Tesi sul tema "Exo selective"

With more than ¾ of the forest surface of Cameroon allocated to logging, the survival of many rainforest species will depend on the way in which timber production forests will be managed in this country for the next decades. Management decisions to be applied should be directed systematically towards a minimization of the negative impacts on the ecosystem as a whole, including on the animal populations living in these forests. This requires a detailed understanding of the response of wildlife to selective logging as it is currently practised in Central Africa.

This thesis reports results of a longitudinal monitoring of abundances of nine mammal species in a forest concession over a four years period. From 2003 to 2006, four wildlife censuses have been conducted in the active core of FMU 10.030 allocated to the logging company PALLISCO. Our study area covers 176 sq-km and include several logging compartments and unlogged areas.

The diversity of specific responses to the introduction of human activities into the habitat is at the scale of the biological diversity of the habitat itself. A particular attention was paid to two emblematic species of the Cameroonian forests, western lowland gorillas G.g. gorilla and the common chimpanzees Pan troglodytes. During this work, we studied 1) how logging at industrial scale affects the spatial distribution of nine mammal species, including great apes, in timber production forests of South-eastern Cameroon, and 2) the nature of pressures exerted on animal populations within an active forest concession (anthropic, ecological, ethologic, etc).

Our first results indicate that the extraction of valuable timber species generates a spatial reorganization of gorillas and chimpanzees, inducing local modifications of population densities. This spatial reorganization seems to be mainly due to human activities per se rather than to modifications of the habitat structure or changes in the availability of fruits for these species. Compared with other mammals, great apes are at the two extreme opposites of a gradient of sensitivity to the habitat disturbances created by logging. Gorillas, as well as other "generalist" species like duikers, seem to thrive in logged forests, probably attracted in these areas by the secondarisation of the vegetation. Their densities decrease temporarily in logging compartments during logging operations but these species recover quickly, suggesting a repulsive effect of the human presence in the forest rather than a major alteration of the habitat quality for them. Rather "specialist" species seem to react by increasing the size of their foraging area. These are the sitatungas Tragelpahus spekei and bushpigs Potamochoerus porcus, two typical species of swamp forest with Raffia spp. and semi-inundated forests. These particular biotopes in the heart of the production forests seem to be playing the role of refuge zone for these species. Finally, two species were identified as being explicitly vulnerable to logging activities: the chimpanzees and forest elephants Loxodonta africana cyclotis. Their abundances did not recover to original values during the period of study indicating that they still undergo some kind of ecological and/or anthropic pressures after the end of logging operations that is strongly adverse to them.

In order to contrast the ecological and/or anthropic factors ruling gorillas' and chimpanzees' spatial distribution in the habitat, we have used a spatial modelling technique called “Ecological Niche Factor Analysis - ENFA". ENFA-generated models for these two species mainly retained anthropic variables to explain great apes local repartition in the study area. For gorillas, it was mainly explained by the local pattern of logging compartments and the time that passed since the end of logging operations. Globally, this species avoids the areas of forests showing a high rate of human frequentation and is attracted to old logged areas. As for the chimpanzees, their spatial distribution is influenced mainly by the presence of roads which are largely avoided. The periphery of logged compartment seems to be a zone of convergence for chimpanzee communities that have probably been driven out from logging compartments during operations, but these movements of populations would be limited to short distances. The vulnerability of the chimpanzees is consequently explained by the absence of demographic mechanisms enabling them to avoid the disturbed zones while reducing the territorial conflicts.

The general trend in great ape abundances in an active logging concession confirms that even closely related species can show divergent capacities of survival when confronted to human disturbances. Our work highlights that chimpanzee communities demonstrate some spatial inertia, contrarily to gorillas which easily manage to avoid human activities. This inertia would be probably at the origin of its sensitivity to current forestry practices. Our results confirm White & Tutin (2001)'s socio-ecological explanation for the vulnerability of chimpanzees to logging in forests of Central Africa. Knowing this, it is imperative to set up concrete conservation actions aiming at maintaining the chimpanzee populations of in Cameroonian timber production forests.

Practically, selective logging would easily be compatible with the preservation of the majority of rainforests mammals if concrete measures aiming at decreasing the negative impacts of logging were effectively applied. As a general rule, the proximity between logged areas and some zones that can serve as refuge seems to be a determining factor of the persistence of rainforests mammals in logged forests. A line of thought would be thus to ensure safe shifts of populations towards these zones in order to guarantee the avoidance of disturbances and, later, the recovery of densities in logged forests. In this sense, our main recommendation consists in promoting a delimitation of logging compartments into narrow strips so as to reduce the distance to be walked by an animal to geographically avoid human disturbances. Additionally, it is necessary to set up well-designed biomonitoring programmes to follow up trends in wildlife abundances and promote a flexible management that can be adapted according to the evidence of detrimental events to wildlife.

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Avec plus de ¾ de la surface forestière du Cameroun allouée à l'exploitation forestière, la survie de nombreuses espèces de mammifères dépendra de la façon dont seront gérés les massifs de forêt de production de ce pays dans les décennies à venir. Les mesures de gestion à appliquer devraient être orientées systématiquement vers une minimisation des impacts négatifs sur l'écosystème dans son ensemble, y compris sur les populations animales résidant dans ces forêts. Ceci nécessite une compréhension détaillée de la réponse de la grande et moyenne faune à l'exploitation forestière sélective telle qu'elle est effectivement pratiquée en Afrique Centrale.

Cette thèse de doctorat rapporte les résultats d'un suivi longitudinal, sur une période de quatre ans, des abondances de neuf espèces de mammifères au sein d'une concession forestière du Sud-est Cameroun. Au total, quatre recensements de la faune ont été réalisés entre 2003 et 2006 dans la partie active de l'UFA 10.030 allouée à la société PALLISCO. La zone étudiée couvre 176 km2 et englobe plusieurs parcelles annuelles d'abattage ainsi que des compartiments non exploités.

La diversité des réponses spécifiques vis-à-vis de l'introduction d'activités humaines dans l'habitat est à l'échelle de la diversité biologique de l'habitat lui-même. Une attention particulière a été portée sur deux espèces emblématiques des forêts camerounaises, les gorilles des plaines occidentales G.g. gorilla et les chimpanzés communs Pan t. troglodytes. Durant ce travail, nous avons étudié 1) comment l'exploitation forestière à l'échelle industrielle affecte la distribution spatiale de neuf espèces de mammifères, dont les grands singes, dans les massifs de forêt de production du Sud-est Cameroun, et 2) de quelle nature sont les pressions exercées sur les populations animales au sein d'une concession forestière active (anthropique, écologique, éthologique, etc.).

Nos premiers résultats indiquent que l'extraction d'essences précieuses dans les forêts camerounaises génère notamment une réorganisation de la distribution spatiale des gorilles et des chimpanzés, induisant des modifications locales de densité de population. Cette réorganisation spatiale semble être due aux activités humaines elles-mêmes plutôt qu'aux modifications de la structure de l'habitat ou à une diminution de la disponibilité de certaines ressources alimentaires importantes pour ces espèces. Comparés à d'autres mammifères, les grands singes se placent aux deux extrêmes d'un gradient de sensibilité aux perturbations de l'habitat causés par l'exploitation forestière. Les gorilles, ainsi que d'autres espèces "généralistes" comme les céphalophes, semblent prospérer dans les forêts exploitées, probablement attirés dans ces zones par la secondarisation de la végétation. Leurs densités diminuent ponctuellement dans les parcelles d'abattage pendant les opérations d'extraction, mais retrouvent très vite leur niveau initial. Ceci suggère un effet répulsif de la présence humaine sur ces espèces plutôt qu'une altération majeure de la qualité de l'habitat pour ces dernières. D'autres espèces plus "spécialistes" semblent réagir en augmentant la taille de leurs aires de fourragement. Il s'agit des sitatungas Tragelpahus spekei et des potamochères Potamochoerus porcus, deux espèces appréciant les biotopes humides (marécages à Raphia spp. des zones de forêt inondées, etc.). Ces biotopes particuliers, non-affectés par l'exploitation forestière, au coeur des forêts de production semblent servir de refuge pour ces espèces. Enfin, deux espèces ont été identifiées comme étant explicitement très vulnérables aux activités d'exploitation: les chimpanzés et les éléphants des forêts Loxodonta africana cyclotis. Leurs abondances n'ont pas recouvré les valeurs originelles durant la période d'étude, indiquant que ces espèces subissent encore des pressions écologiques et/ou anthropiques jusqu'à quatre ans après la fin des activités d'exploitation forestière.

Afin de contraster les facteurs écologiques et/ou anthropiques régissant la distribution spatiale des gorilles et des chimpanzés, nous avons fait usage d'une technique de modélisation spatiale appelée "Ecological Niche Factor Analysis – ENFA". Les modèles ENFA pour ces deux espèces ont principalement retenu les variables anthropiques pour expliquer la distribution spatiale des grands singes dans l'aire d'étude. Il a ainsi été démontré que la répartition des gorilles était en grande partie expliquée par l'agencement local des AACs et le temps qui s'est écoulé depuis la fin des opérations d'extraction dans celles-ci. De manière générale, cette espèce évite les zones présentant un haut taux de fréquentation humaine et préfère les forêts exploitées quelques années auparavant. Quant aux chimpanzés, leur distribution spatiale est principalement expliquée par la présence de routes et pistes forestières qui sont amplement évitées. La périphérie des zones exploitées semble être une zone de convergence pour les chimpanzés qui y seraient vraisemblablement refoulés lors des perturbations, mais ces mouvements seraient limités à de courtes distances. La vulnérabilité des chimpanzés s'expliquerait dès lors par l'absence de mécanismes démographiques leur permettant d'éviter les zones affectées tout en réduisant les conflits territoriaux résultant d'une réorganisation spatiale.

La tendance globale des variations d'abondance des grands singes au sein d'une concession forestière en cours d'exploitation confirme que même des espèces très proches phylogénétiquement peuvent faire preuve de capacités différentes de survie face aux perturbations anthropiques. Il ressort de nos observations que les communautés de chimpanzés font preuve d'une certaine inertie spatiale, contrairement aux gorilles qui parviennent à éviter les activités humaines. Cette inertie serait probablement à l'origine de sa vulnérabilité face aux pratiques forestières actuelles. Nos résultats viennent confirmer l'hypothèse socio-écologique émise par White & Tutin (2001). Face à ce malheureux constat, il est impératif de mettre en place des mesures concrètes de gestion visant à maintenir les populations de chimpanzés dans les forêts de production camerounaises.

Pratiquement, l'exploitation sélective serait compatible avec la conservation de la plupart des mammifères si certaines mesures de gestion visant à diminuer les impacts négatifs étaient rapidement mises en application. La proximité entre les zones exploitées et les zones pouvant servir de refuge semble être un facteur déterminant de la survie de nombreuses espèces de mammifères dans les forêts de production du Cameroun. Une ligne de réflexion serait donc d'assurer les mouvements de populations vers ces zones-refuge sans heurts afin de garantir l'émigration des populations animales en dehors des zones affectées et la recolonisation ultérieure des forêts exploitées. En ce sens, notre principale recommandation consiste à promouvoir un découpage en assiettes de coupe en bandes relativement étroites (<2,5 km) de façon à réduire la distance à parcourir pour éviter géographiquement les perturbations anthropiques. De même, il serait nécessaire de mettre en place des programmes de suivi régulier des abondances faunistiques afin de permettre une gestion adaptative qui s'ajusterait au vu d'événements critiques pour la faune.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis focuses on eco-design trade-offs and material selection in a Small to Medium–Sized Enterprise (SME) producing office furniture. The rationale for undertaking this work is based on the wide acceptance that eco-design uptake in SMEs remains low and the need for SMEs to adopt eco-design is pressing. SMEs constitute 99.9% of UK private sector business and it has been estimated that SMEs account for approximately 64-70% of overall pollution from industry. Supporting SMEs in adopting eco-design is challenging. The complexities of eco-design decision-making, poor understanding of environmental trade-offs, limited access to relevant information and complex eco-design methods (amongst others) negatively affect an SME’s ability to reduce a product’s environmental impacts. The aim of this research is to deepen understanding of eco-design by investigating eco-design trade-offs and material selection during the development of eco-innovative office furniture products. This improves understanding of environmental impact reduction at the material selection and concept stage of the design process. The research design is an intensive single case study at Orangebox, a UK market leader in the design and manufacture of office furniture. The case company is selected, as a best practice example of eco-design integration within an SME. Four embedded case studies of New Product Development (NPD) are conducted within the main case. The research employs a multi-strategy design using both qualitative and quantitative methods and is delivered over two stages. The contributions to knowledge of the thesis are (1) the identification and description of a set of eco-design trade-offs linked to specific eco-design strategies (design for disassembly, light-weighting, material streamlining) and (2) the thesis argues that stakeholders play a crucial role in eco-innovative material selection. From this, the thesis presents a conceptual classification of a material portfolio incorporating eco-design strategies and trade-offs to facilitate eco-innovation during NPD.

Duchene Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), and the milder allelic Becker muscular dystrophy (EMD), are X-linked recessive muscle wasting disorders characterised by mutations in the dystrophin gene. DMD occurs at a frequency of approximately 1 in 3500 male newborns and life expectancy is typically less than 30 years. Due to progressive muscle wasting, affected boys are restricted to a wheelchair by the age of 12 years. The most common cause of death is pneumonia, compounded by cardiac involvement. Mutations that disrupt the dystrophin reading frame, or prevent the synthesis of either terminus, preclude the synthesis of a fully functional dystrophin. The subsequent Joss of membrane integrity results in a severe DMD phenotype, as these weakened but still functional muscle fibres are subject to continuous cycles of damage and regeneration. Conversely, BMD mutations are generally found to be in-frame deletions where a shorter but semi-functional protein with intact amino and carboxyl tennini has been synthesised. BMD has an incidence almost ten times less than DMD. While the distribution of myopathy parallels DMD, the onset and progression of BMD is variable and generally less severe and some affected individuals are virtually asymptomatic.

Legislation, court decisions, and the changing political and social climate provide evidence of the importance of the outcomes of EEO litigation involving challenged selection procedures for transfer, training and development, and promotion. These selection procedures are being challenged by more informed employees and, in many cases, result in costly litigation. Thus, organizations must be aware of the continuing developments in employment law especially as found in court decisions and related legislation. This study investigates judicial and EEOC decisions in discrimination cases to provide answers to these questions: Are organizations aware of the outcomes of EEO litigation involving challenged selection procedures for transfer, training and development, and promotion? Are organizations aware of what constitutes a discriminatory practice in the selection of employees for transfer, training and development, and promotion? Does management recognize and follow nondiscriminatory procedures in selecting personnel for transfer, training and development, and promotion? The purposes of the study are 1. To analyze outcomes of EEO litigation involving challenged selection procedures for transfer, training and development, and promotion; 2. To develop a model set of guidelines to aid organizations in developing nondiscriminatory procedures for use in selecting employees for transfer, training and development, and promotion. This study concludes that many employers are aware of the outcomes of EEO litigation involving challenged selection procedures for transfer, training and development, and promotion. Many employers are also aware of what constitutes a discriminatory practice in the selection of employees for some employment advantage. However, management does not always recognize and follow nondiscriminatory procedures when selecting employees for transfer, training and development, and promotion. The number of cases in which selection procedures were found discriminatory supports this conclusion.

The purpose of this research work is to propose an improved method for real-time sensitivity analysis (SA) applicable to large-scale complex systems. Borrowed from the EventTracker principle of the interrelation of causal events, it deploys the Rank Order Clustering (ROC) method to automatically group every relevant system input to parameters that represent the system state (i.e. output). The fundamental principle of event modelling is that the state of a given system is a function of every acquirable piece of knowledge or data (input) of events that occur within the system and its wider operational environment unless proven otherwise. It therefore strives to build the theoretical and practical foundation for the engineering of input data. The event modelling platform proposed attempts to filter unwanted data, and more importantly, include information that was thought to be irrelevant at the outset of the design process. The underpinning logic of the proposed Event Clustering technique (EventiC) is to build causal relationship between the events that trigger the inputs and outputs of the system. EventiC groups inputs with relevant corresponding outputs and measures the impact of each input variable on the output variables in short spans of time (relative real-time). It is believed that this grouping of relevant input-output event data by order of its importance in real-time is the key contribution to knowledge in this subject area. Our motivation is that components of current complex and organised systems are capable of generating and sharing information within their network of interrelated devices and systems. In addition to being an intelligent recorder of events, EventiC could also be a platform for preliminary data and knowledge construction. This improvement in the quality, and at times the quantity of input data, may lead to improved higher level mathematical formalism. It is hoped that better models will translate into superior controls and decision making. It is therefore believed that the projected outcome of this research work can be used to predict, stabilize (control), and optimize (operational research) the work of complex systems in the shortest possible time. For proof of concept, EventiC was designed using the MATLAB package and implemented using real-time data from the monitoring and control system of a typical cement manufacturing plant. The purpose for this deployment was to test and validate the concept, and to demonstrate whether the clusters of input data and their levels of importance against system performance indicators could be approved by industry experts. EventiC was used as an input variable selection tool for improving the existing fuzzy controller of the plant. Finally, EventiC was compared with its predecessor EventTracker using the same case study. The results revealed improvements in both computational efficiency and the quality of input variable selection.

Does the choice of a medium, by which a company’s advertising message is carried, communicate something about that company’s commitment to act responsibly towards the green environment? Does the choice of a medium that consumers perceive as more harmful for the green environment impact ad and brand evaluations more negatively than a medium that they perceive as less harmful? If so, to what extent do companies have knowledge of such change in consumer media behavior and thereby take into account the green environmental aspect with media selection? Driven by such questions, and by way of an experiment, secondary data analysis, interviews and surveys this thesis explores green media selection and its impact on communication effectiveness from the consumer’s and marketing manager’s perspective. Building on theories of advertising planning and media selection the thesis contributes with four empirical studies to increase the understanding of green advertising media and how consumers’ eco-harmful media perceptions impact communication effectiveness. The findings shed light on the importance of taking the green environmental aspect into account when practitioners select advertising media. This is particularly valid for companies that are committed to act responsibly toward the green environment, by for instance having documented green environmental policies, and wish to be associated as such through their brands and marketing communication thereof.

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2013

Manufacturers of passenger vehicles are experiencing increased pressure from consumers and legislators due to the impact of transportation on the environment. Automotive manufacturers are responding by designing more sustainable forms of transportation through a variety of efforts, including increased vehicle efficiency and the electrification of vehicle powertrains (plug in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and battery electric vehicles (BEV)). An additional method for reducing the environmental impact of personal transport is eco-routing, a methodology which selects routes on the basis of energy consumption. Standard navigation systems offer route alternatives between a user clarified origin and destination when there are multiple paths available. These alternatives are commonly weighted on the basis of minimizing either total travel time (TTT) or trip distance. Eco-routing offers an alternative criterion – minimizing route energy consumption. Calculation of the energy consumption of a route necessitates the creation of a velocity profile which models how the route will be driven and a powertrain model which relates energy consumption to the constructed velocity profile. Existing research efforts related to both of these aspects typically require complex analysis and proprietary vehicle properties. A new approach to weighting the energy consumption of different routes is presented within this paper. The process of synthesizing velocity profiles is an improvement upon simpler models while requiring fewer variables as compared to more complex models. A single input, the maximum acceleration, is required to tune driver aggressiveness throughout an entire route. Additionally, powertrain results are simplified through the application of a new parameter, predictive terminal energy. The parameter uses only glider properties as inputs, as compared to dedicated powertrain models which use proprietary vehicle information as inputs which are not readily available from manufacturers. Application of this research reduces computation time and increases the number of vehicles for which this analysis can be applied. An example routing scenario is presented, demonstrating the capability of the velocity synthesis and predictive terminal energy methodologies.
Master of Science

Within an achievement motivation theoretical framework, there are factors thought to most heavily influence performance and task difficulty selection. More specifically, motivational climates, feedback, confidence, and anxiety have all been identified as important factors influencing outcomes within performance settings. Much of the literature in the area of achievement motivation has focused on on the effects of mastery- and ego-oriented feedback on performance within academic settings and has received limited attention in the sport psychology literature within an athletic setting. Given the demonstrated effects of mastery- and ego-oriented feedback on performance, the importance of performance within the athletic context, and the scant literature examining the effects of feedback on athletic performance, the influence of feedback on sport performance needed to be empirically examined. The primary aim of this study was to provide a clearer understanding of the relationship of factors influencing athletic performance, with the ultimate goal of moving research toward a greater understanding of how optimal performance is achieved. As a result, this research may prove applicable to researchers, coaches, and athletes working toward optimal performance. In this study, I examined how mastery- and ego-oriented feedback influenced youth athletes' soccer performance, task difficulty selection, confidence, and anxiety. Youth soccer athletes (n = 71) participated in a soccer kicking task consisting of two trials. Between subjects ANCOVA analyses revealed athletes receiving mastery-oriented feedback performed significantly better on the soccer kicking task than athletes receiving ego-oriented feedback. No differences were discovered on task difficulty selection, confidence, or anxiety. Providing athletes mastery-oriented feedback before or after skill execution could be helpful in the development of athletic skill development and performance. Limitations of the present study and questions to examine in future research are also discussed.

Convergent evolution is a central theme in biology. Birds are an ideal system to examine the mechanisms underlying convergent evolution. Although bird patterning is diverse, within-feather patterns have repeatedly converged on the same four types: mottled patterns, scales, bars and spots. Other avian patterns occur, e.g. stripes, but are rare. In my thesis I examine the four main mechanisms underlying convergent evolution in plumage patterns: evolutionary genetics, evolutionary development, natural selection for signaling and camouflage. Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) is a model system in developmental biology. Examining the developmental basis of pattern formation using molecular techniques, the dorsal patterning of embryonic quail is likely due to activation of the melanocortin-1 receptor, which is a highly conserved pathway in vertebrates. I examined whether a reaction-diffusion based theoretical model of pattern formation may predict developmental constraint in two groups that have different lifestyles and spectacular patterns: waterfowl (Anseriformes) and gamebirds (Galliformes). Tracing the evolutionary trajectory of pattern evolution with Bayesian comparative modeling there was evidence for developmental constraint in pattern evolution. Adaptive explanations may also result in convergence. Cuckoo-hawk mimicry has been demonstrated in the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) and the Eurasian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), but may be prevalent in Old World cuckoos. Randomly selecting a parasitic cuckoo from each genera of Old World cuckoos and <8 sympatric raptors, I quantified their barred patterns using digital image analysis and found that parasitism can explain convergent evolution in the patterns of parasitic cuckoos and raptors. Patterns may have evolved due to ecological selection. Examining the patterns of 80% of all avian species worldwide, I found that habitat does not predict patterning, and that all four patterns are found in all habitats. These results demonstrate that the mechanisms of convergent evolution are diverse, and that development and natural selection have contributed to pattern evolution.

À l’heure où l’intégration des enjeux environnementaux dans le développement de procédés éco-efficients joue un rôle essentiel dans le moteur de l’innovation responsable, la chimie verte est devenue l’un des sujets de préoccupation majeure. Ainsi, le développement de nouveaux procédés éco-respectueux pour la production d’ingrédients naturels issus de matières premières végétales renouvelables est devenu une démarche incontournable dans le modèle de recherche. L’objectif de cette thèse a consisté au développement d’une stratégie d’éco-valorisation innovante employant les fluides sub/supercritiques pour l’extraction, la caractérisation, la production et l’imprégnation sur support cosmétique de produits naturels d’origine végétale. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé comme modèle végétal : les graines oléagineuses de la plante Kniphofia uvaria, sélectionnée pour des applications cosmétiques grâce à ses propriétés bioactives antioxydantes et anti-âge. Dans un premier temps, le développement de méthodes complémentaires en SFC ainsi que le développement du couplage SFC-MS a été réalisé à l’aide de la source APCI afin d’identifier les molécules responsables des activités bioactives des graines de Kniphofia uvaria. Ainsi, le développement d’un système hybride (U)HPLC/SFC-HRMS a été réalisé afin de mettre en place ce couplage. Des optimisations en termes de proportion et nature de solvant make-up ainsi qu’un travail au niveau des paramètres SFC et MS ont été faits afin de d’améliorer la sensibilité et la spécificité des analyses lipidiques. Dans un second temps, nous nous sommes attachés au développement d’une stratégie d’enrichissement en composés bioactifs à l’aide des méthodes : SFE et CPC. Ainsi, en SFE, des optimisations en termes de température, pression, nature/proportions de co-solvant dans le fluide ont été réalisées alors qu’en CPC, des optimisations au niveau de l’injection ont été faites. Des conditions optimales pour le fractionnement sélectif des anthraquinones et des triglycérides ont été déterminées en SFE et CPC. Dans un dernier temps, ce travail a consisté à développer un couplage en-ligne pour extraire et imprégner sélectivement sur silice cosmétique : les anthraquinones. Le développement et l’optimisation de ce procédé en-ligne ont été réalisés à l’échelle du laboratoire et ont démontré la faisabilité de ce couplage ainsi qu’un intérêt certain pour l’obtention de produits naturels sous une première forme galénique, destinée à une future incorporation dans la formulation de cosmétiques
Nowadays, green chemistry is a great challenge. It seeks innovation in the development of eco-efficient processes. The production of natural products from renewable materials by these new environmentally friendly processes is more and more used. The aim of this Ph.D thesis is to develop an eco-valuation strategy to extract, characterize, produce and impregnate natural products onto a cosmetic support using sub/supercritical fluids. Consequently, we used oleaginous plant seeds from Kniphofia uvaria as a plant model, which was selected for its interesting cosmetic properties such as antioxidant or anti-ageing. Firstly, the SFC-MS hyphenation with the APCI as an ionization source was developed to screen bioactive molecules; responsible of cosmetic properties. This coupling was performed by the hybrid combination of (U)HPLC/SFC-HRMS. Various optimizations in terms of the solvent make-up (nature and proportion), modulation with SFC and MS parameters were carried out in order to improve sensitivity and selectivity of lipid analysis. Secondly, an enrichment strategy to concentrate bioactive compounds in the final extract was developed by SFE and CPC. Thus, in SFE, experimental parameters (temperature, pressure, nature/proportion of the modifier in the CO2 fluid) were optimized while in CPC, the injection optimization was realized. Methods for the selective fractionation of anthraquinones and triglycerides were obtained in CPC and SFE. Finally, an on-line sub/supercritical extraction-impregnation process was developed to extract and for simultaneously impregnating anthraquinones onto a cosmetic silica. Development and optimization of this process was realized on a laboratory scale. Consequently, this study demonstrated the feasibility of this concept and it presents a great interest to provide natural products as a galenic form, which could be used in the cosmetic formulation

Etude concernant le comportement predateur de la sepiole realisee en combinant les observations en milieu naturel et en aquarium. L'analyse qualitative et quantitative de l'acte de predation a permis de definir 3 phases distinctes: "alerte", "positionnement" et "capture". Une etude sur le choix alimentaire a ete egalement realisee, elle montre que les sepioles semblent preferer les mysidaces

Eco-evolutionary dynamics integrates the reciprocal interactions betweenecology and evolution. These two branches of biology traditionally assumethe other as static for simplicity. However, increasing evidence shows thatthis simplification may not always hold because ecology and evolution canoperate in similar timescales. This thesis theoretically explores how thereciprocal interactions may influence ecological and evolutionary outcomesin four different eco-evolutionary contexts.Many species of non-social animals live in groups. Aggregating ingroups often has both benefits and costs that depend on group size. Thanksto the benefits of aggregation, population growth likely depends positivelyon population density when it is small. This phenomenon, the Allee effect,has been hypothesized to explain the evolution of aggregation behavior. Ifind that the Allee effect alone does not lead to the evolution whenpopulation dynamics is explicitly accounted for. Some other mechanisms,such as frequent needs for colonizing new patches or anti-aggregation,should be invoked to explain why aggregation behavior could evolve.Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a genotype to express distinctphenotypes when exposed to different environments. Although it is oftenshown to be adaptive and not costly, highly plastic organisms are rare. Paststudies demonstrated some potential reasons. I test another possibility; costsmay arise from sexual selection because highly plastic individuals may beless preferred as a mate. I show that, even in the absence of the direct cost ofplasticity, the level of plasticity remained low at intermediate strengths ofassortative mating. This pattern is robust across wide ranges of parametervalues.Ecological speciation occurs when ecologically divergent selectionbetween environments causes reproductive isolation between divergingsubpopulations. Several verbal models of ecological speciation emphasizethe roles of phenotypic plasticity in promoting speciation. The complexprocesses involved in speciation, however, are difficult to be evaluated byverbal accounts. I quantitatively test the proposed idea in a mechanisticmodel of ecological speciation in the presence and absence of plasticity. Ifind conditions under which plasticity can promote or hinder ecologicalspeciation. Plasticity facilitates speciation by producing a gap in thedistributions of expressed phenotypes, which serves as a barrier to gene flowin an assortatively mating population.Ecosystem ecology and evolutionary biology are the least integratedfields in ecology and evolution. Natural selection operating at the individuallevels on traits governing ecosystem functions may affect ecosystemproperties, which may feedback to individuals. I reviewed this idea anddemonstrate the feedback loop by using a simple consumer-resource model.

Cooperation presents a major challenge for evolutionary theory: how can competition favor a trait that imposes a cost on the individual expressing it while benefitting another? This challenge has been answered by theory that emphasizes the importance of assortment between individuals that tend to cooperate and those who tend to behave selfishly, or `cheat'. Microbial cooperation remains puzzling, given the generally high genetic and taxonomic diversity of most microbial communities. Many microbial populations rely on shared, beneficial extracellular products for an array of functions in nature. However, when these lineages are maintained in liquid cultures, many are invaded and outcompeted by spontaneous `cheater' mutants that forego investments in these products while benefitting from those produced by neighbors. The apparent evolutionary instability of microbial investments in extracellular products in well-mixed laboratory cultures finds a natural parallel in the phenomenon of toxic microalgal blooms. These extremely dense populations of often free-living microalgae destroy populations of competing microalgae and grazing zooplankton that normally control population densities. Bloom populations of planktonic microalgae are unstructured, and seem ill suited for the evolution of cooperation. In this thesis, I have established a new theoretical framework for understanding the evolution of microbial external goods. This framework highlights the importance of cell-level structure in the distribution of these external products, as well as genetic structuring in populations. This perspective informed an investigation into the social niche of a biofilm-dwelling regulatory mutant of the important biocontrol strain Pseudomonas chlororaphis. In the highly self-structured environment of a bacterial biofilm, a surprising mutualistic association between this mutant and the wild type emerged, underscoring the importance of microbial ecology in understanding the evolution of niche construction. Extending these lessons to the evolutionary problem of exotoxins in free-swimming microalgae yields the novel possibility that fluctuations in density of toxic strains shift a cell-level functioning exotoxin into a true public good that may be exploited by cheaters. I show that exotoxicity can serve cell-level functions in Prymnesium parvum. Despite these cell-level benefits, the existence of nontoxic lineages within toxic blooms hints at a complex interaction between rapid evolutionary and ecological changes in toxic blooms.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjamos ekologiškos statybinės medžiagos, analizuojami namo dalių konstrukciniai variantai, statant namus iš šių medžiagų. Taip pat sudaroma kompiuterinė sistema, padedanti vartotojui išsirinkti racionaliausią ekologiškų medžiagų panaudojimo variantą. Darbą sudaro trys dalys. Pirmojoje dalyje apžvelgiama ekologiškų statybinių medžiagų samprata, pagrindiniai principai, aprašomas statybinių medžiagų gyvavimo ciklas, aptariama aplinkai nekenksmingų medžiagų situacija Europoje. Antrojoje dalyje plačiau aprašomos gamtai nekenksmingos statybinės medžiagos, galimi tokių medžiagų konstrukciniai variantai. Analizuojami sienų, stogo dangos, šilumos izoliacijos ir šildymo sistemos pritaikymo galimybės statant ekologišką namą. Trečiojoje dalyje nagrinėjamas praktinis ekologiško namo konstrukcijų pritaikymo modelis. Sudaroma alternatyvų ir kriterijų sistema, apibūdinanti nekenksmingo aplinkai namo konstrukcinius elementus. Panaudojant kiekybinius ir kokybinius kriterijus ir galimas medžiagų alternatyvas, atliekama daugiakriterė statybinių medžiagų ir jų konstrukcijų analizė, sudaroma kompiuterinė sistema.
Ecological and environmentally friendly building materials and constructional options, that are used to build houses, are considered in this master work. It also contains the computer system enabling the user to choose the most rational option of ecological materials. This master work consists of three parts: In the first part the concept of ecological building materials and main principles are described. It also contains information about the life cycle of building materials and the situation of environmentally friendly materials in Europe are discussed. The second part describes environmentally friendly building materials and possible structural variations of such materials. It analyzes walls, roof, heat insulation and possibilities of heating system in the ecological house. In the third part the practical model of the ecological house is considered. An alternative and criteria system that describes the environmentally friendly house constructional elements is created. Using quantitative, qualitative criteria and possible material alternatives multiple criteria analysis of building materials and their construction is performed. The computer system is also made.

Les réglementations sur le recyclage des produits, mais aussi le développement de l‘écoconception, obligent les industriels à rechercher des solutions de recyclage pour leurs produits en fin de vie. Les préoccupations environnementales croissantes dans l’industrie créent de nouvelles opportunités d’affaires et nécessitent des changements d’organisation pour accompagner la transition vers des activités industrielles plus durables. Une activité industrielle de recyclage de matières issues de la fin de vie d’un produit, se déroule idéalement avec la participation de différents partenaires industriels dans le cadre d’un projet collaboratif. Cela permet de développer une nouvelle supply chain de recyclage et de concevoir un nouveau produit, fabriqué grâce à cette supply chain. Les projets collaboratifs de R&D permettent de rassembler des compétences complémentaires dans le but de proposer des solutions pour accroitre le taux de recyclage d’une matière dans le domaine considéré. Aujourd’hui, les expériences de projets collaboratifs existent créant de nouvelles opportunités de marché dans l’industrie du recyclage. Cependant, nous observons qu’il n’existe pas de méthode opérationnelle permettant de guider les industriels dans la définition d’un projet collaboratif de recyclage. De plus, la sélection des partenaires pour de tels projets est une réelle difficulté pour les industriels. En effet, les valeurs apportées par les partenaires créent l’intérêt du projet et favorise le succès de la collaboration. Cependant, nous constatons qu’il n’existe pas de méthode dans le cadre du recyclage industriel pour faire un choix efficace de partenaires de R&D sur un projet collaboratif. Une revue de la littérature est présentée, pour connaitre l’état de l’art industriel et scientifique, avec un éclairage sur les meilleures pratiques existantes de façon à les prendre en compte et les intégrer, afin de proposer une contribution originale. A partir de cette revue de l’état de l’art, nous mettons en évidence un manque de méthode associant les organisations de projets collaboratifs R&D et le développement de supply chain de recyclage ; cela contribue à donner une posture originale à notre recherche. Notre contribution est de proposer une combinaison de méthodes pour accompagner les industriels dans la définition d’un projet collaboratif pour la mise en place d’une activité de recyclage. • La première méthode facilite la compréhension des mécanismes d’une industrie émergeante du recyclage, agissant simultanément sur l’impact environnemental, en recyclant les produits en fin de vie, et sur la compétitivité d’une entreprise, par sa différenciation vers de nouvelles activités industrielles. • La deuxième méthode développée est une aide pour le chef de projet R&D lors de la définition d’un « projet collaboratif de recyclage », avec la spécification du marché, du produit recyclé et de la structure projetée de la filière de recyclage. • Nous développons également la question de la sélection des partenaires d’un projet collaboratif de R&D dans le domaine du recyclage, en proposant une méthode d’évaluation ainsi que la définition de critères adaptés à ce nouveau contexte. Sur ce point, nous utilisons les techniques d’aide à la décision multicritères que nous combinons, afin d’aider les industriels dans ce processus de sélection. Une étude de cas est développée concernant l’industrie française du recyclage textile, ainsi qu’un projet de R&D collaboratif impliquant l’utilisation de matières premières recyclables provenant des véhicules hors d’usage et de vêtements fin de vie, pour l’éco-conception d’un produit nouveau. L’application de la combinaison des méthodes proposées, conduites dans le cadre d’un projet de recyclage spécifique, permet de discuter les premiers résultats et d’ouvrir ce sujet sur des perspectives de recherche à venir
Regulations on product recycling rates, but also growing consciousness on the importance of eco-design, enforce industrials to seek for solutions to recycle their products at their end of life. Growing environmental concerns in the industry allow new business opportunities and require organizational changes to support transition toward more sustainable industrial activities. Building a recycling industrial activity for materials coming from end of life products is a great challenge that requires an analysis of the opportunities and threats and the added value of industrial partners, in the scope of a collaborative project (or a collaborative network). This kind of projects aims at designing a new recycling supply chain and to design a new product that will be manufactured by this supply chain. R&D collaborative projects enable to gather complementary competencies in order to propose solutions to increase the recycling rate on the territory. Nowadays, experiences such as collaborative projects are witnessed, giving various new business possibilities in the recycling industry. However, a literature review we have performed points out that there is no existing method permitting to analyze the opportunity of a recycling value chain and to guide industrials in the definition of a “recycling collaborative project”. Moreover, for such projects, the selection of the partners is of great issue for the industrials. Indeed, the values brought by the partners make the interest of the project and favor the success of the collaboration. However, there is no existing method to choose R&D collaborative project partners efficiently in the scope of the recycling industry. A literature review presents the industrial and scientific state of the art and highlights the existing best practices in order to take them into account for the proposal of an original contribution. From the state of the art we can highlight a lack of methods that would associate R&D collaborative project organizations with the development of recycling supply chains; this positioning contributes to the originality of the work realized. Our contribution is to propose three methods to help industrials to define a collaborative project for the design and building of a new recycling supply chain: • The first method we propose facilitates the understanding of a recycling emerging industry mechanisms, act simultaneously on the environmental impact by recycling end of life products and on the business competitiveness by differentiation in new industrial activities. • The second method we developed must helps recycling R&D project managers to define a “recycling collaborative project”, the target market, the recycled product that will be manufactured and the potential structure of the future supply chain. • The third method is related to the question of partner selection with the proposal of a ranking method and the definitions of adapted criteria for such selections. In this respect we used Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques to help industrials in this selection process. A case study is developed on the French textile recycling industry and a R&D collaborative project that introduces recyclable raw material from end of life vehicles and garments, for the development of a new product. An application of our research is conducted on a specific recycling collaborative project in order to discuss the initial results, and perspectives are highlighted for further research investigations

碩士
國立交通大學
應用化學系碩博士班
107
A regioselective and efficient synthesis of both innovative 1,2,3-triazole-fused-1,5-benzodiazocinones and 1,2,3-triazole-fused-1,5-benzodiazpinones through intramolecular cyclization of substituted ethynyl triazoyl amide were explored. A vital precursor 5-iodo-1,2,3-triazole benzoate was obtained from substituted 2-azido benzoic acid esters in a single step through a Copper-Catalyzed Azide−Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction using a CuI/NBS catalytic system. A carbon−carbon triple bond was installed through a Sonogashira coupling reaction by kinds of terminal alkynes. The 1,4,5-substituted ethynyl triazoyl benzoate was then underwent hydrolyzation and amidation. Finally, the 1,4,5-substituted ethynyl triazoyl benzamide were cyclized by a Pd(PPh3)4 or AgOTf mediated intramolecular cyclization to afford 7-exo-dig 1,2,3-triazole-fused-1,5-benzodiazpinones or 8-endo-dig 1,2,3-triazole-fused-1,5- benzodiazocinones individually.

The Diels-Alder reaction was discovered in 1928 and has become the most efficient and practical method for the synthesis of six-membered carbocyclic and heterocyclic rings. This thesis comprises three chapters of results and discussion with the Diels-Alder reaction as a theme. Chapter 2 details an investigation of endo:exo selectivity in the Diels-Alder reactions of 1,3-butadiene. Chapter 3 explores aspects of the intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions of some substituted 1,3,8-nonatrienes, and Chapter 4 describes the domino Diels-Alder reactions of 1,4-diiodo-1,3-butadiene. The Diels-Alder reaction is powerful, general, and widely used in chemical synthesis, and it is well known that many Diels-Alder reactions exhibit endo selectivity, in accord with Alder’s empirical rule. The origins of endo:exo selectivity in the Diels-Alder reaction, however, are not completely understood and there is a dearth of experimental evidence concerning the Diels-Alder reactions of the archetypal 1,3-diene, 1,3- butadiene. Chapter 2 describes a study of the Diels-Alder reactions of an isotopically labelled 1,3-butadiene with a range of simple dienophiles, allowing the endo:exo selectivities of these important reactions to be determined for the first time. The experimental data shed light on the origins of endo:exo selectivity in the Diels-Alder reaction and will serve as an important reference for future computational investigations in this area. The intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction shares many of the virtues of its intermolecular counterpart, however its use in chemical synthesis is limited because intramolecular Diels-Alder reactivity and stereoselectivity are often governed by subtle factors, and can be very difficult to predict. As part of a comprehensive experimental and computational collaboration, Chapter 3 describes an investigation of the heat and Lewis acid promoted intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions of some ether tethered 1,3,8-nonatrienes. Also presented are the results of a rate study and a kinetic isotope effect study involving the intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions of some 1,3,8-nonatrienes. The experimental data are analysed and compared with predicted stereoselectivities, activation barriers and kinetic isotope effects obtained from computational modelling. Increased efficiency in chemical synthesis conserves resources, reduces waste, and saves time and money. Domino reactions are particularly efficient processes, which can generate complex products from simple reactants. Chapter 4 describes an investigation of the domino Diels-Alder reactions of (1E,3E)-1,4-diiodo-1,3-butadiene with maleimide dienophiles, through which a family of bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene derivatives are produced in one high yielding and stereoselective synthetic step.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Matemática apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
O desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias em diferentes áreas da ciência tem impulsionado e mudado profundamente o modo de ser e estar no mundo industrial. Estas tecnologias, a globalização e a procura expõem a indústria a um mercado muito competitivo. Os clientes são cada vez mais seletivos e exigentes, um fato que leva a indústria a investir seriamente em tecnologias de ponta com o objetivo de ser mais eficiente, economicamente sustentável e satisfazer os seus clientes. Neste contexto, a indústria de moldes começou a investir em tecnologias, tais como, a tecnologia SLM (Selective Laser Melting) ou Fusão seletiva a laser. Fusão seletiva a laser, que é baseada no princípio de fabricação de objetos por adição sucessiva do material, é reconhecida como uma tecnologia de fabrico muito promissora. Esta tecnologia é adequada para o fabrico de objetos com elevada complexidade geométrica que seria impossível por outras formas. Esta tecnologia tem um ponto fraco relacionado com o acabamento superficial, portanto, há uma necessidade de fresar-se o objeto para a remoção do excesso do material ou seja a rugosidade. Para o efeito e com o objetivo de otimizar as sucessivas fases aditivas e subtrativas, propusemos o uso do eixo médio e suas extensões como uma forma prática de resolver o problema e obter um ótimo acabamento superficial. A noção do eixo médio está relacionada com a teoria dos diagramas de Voronoi e já foi proposto em diversos processos de fresagem. É neste contexto que precisamos encontrar a melhor técnica que melhor se adequa à nossa situação para determinar exata ou aproximadamente o eixo médio.
The emergence of new technologies in different scientific areas has been boosting and deeply changing the industrial world. Globalization and associated demand have been exposing the industry to a very competitive market. The clients are increasingly demanding and selective, which compels the industry to seriously investing in high-end technologies in order to be more efficient, economically sustainable and to be able to satisfy its clients. In recent years the mould industry has been investing in new technologies, such as Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Electron Beam Melting (EBM), Selective Laser Melting (SLM).Their differences are essentially in mechanical details. Selective laser melting, which is based on the principle of material incremental manufacturing, has been recognised as a promising additive manufacturing technology. The technology is suited for creating geometrically complex components that can not possibly or feasibly be made by any other means. Since this technique has a weak point related to the surface finishing, there is a need to use techniques such as milling to remove the surplus material. To plan and optimize the successive additive and subtractive phases, we propose to use the medial axis and certain extensions of it, as a practical way of determining the best possible finishing quality of the produced object. The notion of medial axis is closely related to the theory of Voronoi diagrams, and has been proposed in several milling applications that involve motion planning. To that end we have to find which of the available construction strategies best suits our needs to determine exactly or approximately the medial axis.
Outro - This work is co-financed by the project HEST of Institudo de Bolsas de Moçam- bique and by the project PT2020-POCI-SII& DT 3414: additive.MILLING - Add Milling to Additive Manufacturing. Co-financed by FEDER (Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional), in the scope of the Program Portugal 2020, through COMPETE 2020 (Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização)

碩士
國立中央大學
工業管理研究所
104
In recent years, as the global population continues to rise and industrialization industry in-creasing. Global warming and the natural environment is destructive day by day. The number of natural disasters around the world has increased nearly twice in this century. The world due to the impact of extreme weather has suffered heavy losses in recent years. According to the United Nations development program organization statistics, global natural disaster losses nearly $ 75.5 billion in 1960, and to 2015's approaching loss of $ 265 billion per year, for 50 years the loss increases to 3 times. Governments in order to protect the Earth we live, have started to promote the concept of sustainable development. Because of media dissemination and advocacy of government policy, business organizations import the concept of sustainable development to the company. Sustainable supply chain management has been studied by many scholars to explore, and the green supplier selection and assessment is a major challenge for sustainable supply chain management. In this study use three efficiency indicators, production efficiency, environmental effi-ciency and eco- efficiency for decision of green supplier selection and evaluation units set targets. And consider the inputs, outputs and other factors into production. However, the output is divided into two different outputs, one for good output as desirable output; one for the bad output as undesirable output that included in the effectiveness of different considera-tions. In the mean time, use data envelopment analysis for three different linear programming model to analysis the weight of production, environment and eco-efficiency, and a supplier as DMU to self- efficiency assessment and compare with other suppliers. However, the eco-efficiency values will affected by the smaller production or the environmental efficiency, it will ignore the weight of the input and undesirable output, and the eco-efficiency will make an approximate value of production or environment. To avoid this problem, using mix effi-ciency model to combine three different model, to find the weight by using only one model. It will not only eliminate the deviations of production and environment efficiency model, but also decrease the calculation of three models. In the same time, use cross analysis to select the best supplier to achieve the maximum efficiency of the whole supply chain and balance be-tween the economy and the environment, in order to achieve the sustainable development.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
建築及都市設計研究所
99
Due to the high density of population as well as commercial and industrial activities in cities, the pollution naturally occurs, and quality of the ecosystem is degraded. As the concept of “Sustainability” is emerged lately, a great number of urban planners sense that environment deserves a sustainable development, which works closely with the urban energy flow. Cities, the human being’s living fields, shall be incorporated into the natural environment and will achieve balanced coexistence. The smallest unit of human living sites in urban areas is “community”, therefore, the sustainable development of communities is crucial for achieving a sustainable city. The basic environmental condition of a community can be pictured by gauging the nature, economics and society in and around the community. With the result, the potentiality of the neighborhood to be formed as an eco-community can be indentified, and the planning authorities would be able to outline plans. The purpose of this study is to build up the rating index system for selecting urban eco-communities in order to assess various communities in different locations, to seek appropriate locations as well as to function as the guide for the urban eco-community policies. With these grounds, this study is conducted on the basis of the relevant literatures of sustainable development and eco-communities. The rating hierarchy indexes are probed by literature review method, which is aimed on the individual structure, features and social economics of urban communities. Further, the indexes were filtered with Fuzzy Delphi Method at first stage, and then the result was applied to Analytic Network Process to measure the weights of the indexes. Afterwards, the structural system of the rating factors for urban eco-community selection was suggested. The Feng Shu, Da Chung and Ho Chuang community in Taichung City were finally selected as the empirical-research sites for this study. The rating structure was proposed after the evaluation, and it has been sorted by the rating result, which can be the references for the decision makers and for the same purpose in the future. The results are as following: 1.Regarding the rating structure for urban eco-community selection issue, the “Environment”, “Economics” and “Society” shall be the first hierarchy of evaluation dimension in the rating index system. The second hierarchy is formed with eight evaluation items, and 26 indexes are categorized in the next hierarchy. 2.The findings with the evaluation are that the common core problem for these 3 communities is the residents have no sufficient awareness on the eco-community and environment protection issues and have low level of desire to participate in the community affairs. It has become the major impediment on developing urban eco-communities. 3.With the result from the suggested rating system in this study, the Feng Shu Community from Nan Tun District is at the first position for overall evaluation and is followed by Ho Chuang and Da Chung Community.

碩士
國立台北護理學院
旅遊健康研究所
96
The decline in agricultural and other forms of rural employment in many countries has created a need for a diversified range of rural businesses. In most cases, tourism and recreation have become important elements of the diverse activities in rural areas of Taiwan. Although tourism continues to be viewed as a panacea for the economic ills in rural areas, some negative impacts in physical, socio-economic, and cultural environment must be considered. In particular, accommodation, one important element of the tourism system, generates various environmental loadings. Some obvious impacts are the following: architectural pollution owing to the effect of inappropriate hotel development on the traditional landscape, and the resort infrastructure becoming overloaded and breaking down in periods of peak usage. An Eco-inn, the environmentally friendly accommodation, is proposed to reduce the negative impacts from rural tourism (Kuo, 2008). However, no evaluation indicators and related assessment criteria for Eco-inn are investigated up to now. Hence, the purpose of this study is to explore the indicators that can be used for evaluating Eco-inn in Taiwan. This evaluation indicator system is based on the findings from literature review, and then the Delphi Method is employed to collect experts’ opinions. Finally, 50 of the 109 candidate indicators are selected after three rounds of the Delphi method. These indicators can be categorized into the following sectors: green building, sustainable landscape construction, organic agriculture, environmental education, local benefit and others.

碩士
中原大學
工業與系統工程研究所
100
With the rising awareness on environmental protection and sustainable development, governments around the world are aware of the problem of the global warming and begin requiring companies to disclose product environmental information and regulate corporates ’greenhouse gas emissions in order to slow down or inhibit the emission of greenhouse gases. While enterprises produce their products, they should take into account both economic and environmental issues. In order to reduce the impact on the environmental effect and the sustainable use of resources, energy consumption is one of the important issues, regardless at the stage of manufacturing or consumer usage. However, at the design stage, it will be a great contribution to environment improvement, if an enterprise can consider the eco-design for letting energy and resources be used effectively in the product life cycle. This study takes notebook computer as an example to perform life cycle inventory and assess its environmental impact and carbon dioxide emission. Moreover, this study proposes a green suppliers’ performance evaluation model in order to select the best suppliers who meet the requirements of an enterprise and support the materials, components and notebook computer which have low impact on environment. In addition, with regard to the raw material selection, easy disassembly, easy recycling and energy-saving design, this study explores the eco-design issue of notebook computer for proposing the related design principles.

碩士
明志科技大學
工業工程與管理系碩士班
103
With the increased global attention on environmental issues, the enterprises and public as a whole has placed great emphasis on environment protection and sustainable development and has begun designing models that may generate economic values while holding environment protection as the core value. As enterprises attempt to sell new products to the global market, they have to face a multitude of different economic and ecological requirements and regulations, and the enterprises must have a supplier selection mechanism for such new product developments. This thesis uses Multi-Choice Goal Programming (MCGP) to develop a framework for ecology design supplier selection for finding the optimal solution for identifying potential feasible areas under the situation of multi-criteria and multi-goals. in the global market. The sensitivity analysis results may be used to determine the impact of various factors and decision analysis software may then be used to program for solutions. These solutions may then be used for the enterprises to respond to the clients’ various environmental protection commitment.

碩士
國立新竹教育大學
環境與文化資源學系碩士班
100
Eco-tourism is one kind of alternative tourism that different as the traditional mass tourism. The purpose of this study is to maintain the unique special natural and humanistic resources, and further to improve local’s quality of life and make the tourism resources can be sustainable used. Taiwan has many natural and humanistic resources that can develop to be the eco-tourism. Most studies of eco-tourism are focused on visitor’s satisfaction, administrative method, environmental impact, and environmental education. However, few studies tried to explore the site selection model of eco-tourism development, but only focus on developing the indicators of the site selection. Lack of the spatial application and analysis, therefore all the indicators can’t to carry out in the map. This study tried to combine the AHP method and GIS software to build one site-selection model of the potential eco-tourism developing area. The New Taipei City in Taiwan was selected to be the empirical study area. First of all, we tried to evaluate the natural and humanistic resources, and then tried to extract the evaluative factor form literature review. Secondly, the factor weights were collected by questionnaire from expert’s evaluation. Thirdly, GIS overlay all the evaluation factors and display the potential eco-tourism developing area in map. The results showed the three areas for eco-tourism potential developing: the ecotone between Tamshui and Bali district, Yehliu area in Wanli district and the Coast in Yanliao. This site-selection model and the results can be the reference to the eco-tourism developing and planning for governmental and recreational sector.

Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes which include Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) have experienced tremendous growth and development since their introduction over 20 years ago. It becomes highly important at this stage to evaluate the sustainability of the process and refine it to reduce energy and material consumption. In this study, a sustainability analysis was performed on the SLS process with Nylon-12 using the Environmental and Resource Management Data (ERMD) known as Eco-Indicators. The energy perspective alone was considered and a Total Energy Indicator (TEI) value was calculated using various parameters to quantify process sustainability: process productivity, energy consumption rate, etc. Precise thermal control of selective laser sintering (SLS) is desirable for improving geometric accuracy, mechanical properties, and surface finish of parts produced. An experimental setup to monitor the temperature distribution was designed using Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD) as a part of this study. Discrepancies in temperature profiles were investigated and recommendations were made to improve thermal characteristics of the SLS process.
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The aim of this work is to present the NanoTechnology Usability (NTU) index tool, created and developed in order to reduce the gap between nanotechnologybased products developed in R & D centers and their effective application and utilization, promoting the optimized selection of materials and the use of ecoefficient production techniques. In this sense, the doctoral work contextualizes the current market of the types of commercially available nanomaterials, the most used synthesis methods, their current and potential market applications, current standards, obstacles and uncertainties with regard to the production, manipulation and assembling of nano-based products. Existing models and tools currently in the market, particularly that address ecodesign and nanotechnology, are also presented. Based on the diversity of the nano-based product, specific application, maturity level, type of nanomaterials used and synthesis methods, the NTU is applied to four case studies for further discussion and analysis of the results.
O presente trabalho propõe-se a apresentar a ferramenta índice de utilização de nanotecnologia (NTU) criada e desenvolvida com o intuito de diminuir o hiato existente entre os produtos baseados em nanotecnologia desenvolvidos nos centros de I&D e a sua aplicação e utilização efetiva, promovendo a seleção otimizada dos materiais e a utilização de técnicas de produção eco-eficientes. Desta forma, o trabalho de doutoramento contextualiza o mercado atual dos tipos de nanomateriais disponíveis comercialmente, os métodos de síntese mais utilizados, as suas aplicações atuais e potenciais no mercado, as normas vigentes, os obstáculos e incertezas no que diz respeito à produção, manipulação e assemblagem de produtos baseados em nanotecnologia. Os modelos e ferramentas existentes atualmente, em particular, que endereçam o ecodesign e nanotecnologia são também apresentados. Baseado na diversidade no que concerne o tipo de produto baseado em nanotecnologia, aplicação específica, nível de maturidade, nanomateriais usados e método de síntese, o NTU é aplicado a quatro casos de estudo para sua discussão e análise de resultados.
Programa Doutoral em Engenharia Mecânica

博士
國立臺灣師範大學
生命科學系
104
The epicuticular waxes are synthesized and transported by wax-related genes in plants. The wax crystals serve as defensive traits and are considered as a trade-off between physical and chemical traits e.g. phenolic acids. Besides, the leaf epicuticular wax may be related to photosynthetic efficiency. I select stone oaks (Lithocarpus, Fagaceae) as our research materials and obtain genetic and physiological data to investigate whether the presence/absences of leaf epicuticular wax is an adaptive trait in stone oaks. The phylogenetic relationship of stone oaks reconstructed by six reference genes showed that trait shifts at least three times from non-crystalized waxy into crystalized waxy epidermis since 140 Mya to 80Mya. I sequenced and tested positive selection signals in four wax-related genes, CER1, CER3, CER5, and CER7, which are categorized as two, backbone synthetic genes, one regulatory, and one transporter genes, respectively. Signature of positive selection on CER1 at three trait transitional events of non-crystalized wax to crystalized wax imply the adaptive feature of presence of leaf epicutucular wax in Lithocarpus. The eco-physiologic analysis showed that contents of phenolic acids and photosynthetic indices are not correlated with leaf epicuticular wax, but certain photosynthetic indices, Y(II), and δ15N showed significant phylogenetic signals associated with the CER1 gene tree. These results suggest the intraspecific differences of photosynthetic efficiency are response to the evolution of backbone gene. In conclusion, the trait shift events of leaf epicuticular wax in stone oaks that are inferred during the period of dramatic climate change during the Middle Miocene to Early Pliocene may be related to the positive selection of wax synthetic genes and associated with difference of photosynthetic efficiency between species.

Although South African consumers are reflecting increased green purchasing intentions, the factors that will lead to their intended behaviour to select green hotels have yet to be researched. Accordingly, the research proposes to explore the predictive ability of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and then further modify and develop extended model structures surrounding the TPB, to identify and confirm an independent theoretical model that will effectively and comprehensively be able to predict South African consumers’ intended behaviour towards selecting green hotels. To answer the aim and objectives set, the research positioned itself within a non-experimental quantitative paradigm. An online questionnaire was distributed to South African consumers that stayed at a hotel at least once within a 12-month period. A total of 402 completed and error-free responses were used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to assess, derive and understand the demographic profile of the respondents and determine the respondent’s characteristics as South Africans who intend to stay at or visit hotels. Structural equation modelling (SEM) revealed that Azjen (1991)’s original TPB is a strong predictor of behavioural intention, indicating its applicability to the domain of South African consumers’ behavioural intention towards selecting green hotels. In addition, it was found that South African consumers’ intended behaviour towards selecting green hotels can statistically be best explained by expanding on the original TPB model to include emotive and non-cognitive predictor variables, namely anticipated regret (AR) and perceived moral obligation (PMO), as direct constructs to behavioural intention as well as by including environmental knowledge (EK) as a direct predictor variable to attitude (ATT). Furthermore, it found that the relationship between behavioural intention and perceived behavioural control (PBC) was the strongest and most significant, followed by subjective norm (SN), ATT, PMO and AR. Lastly, the findings revealed that PBC, ATT, SN, PMO and AR can all act as positive and highly significant intermediaries between EK and behavioural intention. The study contributed towards theory by identifying and assessing the psychographic factors that will best explain the consumer decision-making processes leading to behavioural intention in context to green hotel selection. The study further extends its contribution by adding value to environmental sustainable literature in context to an emerging economy, namely South Africa. Although South African consumers are reflecting increased green purchasing intentions, the psychological factors that will lead to the intended behaviour towards selecting green hotels have not received much attention in research. It was, therefore, important and theoretically valuable to not only investigate the predictive ability of the original TPB, but to also modify, develop and extend model variations surrounding the TPB to thoroughly explore the predictive ability for South African consumers’ intention to select green hotels.
Life and Consumer Sciences
M. Sc.