was being built. Neo-Darwinism rejected any transcendental explanation of the evolutionary process and it was being promoted with strength and resources from the United Kingdom and the United States. This thesis reveals the involvement of Spanish scientists in the construction of a scientifically based “Traditional Synthesis of Evolution” able to compete with Neo-Darwinism. The implantation of a Catholic science depended on the success of this alternative synthesis. And the Catholic science was part of the Catholic culture in which the ideologues of the Francoist state had based the implantation of the new regime. In this sense, this thesis proposes that the scientists were also converted into ideologues of the Franco regime. Their discourses on science helped to build its foundations, legitimize it and perpetuate it. The study of the public discourses leads to the focus on the Generation of ’48. This group, who were heirs and continuers of the traditional Catholic and monarchist Spanish thought, competed with other factions of the regime for cultural hegemony. Imposing their cultural project was considered a key step in achieving their political goals. The culture they advocated was, like that of all groups, a Catholic and unitary culture, in which all branches of knowledge were linked to the trunk of theology. The peculiarity of the Generation of ’48 was that it tried to liberate culture of all past and present “heterodoxy”. This group tried to establish and disseminate a version of evolution coherent with its principles, free of all “heterodox” seeds: an “Evolution without problem” for Franco's Spain. This faction of the regime dominated strategic positions in the management of information and culture in Spain for much of the period covered in this thesis. Therefore, its discourses on evolution are the focus of this thesis. Through the initiatives to create its discourse, in which renowned Spanish scientists participated, this thesis has discovered a network that brought together the Generation of ’48 in a common endeavour beyond what the historiography had brought to light. The “Traditional Synthesis of Evolution”, which was attempted and spread in Spain, however, was not the autarchic fruit of an isolated Franco regime. The research reveals the connections and international collaborations of the project, and shows how Spain not only sought to be “the spiritual reserve of the West” but also “the scientific reserve of the West”. The Generation of ’48 was especially excited about this project, in which several renowned Spanish scientists played a crucial role.
Cañete, Hidalgo Nuria. "Evolución a largo plazo de pacientes con hepatitis C y fibrosis leve-moderada después del tratamiento antivírico. Importancia de su evaluación mediante biopsia hepática o elastografía". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457518.
Testo completoHepatitis C infection affects between 130-150 million people, being one of most prevalent viral infections and leading cause of liver disease in developed countries. Majority of detected cases are in chronic phase that causes a variable degree of inflammation and fibrosis, which can evolve to hepatic cirrhosis and / or hepatocellular carcinoma, and may be modified by antiviral treatment. Objectives of this Thesis are to analyze progression of fibrosis in patients with mild-moderate fibrosis by previous LB and subsequent LB or ET, in addition to assessing the influence of antiviral treatment in this progression as well as in the evolution of liver disease. A total of 291 patients who had been treated were included. Group 1 included 107 patients with paired LB and in group 2, 184 patients with TE. Progression of fibrosis was defined as increase in the stage of fibrosis, as well as the progression to liver disease and its possibles complications. Fibrosis in initial LB was grade 0 in 87 patients (29.9%), grade 1 in 134 patients (46%) and grade 2 in 70 patients (24.1%), with no difference between two study groups. Significant differences were observed between 3 stages of fibrosis in the value of platelets, prothrombin, cholesterol, GOT, GPT and GGT, which may translate into a higher degree of hepatic involvement. All patients started antiviral treatment after LB. At the end of follow-up, fibrosis progressed in 79 patients (27.1%), 120 patients (41.2%) remained the same and in 92 patients (31.6%) there was improvement. Rate of progression quantified by variation of METAVIR score per year was 0.091 + -0.11 in NR and -0.083 + -0.08 in RVS (P <0.0001). Patients with F0 presented lower fibrosis progression than F1 and F2 (P <0.0001). Overall probability of advanced fibrosis (F3 / 4) was 1.9% at 10 years and 27.6% at 20 years. In patients with and without SVR, was 0 and 10.2% (SVR) and 7.2 and 55.7% (NR), respectively (P <0.0001). Probability of cirrhosis was 1.5% and 22.6% at 10 and 20 years. There were also marked differences between patients who achieved SVR (0 and 5.8% at 10 and 20 years) and who not (9,8 y 50,5% in same periods) (P<0,0001). Probability of CHC during the global follow up was 1 and 9.8% at 10 and 20 years. Survival probability was 1 and 13.8% at 10 and 20 years, respectively. This Thesis has shown that patients without fibrosis in the initial BH have a smaller progression of fibrosis, and is almost null in those that reach RVS. TE allows an evaluation of the progression of fibrosis with an efficacy similar to LB. It has been observed that the retreatment of NR patients avoids the progression in those who reach SVR, whereas the probability of cirrhosis in patients NR to treatment and retreatment is 50% at 20 years. Current Thesis shows value of antiviral treatment and importance to achieve SVR.
Hervás, Fernàndez Sergi. "Population genomics in Drosophila melanogaster: a bioinformatics approach". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665851.
Testo completoCifuentes, Buira Daniel. "Evolució dels mecanismes de control del metabolisme del glicogen". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/999.
Testo completoEstudis previs indicaven que els ratolins defectius per la isoforma muscular de la glicogen sintasa mostren greus defectes en el desenvolupament cardíac. Per aprofundir en les bases moleculars d'aquesta alteració, hem caracteritzat la translocació nucleo-citoplàsmica de la glicogen sintasa muscular humana i hem analitzat la seva funció en el nucli. Els nostres resultats mostren com aquest enzim transloca vers al nucli i forma agregats nuclears quan es deplecionen les reserves de glicogen de la cèl·lula. A més, els resultats obtinguts amb els mutants de deleció de l'enzim indiquen que el domini implicat en l'activació al·lostèrica de l'enzim per G6P, la regió rica en arginines, és crucial per a la seva acumulació nuclear. En conjunt, aquestes observacions suggereixen que, a part de la funció metabòlica, la glicogen sintasa podria participar en processos nuclears on es requerís un sensor de l'estat energètic de la cèl·lula.
In the metabolic network of the cell, hundreds of substrates are interconnected through biochemical reactions. Although such interconnection could lead to the simultaneous flow of substrates in numerous directions, in practice metabolic fluxes pass through specific pathways. Our metabolic and evolutionary studies on glycogen metabolism showed that isoenzymes contribute to define and isolate separate functional modules, a key issue to understand metabolic organisation in vertebrates. These tissue-specific isoenzymes are generated by gene duplication at the dawn of vertebrates and their biochemical properties co-evolved to suit specific metabolic roles of the tissues where they are expressed. The retro inhibition of high-affinity hexokinases, or glycogen synthase allosteric activation, both effects mediated by G6P, are clear examples of kinetic features that are modulated through vertebrate evolution to satisfy different roles of glycogen metabolism. Furthermore, our results help to understand the only reported situation where, paradoxally, isoenzymes of glycogen metabolism enzymes from liver, muscle and brain are merged and co-expressed in the same tissue: the mammalian embryonic liver. Our results indicate that embryonic glycogen synthesis in liver, essential for newborn survival, requires the re-design of isoenzyme distribution in order to buffer the embryonic glycogen content in front of changing maternal metabolic conditions.
In addition, it has been described that muscle glycogen synthase isoenzyme (MGS) knockout mice show severe developmental heart defects. In order to adress the molecular basis of this growth alteration, we characterised the nucleo-cytoplasmic translocation of MGS and analyzed its nuclear function. We showed that this enzyme translocate into the nucleus and form nuclear aggregates when cells are depleted of glucose and glycogen deposits. Moreover, the results that we obtained with the deletion mutants indicate that the domain involved in the allosteric activation of the enzyme by G6P, the arginine-rich cluster, is crucial for its nuclear acumulation. Taken together, these observations suggest that, in addition to its metabolic function, MGS may participate in nuclear processes which would require a sensor of the cellular enregy state.
Cárdenas, Contreras Zaida Liliana. "La brucelosis bovina y sus factores de riesgo: evaluación a nivel mundial y en Colombia". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461075.
Testo completoBovine brucellosis is a zoonotic disease, with great importance in public health and in the livestock sector due to the direct economic losses it causes and, specially, due to the commercial restrictions for both the infected animals as well as their products. The knowledge of the health status of the disease, its evolution over time and the factors that influence its presentation is of great importance for the appropriate application of sanitary measures in a country. In this sense, four studies, fulfilling the proposed objectives, were formulated. The first study analyzes the evolution of bovine brucellosis in the world. Data were taken from 156 OIE member countries for the period between the years 1996 and 2014. The countries were classified into three groups according to their sanitary situation a) Enzootic: countries infected, which can have been free of brucellosis but for periods of less than 3 years. b) Non-enzootic: countries where the disease was present, but there was at least a 3-year period without the disease, and c) Free: countries where the disease remained absent during the whole period. The countries were compared by means of the Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney non-parametric tests, and the Spearman correlation coefficient for two quantitative variables. In this last case, if the relation was significant, a lineal or cubic regression model was made to better describe the tendency. A relationship was found between the status of the disease and the availability of economic resources; thus, countries with a high GDP per capita tended to be free from bovine brucellosis. Countries with a greater bovine census showed a greater probability to have the disease present. The most affected regions were Central and South America, Africa and parts of Asia. The next studies were focused on the epidemiology of the disease in Colombia. The first one intended to estimate the evolution of the bovine brucellosis control in Colombia over a seven years period (2006-2012). A univariate analysis was carried out, then a principal components analysis was performed for each year separately. The results indicated that, during the years of the study, prevalence remained practically unvaried (farms went from 22% to 23%, and animals varied between 4.7% and 4.6% between 2006 and 2012, respectively). Three different areas were defined according to brucellosis status and surveillance. In the second study, movements of the domestic animal species in Colombia (cattle and buffaloes, pigs, horses, goats and sheep) were analyzed over a period of nine years (2006-2014). The association between the disease prevalence and the animal movement was analyzed using a network analysis; subsequently, Multiple Linear Regressions (MLR) and ANOVA test were developed to analyze the relation between the health situation and the movement of animals. The results indicate the possible role of equine movements in the brucellosis spread between departments. Finally, the objective of the third study of Colombian data, was the identification of the risk factors associated with re-infection of Brucella abortus in cattle farms. A case-control study was performed in which 98 case-farms (herds were brucellosis was re-introduced) were compared to 93 control farms (without re-introduction of the disease). A bivariate analysis and a logistic regression model were done. The results indicated that the replacement animals, natural matting and contact with infected farms or with unknown sanitary status, were risk factors for the re-introduction of the disease.
Lobato, Fernandez Bisneto Atahualpa José. "Las bases ontológicas del (EPI) fenómeno jurídico. Los fundamentos del Derecho desde un modelo de materialismo jurídico naturalizado". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/134499.
Testo completoRecaj, Gutiérrez Mireia. "Evolució del tractament quirúrgic al càncer de mama estadi III". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/1096.
Testo completoAl llarg del temps el tractament ha variat molt, des dels primers cirurgians que amb la tècnica quirúrgica volien curar les pacients fins el als tractaments actuals que combinen el tractament sistèmic i el local.
L'estudi estudia la influència de la seqüència dels tractaments i com un tractament interdisciplinar, on es combina tant tractament local i tractament sistèmic permet millorar el pronòstic de les pacients (valorant la supervivència global i la supervivència lliure de malaltia). I a la vegada si la combinació permet en casos seleccionats l'aplicació de tractament quirúrgic conservador.
És un estudi en part retrospectiu i no randomitzat de totes les pacients que van consultar per càncer de mama localment avançat estadi III a la Ciutat Sanitària i Universitària de Bellvitge.
S'estudien 241 pacients entre els anys 1980 i 1995 amb un seguiment posterior a 25 anys. Les pacients s'estudien segons:
1. El moment en el que han estat tractades.
2. El tractament aplicat d'entrada (local-Cirurgia-,o sistèmic -Hormonoteràpia/Quimioteràpia)
Obtenen un pronòstic més favorable les pacients que:
1. Han seguit tractament interdisciplinari,
2. Han respost a la teràpia neoadjuvant
3. Tenien menys de 4 ganglis axil·lars metastàsics
En canvi en aquest estudi l'ordre d'aplicació de tractaments no ha modificat la supervivència ni el període lliure de malaltia.
CONCLUSIONS:
1. Al càncer de mama localment avançat l'abordatge interdisciplinar millora el pronòstic de la malaltia.
2. Al càncer de mama localment avançat l'ordre d'administració dels tractaments no modifica la supervivència.
3. L'administració conjunta de tractament sistèmic i tractament local permet el control locoregional a llarg termini.
4. L'abordatge pluridisciplinar de la malaltia permet aplicar tractament quirúrgic conservador en pacients seleccionades sense augmentar la recidiva local.
"EVOLUTION OF SURGICAL TREATMENT FOR LOCALLY ADVANCED BREAST CANCER"
TEXT:
Locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) is a disease with a poor prognosis because of systemic and local progression.
Treatment has changed a lot along time. Surgeons in late 18's prosecuted healing through large surgical procedures (for ex. Halsted operation) bur they failed as disease progressed both locally or systemic. Nowadays treatment includes local therapies as Surgery and Radiotherapy and systemic (Chemotherapy and Hormone therapy).
The study had three objectives:
1. Evaluation of overall survival and disease free survival when treating LABC from a pluridisciplinary team
2. Evaluation the influence in the order of administration of the different therapies in overall survival and disease free survival.
3. Feasibility of breast conservative surgery in patients with LABC.
It was a partly retrospective and no randomized study that included all patients with LABC attended in a single institution (Ciutat Sanitària i Universitària de Bellvitge).
241 patients were eligible. Patients were treated between 1980 and 1995 so follow up is for 25 years.
The results show best prognosis for those patients that:
1. Were treated on a multidisciplinary scheme
2. Presented a complete or partial response to neoadjuvant therapy
3. Had less than four axilar metastases
The order of the treatment didn't affect nor overall survival or disease free survival.
CONCLUSIONS:
1. A multidisciplinary approach improves prognosis in locally advanced breast cancer.
2. The order of administration of local or systemic therapies does not affect survival
3. Administration of both, systemic and local therapy allows a proper long term locoregional control
4. Multidisciplinary approach allows breast preservation in selected patients without increasing local recurrences.
Álvarez, Ponce David. "Genòmica evolutiva de la via de transducció de senyal de la insulina/TOR a insectes i vertebrats". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/32205.
Testo completoGenes are subject to disparate evolutionary forces. One of the goals in Evolutionary Biology is to understand the factors underlying these differences. Genes rarely act in isolation, but they rather operate as elements of complex networks of interacting molecules. Despite the relevance of these networks for understanding gene evolution, the evolutionary properties of these networks remain poorly understood. In this thesis we have studied evolutionary forces (positive and negative selection) that acted on genes involved in the insulin/TOR pathway, and we have related these forces to the position that genes occupy in the pathway. This study has been performed in 12 species of the genus Drosophila, and in 6 vertebrate species. For that purpose, we have (1) identified and annotated the genes involved in this pathway in these species; (2) reconstructed their evolutionary history using phylogenetic analysis; and (3) characterized evolutionary forces that have acted on these genes from the nonsynonymous (dN) to synonymous (dS) divergence ratio (ω = dN/dS). All the studied gene families have at least one representative in all studied species. Furthermore, all studied genes evolve under purifying selection, indicating that they are functional. Therefore, all studied organisms have a complete and functional insulin/TOR pathway. In both Drosophila and vertebrates, we observed that the strength of purifying selection acting on genes correlates with their positions in the pathway, with downstream genes evolving under stronger selective constraint. We evaluated the impact of a number of factors (positive selection, gene expression level and breadth, codon bias, protein length, and connectivity in the protein-protein interaction network) on the observed correlation. This analysis shows that the correlation between pathway position and the strength of purifying selection is independent of these factors. Furthermore, we observed that genes encoding proteins that physically interact evolve under similar selective pressures, which indicates that these proteins co-evolve. Taken together, these results clearly indicate that levels of selective constraint acting on genes of the insulin/TOR pathway are affected by the position that their encoded products occupy in the pathway. Therefore, the structure of the pathway has an effect on the patterns of molecular evolution of its components.
Mazón, i. Busquets Gerard. "Evolució del motiu d'unió de la proteïna LexA al Domini Bacteria". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3877.
Testo completoEl present treball de Tesi es centra en la caracterització del motiu d'unió de la proteïna LexA a Xylella fastidiosa, Anabaena sp. i Fibrobacter succinogenes. Mitjançant recerques amb el programa TBLASTN, els gens lexA d'aquests microorganismes han estat identificats. Després de procedir a la seva clonació, els productes que codifiquen han estat expressats I purificats mitjançant sistemes d'afinitat a la cua d'histidines o a la GST. Assaigs de mobilitat electroforética i de footprinting utilitzant el promotor de lexA i proteïna purificada, ens han permès definir el motiu d'unió de la proteïna LexA a tots tres microorganismes: TTAGN6TACTA per a X. fastidiosa, RGTACNNNDGTWCB per a Anabaena i TGCNCN4GTGCA per a F. succinogenes.
Aquests motius d'unió han estat utilitzats per determinar la composició del reguló LexA a l'ordre Xanthomonadals i als phyla Cianobacteris i Fibrobacter. Aquest estudi ens ha permès descriure una important variabilitat en la composició d'aquests regulons i la presència de gens induïbles davant del dany al DNA de manera independent de LexA a X.fastidiosa.
Estudis de mutagènesis dirigida utilitzant les seqüències d'unió de la proteïna LexA a Anabaena i F. succinogenes i estudis filogenètics amb les proteïnes LexA i RecA ens han permès determinar la història evolutiva del motiu d'unió de LexA al Domini Bacteria, demostrant que a la subdivisió 'Alphaproteobacteria' s'ha perdut la còpia del gen lexA heretada verticalment essent la que presenten actualment aquests bacteris una adquisició per transferència horitzontal a partir d'un ancestre d'una cianobactèria o espècie relacionada.
Els següents articles donen suport a les dades i conclusions del treball, que ha estat redactat com a compendi d'aquestes publicacions :
Campoy, S., Mazón, G., Fernández de Henestrosa, A.R., Llagostera, M., Monteiro, P.B. i Barbé, J. 2002. A new regulatory DNA motif of the gamma subclass Proteobacteria: identification of the LexA protein binding site of the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. Microbiology 148: 3583 - 3597.
Mazón G., Lucena J.M., Campoy, S., Fernández de Henestrosa, A.R., Candau, P. i Barbé J. 2004. LexA-binding sequence in Gram-positive and cyanobacteria are closely related. Mol. Gen. Genomics 271: 40 - 49.
Mazón, G., Erill, I., Campoy, S., Cortés, P., Forano, E. i Barbé, J. 2004. Reconstruction of the evolutionary history of the LexA binding sequence. Microbiology 150: 3783-3795.
The SOS network is a DNA-damage inducible multigenic network whose functions are involved in DNA replication, DNA repair, mutagenesis and control of cell cycle. This network has been characterized in different gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial species. A binding-motif for their repressor, the LexA protein, has been already determined.
The present work focuses in the characterization of the LexA-binding motif of Xylella fastidiosa, Anabaena sp. and Fibrobacter succinogenes. Using TBLASTN searches, their respective lexA genes have been identified and cloned, and their products expressed and purified using histidine-tag and GST-tag systems. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and foot-printing experiments performed using purified LexA proteins and their lexA promoter fragments revealed the presence of the specific LexA-binding motif for these microorganisms: TTAGN6TACTA for X. fastidiosa, RGTACNNNDGTWCB for Anabaena and TGCNCN4GTGCA for F. succinogenes.
These three binding motifs have been used to elucidate the LexA regulon composition in the Order Xanthomonadales and the Cyanobacteria and Fibrobacter phyla, showing an important variability in their regulon composition and the presence of LexA-independent DNA-damage inducible genes in X. fastidiosa.
Directed mutagenesis of the Anabaena and F. succinogenes LexA-binding sequences and phylogenetic analyses of LexA and RecA proteins have revealed the evolutionary history of the LexA-binding motif in the Bacteria Domain, with the loss of the vertically inherited lexA gene in 'Alphaproteobacteria' and the presence of a lateral gene transfer in these group resulting in a new lexA copy acquired from a cyanobacterium ancestor or related species.
This work is supported on data published in the following papers:
Campoy, S., Mazón, G., Fernández de Henestrosa, A.R., Llagostera, M., Monteiro, P.B. i Barbé, J. 2002. A new regulatory DNA motif of the gamma subclass Proteobacteria: identification of the LexA protein binding site of the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. Microbiology 148: 3583 - 3597.
Mazón G., Lucena J.M., Campoy, S., Fernández de Henestrosa, A.R., Candau, P. i Barbé J. 2004. LexA-binding sequence in Gram-positive and cyanobacteria are closely related. Mol. Gen. Genomics 271: 40 - 49.
Mazón, G., Erill, I., Campoy, S., Cortés, P., Forano, E. i Barbé, J. 2004. Reconstruction of the evolutionary history of the LexA binding sequence. Microbiology 150: 3783-3795.
Farré, Belmonte Marta. "Evolució cromosòmica en mamífers: cariotips ancestrals i punts de trencament evolutius". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/96825.
Testo completoThe study of the genome organization as well as how chromosomal reorganizations are involved in speciation and adaptation processes are the key points to better understand the evolutionary dynamics of vertebrate genomes and their inter- and intra-specific phylogenetic relationships. In this thesis we described the ancestral karyotype for mammals, amniotes and tetrapods in order to determine the homologous synteny blocks (HSBs) and evolutionary breakpoint regions (EBRs) in the human genome. Using the chicken and frog genomes as outgroups, we were able to improved previously described ancestral karyotypes for tetrapods and amniotes and we defined new syntenic associations as an amniote or mammal synapomoprhies. We also analysed the distribution of EBRs in the human genome, showing that EBRs are not randomly distributed and 20% are reused during the evolutionary period. The distribution of EBRs is related to the abundance of repetitive sequences, exhibiting an enrichment of specific tandem repeats in EBRs and co-localizing with mobile elements (AAAT-Alu). Furthermore, we studied the selective constrain on the maintenance of conserved regions. We observed that certain reorganizations are not found in natural populations because disruptions of the regions involved in reorganizations would lead to changes in gene expression probably lethal for the progeny. Finally, we studied the relation between chromosomal reorganizations and speciation. We showed that regions affected by reorganizations have lower recombination rates than regions not rearranged, thus, an increase of genic incompatibilities in these regions could lead to reproductive isolation by the existence of a barrier of gen flow. In order to explain our observations we proposed the floating heterokaryotypes model, where the presence of heterokaryotypes in the speciation node resulted on a suppression of recombination in the rearranged regions, which is still detected on the extant species.
Cirera, Eva. "Evolució de les lesions en la gent gran. Espanya 2000-2010". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/294997.
Testo completoTraumatic injuries in older people are a major public health problem, since they are one of the leading causes of morbidity in this age group. Studies of the incidence of injury and it trends among older people provide only a partial insight into the situation, since in most cases the data are limited to a single injury mechanism, such as the evolution of fall-related injuries, to specific injury types, such as hip fractures, or to injuries of a certain severity, such as those requiring hospitalization. The objectives of this thesis are to estimate the incidence of traumatic injuries among elderly individuals that were attended at hospitals in Spain, stratified by sex and age, as well as by severity and mechanism of injury. We also identify the most common injuries in older people, and finally analyse the evolution of their incidence over a period of eleven years. We conducted a descriptive study, using a cross-sectional or longitudinal design, depending on the objectives. The population study consists of individuals over 64 years of age who were resident in Spain between 2000 and 2010. Incidence rates were calculated using data provided by the National Hospital Discharge Register (NHDR) from the Spanish Institute of Health Information (Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad), and the National Institute of Statistics. Cases were Spanish residents older than 64 years discharged from a Spanish hospital with a primary diagnosis of traumatic injury. Incidence trends were analysed using generalized linear models, assuming Poisson distribution and log link function for each dependent variable, and adjusting for overdispersion. The Annual Percent Change (APC) of the rate is computed from the estimated relative risk (RR) and its 95% confidence interval. The incidence of traumatic injuries attended at hospital is higher among women than men, and increases with age. A positive trend in incidence has been observed in recent years, especially in individuals over 75-80 years of age, and this increase is accentuated by age. Traffic injuries are the only injury type in which we observe a decline. Hip fractures are still the most common injury type, although in the case of individuals under 75 years, their incidence decreased significantly in women and remained stable in men throughout the study period. The effect of this decline has been counterbalanced by an increase in the incidence of other types of injury such as head injuries and fractures in the upper extremities. The results of this thesis allow us to identify two large groups within the population of older people, the elderly (up to 75-80 years) and the super-elderly (from this age onward). While hip fractures remain the most common injury type in all age groups, their decrease in incidence among elderly women along with the increase in frequency of fractures of the upper extremities and of traumatic brain injuries means that hip fractures are losing importance in this age group. In the case of super-elderly individuals, the increase
Sabaté, Tomàs Marta. "Els CREI de Catalunya. Intervenció, perfil i evolució dels joves atesos". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663942.
Testo completoLos Centros Residenciales de Educación Intensiva (CREI) son una tipología de recurso residencial especializado existente en Catalunya para jóvenes con problemas graves de comportamiento, sobre los que no se ha realizado ninguna investigación específica hasta el momento. Es por ello que la Direcció General d’Atenció a la Infància i l’Adolescència (DGAIA), organismo dependiente del Departament de Treball, Afers Socials i Famílies de la Generalitat de Catalunya encargó la realización del presente estudio con la finalidad de adentrarse en los CREI y así entender cómo funcionan, qué perfil de jóvenes acogen y cuál es la evolución que dichos jóvenes protagonizan durante su estancia. Además, se profundizó en las trayectorias de aquellos jóvenes que evolucionaron positivamente analizando los factores que podrían haber tenido una incidencia significativa. En este estudio exploratorio hemos utilizado un diseño transeccional mixto, que combina la metodología cualitativa y cuantitativa. La recogida de datos se hizo a través de los equipos directivos y profesionales de los centros mediante la observación, un cuestionario y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los datos obtenidos se organizaron en tres bloques. En el primero de ellos se identificaron similitudes y diferencias referentes a la organización y el funcionamiento de los centros. En el segundo bloque, se identificó que, durante los tres años previos a la realización del estudio, la mediana de edad de ingreso era de 15.4 años (SD=1.4) y solían proceder de CRAE, centro de acogida o domicilio familiar. El tiempo medio de estancia era de 14.4 meses (SD=10.10) y más de la mitad de los jóvenes se fugó en alguna ocasión durante su internamiento, consumía algún tóxico y se conocía que había cometido algún delito. Ya en el centro un 47.8% realizaron una mejora progresiva; un 44.9% no presentó mejora significativa; y un 7.3% inició su proceso con una mejora pero acabó truncado su proceso. La mediana de edad de salida fue de 16.6 años (SD=1.10) y de los que se conocía el destino de salida, solían retornar al domicilio familiar o a CRAE, u otros recursos residenciales de transición a la autonomía, o acababan internados en un Centro educativo del Departament de Justícia. Los principales motivos por los que estos jóvenes fueron desinternados fueron la pérdida de plaza por fuga de larga duración, la finalización de proceso, la mayoría de edad y el traslado a otro centro que se adaptara mejor a sus características. En el tercer bloque se profundizó en aquellos casos que residieron en los CREI durante un año o más. Los análisis mostraron que los jóvenes que habían evolucionado positivamente eran aquellos que mayoritariamente se habían adaptado al funcionamiento del centro de forma muy temprana, crearon un vínculo positivo con los profesionales, tenían buena relación con personas de fuera del centro y tenían amigos dentro del CREI, asistían a recursos externos, residieron más tiempo en los centros, desinternándose por haber finalizado su proceso y el destino más frecuente fue el retorno a domicilio o a CRAE. En pocos casos consumían estupefacientes, se les conocían delitos o se fugaron del centro. Por otro lado los jóvenes que no mejoraron significativamente eran aquellos que mayoritariamente consumían drogas, habían cometido algún delito, se fugaban, no tenían ninguna persona disponible fuera del centro y si la tenían la relación con ellas era desorganizada/negligente, y al salir del centro ingresaban en un centro educativo del Departament de Justícia o volvían al domicilio familiar. Los resultados de nuestra investigación pueden aportar información relevante que facilite a los profesionales vinculados a estos centros reflexionar sobre su práctica y evolucionar hacia el diseño y la implementación de intervenciones y estrategias que incrementen su impacto positivo.
Residential Centers for Intensive Education (CREI) are a type of specialized residential resource in Catalonia for young people with serious behavioral problems, over which no specific research has been carried out so far. For this reason, the Direcció General d’Atenció a la Infància i l’Adolescència (DGAIA), a body dependent on the Departament de Treball, Afers Socials i Famílies of the Generalitat of Catalonia, commissioned the realization of this study with the aim of getting in the CREIs and understand how they work, what is the profile of the attended youth and the evolution these young people make during their stay. Besides, the trajectories of those young people who evolved positively, analyzing the factors that could have had a significant impact were studied in depth. In this exploratory study we have used a mixed transactional design, which combines qualitative and quantitative methodology. The collection of data was made through the management teams and the professionals of the centers using semi-structured interviews, a questionnaire and the observation. The obtained data was organized in three phases. In the first one, we identified similarities and differences among centers regarding the organization and functioning. In the second phase, the three years prior to the study were considered and we identified that the main age of admission was 15.4 years (SD = 1.4) and the youngsters usually came from CRAE, care center or family home. The average time of stay was 14.4 months (SD = 10.10) and more than half of the young people escaped during their stay, had substance abuse and it was known that they had committed a crime. When in the center, 47.8% made a progressive improvement; 44.9% did not show any significant improvement; and 7.3% initiated the process with an improvement but ended up breaking its process. The main age of departure was 16.6 years (SD = 1.10) and those whose departure destination was known normally returned to their family home or to the CRAE, or went to other residential resources of transition to autonomy, or ended up in an educational center depending of the Department of Justice. The main reasons for leaving of these young people were the loss of placement due to a long-term scape, the end of their process, the majority of age and the transfer to another center that suited its characteristics best. In the third phase, those cases that resided in the CREI for one year or more were studied in depth.denThe analysis showed that young people who had evolved positively were those that had mostly adapted to the functioning of the center very quickly, created a positive bond with professionals, had a good relationship with people from the inside and the outside of the CREI, they assisted to external activities, they lived more time in the centers and they left the centers because they had finished their process, and the most frequent destiny was returning to the family home or CRAE. Only a few cases had substance abuse, committed crimes or escaped from the center. On the other hand, young people who did not improve significantly were those who mostly had substance abuse, had committed a crime, escaped from the center, had no available person outside the center and, when they had it, their relationship was disorganized or neglected. When leaving the center, these young people entered an educational center of the Department of Justice or returned to the family home. Our findings can provide relevant information that facilitates professionals linked to these centers to think about their practice and to evolve towards the design and implementation of interventions and strategies that increase their positive impact.
Puig, Bermejo David. "Evolució geomètrica i estructural de les naus de la Sagrada Família". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668494.
Testo completoLa tesi que es presenta va sorgir a partir d'un treball de modelat de les maquetes originals de la segona versió de les naus, que Gaudí va dissenyar per al Temple de la Sagrada Família i que es varen destruir durant la guerra civil. El model recuperat va revelar unes pautes de generació geomètrica que no encaixaven dins de la historiografia clàssica gaudiniana i la tesi es concentra en establir el paper que desenvolupa aquesta versió dins de l'obra del Temple i de la resta del treball realitzat per l'arquitecte. Per fer-ho recorrem a l'anàlisi des dels següents tres aspectes que, de fet, són els que configuren el cos central d'aquesta tesi : context històric, geomètric i estructural. En la primera part s'analitza el context històric que va influir en l'evolució de l'obra gaudiniana i s'estudia la relació entra la seva obra civil al marge de la Sagrada Família-amb la del Temple, per determinar la influència entre ambdues. En la segona part s'estudia l'evolució de l'obra gaudiniana vista des d'un punt de vista geomètric i s'analitza la transició que sofreix el seu treball, que parteix d'un plantejament eclèctic propi de l'època on està immers el Gaudí de joventut-fins arribar a un estil molt personal, on la geometria passa a ser el principal recurs que ordena la seva darrera arquitectura. En la tercera part la tesi analitza un altre dels pilars fonamentals de l'obra gaudiniana: l'estructura. S'estudia la relació entre els plantejaments teòrics que es van popularitzar durant l'època de formació de Gaudí i que van fer possible la variació de la tipología resistent en edificis religiosos de planta basilical. Aquesta part es completa amb l'anàlisi numérica de les principals versions que Gaudí va projectar per al Temple, duta a terme amb l'ajuda d'eines informàtiques però basant-se en els mètodes originals que l'arquitecte va emprar, per veure com aquests van influir en la concepció del seu esquelet resistent. Per últim, en les conclusions, es relacionen entre ells els tres aspectes que s'han abordat durant la tesi- històric, geomètric i estructural-i es determina una nova forma d'interpretar l'obra gaudiniana, fixant una continuïtat entre els seus treballs previs i la darrera solució de les naus del Temple basada en l'ús de la geometria reglada-que fins el moment s'interpretava de forma superficial o fins i tot incorrecta, com si aquesta darrera hagués sorgit del no res.
Cambras, Riu Trinitat. "Evolució i caràcter hereditari del ritme d'activitat motora de la rata". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672865.
Testo completoMontoya, Rubio Bernat. "L'esclavitud en l'economia antiga: evolució i fonaments de la historiografia moderna". Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/23656.
Testo completoRàmia, Jesús Miquel. "Visualization, description and analysis of the genome variation of a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/322822.
Testo completoThe description and explanation of genetic variation within and between populations, the goal of population genetics since its origins, has been hampered by decades because of the technical inability to directly measure the genetic variation of populations. The present genome era, with the explosive growth of genome sequences fueled by the next-generation sequencing technologies, has lead us to the present golden age of the study of genetic variation at the genome scale. Population genetics is no longer an empirically insufficient science, but it is more than ever a research field where bioinformatics tools for data mining and management of large-scale dataset, statistical and evolutionary models, and advanced molecular techniques of mass generation of sequences are all them integrated in an interdisciplinary endeavor. As a consequence of this breakthrough, a new ‘omic’ discipline has emerged: Population Genomics. But, what is Population Genomics? For Charlesworth (2010), it's simply "a new term for a field of study as old as Genetics itself". It's the 'old field' of Population Genetics when studying the amount and causes of variability in natural populations in a genome-wide fashion. This thesis is both a population genomics study and a bioinformatics project centred on the visualization, description and analysis of the genome-wide DNA variation data from a natural population of model organism Drosophila melanogaster. The data used has been obtained by the international initiative The Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) (Mackay et al. 2012). DGRP has sequenced the complete genomes of 158 (freeze 1) and 205 (freeze 2) inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster from a single natural population of Raleigh (USA). A major goal of this project was to create a resource of common genetic polymorphism data to further perform population genomics analyses. The DGRP sequence data has allowed us to carry out a thorough study of genome-wide variation in a natural population of D. melanogaster. After developing a complete, public and accessible map of the polymorphism present in this population, we have described the patterns of polymorphism and divergence (nucleotide and indel variants) along chromosome arms. We observe a clear and consistent pattern of genome diversity along arms of the autosomic chromosomes both for SNP and indels: diversity is reduced on average in centromeric regions relative to non-centromeric regions, and at the telomeres. This pattern is not observed in the X chromosome, where diversity is almost uniform all along the chromosome. Polymorphism and recombination are correlated along chromosome arms, but only for those regions where recombination rate is below 2cM Mb-1. Recombination rate seems to be the major force shaping the patterns of polymorphism along chromosome arms and its effect seems to be mediated by its impact on linked selection. We have mapped the footprint of natural selection on SNP and indel variants throughout the genome, observing a pervasive action of natural selection, both adaptive and purifying selection. Adaptive selection occurs preferentially in non-centromeric regions. Natural selection acts differently between insertions and deletions, being deletions more strongly selected by purifying selection, which supports the mutational equilibrium theory for genome size evolution.
Morales, Alvarez Rocio. "La evolución económica de Haití a través del comercio exterior, 1915 - 1959". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/402361.
Testo completoThis research focuses on the study of the economic evolution of Haiti, aiming to explain its poor performance for the period 1915-1959. Given the scarcity of official economic indicators, this work uses foreign trade statistics to analyze the economic performance of the country which is justified because of the high dependency of Haitian economy on overseas markets. This thesis is organized in three chapters. The first one describes the methodology used to evaluate the quality of the data of imports and exports. This initial exercise allows us to identify the different phases of the Haitian economy and verify our hypotheses about the link with the phases of growth, contraction or stagnation of trade and the changes in its structure. In the second chapter we analyze the period from 1915 to 1940, characterized by the policies implemented by the US Trusteeship. From our perspective, this period was a “period of change” because of the introduction of institutional reforms but it was also a period of continuity with regards to the economic policy carried on by the American authorities. Chapter 3, analyses the period from 1941 to 1959, which can be considered as the “Golden Age” of the Haitian economy. This period is characterized by the growth of Haitian foreign trade and, more important, by the increase of manufactured goods in the local exports. Our main challenge is to determine if this change is related to a change in the industrial composition of the Haitian economy. Finally, this work ends with a summary of the conclusions derived from the analysis made in and setting up a new line of research to be followed in the future.
Bernadas, Suñé Dolors. "Escenografia electrònica a la televisió de l'Estat Espanyol. Inicis, evolució i tendències". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4100.
Testo completoL'escenografia, i per extensió tot alló que té a veure amb la imatge, és un dels constituents fonamentals d'un programa de televisió. Malgrat aquesta importància manifesta, els estudis al voltant de la imatge són els grans absents en el món de la investigació que se centra més en l'anàlisi dels continguts, segurament per una major facilitat per acotar-los i mesurar-los.
Els usos escenogràfics que permeten les noves tecnologies, aquest conjunt inesgotable d'imatges que sorgeixen dels ordinadors en la seva aplicació infogràfica, estan creant noves formes de treballar i de veure la televisió.
Aquests usos inèdits (l'escenografia electrònica formava part ja de la informació meteorològica) van servir per a plantejar la hipòtesi de partida del treball d'investigació que considera aquesta tipologia escenogràfica electrònica com la genuïnament televisiva, aplicable amb facilitat als gèneres més específicament televisius. Tot i aquesta facilitat en la implementació, l'escenografia electrònica implica uns canvis en la producció televisiva en general i en l'actuació dels presentadors de televisió en particular que necessiten d'unos assajos previs, d'una coreografia determinada, per a gestionar l'escenografia que, en el seu contacte directe, no existeix.
L'estudi està basat en l'anàlisi de dues setmanes mostra (1997 i 1999) d'enregistrament de set canals de televisió generalista de l'estado espanyol (TVE, La 2, TV3, Canal 33, Tele 5, Antena 3 TV i Canal + en les seves emissions en obert). Del global d'aquests enregistraments se n'extreuen les dades d'aquells programes construits amb escenografia electrònica.
En l'anàlisi final s'observa que els programes infantils treballen amb una escenografia més imaginativa i amb una coreografia interpretativa, que cobreix uns continguts nous. D'altra banda, els programes d'informació meteorològica ofereixen una escenografia informativa amb coreografia demostrativa per a transmetre uns continguts explicatius.
Els programes construits amb escenografia electrònica col·loquen aquest element como el principal i cohesionador de la imatge televisiva. Així, els enquadraments que propicien els tradicionals plans curts, obligats per les petites dimensions de la pantalla del televisor, desapareixen amb l'escenografia electrònica que necessita fer-se evident; amb aquest canvi de protagonisme el presentador passa a un segon terme i li està subordinat: l'escenografia electrònica reclama ser mostrada.
La implantació de l'escenografia electrònica, amb un gran poder d'atracció entre els espectadores, sobretot joves, és encara molt limitada i depén de factors creuats.
A new scenery, starting from the application of the new technologies of the image, was evidenced in the screens of diverse chains of Spanish television in the last decade of the XX century. We define the electronic set as "the continent, the encircling of an audiovisual product. This encircling one, generated by electronic means accompanies the bearer / actor / communicator and only it becomes present in the final sight of the screen of the television."
The scenery, and for extension everything that that has to do with the image, is one of the fundamental constituents of a television program. In spite of this apparent importance, it is surely absent one of the big ones in the world of the investigation that is centered more in the analysis of the contents, for a bigger easiness to delimit them and to measure them.
The scenery uses that allow the new technologies, that inexhaustible group of images that you/they arise of the computers in its infographic application, is creating new forms of working and of seeing the television.
These unpublished uses (it was already part of the meteorological information) they were good to outline the departure hypothesis that considers this tipology electronic sets as the genuinely television one, applicable with easiness to the more goods specifically television. In spite of this easiness in the implementation, the electronic scenery implies some changes in the television production in general and in the performance of the television bearers in particular that they need of some previous rehearsals, of a certain choreography, to negotiate the scenery that, in its direct contact, it doesn't exist.
The study is based on two weeks sample (1997 and 1999) of recording of seven channels of television of the Spanish state (TVE, The 2, TV3, Channel 33, Tele 5, Antenna 3 TV and Channel + in its emissions in open) Of these recordings the data of those built programs are extracted with electronic scenery.
In the final analysis it is observed that the infantile programs offer an imaginative scenery with an interpretive choreography that covers some new contents. On the other hand, the programs of meteorological information offer an informative scenery with demonstrative choreography to transmit some explanatory contents.
The built programs with electronic scenery place this element like the main of the television image. This way, the traditional short alignments, forced by the small dimensions of the screen of the television, disappear with the electronic scenery that he/she needs to become evident; the bearer he is subordinate and the scenery claims to be shown.
The installation of the electronic scenery, with great power of attraction among the spectators, overalls youths, it is even very limited and it depends on crossed factors.
Cuadrado, Godia Elisa. "Evolució inicial dels ictus per arteriosclerosi carotídia. Severitat, deteriorament neurològic i recurrència". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/377449.
Testo completoAtherosclerosis is the leading cause of death worldwide. This thesis focuses on one of its clinical manifestations, the strokes due to carotid atherosclerosis (CA). This is one of the most frequent sources of stroke in our population and carries a high risk of recurrence. However, this risk decreases dramatically if a revascularization procedure (either surgical or endovascular) is performed within the first two weeks. Nonetheless, a very early procedure also confers an increased risk of periprocedural stroke or death. Hence, the optimal time for revascularization remains unknown. In the last decades, medical treatment has improved noticeably, and a reduction in the recurrence risk has been found in some clinical trials Therefore the first aim of this thesis was to describe the rate of recurrence in patients with symptomatic CA (stenosis 50-99%) awaiting revascularization. We found a high recurrence risk (6.6% and 11.5% at 3 and 14 days respectively) in spite of better treatment. Age and initial symptoms (cerebral vs. ocular) were the main factors associated with recurrence. The second objective of the thesis was to analyze the initial severity and the risk of early neurological deterioration (END) of this stroke subtype. Moreover we wanted to investigate the role of the stenosis degree and thus we included patients presenting with total carotid occlusion. We observed that 75% of the strokes had a low initial severity (NIHSS ≤7). However 23% suffered END within the first 72h. Stenosis degree was the main factor associated with a higher initial severity and END risk. Those patients presenting total carotid occlusions carried the highest risk of recurrence (in our cohort). Other related factors were previous transient ischemic attacks, which were associated with a lower severity and a higher risk of END, and initial mean arterial pressure that was associated with an increased risk of END. Finally, the third objective was to study the existence of a biomarker of recurrence for this stroke subtype. For this reason we studied the role of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), circulating endothelial cells (CEC), plasmatic oxidized-LDL (Ox-LDL), and albuminuria. We found that a low count of basal EPC was associated with a higher risk of new vascular events (i.e. new stroke, myocardial infarction, vascular death or hospitalization due to a vascular disease) within the first 6 months of follow-up. In addition, we found that Ox-LDL and albuminuria were associated with a higher risk of END. Finally, we described that CEC levels were not associated with increased risk of recurrence. Collectively the results presented as part of this thesis conclude that strokes due to CA, and awaiting revascularization, still bear a high risk of recurrence. Early intensive medical treatment and admission in Stroke Units during the first 72h seems advisable. The use of biomarkers could help to select those patients at higher risk of recurrence in order to test new therapies or urgent revascularization procedures, ideally as part of a clinical trial.
Garí, de Barbarà Xavier. "Orígens i evolució del moviment per la pau a Catalunya (1950-1980)". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/392679.
Testo completoThe peace movement in Catalonia originated and established itself during 1950-1980, a paradoxical event given that this was a period of military dictatorship. The pioneers of the movement were the Catalan chapter of Pax Christi International and the Barcelona-based group Amics de l’Arca – two initiatives that were inspired by Christian values and established cross-border relations. Their feat was to introduce the doctrine of peace and associated practices, such as nonviolent action, in a society that was governed by military rule and repression. These pioneers generated new and diverse initiatives that, from around 1968, shaped the movement, both in institutional terms as well as in practice, also widening its base. The following three initiatives stand out: The organisation Justícia i Pau, a church entity that emerged from the reforms promoted by the Second Vatican Council; the Institut Victor Seix de Polemologia, which was one of the first centres for conflict and peace studies in Europe; and the campaign for Consciousness Objection, which instigated some of the most direct and courageous activism of the Catalan peace movement, to the extent of directly questioning militarism in the midst of harsh military rule. This cohort of initiatives structured and consolidated the movement, conducting analytical work while raising social awareness, as well as overtly defending causes that are typically forbidden in a dictatorship, such as human rights and consciousness objection. Coupled with these efforts, they supported the first nonviolent activists of Catalonia – with Lluís Maria Xirinacs and Pepe Beunza as the most prominent ones – and organised the first major mobilisation for civil rights: The Marxa de la Llibertat. The beginnings of the peace movement in Catalonia are remarkable in terms of social history. Above all, founding a peace movement at the height of a military dictatorship is historically unusual, revealing a dynamic and intrepid civil society. Various grassroots and progressive Christian circles were also a crucial force, notably by providing the organisational impulse to the peace movement. In fact, they engaged the Catholic Church, which had institutional respect from the political power, thus securing a valuable institutional buffer. At the same time, the peace movement nurtured a spirit of pluralism, bringing together a wide range of social sectors and ideological trends around a common aspiration, hence stimulating joint activism for essential democratic values like human rights, nonviolent action and political dialogue. As such, the Catalan peace movement, even if smaller and less iconic than the clandestine political opposition to the dictatorship, enabled an initial exercise on the principles and methods of democracy, thus contributing to the future political transition in Spain. Furthermore, the research on the origins of the peace movement in Catalonia has generated a unique ensemble of oral history of the period of military rule, including the recorded testimony of most of the principal actors of the peace movement. These oral-history materials have been donated to the National Archives of Catalonia, thus enriching the historiographic heritage of contemporary Catalonia, while helping recover the origins of a singular and paradoxical social movement, which represents a memorable example of the genius and vitality of the Catalan civil society.
Cuatrecasas, Castellsagués Oriol. "Caracterització i evolució dels sistemes de producció basats en el Lean Management". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/405586.
Testo completoEls sistemes de producció basats en la filosofia lean han anat guanyant protagonisme com una ruta freqüent i exitosa de millora per a les empreses. Adoptar un sistema de producció lean, de la manera més convenient , es una decisió clau, ja que aquestes practiques, ajuden a les organitzacions a millorar seguretat, qualitat, temps d'entrega, i costos. Des de que Toyota va mostrar al món un manera de gestionar diferent, el sector de l'automoció en el seu conjunt va ser pioner en l'adopció del lean, i continua amb el lideratge en el desenvolupament deis Sistemes de Producció lean. Tot i que el lean no ha pogut ser descrit amb consens pels diferents autors, aquest treball prova d'investigar una visió no fixa del lean, és a dir analitzar l'evolució i la similitud al llarg del temps deis Sistemes de Producció deis fabricants d'automòbils. Comparant-ne no una definició de Sistema de Producció lean, estàtica amb una altra, sinó una evolució d'un Sistema de Producció, amb una altra. Aquesta investigació realitza una amplia revisió de la literatura per trobar un grup reduït d'eines, mètodes, principis i cultura, una parametrització i un anàlisi deis sistemes de producció lean que utilitzen els fabricants de vehicles, i analitza i valida les successives iteracions amb el focus group. Mentre que l'evolució deis aspectes teòrics que puguin representar les diverses perspectives dels sistemes de producció lean es troben a la literatura, l'evolució deis aspectes tècnics es troben a cada un deis Sistemes de Producció de cada fabricant. La investigació deis sistemes de cada fabricant és realitzada a partir de la documentació aportada pels actors més influents, i pels fabricats amb més representació al mercat, i completada per una entrevista a un responsable de cada productor. Així fonamentat en una triangulació a partir de l'anàlisi de la literatura, els Sistemes de Producció aportats pels fabricants de vehicles, i les successives iteracions amb un focus group, aquest treball presenta una formulació i descripció de l'evolució deis Sistemes de Producció lean, que dona resposta al objectiu plantejat en forma d'un model semicircular d'evolució basat en els objectius a assolir per part del propi Sistema de Producció. A banda d'aquests resultats, aquest camí i aquest model descrit pel sector de fabricants de vehicles, pot ser seguit per altres sectors econòmics o organitzacions individuals.
Baravalle, Lorenzo. "Evolución cultural y adaptación". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8972.
Testo completoThe main objective of this work is to show how can we explain culture within a general Darwinian, naturalistically acceptable framework. To do so, I first reconsider the two main theories that have been proposed with a similar goal: sociobiology and memetics. Concerning the first one, I preserve the idea that every cultural event depends in the long run on a pure biological conditioning. Regarding the latter, I accept that there is a sense of adaptation different from simple development of fitness. My second task is to explain why certain cultural phenomena, maladaptations, are not adaptive in the "increase of fitness" sense, and present and apply an explanatory scheme that accounts for cultural phenomena in a new adaptative manner. In order to articulate these theses in a new proposal, I make use of some work by Boyd and Richerson and introduce the main distinction between first and second order adaptations.
Chiodin, Marta. "The evolution of bilaterian body-plan: perspectives from the developmental genetics of the Acoela (Aeoelomorpha)". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/111231.
Testo completoLos acelos son unos gusanos, principalmente marinos, de simetría bilateral y aplastados según el eje dorso ventral, que pertenecen al grupo de los acelomorfos (acelos +nemertodermatidos+xenoturbellidos), cuya posición filogenética es tema de debate entre los biólogos evolucionistas. Los acelomorfos carecen de cavidades corporales, su sistema digestivo es ciego y su sistema nervioso consiste de una concentración neuronal anterior y cuerda nerviosas no claramente desplazadas hacía el lado dorsal o ventral. La simplicidad morfológica de los acelos, entremedia entre la de cnidarios y bilaterales superiores, les hace buenos candidatos para el estudio de la transición de animales radiales-diploblastos a bilaterales-triploblastos. En esta tesis se presentan datos sobre el desarrollo e la especificación molecular del mesodermo, que ha sido una de las innovaciones claves para la radiación de los bilaterales. S. roscoffensis que como todos los acelos tiene exclusivamente musculatura de tipo liso, expresa un gen ortólogo a la troponina, un proteína clave para la regulación de los músculos estriados, y que no existe en cnidarios. La explicación más parsimoniosa es que las bases moleculares de evolución de músculos estriados se han implantado en los acelos, aunque estos no hayan alcanzado la condición completa (explicación favorecida si los acelomorfos son confirmados como grupo hermano de los demás bilaterales). Por otra parte se puede considerar esta condición como debida a una reducción secundaria (explicación favorecida en el caso que los acelos se confirmen ser deuteróstomos). Los ortólogos de genes endodermales de cnidarios y con clara expresión mesodermal en bilaterales se expresan en la músculatura del acelo l. pulchra. Estos datos concuerdan perfectamente con la evolución del mesodermo a partir del endodermo de animales diploblásticos. Aun así, es difícil proponer un modelo específico de evolución de miocitos hasta que la posición filogenética de los acelomorfos no esté resuelta.
Ortiz, Hissa Ruth Gabriela. "Análisis socio-económico de la economía de Bolivia en el marco de la actual oleada de globalización". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9313.
Testo completoDes dels anys 90, l'Estat ve realitzant accions per a alleujar la pobresa establint un marc de polítiques que reconeixen la importància dels factors polític-institucionals i socials en el desenvolupament de Bolívia. Es van iniciar reformes socials en les àrees d'educació, salut i sanejament bàsic emmarcades en els processos de participació popular i descentralització administrativa. El resultat d'aquestes accions va ser l'increment de la inversió social, que entre altres aspectes, va permetre ampliar la infraestructura social bàsica.
Després de més de 20 anys de democràcia i reformes estructurals, Bolívia ha assolit importants avanços per a consolidar la institucionalitat i estabilitat econòmica. No obstant això, el procés de canvi no ha finalitzat i es requereix aprofundir les accions a favor d'una major equitat que permeti reduir els elevats nivells de pobresa que prevalen especialment en l'àrea rural.
D'igual manera, el baix perfil de les exportacions bolivianes configura al país com un dels més endarrerits d'Amèrica Llatina, degut al fet que la indústria extractiva participa amb més del 70% en el PIB. Així, l'oferta exportable de Bolívia s'encasella en provisions de matèria primera i productes de baix valor afegit. El baix grau tecnològic assolit, l'escàs desenvolupament de la infraestructura física, el progressiu deteriorament de les bases productives, entre altres factors, configuren un escenari en el qual Bolívia no arriba a produir béns i serveis que satisfacin els mercats internacionals, d'una banda, ni els seus ciutadans gaudeixin d'un nivell de vida que mostri un creixement sostenible. En altres paraules, Bolívia no assoleix ser competitiva.
A més a més, el 90% dels nous llocs de treball en les ciutats capitals ha estat absorbit per la microempresa amb menys de 10 treballadors i prop del 95% dels empleats en l'àrea rural. Aquest patró d'ocupació mostra que un important sector econòmic del país és caracteritzat per condicions precàries de treball, baixa productivitat i ocupacions informals. Avui, prop del 83% de la població ocupada treballa en microempreses però contribueix només amb un 24% del PIB.
Per això, és urgent ampliar la base econòmica, per a això es necessita multiplicar nous actors competitius i diversificar els tipus de producte dintre d'un nou escenari d'inserció internacional, que articuli la plataforma exportadora amb l'economia popular i redistribueixi l'excedent, la producció i la riquesa de manera més equitativa.
Aquest treball d'investigació parteix de les insuficiències econòmiques, però acaba parlant de la transformació social, cultural i política que pot acompanyar la transformació econòmica, més enllà de les riqueses i promeses que comporta l'explotació dels recursos naturals.
A partir de 1985, después de un proceso agudo de inflación y recesión, Bolivia logra estabilizar la economía y consigue tasas de crecimiento promedio de 3% anual, la disciplina fiscal y la estabilidad se constituyen en la base de las políticas macroeconómicas del Estado. Sin embargo, no se ha logrado alcanzar tasas de crecimiento económico y mecanismos de distribución suficientes para revertir las condiciones de pobreza y desigualdad subsistentes en el país.
Desde los años 90, el Estado viene realizando acciones para aliviar la pobreza estableciendo un marco de políticas que reconocen la importancia de los factores político-institucionales y sociales en el desarrollo de Bolivia. Se iniciaron reformas sociales en las áreas de educación, salud y saneamiento básico enmarcadas en los procesos de participación popular y descentralización administrativa. El resultado de estas acciones fue el incremento de la inversión social, que entre otros aspectos, permitió ampliar la infraestructura social básica.
Después de más de 20 años de democracia y reformas estructurales, Bolivia ha logrado importantes avances para consolidar la institucionalidad y estabilidad económica. Sin embargo, el proceso de cambio no ha finalizado y se requiere profundizar las acciones a favor de una mayor equidad que permita reducir los elevados niveles de pobreza que prevalecen especialmente en el área rural.
De igual manera, el bajo perfil de las exportaciones bolivianas configura al país como uno de los más atrasados de América Latina, debido a que la industria extractiva participa con más del 70% en el PIB. Así, la oferta exportable de Bolivia se encasilla en provisiones de materia prima y productos de bajo valor añadido. El bajo grado tecnológico alcanzado, el escaso desarrollo de la infraestructura física, el progresivo deterioro de las bases productivas, entre otros factores, configuran un escenario en el que Bolivia no alcanza a producir bienes y servicios que satisfagan los mercados internacionales, por un lado, ni sus ciudadanos disfruten de un nivel de vida que muestre un crecimiento sostenible. En otras palabras, Bolivia no logra ser competitiva.
A su vez, el 90% de los nuevos puestos de trabajo en las ciudades capitales ha sido absorbido por la microempresa con menos de 10 trabajadores y cerca del 95% de los empleados en el área rural. Este patrón de empleo muestra que un importante sector económico del país es caracterizado por condiciones precarias de trabajo, baja productividad y empleos informales. Hoy, cerca del 83% de la población ocupada trabaja en microempresas pero contribuye sólo con un 24% del PIB.
Por ello, es urgente ampliar la base económica, para lo cual se necesita multiplicar nuevos actores competitivos y diversificar rubros productivos dentro de un nuevo escenario de inserción internacional, que articule la plataforma exportadora con la economía popular y redistribuya el excedente, la producción y la riqueza de manera más equitativa.
Este trabajo de investigación parte de las insuficiencias económicas, pero termina hablando de la transformación social, cultural y política que debe y puede acompañar la transformación económica, más allá de las riquezas y promesas que encierra la explotación de los recursos naturales.
After an acute process of inflation and recession in the previous years of 1985, Bolivia managed a political economy in order to stabilize the economy and to obtain a rate of 3% annual average GDP growth. The fiscal discipline and the stability constituted two major goals of the macroeconomic policies. However, these policies have not allow for enough rates of growth in order to reduce rates of poverty and inequality in the country.
From the 90's, Bolivia has been striving battles to alleviate the poverty by establishing a frame of policies that recognize the importance of the political-institutional and social factors in the development of Bolivia. Social reforms in the education areas, and health started within the framework of popular participation as well as administrative decentralization. The result of these actions was the increase of the social investment, which among other aspects allowed to extent some basic social services.
After more than 20 years of structural democracy and reforms, Bolivia has managed important advances to consolidate institutionalism and economic stability. Nevertheless, the change process has not finalised and it is required to deepen the actions in favour of a greater fairness than it allows, reducing the high levels of poverty that prevail especially in the rural area.
The low profile of the Bolivian exports is one of the lowest in Latin America, because the extractive industry participates with more than 70% in total exports. Thus the exportable supply of Bolivia is focused mainly in raw materials and basic products of low added value. The low technological level, the low development of the physical infrastructure, the progressive deterioration of the productive bases, among other factors, explain why Bolivia does not produce goods and services that satisfy the international markets. On the other hand, its citizens can not enjoy a standard of life according to a sustainable growth.
The 90% of the new jobs in the capital cities have been absorbed by micro-companies with less than 10 employees and nearly 95% of the country's workforce is in the rural area. This tendency is characterized by precarious conditions of work, low productivity and informal employment. Today, almost 83% of the occupied population works in micro-companies but only contribute to 24% of the GDP.
For this reason, it is urgent to extend the economic base, for which it is needed to multiply new competitive performers and diversify the economic structure oriented to be more competitive in international markets and allow to reach a reduction of poverty
This research work leaves from the economic insufficiencies, but it ends up speaking of the social, cultural and political transformation that must and can accompany the economic transformation, beyond the wealth and promises from natural resources.
Garcia-Ribera, Carles. "Dyskinesia in first-episode schizophrenic patients treated with second generation antipsychotics. Abnormal movements and schizophrenia outcome". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666856.
Testo completoMuchos trastornos del movimiento observadas en pacientes esquizofrénicos pasan desapercibidas, especialmente las de leve o moderada intensidad o bien las asociadas con anosognosia. El valor de los movimientos extrapiramidales y específicamente de la discinesia y el parkinsonismo como factor pronóstico en la esquizofrenia no es bien conocido. En este estudio prospectivo, se estudia la relación de la discinesia y otros síntomas extrapiramidales con la evolución a un año del trastorno en una cohorte de 112 pacientes en su primer episodio del espectro esquizofrenico tratado con antipsicóticos de segunda generación. Los resultados mostraron que en el modelo ajustado de regresión lineal la respuesta temprana al tratamiento (p = 0.001), el abuso de alcohol (p = 0.026), el nivel ocupacional más alto alcanzado (p = 0.031), la edad de inicio más temprana (p = 0.033) , los movimientos discinéticos durante las primeras veinticuatro semanas (p = 0.034) y el sexo femenino (p = 0.039), pero no las primeras ocho semanas de Parkinsonismo, como variables significativas (R² ajustado 0.416). La dirección de la asociación de les discinèsies con la severidad de la enfermedad fué negativa. Treinta y dos pacientes mostraron discinesia en las primeras veinticuatro semanas y seis pacientes fueron diagnosticados como discinesia tardía durante el seguimiento del estudio (5.3% de 112 pacientes en la muestra inicial, 8.3% de los 72 pacientes que completaron el seguimiento). Se postula el potencial de los primeros movimientos discinéticos como una ventana del sistema dopaminérgico en la esquizofrenia.
Many movement abnormalities observed in schizophrenic patients are neglected, especially those in mild and moderate forms or associated to anosognosia. The role of extrapyramidal movements and specifically dyskinesia and Parkinsonism as prognostic factor in schizophrenia is not well known. In this prospective work the relationship of dyskinesia and other extrapyramidal symptoms with one-year psychiatric outcome was studied in a cohort of 112 patients suffering from First Episode of Schizophrenia Spectrum disorder and treated with Second Generation Antipsychotics. Results showed that, linear regression model of outcome fitted early response (p= 0.001), abuse of alcohol (p= 0.026), higher occupational level reached (p= 0.031), younger age at onset (p= 0.033), dyskinetic movements during the first twenty-four week (p= 0.034) and female sex (p= 0.039), but not first eight weeks Parkinsonism, as significant variables (adjusted R² 0,416). Direction of the association of dyskinesia with severity of illness was negative. Thirty-two patients showed dyskinesia in the first twenty-four weeks and six patients were diagnosed as Tardive Dyskinesia during the follow-up of the study (5.3% out of 112 patients in the initial sample, 8.3% out of the 72 patients that complete the follow-up. The potential role of early dyskinetic movements as a window of the dopaminergic system in schizophrenia is postulated.
Puig, Font Marta. "Functional analysis of position effects of inversion 2j in Drosophila buzzatii: gene CG13617 silencing and its adpative significance". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/32108.
Testo completoChromosomal inversions have been known for a long time to be maintained by natural selection in Drosophila populations. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their adaptive value remain uncertain. In D. buzzatii natural populations, inversion 2j forms a balanced polymorphism with the 2st arrangement, in which 2j individuals have a larger size and a longer developmental time compared to 2st carriers. In this work we tested the hypothesis that a position effect of one of the inversion breakpoints could be the cause of these phenotypic changes by analyzing the expression of a gene adjacent to the proximal breakpoint, CG13617, in D. buzzatii lines with and without inversion 2j. We have found that in 2j embryos an antisense RNA originated in a copy of a Galileo family transposon inserted at the breakpoint causes a 5-fold decrease of the expression level of CG13617. In order to investigate the functional consequences of the reduction in CG13617 expression, we have used RNA interference to reproduce this silencing in D. melanogaster. Microarray and real-time RT-PCR experiments comparing first instar larvae with and without CG13617 expression revealed that 41 genes show reduced expression levels when CG13617 is silenced, while none is up-regulated. Interestingly, genes involved in DNA replication and cell cycle are significantly enriched among those affected by CG13617 silencing. Nine out of ten of these genes analyzed in D. buzzatii also show a reduced expression level in 2j embryos, but not in first instar larvae, a stage where the CG13617 expression difference between chromosomal arrangements is lower and the antisense RNA is no longer transcribed. To gain insight into the potential function of this gene we have carried out a comprehensive nucleotide and protein sequence analysis in the 12 available Drosophila genomes and also in other organisms. CG13617 protein contains a conserved C2H2 zinc finger, three coiled coil regions, two PEST sequences, and putative nuclear localization and export signals, and shows similarity to human DZIP1 and zebrafish Iguana (a component of the Hedgehog signaling pathway) proteins, which indicates that its cellular role could be related to the transport of transcription factors in and out of the nucleus. These results suggest that gene CG13617 could be involved in the regulation of DNA replication and that the position effect in 2j carriers might contribute to explain the phenotypic differences observed between 2st and 2j individuals as well as the adaptive value of the inversion.
Cussó, Segura Xavier. "Alimentació, mortalitat i desenvolupament. Evolució i disparitats regionals a Espanya des de 1860". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4025.
Testo completoA la primera part d'aquesta tesi s'examinen els fonaments científics de la relació entre alimentació, estat nutritiu i salut. També es fonamenta la validesa i utilitat dels indicadors que utilitzarem per avaluar l'estat nutritiu i tractar d'interpretar la seva evolució.
A la segona part s'ha analitzat l'estat nutritiu de la població espanyola, la seva evolució històrica i les disparitats regionals que presenta, a partir de tres indicadors: la comparació entre la ingesta de nutrients i les racions recomanades de nutrients de la població espanyola, la talla (principalment dels reclutes) i la mortalitat associada més o menys directament a problemes nutricionals, com la mortalitat infantil i juvenil i la causada per malalties sinèrgiques amb la malnutrició. També s'han reunit i elaborat diversos indicadors de risc de problemes nutricionals, com l'ingrés per habitant o les taxes d'alfabetització femenina.
A partir de l'examen de la informació obtinguda es pot concloure la existència de greus problemes nutricionals per a una part important de la població espanyola en el transcurs de la major part del període estudiat. Amb una sensible millora durant les primeres dècades del segle XX, un clar retrocés entre finals dels anys trenta i la dècada dels 50, i una millora definitiva des d'aleshores. S'aprecien també importants disparitats regionals en benefici de les províncies situades a la cornisa cantàbrica primer, i de les més desenvolupades del país després, entrat el segle XX. Al respecte, destacar el pes inicial del context ecològic sobre aquestes disparitats.
Per últim, destacar l'aparent importància de la mortalitat associada a l'alimentació sobre el conjunt de la mortalitat espanyola, i per tant la influència de l'alimentació en les seves dimensions, característiques i evolució d'aquesta mortalitat.
This thesis analyses the nutritional status of the Spanish population between 1860 and 1970, a crucial period for the economic and social transformations of the country.
On the first part of this thesis, I have studied the scientific bases of the relationship among feeding, nutritional status and health. It also bases the indicators that will be used to evaluate the nutritional status, and try to understand its evolution.
On the second part I have analysed the nutritional status of the Spanish population. Its historical evolution and regional differences, upon the base of three indicators: the comparison between consumption and recommended dietary allowances of the Spanish population, height (specially, soldiers) and mortality associated to nutritional problems. It have been also elaborated several risk indicators of nutritional problems as the income per capita or the women alphabetisation.
From the revision of the obtained information we conclude the existence of serious nutritional problems for an important part of Spanish population during the refereed period. With a notorious improvement during the first decades of the 20th Century, a clear recession between the final 30's and the 50's, and a permanent improvement from then till the end of the studied period. There are also important regional disparities: first on the advantage of the northern coast regions, and afterwards on the advantage of the more developed regions, at the beginning of the 20th Century. Related to that, it's important to underline the influence of the ecological context in these disparities.
To finish, I have to remark the importance of mortality associated to feeding on the whole of the Spanish mortality, and so the influence of feeding on the dimensions, characteristics and evolution of this mortality.
Vives, Tort Miguel. "Evolució històrica de la xarxa viària entre el Llobregat i el Foix, L'". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2604.
Testo completoEn aquest espai s'ha fet un buidat de les fonts escrites de tot tipus, des dels escriptors clàssics fins a la documentació existent en arxius (bàsicament el de la Biblioteca de Catalunya, l'Arxiu de la Corona d'Aragó i l'Arxiu Històric de la Diputació), passant pels diplomataris de la catedral de Barcelona i de diferents monestirs, els capbreus senyorials, els cadastres i les diferents Geografies regionals i monografies locals.
També s'ha utilitzat la informació arqueològica, sobretot pel que fa a la situació i datació de jaciments ibèrics i romans, i de castells i parròquies altmedievals. També s'ha emprat com a recurs la cartografia, sobretot a partir del segle XVII es disposa de mapes ben detallats a nivell comarcal. En aquest sentit, la Cartoteca de Catalunya ha estat fonamental. De la mateixa manera, quan ha estat possible s'han emprat altres fonts, com la toponímia o els estudis etnogràfics.
A grans trets, es pot dir que l'establiment dels itineraris de les vies de comunicació és una cosa relativament fàcil pel que fa als segles XIX i XX i que es va fent progressivament més difícil a mesura que es va retrocedint en el temps. Els grans canvis del segle XVIII encara són prou documentats, però la xarxa viària dels segles anteriors ens és, globalment, desconeguda. Malgrat tot, hi ha suficients dades de tipus puntual, ja a partir dels segles X i XI, perquè sigui possible delimitar l'itinerari de molts camins. De l'època romana i de l'antiguitat tardana, les notícies són tant minses que una idea de conjunt es molt difícil d'obtenir.
En canvi, resta molt clar que l'estudi de la xarxa viària està directament imbricat amb l'estudi del poblament. Quan, històricament, ha canviat l'emplaçament dels nuclis de població, també ha canviat la xarxa de camins que els uneix. Això és clarament visible tant al Baix Llobregat, on ha ha hagut pocs desplaçaments i els nuclis municipals tenen molts d'ells un origen romà (Cornellà, Sant Boi, Pallejà, etc) i, per tant, la xarxa viària és força coneguda, com a l'Alt Penedès, on va haver-hi un fort trasbals de població a l'alta edat mitjana (moltes viles romanes apareixen entre les vinyes) i les comunicacions romanes ens són molt més desconegudes.
També s'ha aconseguit fer una periodització, a grans trets, de la xarxa viària en el territori estudiado. Un primer moment d'"ordre romà" (d'una gran explotació agrícola del territori i amb les vies de comunicació convenients) que va durar uns quants segles i, segurament, es va anar degradant-se al llarg de tota l'antiguitat tardana. Les noves fonts documentals dels segles X i XII ens insinuen una xarxa viària molt diferent, basada en un tipus econòmic autosuficient i on els centres de poder eren els castells i els monestirs. A partir del segle XII, comença un nou període en el que les noves estructures (baronies, parròquies, masos, etc) es consoliden i apareixen les "viles noves" que canalitzen els moviments comercials i que generen una nova xarxa viaria, semblant a la romana, però d'ubicació diferent, sobretot a l'Alt Penedès.
Els problemes de pas i la transformació esporàdica d'alguns d'aquests camins medievals (bàsicament de ferradura) en camins carreters, demostra, ja amiyjan segle XVI la insuficiència d'aquesta xarxa. El problema no va solucionar-se (i només en part) fins a la segona meitat del segle XVIII, quan per decisió reial en època de l' il·lustrat Carles III, es construí el pont de Molins de Rei, obra que deuia associat un complex programa de construcció de carreteres: cap a Barcelona per Collblant, cap el Penedès i València per l'Ordal i cap a Igualada i Saragossa pel Bruc.
Les guerres napoleòniques i les lluites entre absolutistes i liberals d'època de Ferran VII van posar un parèntesi de més de 30 anys a la construcció de carreteres, la qual no va ser reempresa fins a l'establiment de les Diputacions provincials. Aquest organisme, la Diputació Provincial de Barcelona (ella sola o en unió amb les altres tres Diputacions catalanes, a l'època de la Junta de Carreteres 1848 - 1868) va fer una gran tasca de construcció i adequació de camins i carreteres fins el punt de donar a la xarxa viària del territori analitzat la seva configuració actual bàsica.
RESUMEN:
"LA EVOLUCIÓN HISTÓRICA DE LA RED VIARIA ENTRE LOS RÍOS LLOBREGAT I EL FOIX DES DE LA ÉPOCA ROMANA HASTA EL TERCER DECENIO DEL SIGLO XX".
Este trabajo hace un estudio de la evolución de les caminos y carreteras documentados en las fuentes des de la época romana, primer momento en que la documentación ya es significativa, hasta principios del siglo XX. Para ello se ha analizado exhaustivamente un pequeño territorio al sur de Barcelona formado por las comarcas del Baix Llobregat el Alt Penedès y el Garraf, pero con el objetivo de hallar una metodología que pudiera utilizarse en otros lugares.
Sobre este espacio se ha hecho un vaciado de les fuentes escritas de todo tipo, des de los autores clásicos hasta la documentación existente en archivos (básicamente, el de la Biblioteca de Catalunya, el Arxiu de la Corona d'Aragó i el Arxiu Històric de la Diputació de Barcelona), pasando por los diplomatarios de la catedral de Barcelona y de diferentes monasterios, los "capuz Brevis" señoriales, los catastros y diferentes Geografías regionales y monografías locales.
También se ha utilizado la información arqueológica, sobre todo por lo que respecta a la situación y datación de yacimientos ibéricos y romanos y tambén de castillos, parroquias y núcleos de población medievales. También se ha recurrido a la cartografía, en especial a partir del siglo XVII, cuando ya se dispone de mapas detallados a nivel comarcal. En este sentido, la Cartoteca de Catalunya ha sido fundamental. Asimismo, cuando ha sido posible se han usado otras fuentes, como la toponimia o los estudios etnográficos.
En general, se puede decir que establecer los itinerarios de las vías de comunicación es relativamente fácil por lo que respecta a los siglos XIX y XX, y se hace progresivamente más difícil en la medida en que se retrocede en el tiempo. Los grandes cambios del siglo XVIII aún se hallan bien documentados, pero la red viaria de los siglos anteriores nos es, globalmente desconocida. A pesar de todo, hay suficientes datos, de forma puntual, ya a partir de los siglos X y XI, para que sea posible establecer el itinerario de muchos caminos. En cuanto a la época romana i a la Antigüedad tardía, las noticias son tan escasas que aún es difícil formar-se una idea de conjunto.
Por otra parte queda muy claro que el estudio de la red viaria está directamente relacionado con el estudio del poblamiento. Cuando, históricamente, ha cambiado el emplazamiento de los núcleos principales de población, la red de caminos que los une también cambia, y viceversa. Esto es claramente visible tanto en el Baix Llobregat, donde ha habido pocos desplazamientos y los núcleos municipales tienen en muchos casos un origen romano (Cornellà, Sant Boi, Pallejà, Gavà, etc.) y, por lo tanto la red viaria és bien conocida, como en el Alt Penedès, donde hubo un fuerte trasiego de población en la Edad Media y las "villae" romanas aparecen en medio de viñas. Aquí las vías romanas nos son mucho menos conocidas.
También se ha conseguido hacer una periodización general de la red viaria en todo el territorio estudiado. Hay un primer momento, en época romana, en que hay una gran explotación agrícola del territorio y las vías de comunicación correspondientes; esta estructura duró algunos siglos y, seguramente, se fue degradando durante la Antigüedad tardía. Las nuevas fuentes documentales que aparecen en los siglos X y XI insinúan una red viaria muy diferente, basada en una forma de economía de autosuficiencia y donde los centros de poder eran los castillos y los monasterios. A partir del siglo XII, nace otro período en el que las nuevas estructuras (baronías, parroquias, "mansos", etc.) se consolidan y aparecen las "villas nuevas", que canalizan los movimientos comerciales y generan una nueva red viaria, parecida a la romana, pero de ubicación diferente, especialmente en el Penedès.
Los problemas de paso y la transformación esporádica de algunos de estos caminos medievales (básicamente de herradura) en caminos carreteros, demuestra, ya a mediados del siglo XVI, la insuficiencia de esta red viaria. Este problema no se solucionó (y sólo fue en parte) hasta la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, momento en que, por decisión real en época del ilustrado Carlos III, se construyó el puente de Molins de Rei, obra que llevaba asociada un vasto y costoso programa de construcción de carreteras: hacia Barcelona pasando por Collblanc; hacia el Penedès, Tarragona y Valencia, por el puerto de la Creu d'Ordal, y hacia Igualada, Lleida y Zaragoza, por el Coll del Bruc.
Las guerras napoleónicas i las luchas entre absolutistas y liberales pusieron un paréntesis de más de 30 años en la construcción de carreteras, obra que no se reemprendió hasta el establecimiento de las Diputaciones provinciales. Este organismo, la Diputació Provincial de Barcelona (ella sola o, en la época de la Junta de Carreteras (1848 - 1868), en unión con las otras tres diputaciones catalanas) ha hecho una gran labor de construcción y reforma de los caminos y carreteras, hasta el punto de haber dado a la red viaria del territorio estudiado su configuración actual básica.
"Historical evolution of the road network between the rivers Llobregat and Foix from the Roman times to the 1930s".
TEXT:
The present thesis is a study of the evolution of the itineraries, the ways and roads documented since the Roman times, the historical period in which they are significantly documented, to the beginning of the twentieth century. To this end a small area to the south of Barcelona has been exhaustively analysed, an area consisting of the regions of Baix Llobregat, Alt Penedès and Garraf, always keeping in mind the aim of finding a methodology that could be applied to other areas.
In this area, a study of the different written sources has been made, from the classical writers to the documents in the Public Records Offices (basically that in the Biblioteca de Catalunya, Arxiu de la Corona d'Aragó and Arxiu Històric de la Diputació), the documents kept in the Barcelona Cathedral and different monasteries, the documents recognising the rights of the different feudal lords, the official land registers and the different regional geographies and local monographies.
Archeological information has been also used, especially that related to the location and dating of Iberic and Roman deposits, castles and parishes in the high middle ages. Resources such as cartography have also been used, especially from the 17th century onwards when detailed regional maps exist. To this aim, the Cartoteca de Catalunya -the map library- has been fundamental. In the same way, whenever possible, other sources such as toponymy or ethnographic studies have been used.
Briefly, we can state that establishing the itineraries of the roads is relatively easy in what refers to the 19th and 20th centuries and it becomes progressively difficult as we go back in time. The great changes in the 18th century are quite well documented, but the road network of the previous centuries is, in general, unknown. Nevertheless, there are enough scattered data, from the 10th and 11th centuries onwards, to be able to delimitate the itinerary of many ways. The data from the Roman period and the late Antiquity are so scarce that it is difficult to obtain an overall idea.
On the other hand, it is quite clear that the study of the road network is directly related to the study of population. Historicaly, whenever a centre of population has moved, the road network around it has also changed. This is clearly visible in Baix Llobregat, where there have been few population movements and the villages have in many cases a Roman origin (Cornellà, Sant Boi, Pallejà, etc.) and, therefore, the road network is well known, and by contrast in Alt Penedès where there were important population movements during the high Middle Ages (many Roman villages are hidden in the vineyards) and the Roman communications are much more unknown.
A general outline of the different periods in the road network of the region has also been made. This timing show a first period of "Roman order" -with an important agricultural exploitation with the corresponding means of communication- lasting several centuries and progressively degrading during the late Antiquity. The new documentary sources in the 10th and 12th centuries hint at a very different road network, based on a self-sufficient economy where the centre of power were the castles. From the 12th century onwards, the new structures (Baronies, parishes, farms, etc.) consolidate and the new villages ("viles noves") appear and channel the commercial movement generating a new road network, similar to the Roman one, but with a different location, especially in the Alt Penedès.
This network was already scarce for the needs of the 16th century, which caused some of these Medieval ways to become cart tracks during the 17th and 18th centuries. This process culminated, in the reign of the enlightened Charles III, with the royal decision of building the bridge at Molins de Rei and the associated programme of road construction: to Barcelona through Collblanc, to the Penedès and València through L'Ordal and to Igualada and Zaragoza through El Bruc.
The Napoleonic wars and the fights between absolutists and liberals in the reign of Ferdinand VII interrupted more than thirty years of road construction that was not started again until the County Councils -Diputacions Provincials- were established. This agency, the Diputació Provincial de Barcelona, (alone or together with the other three Catalan County Councils, during the time of the "Junta de Carreteres" 1848-1968) did a great task in building and adapting ways and roads to the point of shaping the basis of the current road network in the territory analysed.
Hilpold, Andreas. "Evolution of the Centaurea Acrolophus subgroup / Evolució del subgrup Acrolophus del gènere Centaurea". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/84164.
Testo completoMunné, Sellarés Lourdes. "Els molins paperers. Origen, arquitectura, funció i evolució (Comarca de Capellades, 1700-1950)". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/353613.
Testo completoThe Catalan paper manufacturing excelled in certain areas with the construction, mostly along the eighteenth century, of numerous and characteristic paper mills, where all stages of the production process were done, with the appropriate division of work performed and the resulting separation of differentiated areas, which could be considered an anticipated manufacturing process. As an object of study, we consider the paper mill as a unique building, with its own structural, formal and functional characteristics, that give these buildings their characteristic external appearance, with its visually identifiable features. At the same time, these same conditions determine an orderly distribution of the interior areas, well defined by its dual role: paper production, its raison d'être, but also residential. Manufacturing and housing went hand in hand in this single unit that in literature is often referred to as Paper mill factory house. The overall objective of this research is to collect, document, analyse and present the features of these paper mills and to highlight the large number and significance of this heritage. The geographic area under study is called, in papermaking terms, District of Capellades, one of the regions with the highest activity in this field in Catalonia. The chronological period stretches from the early eighteenth century until the mid-twentieth century, when many of the last paper mills lost their characteristics and function. The thesis is presented in two volumes. In Volume 1 the main content is explained. The distinctive features of the papermaking buildings are analysed, linked and systematized: its origins and location factors, formal and structural characteristics and the organization and function of its spaces. Certain typological categories are established and the creation of productive centers and papermaker landscapes are verified. Within the functional traits, different trademarks are examined, with their notable documental, commercial, communicative and aesthetic values. The monographic part is dedicated to the study of buildings, oratories — as part of domestic spaces — and to the inventory of each and every one of the forty-six paper mills in the county. The final conclusions complete this study. In addition a glossary and a chronological summary of the history of paper are provided. Volume 2 includes the graphic and documentary appendixes, with a wide collection of texts that support and further explain topics and concepts discussed. The included images show and confirm the formal, structural and artistic characteristics of the paper heritage.
Serrano, Sarbosa Domènec. "Fenotips delirants en pacients amb esquizofrènia: caracterització clínica i evolució als 6 mesos". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399571.
Testo completoSchizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder characterized by the presence of delusions and hallucinations, in addition to other emotional and cognitive symptoms, and it seems to have a causal basis related to the neurodevelopment. At a phenomenological level, schizophrenia has been characterized using clinical symptoms, constituting what has been designated as positive, negative and cognitive symptomatology. These syndromic groups however, have a very heterogeneous clinical presentation. To date, several attempts to classify schizophrenia into specific subgroups have been performed with the aim of obtaining a rough classification in terms of etiology, physiopathology, and anatomy. However, these classifications have always been performed using the three big syndromic groups, and a classification using individual symptoms has been never attempted. The study of specific symptoms may shed some light on the physiopathogenic and anatomic brain correlates, which may lead to a broader knowledge on the etiological mechanisms of schizophrenia. Objective: to use the contents of the delusional symptomatology of a sample of patients with schizophrenia to characterize their phenomenological phenotypes and to study the clinical characteristics and evolution, as well as the existence and characteristics of a possible specific neuropsychological correlate. Methods: Six-month prospective cohort study using a sample of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia hospitalized in a Psychiatric Unit. Sociodemographic information was collected, as well as clinical information on the severity of psychotic symptoms, and on the contents of delusional symptoms. Neuropsychological data were obtained through the administration of several subscales of the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). Results: A factor analysis of the delusions’ contents yielded three separate factors which constitute three distinct phenotypes: a paranoid phenotype, an affective/strange phenotype, and an alienation phenotype. The latter is a clear-cut group that has a distinctive association with Kurt Schneider’s first-rank symptoms. We selected the group of patients presenting with this phenotype, and compared them with the other patients. The results indicate that the clinical and neuropsychological characteristics, as well as the course of the disease of the alienation phenotype are distinct and separate from those of the other phenotypes. Neuropsychological tests indicate that the delusional phenotype is probably related to possible changes in the left frontoparietal regions, compensated by the hyperactivation of the right hemisphere. Conclusion: A study based on a specific symptom rather than on a cluster of symptoms has allowed describing a phenotypic subgroup of patients with similar phenomenological characteristics and with a specific physiopathogenic and neurobiological background.
Palahí, Grimal Lluís. "El suburbium de Gerunda. Evolució històrica del pla de Girona en època romana". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/126304.
Testo completoEl present treball de tesi doctoral pretén aprofundir en el coneixement de la ciutat de Gerunda en època romana emprant com a principal font d’informació les dades referents al seu suburbium, especialment gràcies als projectes arqueològics desenvolupats els darrers anys. El suburbium romà era diferent del que actualment se sol entendre amb aquest terme. No era un espai secundari ni complementari; el suburbi romà era part integral de la ciutat, fins al punt que algunes de les activitats, com la funerària, només es podien desenvolupar legalment en aquest espai i mai dins el pomerium. El coneixement i estudi dels espais suburbials resulta essencial per entendre la pròpia evolució de les ciutats en època romana. Si el coneixement d’aquest espai és important per a la comprensió de qualsevol ciuitas, en casos com el de la ciutat de Gerunda, on l’arqueologia i la documentació han estat molt gasives a l’hora d’aportar-nos informacions referents al propi nucli urbà
Castell, Granados Pau. "Orígens i evolució de la cacera de bruixes a Catalunya (segles XV-XVI)". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/131462.
Testo completoThis research focuses on the Catalan witch-hunt, from its origins during the Late Middle Ages until its development during the Early Modern period. The research provides, in the first place, a considerable amount of unpublished witchcraft trials form the XVth and XVIth centuries, which becomes the basic ground for a global approach to this historical phenomenon. Through this material, together with the sources already known, we have structured the analysis around three main axes. First, we address the elements that formed the witch stereotype during the Late Middle Ages. Next, we study the firsts witch-hunts developed in Catalonia during the first decades of the fifteenth century, by also comparing them with other contemporary European sources. Finally, we analyze in detail the unpublished trials in the aim of understanding the articulation of the witch-hunts in Catalonia during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The results of this work include the creation of a first documentary corpus for the first two-hundred years of witch-hunts in Catalonia, thus revealing the abundance of sources in the Principality for the study of this phenomenon. Also, the work provides some conclusions about the origins and the development of this phenomenon in medieval and modern Catalonia. First, we emphasize the importance of the changes operated at the end of the Late Middle Ages, concerning both theology and the new demonological debates, as well as the inquisitorial action against maleficium and its influence on secular courts, or the anti-superstitious discourse deployed by Late Medieval preachers. Second, this research also proves the precocity, intensity and harshness of the witch persecution in Catalonia, a fact that stresses the Catalan uniqueness in the context of the Hispanic kingdoms. This situation of the Principality is due to its own political and judiciary status, with a strong autonomy of local authorities and a lack of control by centralized judiciary institutions, either the Inquisition or the Royal justice. On that sense, Catalonia follows the model described by authors such as Brian P. Levack, according to which those areas with a strong central government and a centralized judicial system, would have experienced a very low intense persecution, and an almost total lack of death sentences. A model which is perfectly valid for the highly centralized and almost witch-free kingdom of Castile, and also, only in the opposite way, for the jurisdictionally fragmented and full of gallows Principality of Catalonia. Finally, the last conclusion resulting from this research points to the importance of the local context in the development of the witch-hunt, with a prominent role played by local authorities, often spurred by the population itself. This observations moves us away from traditional historiographical conceptions that linked the persecutions with the State mechanisms or the post-Tridentine Church, both faced with an alleged popular culture. Instead, in the Catalan case, prosecutions would be mostly instigated by the people in a context of disasters such as epidemics, bad weather and deaths of children or cattle. A persecution, then, that appears to be bottom-up, initiated among the communities from accusations of maleficium or poisoning and then articulated in the context of the local courts, with a clear subversion of the legal order, a current use of torture and an acute predisposition to issue death sentences.
Brengaret, i. Framis Antoni. "Evolució del territori de Les Corts des de l'època medieval fins a l'actualitat". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401497.
Testo completoThis thesis has arisen from fieldwork intended to track all landmarks in the old village of les Corts, district of present-day Barcelona. Its aim to state what was, has been and is today’s neighbourhood. City planning, art and testimonies throughout the town’s history are studied. From 10th century Torre Rodona to present day. The aim of this research is to state the conditions of the birth of les Corts. It begins with the study of the spread-out masies, mainly located between Riera de Magòria and Riera Blanca and the Torrent dels Morts. This makes for an in-depth analysis of the town’s origins and the idiosyncrasies of its peoples and families. This investigation also analyses other significant locations and landmarks such as cultural centres and small palaces located in streets now sadly gone, as well as hospices and religious, educational and leisure institutions. Special attention is put on industries and workshops that set up in town. In addition to the aforementioned, this investigation features analyses of furniture and tools used between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, such as the ones stored in the Monestir de Pedralbes museum, as well as studies of other significant institutions of that time such as the Dolsa asylum, the women’s prison, the Maternitat hospital, the Sant Rafael and Sant Joan de Déu shelters, as well as the Remei parish and other important leisure and cultural centres. This research has been made possible through access to old archive photographs as well as to living testimonials of people still living in the neighbourhood who were born before 1936. To all of them we sincerely thank for opening the doors to their homes and letting us access their archives and files, which credit all the research. All in all, this thesis aims to start an in-depth study of the evolution of the land in les Corts through oral testimonies, as well as archive research that will help broaden knowledge on city planning, architecture, leisure, culture, craftsmanship and industry that have existed in les Corts from medieval times until present day.
Genovès, Gonzàlez Jordi. "Evolució de les lesions CIN-2 segons la P16 i el Ki-67". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666934.
Testo completoIntraepithelial cervical lesions are caused by persistent infection of a high risk human papilloma (HPV). If they are not resolved, they can grow and cause cervical cancer. CIN-2 lesions are an intermediate degree, with a regression rate of 40% (although in young women is 60%) and with a progression rate of CIN-3 (pre-cancer) of 22%. CIN-3 only has a 32% chance of regression. CIN-2 and CIN-3 are treated with surgery despite having a different behavior, so we overtreat patients who would not need it because they could solve the lesion. The surgical intervention is called conization, and is based on removing the outermost fragment of the cervix. It is associated to later obstetric problems such as preterm delivery when performed more than once. Biological markers are proteins that can be identified in these lesions. P16 is a protein involved in cell cycle regulation and its overexpression appears in high-risk HPV infections. Ki-67 is a nuclear protein found in all replicating cells. Our work aims to describe the outcome of CIN-2 lesions followed without treatment during 12 months to evaluate regression rates according to p16 and Ki-67 staining status. Patients with first time histologic diagnosis of CIN-2, older than 18 years old, with satisfactory colposcopy, agreed to follow-up every 4 months for at least 2 years, were prospectively recruited. Previous abnormal cytology and high-risk HPV were reported at baseline. p16 and Ki-67 expression were analyzed on CIN-2 biopsies. Regression was defined as CIN1 biopsy or two consecutive negative cytology, persistence as CIN2 biopsy and progression as histologic diagnosis of CIN3. All patients with CIN3 biopsy were treated with cone excision. The rate of spontaneous regression at 12 months was 65.7%, while 7.8% progressed and 26.5% had a persistent disease. Regression was observed in all p16 negative cases and 56.8% of the p16 positive. All Ki-67 negative cases and 59.3% of the Ki-67 positive cases regressed. HSIL previous cytology, HPV-16 and HPV-18 infection were statistically associated to non-regression compared to regression while HPV-negative was associated to regression. Big lesions (more than 50% of the cervix surface), irregular pattern and major colposcòpic changes were related to non regression. Conclusion The high regression rate of CIN-2 supports clinical observation in selected patients. Our data support that CIN-2 patients with negative p16 and Ki-67 are safe to follow conservative management. It also suggests that HPV-negative and non-HSIL patients should follow less strict follow up. Biomarkers predicting CIN2 regression seem to have a great clinical value and could reduce unnecessary cone excisions and associated complications.
García, Vázquez David. "Range expansion in the evolutionary history of western palaeartic aquatic coleoptera = Expansiones de rango durante la historia evolutiva de coleópteros acuáticos en el Paleártico occidental". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/402725.
Testo completoUna pregunta básica sobre los rangos geográficos es comprender por qué unas especies están ampliamente distribuidas mientras otras, estrechamente emparentadas tienen distribuciones restringidas. En este estudio pretendo comprender los factores que llevaron a algunas especies a expandir su rango original y sugerir posibles hipótesis que expliquen las enormes diferencias de rango entre especies emparentadas. Para ello, reconstruyo la historia evolutiva de varios linajes de coleópteros acuáticos del Paleártico Occidental bajo el contexto de la compleja historia geológica y climática de este área, con el fin de aclarar los procesos que han contribuido a la actual distribución de especies en estos grupos. Estos linajes son típicos de aguas corrientes (es decir, con baja capacidad dispersiva) e incluyen tanto endemismos distribuidos en pequeñas áreas, como especies de amplia distribución, mostrando su potencial de expansión de rango. Las reconstrucciones biogeográficas llevadas a cabo sugieren la existencia de varios eventos de expansión de rango entre la zona oriental y occidental de la Cuenca Mediterránea bajo condiciones favorables, seguidos de fragmentación cuando las condiciones empeoraban. Estas expansiones debieron producirse principalmente a lo largo de la costa norte del Mediterráneo, ya que por la sur hay ausencia de especies al este de Túnez. A pesar de que no es posible establecer un origen temporal común para los grupos estudiados, el Mioceno con sus múltiples conexiones entre el Mediterráneo occidental y oriental seguidas de aislamiento, parece estar implicado en el origen y disyunción este-oeste en varios grupos. Sin embargo, la mayor parte de las especies actuales se originaron durante el Pleistoceno, incluyendo aquellas que han alcanzado amplias distribuciones, siendo por tanto la época mas influyente en la distribución actual de especies. Las sucesivas rondas de expansión y fragmentación de rango resultaron principalmente en la acumulación de especies restringidas en el área Mediterránea, especialmente en Anatolia y la Península Ibérica. A pesar de la evidencia en muchos casos de especiación con estabilidad de rango dentro del área Mediterránea, algunas especies lograron expandir su rango original hasta alcanzar amplias distribuciones en áreas mas al norte, probablemente aprovechando una posición geográfica ventajosa cuando las condiciones ambientales fueron ventajosas. No obstante, diferencias en tolerancia fisiológica y/o ecológica también pudieron favorecer las expansiones de rango en unas especies y limitarlo en otras, aunque futuras investigaciones experimentales se requieren para poder testar esta hipótesis.
Pous, Philip de. "Integrating geospatial methods into evolutionary biology and conservation: case studies on selected Western Palearctic herpetofauna". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/301628.
Testo completoMolts processos evolutius estan influïts per variació ambiental-, incloent l’especiació, espai-temporal, divergència genètica entre poblacions, així com el canvi evolutiu en fisiologia, morfologia i comportament. No obstant això, malgrat l'àmplia quantitat de dades ambientals disponibles en els Sistemes d'Informació Geogràfica (SIG), la majoria dels biòlegs i conservacionistes no han aprofitat aquestes dades fins fa poc. L'objectiu general d'aquesta tesi és integrar i ampliar l'ús de mètodes geoespacials en biologia evolutiva (biogeografia, filogeografia i sistemàtica) i recerca de conservació. Aquest objectiu general es va aconseguir a través de tres objectius específics dividits en 6 capítols, els quals inclouen tant un desenvolupament metodològic i la seva aplicació en una sèrie de casos d'estudi espaciotemporals de herpetofauna paleárctica occidental. Aquesta tesi explora i utilitza de manera reeixida nous mètodes geoespacials en combinació amb anàlisis moleculars tradicionals. Aquests enfocament combinats ens permeten avaluar i examinar de millor manera les diverses possibles històries que hi ha al darrere patrons divergents inter i intraespecífics.
Muchos procesos evolutivos están influidos por variación ambiental espaciotemporal, incluyendo la especiación, divergencia genética entre poblaciones, así como el cambio evolutivo en fisiología, morfología y comportamiento. Sin embargo, a pesar de la amplia cantidad de datos ambientales disponibles en los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG), la mayoría de los biólogos y conservacionistas no han aprovechado estos datos sino hasta hace poco. El objetivo general de esta tesis es integrar y ampliar el uso de métodos geoespaciales en biología evolutiva (biogeografía, filogeografía y sistemática) e investigación de conservación. Este objetivo general se logró a través de tres objetivos específicos divididos en 6 capítulos, los cuales incluyen tanto un desarrollo metodológico y su aplicación en una serie de casos de estudio espaciotemporales de herpetofauna paleárctica occidental. Esta tesis explora y utiliza de manera éxitosa nuevos métodos geoespaciales en combinación con análisis moleculares tradicionales. Estos enfoque combinados nos permiten evaluar y examinar de mejor manera las diversas posibles historias que subyacen en patrones divergentes inter e intraespecíficos.
Sanz, Ibáñez Cinta. "The Evolution of Destinations. An Evolutionary and Relational Economic Geography Approach". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/586077.
Testo completoEl objetivo de esta tesis es comprender cómo y por qué los destinos turísticos se transforman con el tiempo, poniendo especial atención al estudio de las dinámicas del lugar en su conjunto en vez de simplificar el análisis a la evolución de la actividad turística, una de las discusiones predominantes en torno a los modelos evolutivos tradicionales. Con este fin, se desarrolla un modelo analítico inspirado en avances contemporáneos en el campo de la geografía económica, más concretamente, en el ámbito de la geografía económica evolutiva (EEG) y la geografía económica relacional (REG). Desde este enfoque, la evolución de los destinos se concibe como un proceso complejo y en continuo cambio que está influenciado por las características específicas y la interacción de múltiples fuerzas en términos de agencia (human agency), contextualidad (contextuality) y dependencia de la trayectoria (path dependence). Centrando el análisis empírico en los catalizadores específicos que tuvieron incidencia en la definición de la trayectoria evolutiva de la Costa Dorada centro desde la década de 1980, la investigación se orienta, en primer lugar, a estudiar los efectos de la interacción los actores y los flujos de conocimiento en el comportamiento evolutivo de los destinos (human agency). En segundo lugar, la capacidad de adaptación de los destinos ante las dinámicas de cambio local y global (contextuality). En tercer lugar, los efectos positivos y negativos a largo plazo que se derivan de las decisiones y acontecimientos ocurridos en el pasado (path dependence).
The aim of this thesis is to understand how and why destinations change over time, putting attention to the dynamics of place instead of the evolution of tourism activity, one of the prevalent discussions around traditional evolutionary models. To achieve this, it develops an analytical model drawing inspiration on contemporary advances in economic geography – i.e. evolutionary economic geography (EEG) and relational economic geography (REG). From such an approach destination evolution is conceived as a complex ongoing process shaped by the specific characteristics and interplay of multiple forces in terms of human agency, contextuality and path dependence. By focusing on the analysis of specific catalysts that shaped the evolutionary trajectory of central Costa Daurada (Catalonia) since the 1980s, the exploratory research conducted studies, first, the effects of stakeholders’ interaction and knowledge flows on the evolutionary performance of destinations (human agency). Second, the adaptive capacity of destinations in front of dynamics of local and global change (contextuality). And third, the enabling and constraining long-term effects of decisions and events occurred in the past (path dependence). The methodological design of the empirical research comprises a combination of qualitative – interviews and documentary analysis – and quantitative – social network analysis – techniques.
Grau, Bové Francesc Xavier. "L´origen de la multicel·lularitat en animals: una aproximació genòmica = The origin of multicellularity in animals: a genomic approach". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/406135.
Testo completoThe origin of multicellularity in animals is a hallmark event in evolution, that was accompanied by profound changes in the genomes, development and cell biology processes of the animal ancestors. I analyze the origin of animals from the point of view of comparative genomics and phylogenomics, aiming to reconstruct the innovations behind the transition to multicellularity by analyzing animals and their closest unicellular relatives within Holozoa. Our initial phylogenomic analyses established four holozoan clades: Teretosporea (Corallochytrium limacisporum and ichthyosporean protists), Filasterea (2 amoebas, including Capsaspora owczarzaki) and Choanoflagellata (flagellated protists, sometimes colonial), as well as multicellular Metazoa. Then, we used this robust phylogenetic framework in combination with comparative genomics, aiming to pinpoint the specific changes underscoring the origin of Metazoa. We reconstructed the ancestral gene contents were focused of the ubiquitin signaling tool-kit—gene families involved in post-translational protein modification—, myosin molecular motors and homeobox transcription factors. In pre-metazoan lineages, we uncovered a continued state of innovation in terms of de novo gene origin, protein diversification and paralogy – thus suggesting a genetically complex Urmetazoa, and a prominent role of gene co-option at the origin of multicellularity. Next, we aimed to examine genome architecture evolution in premetazoans. Thus, we sequenced and analyzed the genomes of 6 ichthyosporeans (Creolimax fragrantissima, Chromosphaera perkinsii, Sphaeroforma arctica, Ichthyophonus hoferi, Abeoforma whisleri and Pirum gemmata) and C. limacisporum; and compared them to other unicellular holozoans (C. owczarzaki and choanoflagellates) and animals. We uncovered the premetazoan origin of many genes with multicellularity-related functions, e.g. developmental transcription factors or cell adhesion proteins. Here we show that genome architecture evolution was equally innovative: the early burst of gene diversity in the holozoans was followed by episodes of synteny disruption, intron gain, and genome expansions in unicellular and multicellular lineages. Finally, we correlated the evolution of alternative splicing- based transcriptome regulation with exon/intron gene structure in holozoans. We unraveled a universal code of alternative splicing that determines the frequency of animal-like exon skipping profile in large, intron-dense ichthyosporean genomes. We demonstrate that comparative genomics and ancestral reconstructions constitute a powerful tool for evolutionary analysis of ancestral eukaryotes: not only it allows to uncover the primary composition of ancestral genomes; it can also fuel inferences regarding their transcriptomic regulation and the role played by non-genomic sources of evolutionary innovation.
Ramos, Vicente David. "Phylogenetic Studies of Glutamate Receptors and their Auxiliary Subunits Update their Classifications and Uncover their Diverse Metazoan Evolutionary Histories". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673959.
Testo completoEl glutamato es el principal neurotransmisor excitatorio del sistema nervioso de los vertebrados e invertebrados. Las proteínas involucradas en la neurotransmisión glutamatérgica, y especialmente los receptores de glutamato y sus subunitades auxiliares, juegan un papel clave en el funcionamiento del sistema nervioso. Así, entender su evolución y revelar su diversidad es esencial para comprender como ha evolucionado el sistema nervioso, dando forma a la función cognitiva. El análisis integral de la filogenia de estas proteínas en los metazoos ha revelado que su evolución es mucho más compleja de lo que se podia anticipar en base al genoma de los vertebrados. Esto es particularmente cierto para los receptores ionotrópicos de glutamato, pues su clasificación actual en seis clases (AMPA, Kainato, Delta, NMDA1, NMDA2 and NMDA3) estaría altamente incompleta. El trabajo aquí presentado propone una clasificación en 4 subfamilias que engloban 10 clases. Los receptores AMPA, Kainato y Delta de vertebrados pertenecerían a una de estas subfamilias, llamada AKDF, y las subunidades NMDA constituirían otra subfamilia. Además, también podrían existir dos subfamilias no descritas previamente, que son referidas como Epsilon y Lambda. Por otro lado, las familias de proteínas que contienen subunidades auxiliares de receptores AMPA (ARAS) han experimentado historias evolutivas menos complejas. No obstante, los vertebrados habrían reclutado para actuar como ARAS a la sinapsis proteínas de estas familias mediante procesos de neo y/o subfuncionalización que se dieron después de eventos de duplicación génica ocurridos en este linaje. Así este trabajo favorece la hipótesis de que la complejidad del sistema nervioso podría no haber evolucionado incrementando el conjunto de receptores de neurotransmisores en el genoma, sino augmentando la regulación de estos receptores en la sinapsis.
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems. Proteins involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission, and chiefly glutamate receptors and their auxiliary subunits, play key roles in nervous system function. Thus, understanding their evolution and uncovering their diversity is essential to comprehend how nervous systems evolved, shaping cognitive function. Comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of these proteins across metazoans have revealed that their evolution is much more complex than what can be anticipated from vertebrate genomes. This is particularly true for ionotropic glutamate receptors, as their current classification in six classes (AMPA, Kainate, Delta, NMDA1, NMDA2 and NMDA3) would be largely incomplete. New work proposes a classification into 4 subfamilies that encompass 10 classes. Vertebrate AMPA, Kainate and Delta receptors would belong to one of these subfamilies, named AKDF, and the NMDA subunits would constitute another subfamily. Furthermore, two previously unreported subfamilies would also exist, these are referred to as Epsilon and Lambda. On the other hand, protein families containing AMPA receptor auxiliary subunits (ARAS) have experienced less complex evolutionary histories. Nevertheless, vertebrates would have recruited to function as ARAS in the synapse proteins from these families by neo and/or subfunctionalization after gene duplication events occurred in this lineage. Thus, this work favours the hypothesis that nervous system complexity could have evolved not by increasing the set of neurotransmitter receptors in the genome, but by increasing the regulation of such receptors in the synapse.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Neurociències
Ocaña, Pallarès Eduard 1991. "Passat, present i futur de la filogenòmica eucariota : famílies gèniques, convergències i reticulacions". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668495.
Testo completoThis thesis is centred, on the one hand, on reconstructing the evolution of gene families that are potentially related to specific cases of convergent evolution in eukaryotes; and on the other hand, on developing a methodological framework that allows us to study the impact of reticulations (horizontal gene transfers and gene fusions) on the evolution of gene content in the context of animal and fungal origins. The phylogenetic history of genes related to the recognition of the origins of replication shows how convergent adaptation to parasitism has led to the simplification of this multiprotein complex, previously believed to be a core component of the eukaryotic cell, in many lineages. The phylogenetic history of nitrate assimilation genes shows how horizontal gene transfer has played an important role in the repeated transmission of autotrophic and osmotrophic lifestyles between different eukaryotic lineages. Finally, we highlight some methodological and conceptual limitations detected in the study of reticulate evolution that must be overcome in order to improve our understanding of the evolutionary process.
Librado, Sanz Pablo. "Genómica evolutiva de la regulación transcripcional en las principales familias multigénicas del sistema quimiosensorial de Drosophila". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/145375.
Testo completoThe chemosensory system is involved in the detection of food, predators and mates, being thus essential for the species survival. In insects, the first steps of chemoperception are mediated by multigene families encoding: (i) extracellular proteins, such as Odorant-Binding Proteins (OBPs) and Chemosensory Proteins (CSPs), as well as (ii) chemoreceptors, such as Odorant (ORs), Gustatory (GRs) and Ionotropic Receptors (IRs). Since the fitness of individuals depends on their correct expression, these multigene families are an excellent model to study adaptive processes at the molecular level. The increasing availability of molecular data gives us the opportunity to understand the role of natural selection in the transcriptional regulation of the chemosensory genes. However, the massive and innovative nature of these data makes crucial the development and implementation of new methods for population genetics and molecular evolution in powerful bioinformatics tools, such as DnaSPv5, popDrowser and BadiRate. Using these and other tools, we determined that genes encoding OBPs are clustered along the Drosophila genome. The conservation of these clusters is related to the transcriptional amplitude and noise of their members, as well as to its chromatin state ('transcription elongation' and binding of JIL-1 protein). Among other functions, the JIL-1 releases the RNA polymerase paused at the promoter region, inducing a transcriptional elongation burst that increases expression noise. Because OBPs fluctuations can alter the behavior of individuals, this noise can generate a beneficial phenotypic plasticity, especially in changing external environments. The architecture of the promoter region can play a key role in the RNA polymerase pausing. In this regard, we have inferred that the upstream regions of aIRS and CSPs are under strong functional constraints, whereas Darwinian selection is more pervasive at the ORs and GRs upstream regions. Although further studies are needed, the evolution of the OBP upstream regions may be linked to the differential impact of the high-order chromatin regulatory mechanisms in the OBP transcription. Anyway, it is certain that natural selection (negative and positive) has significantly contributed to the transcriptional evolution of the major chemosensory multigene families, through mechanisms involving cis- regulatory elements and high-order chromatin states.