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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Evolution (Biology) Adaptation (Biology) Insects"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 1 febbraio 2022

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Evolution (Biology) Adaptation (Biology) Insects"

SMALL, ERNEST. "INSECT PESTS AND THE EVOLUTION OF DEFENSIVE GLANDULAR TRICHOMES IN ALFALFA". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65, n. 3 (1 luglio 1985): 589–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-081.

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Glandular trichomes can defend (Medicago species from herbivores in a variety of insect orders. Wild alfalfas with high concentrations of glandular trichomes occur in a restricted portion of the geographical range of the species (Medicago saliva L. sensu lato), especially in the Caucasus, Ukraine, and adjacent areas of the USSR. These observations suggest that this adaptation was developed to defend the alfalfa against insect pests with similar geographical distribution. That M. sativa plants with pods covered with glandular hairs tend to have larger, if fewer, seeds than plants with pods lacking the hairs also suggests an adaptation against herbivores. Because the glandular trichomes occur primarily on the ovaries and pods, the pests likely feed on seeds. After considering the biology and geography of the major Soviet insect pests of cultivated alfalfa, it was concluded that the most likely insects responsible for the localized evolution of pod glandularity are species of Tychius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).Key words: Alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., seed chalcid, Brachophagus, Tychius, glandular trichomes, pest resistance (immunity)

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Yang, Lu, Nitin Ravikanthachari, Ricardo Mariño-Pérez, Riddhi Deshmukh, Mariana Wu, Adam Rosenstein, Krushnamegh Kunte, Hojun Song e Peter Andolfatto. "Predictability in the evolution of Orthopteran cardenolide insensitivity". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, n. 1777 (3 giugno 2019): 20180246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0246.

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The repeated evolutionary specialization of distantly related insects to cardenolide-containing host plants provides a stunning example of parallel adaptation. Hundreds of herbivorous insect species have independently evolved insensitivity to cardenolides, which are potent inhibitors of the alpha-subunit of Na + ,K + -ATPase (ATPα). Previous studies investigating ATPα-mediated cardenolide insensitivity in five insect orders have revealed remarkably high levels of parallelism in the evolution of this trait, including the frequent occurrence of parallel amino acid substitutions at two sites and recurrent episodes of duplication followed by neo-functionalization. Here we add data for a sixth insect order, Orthoptera, which includes an ancient group of highly aposematic cardenolide-sequestering grasshoppers in the family Pyrgomorphidae. We find that Orthopterans exhibit largely predictable patterns of evolution of insensitivity established by sampling other insect orders. Taken together the data lend further support to the proposal that negative pleiotropic constraints are a key determinant in the evolution of cardenolide insensitivity in insects. Furthermore, analysis of our expanded taxonomic survey implicates positive selection acting on site 111 of cardenolide-sequestering species with a single-copy of ATPα, and sites 115, 118 and 122 in lineages with neo-functionalized duplicate copies, all of which are sites of frequent parallel amino acid substitution. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Convergent evolution in the genomics era: new insights and directions’.

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Dai, Xiangping, Takashi Kiuchi, Yanyan Zhou, Shunze Jia, Yusong Xu, Susumu Katsuma, Toru Shimada e Huabing Wang. "Horizontal Gene Transfer and Gene Duplication of β-Fructofuranosidase Confer Lepidopteran Insects Metabolic Benefits". Molecular Biology and Evolution 38, n. 7 (19 marzo 2021): 2897–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab080.

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Abstract Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a potentially critical source of material for ecological adaptation and the evolution of novel genetic traits. However, reports on posttransfer duplication in organism genomes are lacking, and the evolutionary advantages conferred on the recipient are generally poorly understood. Sucrase plays an important role in insect physiological growth and development. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of insect β-fructofuranosidase transferred from bacteria via HGT. We found that posttransfer duplications of β-fructofuranosidase were widespread in Lepidoptera and sporadic occurrences of β-fructofuranosidase were found in Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. β-fructofuranosidase genes often undergo modifications, such as gene duplication, differential gene loss, and changes in mutation rates. Lepidopteran β-fructofuranosidase gene (SUC) clusters showed marked divergence in gene expression patterns and enzymatic properties in Bombyx mori (moth) and Papilio xuthus (butterfly). We generated SUC1 mutations in B. mori using CRISPR/Cas9 to thoroughly examine the physiological function of SUC. BmSUC1 mutant larvae were viable but displayed delayed growth and reduced sucrase activities that included susceptibility to the sugar mimic alkaloid found in high concentrations in mulberry. BmSUC1 served as a critical sucrase and supported metabolic homeostasis in the larval midgut and silk gland, suggesting that gene transfer of β-fructofuranosidase enhanced the digestive and metabolic adaptation of lepidopteran insects. These findings highlight not only the universal function of β-fructofuranosidase with a link to the maintenance of carbohydrate metabolism but also an underexplored function in the silk gland. This study expands our knowledge of posttransfer duplication and subsequent functional diversification in the adaptive evolution and lineage-specific adaptation of organisms.

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Fernández, Rosa, Marina Marcet-Houben, Fabrice Legeai, Gautier Richard, Stéphanie Robin, Valentin Wucher, Cinta Pegueroles, Toni Gabaldón e Denis Tagu. "Selection following Gene Duplication Shapes Recent Genome Evolution in the Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum". Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, n. 9 (2 maggio 2020): 2601–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa110.

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Abstract Ecology of insects is as wide as their diversity, which reflects their high capacity of adaptation in most of the environments of our planet. Aphids, with over 4,000 species, have developed a series of adaptations including a high phenotypic plasticity and the ability to feed on the phloem sap of plants, which is enriched in sugars derived from photosynthesis. Recent analyses of aphid genomes have indicated a high level of shared ancestral gene duplications that might represent a basis for genetic innovation and broad adaptations. In addition, there are a large number of recent, species-specific gene duplications whose role in adaptation remains poorly understood. Here, we tested whether duplicates specific to the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum are related to genomic innovation by combining comparative genomics, transcriptomics, and chromatin accessibility analyses. Consistent with large levels of neofunctionalization, we found that most of the recent pairs of gene duplicates evolved asymmetrically, showing divergent patterns of positive selection and gene expression. Genes under selection involved a plethora of biological functions, suggesting that neofunctionalization and tissue specificity, among other evolutionary mechanisms, have orchestrated the evolution of recent paralogs in the pea aphid and may have facilitated host–symbiont cooperation. Our comprehensive phylogenomics analysis allowed us to tackle the history of duplicated genes to pave the road toward understanding the role of gene duplication in ecological adaptation.

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Manni, Mosè, Felipe A. Simao, Hugh M. Robertson, Marco A. Gabaglio, Robert M. Waterhouse, Bernhard Misof, Oliver Niehuis, Nikolaus U. Szucsich e Evgeny M. Zdobnov. "The Genome of the Blind Soil-Dwelling and Ancestrally Wingless Dipluran Campodea augens: A Key Reference Hexapod for Studying the Emergence of Insect Innovations". Genome Biology and Evolution 12, n. 1 (3 dicembre 2019): 3534–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz260.

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Abstract The dipluran two-pronged bristletail Campodea augens is a blind ancestrally wingless hexapod with the remarkable capacity to regenerate lost body appendages such as its long antennae. As sister group to Insecta (sensu stricto), Diplura are key to understanding the early evolution of hexapods and the origin and evolution of insects. Here we report the 1.2-Gb draft genome of C. augens and results from comparative genomic analyses with other arthropods. In C. augens, we uncovered the largest chemosensory gene repertoire of ionotropic receptors in the animal kingdom, a massive expansion that might compensate for the loss of vision. We found a paucity of photoreceptor genes mirroring at the genomic level the secondary loss of an ancestral external photoreceptor organ. Expansions of detoxification and carbohydrate metabolism gene families might reflect adaptations for foraging behavior, and duplicated apoptotic genes might underlie its high regenerative potential. The C. augens genome represents one of the key references for studying the emergence of genomic innovations in insects, the most diverse animal group, and opens up novel opportunities to study the under-explored biology of diplurans.

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Denlinger, David L., Daniel A. Hahn, Christine Merlin, Christina M. Holzapfel e William E. Bradshaw. "Keeping time without a spine: what can the insect clock teach us about seasonal adaptation?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, n. 1734 (9 ottobre 2017): 20160257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0257.

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Seasonal change in daylength (photoperiod) is widely used by insects to regulate temporal patterns of development and behaviour, including the timing of diapause (dormancy) and migration. Flexibility of the photoperiodic response is critical for rapid shifts to new hosts, survival in the face of global climate change and to reproductive isolation. At the same time, the daily circadian clock is also essential for development, diapause and multiple behaviours, including correct flight orientation during long-distance migration. Although studied for decades, how these two critical biological timing mechanisms are integrated is poorly understood, in part because the core circadian clock genes are all transcription factors or regulators that are able to exert multiple effects throughout the genome. In this chapter, we discuss clocks in the wild from the perspective of diverse insect groups across eco-geographic contexts from the Antarctic to the tropical regions of Earth. Application of the expanding tool box of molecular techniques will lead us to distinguish universal from unique mechanisms underlying the evolution of circadian and photoperiodic timing, and their interaction across taxonomic and ecological contexts represented by insects. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Wild clocks: integrating chronobiology and ecology to understand timekeeping in free-living animals’.

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Glendinning, John I., Stephanie Domdom e Eliza Long. "Selective adaptation to noxious foods by a herbivorous insect". Journal of Experimental Biology 204, n. 19 (1 ottobre 2001): 3355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.19.3355.

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SUMMARYWhen animals repeatedly sample a noxious food over a period of 1–4 days, they can markedly reduce their aversive behavioral response to the diet’s unpleasant taste (e.g. ‘bitterness’) or toxic effects. This long-term adaptation process is selective, however, permitting insects to adapt physiologically to some but not all noxious foods. We hypothesized (i) that the selective nature of this adaptation process stems from the fact that some unpalatable foods are toxic while others are harmless and (ii) that insects have more difficulty adapting to foods that are both unpalatable and toxic. Our model system consisted of Manduca sexta caterpillars and two compounds that taste bitter to humans and elicit an aversive behavioral response in this insect (salicin and aristolochic acid). We found that 2 days of exposure to a salicin diet completely adapted the aversive response of the caterpillars to salicin, but that exposure to an aristolochic acid diet failed to adapt the aversive response to aristolochic acid. We determined that M. sexta could not adapt to the aristolochic acid diet because it lacked mechanisms for reducing the compound’s toxicity. In contrast, the salicin diet did not produce any apparent toxic effects, and the caterpillars adapted to its aversive taste within 12 h of exposure. We also found that the salicin adaptation phenomenon (i) was mediated by the central gustatory system, (ii) generalized to salicin concentrations that were twice those in the adapting diet and (iii) offset spontaneously when the caterpillar was transferred to a salicin-free diet. We propose that toxicity is a more significant barrier to dietary adaptation than ‘bitterness’ in this insect.

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Büsse, Sebastian, Fabian Bäumler e Stanislav N. Gorb. "Functional morphology of the raptorial forelegs in Mantispa styriaca (Insecta: Neuroptera)". Zoomorphology 140, n. 2 (12 aprile 2021): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00435-021-00524-6.

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AbstractThe insect leg is a multifunctional device, varying tremendously in form and function within Insecta: from a common walking leg, to burrowing, swimming or jumping devices, up to spinning apparatuses or tools for prey capturing. Raptorial forelegs, as predatory striking and grasping devices, represent a prominent example for convergent evolution within insects showing strong morphological and behavioural adaptations for a lifestyle as an ambush predator. However, apart from praying mantises (Mantodea)—the most prominent example of this lifestyle—the knowledge on morphology, anatomy, and the functionality of insect raptorial forelegs, in general, is scarce. Here, we show a detailed morphological description of raptorial forelegs of Mantispa styriaca (Neuroptera), including musculature and the material composition in their cuticle; further, we will discuss the mechanism of the predatory strike. We could confirm all 15 muscles previously described for mantis lacewings, regarding extrinsic and intrinsic musculature, expanding it for one important new muscle—M24c. Combining the information from all of our results, we were able to identify a possible catapult mechanism (latch-mediated spring actuation system) as a driving force of the predatory strike, never proposed for mantis lacewings before. Our results lead to a better understanding of the biomechanical aspects of the predatory strike in Mantispidae. This study further represents a starting point for a comprehensive biomechanical investigation of the convergently evolved raptorial forelegs in insects.

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Blanke, Alexander, Peter T. Rühr, Rajmund Mokso, Pablo Villanueva, Fabian Wilde, Marco Stampanoni, Kentaro Uesugi, Ryuichiro Machida e Bernhard Misof. "Structural mouthpart interaction evolved already in the earliest lineages of insects". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, n. 1812 (7 agosto 2015): 20151033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1033.

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In butterflies, bees, flies and true bugs specific mouthparts are in close contact or even fused to enable piercing, sucking or sponging of particular food sources. The common phenomenon behind these mouthpart types is a complex composed of several consecutive mouthparts which structurally interact during food uptake. The single mouthparts are thus only functional in conjunction with other adjacent mouthparts, which is fundamentally different to biting–chewing. It is, however, unclear when structural mouthpart interaction (SMI) evolved since this principle obviously occurred multiple times independently in several extant and extinct winged insect groups. Here, we report a new type of SMI in two of the earliest wingless hexapod lineages—Diplura and Collembola. We found that the mandible and maxilla interact with each other via an articulatory stud at the dorsal side of the maxillary stipes, and they are furthermore supported by structures of the hypopharynx and head capsule. These interactions are crucial stabilizing elements during food uptake. The presence of SMI in these ancestrally wingless insects, and its absence in those crustacean groups probably ancestral to insects, indicates that SMI is a groundplan apomorphy of insects. Our results thus contradict the currently established view of insect mouthpart evolution that biting–chewing mouthparts without any form of SMI are the ancestral configuration. Furthermore, SMIs occur in the earliest insects in a high anatomical variety. SMIs in stemgroup representatives of insects may have triggered efficient exploitation and fast adaptation to new terrestrial food sources much earlier than previously supposed.

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Bai, Xiaodong, Jianhua Zhang, Adam Ewing, Sally A. Miller, Agnes Jancso Radek, Dmitriy V. Shevchenko, Kiryl Tsukerman et al. "Living with Genome Instability: the Adaptation of Phytoplasmas to Diverse Environments of Their Insect and Plant Hosts". Journal of Bacteriology 188, n. 10 (15 maggio 2006): 3682–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.188.10.3682-3696.2006.

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ABSTRACT Phytoplasmas (“Candidatus Phytoplasma,” class Mollicutes) cause disease in hundreds of economically important plants and are obligately transmitted by sap-feeding insects of the order Hemiptera, mainly leafhoppers and psyllids. The 706,569-bp chromosome and four plasmids of aster yellows phytoplasma strain witches' broom (AY-WB) were sequenced and compared to the onion yellows phytoplasma strain M (OY-M) genome. The phytoplasmas have small repeat-rich genomes. This comparative analysis revealed that the repeated DNAs are organized into large clusters of potential mobile units (PMUs), which contain tra5 insertion sequences (ISs) and genes for specialized sigma factors and membrane proteins. So far, these PMUs appear to be unique to phytoplasmas. Compared to mycoplasmas, phytoplasmas lack several recombination and DNA modification functions, and therefore, phytoplasmas may use different mechanisms of recombination, likely involving PMUs, for the creation of variability, allowing phytoplasmas to adjust to the diverse environments of plants and insects. The irregular GC skews and the presence of ISs and large repeated sequences in the AY-WB and OY-M genomes are indicative of high genomic plasticity. Nevertheless, segments of ∼250 kb located between the lplA and glnQ genes are syntenic between the two phytoplasmas and contain the majority of the metabolic genes and no ISs. AY-WB appears to be further along in the reductive evolution process than OY-M. The AY-WB genome is ∼154 kb smaller than the OY-M genome, primarily as a result of fewer multicopy sequences, including PMUs. Furthermore, AY-WB lacks genes that are truncated and are part of incomplete pathways in OY-M.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Evolution (Biology) Adaptation (Biology) Insects"

Mattsson, Monte Arthur. "The Impeccable Timing of the Apple Maggot Fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Dipetera: Tephritidae), and its Implications for Ecological Speciation". PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2627.

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Speciation is the process by which life diversifies into discrete forms, and understanding its underlying mechanisms remains a primary focus for biologists. Increasingly, empirical studies are helping explain the role of ecology in generating biodiversity. Adaptive radiations are often propelled by selective fitness tradeoffs experienced by individuals that invade new habitats, resulting in reproductive isolation from ancestral conspecifics and potentially cladogenesis. Host specialist insects are among the most speciose organisms known and serve as highly useful models for studying adaptive radiations. We are just beginning to understand the pace and degree with which these insects diversify. The apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella, is a well-studied insect whose eastern and southern populations are models for ecological speciation. Recently (40–65 ya), the fly has invaded the Pacific Northwestern United States through human-transported apples infested with larvae. There, populations of R. pomonella have rapidly colonized two novel hawthorn hosts whose fruiting times bracket apple’s (early-season native Crataegus douglasii and introduced C. monogyna, which fruits late in the season). The recent introduction might initiate host shifts, providing opportunities to examine the pace and mechanistic means with which host races (an evolutionary stage preceding speciation) become established. Here, I demonstrate that host-associated populations at a site in southwest Washington are partially allochronically isolated from one another, and life cycles temporally match with natal host fruit ripening times in sympatry. If spatially widespread, these temporal barriers could result in reproductive isolation and possibly cladogenesis. Implications of these findings reach beyond academic import, as R. pomonella is expanding not only its host range, but its geographic range is encroaching upon central Washington, the site of a multi-billion dollar per year apple-growing industry.

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Belda, Cuesta Eugeni. "Genome evolution and systems biology in bacterial endosymbionts of insects". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/57466.

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Gene loss is the most important event in the process of genome reduction that appears associated with bacterial endosymbionts of insects. These small genomes were derived features evolved from ancestral prokaryotes with larger genome sizes, consequence of a massive process of genome reduction due to drastic changes in the ecological conditions and evolutionary pressures acting on these prokaryotic lineages during their ecological transition to host-dependent lifestyle. In the present thesis, the process of genome reduction is studied from different perspectives. In the first chapter, genome rearrangements have been studied in a set of 31 complete γ-proteobacterial genomes that includes five genomes of bacterial endosymbionts of insects. This is carried out by comparing the order of a subset of 244 single-copy orthologous genes presents in all the genomes and calculating the number of inversions and breakpoints between each genome pair. This reveals that inversions were the main rearrangement event in γ-proteobacteria evolution, with a progressive increase in the number of rearrangements with increased evolutionary distance. However, significant heterogeneity in different γ-proteobacterial lineages was also detected, with a significant acceleration in the rates of genome rearrangements in bacterial endosymbionts of insects at initial stages of the association. In the second chapter, the structure and functional capabilities of Sodalis glossinidius has been studied. S. glossinidius is the secondary endosymbiont of tsetse flies, and it´s at very initial stages of genome reduction process. It´s genome is experiencing a massive process of gene inactivation, with 972 pseudogenes (inactivated genes) that were described but not annotated in the original annotation of the genome. In this chapter, a complete functional re-annotation of this genome was carried out, that includes the characterization of 1501 pseudogenes though analysis of S. glossinidius intergenic regions. A massive presence of CDSs related with mobile genetic elements and surface proteins were detected, being also the functional classes most affected by pseudogenization. The reconstruction of the metabolic map of S. glossinidius revealed a functional profile very similar to that of free-living enterics, with inactivation of L-arginine biosynthesis pathway, whereas the comparison with Wigglesworthia glossinidia (tsetse primary endosymbiont) reveals possible cases of metabolic complementation between both tsetse endosymbionts at thiamine, coenzyme A and tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis level. Finally, in the third chapter of the thesis, the complete reductive evolution process associated with S. glossinidius was studied from a systems biology perspective through the reconstruction of their genome-scale metabolic networks at different stages of this process and the prediction of their internal reaction fluxes under different external conditions through Flux Balance Analysis. This revealed the decisive role of the pseudogenization of genes involved in L-arginine and glycogen biosynthesis and specially the pseudogenization of the key anaplerotic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in the ecological transition to a host-dependent lifestyle experienced by S. glossinidius. A progressive decrease in network robustness to gene deletion events and to changes in particular reaction fluxes were detected. Finally, reductive evolution simulations over the functional network of S. glossinidius under different external conditions revealed a higher plasticity in minimal networks evolved in a nutrient-rich environment, and allow defining different sets of essential and disposable genes based on their presence or absence in minimal metabolic networks. These essential genes had more optimized patterns of codon usage and more restricted patterns of sequence evolution than disposable genes that could be lost without affecting the functionality of the network. However, lineage-specific estimates of dN and dS in S. glossinidius and Escherichia coli revealed that common features of ancient bacterial endosymbionts like acceleration in the rates of sequence evolution and the loss of adaptative codon usage were starting to affect S. glossinidius evolution.
En esta tesis doctoral, el proceso de reducción genómica característico de bacterias endosimbiontes de insectos ha sido estudiado utilizando diferentes aproximaciones computacionales basadas en la genómica comparada y la biología de sistemas. Por un lado, las dinámicas de reordenaciones genómicas han sido estudiadas en un subconjunto de 31 genomas completos de γ-proteobacterias que incluyen 5 genomas completos de endosimbiontes bacterianos de insectos, revelando una aceleración significativa de las tasas de reordenaciones en estos genomas en etapas iniciales del proceso de reducción. Posteriormente, el genoma de Sodalis glossinidius, el endosimbionte secundario de la mosca tsétsé, fue re-anotado con el objetivo de evaluar el impacto de los procesos de inactivación génica y proliferación de elementos genéticos móviles en etapas tempranas del proceso de reducción, asi como su impacto sobre las capacidades funcionales de la bacteria en el contexto ecológico de su coexistencia con el endosimbionte primario ancestral Wigglesworthia glossinidia. Finalmente, el proceso completo de reducción genómica en S. glossinidius ha sido estudiado a través de la reconstrucción de su red metabólica a diferentes etapas de este proceso y su análisis funcional mediante Análisis de Balance de Flujos, evaluando la robustez de las redes frente a sucesos de deleción asi como las dinámicas evolutivas de genes esenciales y no esenciales en base a su presencia en redes mínimas evolucionadas a partir de la red funcional. Este análisis permitió identificar sucesos de inactivación génica con efectos drásticos sobre las capacidades funcionales del sistema como los genes implicados en la biosíntesis de arginina y glicógeno, y especialmente la inactivación de la enzima fosfoenolpiruvato carboxilasa, asi como una disminución progresiva de la robustez de las redes frente a diferentes sucesos mutacionales asociada al proceso de pérdida génica. Finalmente, simulaciones de evolución reductiva sobre la red funcional bajo diferentes condiciones de entorno ha permitido definir conjuntos de genes esenciales y delecionables en base a su presencia o ausencia en las redes mínimas producto de las simulaciones, revelando una mayor conservación a nivel de secuencia y un uso de codones más optimizado en genes esenciales frente a genes cuya pérdida no afecta a la funcionalidad del sistema.

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Leiby, Nicholas. "Adaptation and Specialization in the Evolution of Bacterial Metabolism". Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11364.

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Specialization is a balance of evolutionary adaptation and its accompanying costs. Here we focus on the Lenski Long-Term Evolution Experiment, which has maintained cultures of Escherichia coli in the same, defined seasonal environment for 50,000 generations. This dissertation explores the extent and means by which metabolic specialization occurs over an extended period in the same environment.

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Simons, Pamela J. "Molecular evolution of the alpha-amylase genes of Bombyx mori and other insects". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6643.

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The gene of the ubiquitous starch degrading enzyme $\alpha$-amylase has been chosen to study evolutionary mechanisms and the relationships between several insect groups. In this project, the $\alpha$-amylase gene sequence of a representative of the order Lepidoptera, Bombyx mori, was determined. The coding region of Bombyx and the seven other insect genes are approximately the same size and have at least 60% identity with one another. There are various numbers of introns dispersed throughout the loci but often sites are shared between two or more species. There is evidence of differing codon biases among the genes with Drosophila and Anopheles being very GC rich and Choristoneura and Tribolium having virtually no bias. Biases caused discrepancies between the phylogenetic trees created by several different methods. Representatives of the same order always grouped together as predicted, but the order within the Lepidoptera varied with the method used. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Banks, John E. "The effects of landscape heterogeneity on insect populations : a study of pattern and scale /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5166.

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Kingsley, Evan Prentice. "Adaptation in the forest deer mouse: evolution, genetics, and development". Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467192.

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Variation in the shape, size, and number of segments along the vertebral column underlies a vast amount of vertebrate diversity. Although the molecular pathways controlling vertebrate segmentation during normal development are well understood, the genetic and developmental underpinnings responsible for the tremendous variation in size and number of vertebrae are relatively unexplored. The main goal of this dissertation is to explore the genetic and developmental mechanisms influencing naturally occurring variation in the vertebral column. To this end, I focus on intraspecific skeletal variation, with an emphasis on tail length, in the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus. In Chapter 1, I employ a phylogeographic framework to show that longer tails have evolved independently in different populations of forest-dwelling mice. Closer investigation of the underlying morphology shows that long-tailed mice have both (1) a greater number of tail vertebrae and (2) individually longer vertebrae, compared to ancestral short-tailed mice. Chapter 2 explores the genetic basis of tail length variation. I use quantitative trait locus mapping to uncover six loci that influence differences in total tail length (3 associated with vertebral length and 3 with vertebrae number). Finally, in Chapter 3 I combine comparative data from quantitative measurements of tissue dynamics during somitogenesis in fixed embryos and ex vivo explant culture to show that embryos of forest mice make more segments because they produce more presomitic mesoderm, and not because of any significant difference in the timing of somitogenesis. Together, this work integrates phylogeographic, genetic, and developmental studies to pinpoint the ways that natural selection modifies development to produce the repeated evolution of an evolutionarily important trait, and suggests that there are a limited number of ways that long tails can evolve.
Biology, Organismic and Evolutionary

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Lieberman, Tami Danielle. "Genomic insights into bacterial adaptation during infection". Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11312.

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Bacteria evolve during the colonization of human hosts, yet little is known about the selective pressures and evolutionary forces that shape this evolution. Illumination of these processes may inspire new therapeutic directions for combating bacterial infections and promoting healthy bacteria-host interactions. The advent of high-throughput sequencing has enabled the identification of mutations that occur within the human host, and various tools from computational and evolutionary biology can aid in creating biological understanding from these mutations. Chapter 1 describes recent progress in understanding within-patient bacterial adaption, focusing on insights made from genomic studies.

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Kwan, Lucia. "Adaptation to desiccation resistance fails to generate pre- and postmating isolation in Drosophila melanogaster". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28210.

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Many laboratory speciation experiments have raised allopatric populations in different environments to determine whether reproductive isolation evolves as a by-product of adaptation. Few, however, have controlled for the effects of genetic drift, addressed the evolution of both pre- and postmating isolation, or investigated the conditions that promote or hamper the process. I present results of a long-term evolution experiment in which 12 replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster independently evolved for more than 57 generations under alternative desiccation treatments (six control and six desiccation-selected populations). Specifically, I demonstrate the divergence between the desiccation and control populations of cuticular hydrocarbons, key traits that have been implicated in mate choice and sexual isolation in Drosophila. Despite this divergence, there was no detectable pre- or postmating isolation between the desiccation and control populations. Novel environments are generally thought to promote the evolution of reproductive isolation. Understanding the conditions that favour or hamper this remains a key challenge for speciation research.

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Maher, Keri Renee. "A geographically constrained molecular phylogeny of Panamanian Aechmea species (Bromeliaceae, subfamily bromelioideae)". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2007. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3280.

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This study lends strong support to the idea that members of Bromeliaceae have undergone a recent adaptive radiation, and therefore show that, at least in part, diversity in the tropics is due to a fast speciation rate and that the tropics can be a "cradle" for new diversification and exploitation of varying ecological niches through the diversification of ecophysiological traits within a lineage.

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Smith, Jeramiah James. "AMBYSTOMA: PERSPECTIVES ON ADAPTATION AND THE EVOLUTION OF VERTEBRATE GENOMES". Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2007. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukybiol2007d00627/JJSmith_Dissertation.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2007.
Title from document title page (viewed on September 4, 2007). Document formatted into pages; contains: vii, 182 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 164-180).

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Libri sul tema "Evolution (Biology) Adaptation (Biology) Insects"

Silverstein, Alvin. Adaptation. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books, 2008.

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Primate adaptation and evolution. 2^a ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 1999.

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Low temperature biology of insects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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Ecology and evolution of trait-mediated indirect interactions: Linking evolution, community, and ecosystems. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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Hilleman, Terry Bruce. Environmental biology: The conditions of life : environmental selection, extinction, creation, adaptation and overpopulation. Enfield (NH): Science Publishers, 2008.

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Environmental biology: The conditions of life : environmental selection, extinction, creation, adaptation and overpopulation. Enfield (NH): Science Publishers, 2008.

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Hilleman, Terry. Environmental biology: The conditions of life : environmental selection, extinction, creation, adaptation and overpopulation. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers, 2009.

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Per, Lundberg, a cura di. Pillars of evolution: Fundamental principles of the eco-ecolutionary process. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

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Edlinger, Karl. Evolution ohne Anpassung. Frankfurt am Main: W. Kramer, 1991.

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1964-, Pigliucci Massimo, a cura di. Phenotypic evolution: A reaction norm perspective. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer, 1998.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Evolution (Biology) Adaptation (Biology) Insects"

Hoy, Ronald R. "The Evolution of Hearing in Insects as an Adaptation to Predation from Bats". In The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing, 115–29. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2784-7_8.

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Ehleringer, James R., e Curtis Clark. "Evolution and adaptation in Encelia (Asteraceae)". In Plant Evolutionary Biology, 221–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1207-6_9.

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Lehane, M. J. "The evolution of the blood-sucking habit". In Biology of Blood-Sucking Insects, 6–13. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7953-9_2.

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Singh, Rashmi, e Sudarshan Maurya. "Blast Disease of Rice: Evolution and Adaptation in Context of Changing Climate". In Fungal Biology, 125–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60585-8_8.

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Helsen, Jana, e Rob Jelier. "Experimental Evolution to Understand the Interplay Between Genetics and Adaptation". In Evolutionary Systems Biology, 115–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71737-7_6.

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Krasnec, Michelle O., e Michael D. Breed. "Eusocial Evolution and the Recognition Systems in Social Insects". In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 78–92. New York, NY: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1704-0_5.

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Nayaka, S. Chandra, Rajashekara Hosahatti, Ganesan Prakash, C. Tara Satyavathi e Rajan Sharma. "Correction to: Blast Disease of Cereal Crops: Evolution and Adaptation in Context of Climate Change". In Fungal Biology, C1. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60585-8_15.

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Sota, Teiji, Hideki Kagata, Yoshino Ando, Shunsuke Utsumi e Takashi Osono. "Accelerated Diversification by Spatial and Temporal Isolation Associated with Life-History Evolution in Insects". In SpringerBriefs in Biology, 45–61. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54261-2_3.

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Shichida, Yoshinori, Takahiro Yamashita, Hiroo Imai e Takushi Kishida. "Aquatic Adaptation and the Evolution of the Loss of Olfaction in Amniotes". In SpringerBriefs in Biology, 35–46. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54222-3_3.

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Federici, Brian A., e Yves Bigot. "Evolution of Immunosuppressive Organelles from DNA Viruses in Insects". In Evolutionary Biology – Concepts, Molecular and Morphological Evolution, 229–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12340-5_14.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Evolution (Biology) Adaptation (Biology) Insects"

Bratus, A. S., T. Yakushkina, S. Drozhzhin e I. Samokhin. "Mathematical Models of Evolution for Replicator Systems: Fitness Landscape Adaptation". In Mathematical Biology and Bioinformatics. Pushchino: IMPB RAS - Branch of KIAM RAS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17537/icmbb18.54.

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ANTONELI, FERNANDO, FRANCISCO BOSCO, DIOGO CASTRO e LUIZ MARIO JANINI. "VIRAL EVOLUTION AND ADAPTATION AS A MULTIVARIATE BRANCHING PROCESS". In International Symposium on Mathematical and Computational Biology. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814520829_0013.

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Salehi, Maryam, Alan Ableson e Parvin Mousavi. "Reverse engineering time series of gene expression data using Dynamic Bayesian networks and covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy with explicit memory". In 2008 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (CIBCB 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cibcb.2008.4675765.

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Mu¨ller, Rolf, Jianguo Ma, Zhen Yan, Cindy Grimm e Washington Mio. "Bioinspiration From Biodiversity in Sensor Design". In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64487.

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Biodiversity is a notable outcome of biological evolution. In the process of adaptive radiation, functional principles of sensing in biology have been adapted to suit different tasks and constraints. The biosonar system of bats is an example of such an adaptive radiation in sensing that also offers particularly advantageous conditions for a biodiversity-level analysis of adaptation principles with potential engineering relevance. The beam-forming capabilities of bat biosonar are tied to the geometries of external baffle structures, i.e., the outer ears used for reception and the noseleaves used to shape the emitted biosonar pulses. Since the geometries of these baffles determine their functions, which in turn can also be expressed by a shape (the beampattern), biosonar beamforming can be described by two interrelated shape spaces, one for biological form and the other for biological function. A shape space representation for the outer ears can be obtained by a cylindrical transform of the ear surfaces followed by principal component analysis. The results of this analysis are in a form that is suitable to inform the design of technical baffle shapes. However, additional analysis methods need to be developed for noseleaves, beampatterns, as well as the link between form and function.

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Sheidaei, A., S. C. Hunley, L. G. Raguin e S. Baek. "Simulation of Aneurysm Growth With Stepwise Updating of Hemodynamic Loads Using an MRI-Based Geometric Model". In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-205499.

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Computer simulations of vascular tissue adaptation under various physiological and pathological conditions have emerged as a new area of research and aided researchers in their understanding of stress-mediated growth and remodeling (G&R) in these structures. With advances in computational biomechanics and biomedical imaging techniques, combinations of these advanced methods will provide promising tools for medical diagnosis and surgical planning in the future (e.g., [1]). Recently Figueroa et al. [2] presented a new computational framework that brings advances in computational biosolid and biofluid mechanics together in order to exploit new information on the biology of vascular growth and remodeling (G&R). Although the framework presented in their paper was generalized for simplicity, they did illustrate the effectiveness of this framework by applying it to a fusiform aneurysm growth with idealized geometry. In the present work, we employ this framework and test it on an anatomically realistic model of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) growth. Similarly to Figueroa et al., when the stress-mediated kinetics only depends on intramural stress, the shape of the aneurysm and the expansion rate are similar to the results from the computation without using an iterative loop. However, we expect that when the stress-mediated kinetics depends on either shear or other hemodynamic components, the evolution of an AAA can change significantly.

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