Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Extratextual"

Recent research suggests that caregiver–child extratextual talk during shared book reading facilitates the development of preschool children’s oral language skills. This study investigated the effects of the amount of picturebook text on mother–child extratextual talk during shared book reading. Twenty-four mother–child dyads (children aged 3;01–3;11) were video-recorded as they read two books: low text and high text. Book reading interaction was transcribed, and mothers’ extratextual talk coded for level of abstraction, mean length of utterance and lexical diversity. The mean number of extratextual utterances was calculated for mothers and children, separately. Low-text books facilitated a similar amount of extratextual talk, but higher rates per minute because of their shorter reading durations. The amount of text did not affect the level of abstraction, mean length of utterance, or lexical diversity of maternal extratextual talk. The amount of picturebook text should be considered by those developing and implementing interactive reading interventions. Low-text books facilitate the same amount and quality of extratextual talk in shorter time periods.

Uno de los pasajes más interesantes en el Libro de Alexandre, texto que reactualiza para su época la vida de Alejandro magno y añade aspectos de literatura fantástica, es, sin duda, el hallazgo del protagonista, Alejandro Magno, con el Palacio del rey Poro. En este episodio, el rey macedonio encuentra un árbol construido en oro que constituye, al parecer, un autómata, es decir una especie de robot o ente que se mueve por ciertas energías físicas. En este artículo, el autor trata de ahondar en este pasaje, revelando sus funciones intra y extratextuales, así como su relación intertextual y extratextual con otras obras y episodios o aspectos históricos.

Se analiza el recurso de las notas a pie de página insertas en la traducción independiente de literatura comercial en versión digital, de la trilogía Fifty Shades of Grey, Fifty Shades Darker y Fifty Shades Freed, de E. L. James. Se examina el grado de influencia de esos elementos extratextuales, y se concluye que todos ellos, organizados en un complejo proceso de traducción, en especial los del contexto de llegada, condicionan la estrategia traductológica. Abstract This study examines the use of footnotes as a translation strategy in the independent translation of commercial literature in digital format, based on the trilogy written by E. L. James, Fifty Shades of Grey, Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed. The analysis measures the influence of these extratextual elements within the complex translation process, specifically those of the target language context, and it is concluded that they condition the translation strategies used.

In this paper, we have made an attempt to portray a perceivable sketch of extratextual documentative annotation which, in the present frame of text annotation, is considered as one of the indispensable processes through which we can add representational information to the texts included in a written corpus. This becomes more important when a corpus is made with a large number of texts obtained from different genres and text types. To develop a workable frame for extratextual annotation, at each stage, we have broadly classified the existing processes of corpus annotation into two broad types. Moreover, we have tried to explain different layers that are embedded with extratextual annotation of texts as well as marked out the applications which can substantially enhance the accessibility of language data from a corpus for the works of text file management, information retrieval, lexical items extraction, and language processing. The techniques that we have proposed and described in this paper are unique in the sense that these are highly useful for expanding the utility of data of a written text corpus beyond the immediate horizons of language processing to the realms of theoretical, descriptive, and applied linguistics. In this paper, we have also argued that we should try to annotate all kinds of written text corpora so far developed in different natural languages at the extratextual level in a uniform manner so that the text samples stored in corpora can be uniformly used for various works of descriptive linguistics, theoretical linguistics, language technology, and applied linguistics including grammar writing, dictionary compilation, and language teaching. The annotation scheme proposed here is applied on a sample Bangla text corpus and we have noted that the accessibility of data and information from this kind of corpus is far easier than that of an un-annotated raw corpus.

This paper investigates the validity of André Lefevere’s assumption that “a canonized author is translated more on his own terms (according to his own poetics) than on those of the receiving system” (2000: 237) through a case study of Edgar Allan Poe retranslations in the Turkish literary system. The first part of the paper includes extratextual analysis carried out according to Gérard Genette’s categorization of “metatexts” and “paratexts,” and a further category which includes the social media. Poe’s poetics and the poetics of the Turkish literary system, as well as Poe’s reception in the system are explored through extratextual analysis to determine whether Poe gained more canonicity or reputation. The extratextual analysis reveals the author’s increasing influence, reception and reputation in the Turkish literary system over a time span of almost ninety years. The second part of the paper presents the textual analysis of Poe’s two tales, “Hop-Frog” and “The Masque of the Red Death”, in eight translations published between 1928 and 2002. Textual analysis serves to reveal whether Poe was translated more according to his own poetics as he became more reputable in the target literary system. The paper concludes that factors other than reputation of an author have also a role to play in translating an author according to his own poetics.

This article is based on a case study of intra- and extratextual voices in six different Finnish retranslations of Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe. Voice is understood here as the set of textual cues characterizing a subjective or collective identity in a text. The author focuses on what is special about voice in retranslation and how intratextual (a character’s voice) and extratextual voices (translators’ and publishers’ voices) might be related in retranslation. The analysis indicates that a character’s voice as a whole can reflect the retranslator’s voice and the purpose of his/her translation. In addition, translators’ voices can recirculate in retranslation, but they do not necessarily do so if the purpose of the translation, the translator’s choice of source texts, or translation ethics prevents this.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão.
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Estudo do modelo funcionalista de "Análise de Textos Voltada para a Tradução", de Christiane Nord, aplicado a um texto selecionado de Ícaro Brasil, revista de bordo da Varig, em sua versão original e traduzida (Português-Inglês), de modo a verificar-se como os fatores extratextuais (i.e., que "cercam" o ato tradutório) e intratextuais (i.e., inseridos "no" texto a ser traduzido) se interrelacionam para a produção de um novo texto (Texto de Chegada - TC). A análise de tais fatores permite a identificação dos elementos do texto de partida (TP) que são relevantes para a produção do TC, assim como que o(a) tradutor(a) estabeleça os procedimentos a serem adotados no processo de produção de um novo texto - para uma audiência específica e para fins específicos - para uma nova situação comunicativa, i.e., de chegada. Proposição de ampliação do modelo de modo a incluir fatores extratextuais não considerados pela referida autora.

The hypothesis of this study is as follows: If Psalm 47 is analysed intra-, inter and extratextually, we will be able to gain greater insight into the cultural and historical context in which it originated, the cultic use of the Psalm in later periods, as well as its general meaning. All this is done to determine whether there are any indications of universalism in Psalm 47 and that has indeed been found to be the case on various grounds. Each chapter deals with one of these aspects. Chapter 1 forms the introduction that stipulates the research question and how the study will go about resolving it. Chapter 2 focuses on an intratextual analysis of Psalm 47 in an attempt to determine the interrelatedness of all textual features (morphology, syntax, poetic stratagems, structure, genre) on the literary level. This analysis will aid the interpreter in establishing a structure of the text, suggesting one that could meet with relative consensus amongst some exegetes. It, in turn, forms the framework for the socio-historical interpretation of the text. Other interpretation problems such as its Gattung, Sitz im Leben and dating are also discussed in this section. Chapter 3 investigates Psalm 47 from an intertextual perspective. Attention is paid to similarities with other texts in the immediate and more remote context of the psalm. An intertextual analysis is conducted between Psalm 47 and Psalms 46 and 48, and a brief overview of intertextual relations between Psalm 47 and the rest of the Korahite Psalms are given. Here the study links up with a recent trend in Psalms research, namely to concentrate less upon individual poems and their so-called Sitz im Leben and more upon the composition and redaction of the Psalter as a book especially by focussing on concatenation of a psalm and the psalms which follow on it and precede it. Attention is also given to a spatial reading of these texts to understand how they fit into the Ancient Near Eastern spatial orientation, but also transcend it. Chapter 4 consists of an extratextual analysis of Psalm 47. It had three aims: First, to identify and explain terminology referring to patronage and how patron-client/vassal relationships functioned in the Ancient Near East. This was done through a socio-scientific investigation of the poem in its social context, in order to understand the behaviour of the different role-players in the psalm. Second, to identify and explain war terminology occurring in Psalm 47. Third, to “illustrate” the psalm by investigating Ancient Near Eastern iconography and art. The main goal of this chapter was to gain a clearer understanding of the relationship between Israel and her neighbours. Are the nations considered to be incorporated into Israel or do they function merely as a vassal to their patron in Psalm 47:10? Chapter 5 is a summary of the insights gained in the previous chapters. It critically discusses the results of the study, the conclusions reached, the contribution of this work to the field of study, areas opened for further research, and possible shortcomings in the researcher’s own approach. Copyright
Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Ancient Languages
unrestricted

This essay is a qualitative descriptive translation study concerning two translations of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet into Swedish. The purpose of the study is to investigate the translational behaviour of the translators and the translation norms that govern this behaviour.

By thoroughly analysing stretches of the play, the study will attempt to locate translation shifts (linguistic changes) that occur in the translation from the source text to the target text. These changes are connected with the translators’ fidelity towards e.g. the metre of the verse or the sense transfer of puns. The analysis also comprises a survey of the translation norms that the translators adhere to. These norms, stated by the translators themselves, are connected to their translation approach. Thus, the study will reveal the differences of translation behaviour and analyse them from a wider perspective. The translations were made around 1840 and in 1982, respectively. The considerable space in time in itself suggests that linguistic differences will occur. However, the study will also find differences as regards the purposes of the translations. The older translation appears to be performed in a tradition of fidelity to the written text and its literary qualities, whereas the modern translation clearly has the purpose of being used for the stage performance. The latter is stated by the translator himself, who also argues that Shakespeare is to be considered drama and not literature.

Nos hemos propuesto describir la obra de Esther Benítez a partir de las fuentes extratextuales con que acompaña su carrera traductora: Benítez produjo un rico aparato crítico, entre artículos y colaboraciones, entrevistas, prólogos y notas introductorias, etc., todas fuentes de información traductológica de las que extraer una serie de conclusiones acerca de la labor y la construcción de la identidad profesional del traductor. Las aportaciones teóricas de sus artículos sobre la disciplina y profesión de la traducción, bien en general ¿fuentes no transtextuales¿, bien sobre autores y proyectos concretos ¿fuentes paratextuales epitextuales (Sciascia, Consolo, Moravia, etc.)¿, y su aparato crítico peritextual (Pavese, Calvino, Ortese,¿), o sea, el prólogo como texto traductológico, nos sitúan, en su aproximación por nuestra parte, en el terreno de los Estudios Descriptivos. Tras un estudio teórico que, por un lado, refleja los antecedentes del trabajo y el estado de la cuestión, y por otro lado ofrece el marco de referencia para cumplir con los objetivos de la tesis ¿recopilar, clasificar, y analizar las fuentes extratextuales de Benítez¿, continuamos con la propuesta de clasificación de las fuentes y el análisis del corpus, para extraer y clasificar las características, las tendencias y regularidades en relación con aquellos aspectos profesionales, teóricos, didácticos, ideológicos y prácticos que impregnan los textos de Benítez.

Aquesta tesi presenta un estudi descriptiu comparatiu sincrònic i diacrònic del tractament dels referents culturals a set traduccions (quatre a l'anglès, dues al castellà i una al català) de la novel·la japonesa Botxan de Natsume Soseki, publicada l'any 1906. Se centra principalment en l'anàlisi comparativa de les tècniques de traducció emprades pels diferents traductors, parant una atenció especial a la tècnica d'amplificació d'informació. També s'estudia la relació entre els paràmetres textuals i extratextuals, fent èmfasi en el mecenatge, les normes de traducció i la intervenció del traductor al text.
La tesi s'estructura en cinc capítols, com es detalla a continuació:
Al capítol 1, Marc teòric, presentem la fonamentació teòrica, que hem dividit en un marc general, on es presenten les principals teories de la traducció en les quals es basa aquest treball, i un marc específic, en el qual fem una revisió de diferents autors que han tractat el tema dels referents culturals i les tècniques de traducció més emprades per traduir-los. També hem inclòs una breu secció sobre l'amplificació d'informació, atès que ens interessa especialment observar com funciona aquesta tècnica.
Al capítol 2, Corpus i metodologia, presentem els textos amb els quals hem treballat, el model d'anàlisi que hem utilitzat, la classificació que hem seguit per agrupar els exemples del corpus en categories culturals, la terminologia que hem emprat per denominar les tècniques de traducció i el mètode emprat per presentar els referents culturals del textos meta i per extreure les conclusions.
Al capítol 3, Anàlisi dels factors extratextuals del corpus, presentem la informació relacionada amb els paràmetres macrotextuals que envolten l'obra original i els set textos meta.
Al capítol 4, Anàlisi de les referències culturals del corpus, presentem i analitzem els referents culturals del corpus, agrupant-los en taules on recollim la referència original, les set traduccions i la tècnica o tècniques emprades per traduir-les, seguit d'un breu comentari on es destaquen els aspectes més importants sobre com els diferents traductors han traduït el mateix referent cultural.
Al capítol 5, Anàlisi de les dades extretes del corpus, sistematitzem les dades extretes del corpus i fem una valoració global de les tècniques de traducció emprades per traduir els referents culturals, així com una anàlisi detallada per traductors. Entre altres coses, recollim quines tècniques de traducció han estat més utilitzades per cada traductor i per a cada categoria cultural. A continuació valorem aquestes dades i resumim les tendències principals detectades al nostre corpus pel que fa als referents culturals, la intervenció dels traductors i el tipus de traducció que han fet. Incloem, a més una secció sobre l'amplificació d'informació, una altra sobre l'omissió, una sobre l'estil de les traduccions i, per últim, un apartat sobre les normes de traducció.
A la Conclusió recollim les dades més rellevants obtingudes del nostre treball i avaluem si hem aconseguit o no els objectius marcats i si els resultats confirmen les hipòtesis de partida. També explorem futures vies de recerca.
A l'Annex 1 incloem els qüestionaris resposts pels diferents traductors, a l'Annex 2 una còpia de les portades de les diferents traduccions del corpus i les il·lustracions que apareixen a dues de les traduccions, que hem considerat un tipus d'amplificació icònica fora del text i a l'Annex 3, els quadres detallats amb la informació sobre les tècniques de traducció emprades pels diferents traductors.
This is a descriptive study of the treatment of cultural references in seven translations (four into English, two into Spanish and one into Catalan) of Natsume Soseki's Botchan (1906). It focuses on the comparative analysis of the translation techniques used by the different translators, with an emphasis on the technique of amplification of information. In addition, the relationship between the textual and extratextual parameters surrounding the translation is also analysed, paying special attention to patronage, translation norms and translators' intervention in the text.
The thesis consists of five chapters:
Chapter 1, Marc teòric (Theoretical Framework), presents the theoretical framework. It is divided in two subchapters. The first one reviews the main translation theories in which this dissertation is based, while the second one is a literature review about the translation of cultural references and the techniques more often used to translate them. There is also a section about the amplification of information.
Chapter 2, Corpus i metodologia (Corpus and Methodology), introduces the source and target texts used in this study. It also describes the terminology used in this study, the model of analysis applied, and the classification used to categorise the cultural references found in the corpus.
Chapter 3, Anàlisi dels factors extratextuals del corpus (Analysis of the Extratextual Factors Surrounding the Corpus), is an analysis of the macrotextual parameters that surround the original and the target texts.
Chapter 4, Anàlisi de les referències culturals del corpus (Analysis of the Cultural References Found in the Corpus), includes all the cultural references found in the corpus. Each reference is presented in a table that contains the following information: the original cultural reference, the seven translations and the technique or techniques used by the translators to translate it. Each table is accompanied by a brief comment about the more interesting aspects of the translation of that particular cultural reference.
Chapter 5, Anàlisi de les dades extretes del corpus (Analysis of the Data Extracted from the Corpus), categorises the data extracted from the corpus. There is a global analysis of the translation techniques most widely used to translate the cultural references across the seven translations, as well as a detailed analysis by translator. This is followed by a summary of the main trends detected in the corpus in relation to the translation of cultural references and the translators' intervention in the text. In addition, the techniques of amplification and omission of information, the style of the translations, and the translation norms detected in the text are examined in detail.
The Conclusion presents the main findings of this thesis and explores future lines of research.
Appendix 1 consists of the questionnaires completed by the different translators. Appendix 2 is a compilation of all the images and illustrations found in the translations. Finally, Appendix 3 consists of various tables that include information about the translation techniques used by all the translators.

碩士
輔仁大學
跨文化研究所翻譯學碩士在職專班
104
Trade agreements have been an uncharted territory in the field of translation studies. As limited as researches on this genre may be, scholarly work has proposed different translation approaches on this subject matter. In spite of the various diverging views, this thesis aims to explore translation of trade agreement in a systematic manner. Taking a page from Christiane Nord’s research, this study examines characteristics of trade agreements by analyzing extratextual dimensions of the genre, and then considers the ways and means of translating trade agreements. Negotiations of trade agreements are the raison d'être of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Thus, any analysis of extratextual factors must focus on three main areas that affect negotiation results within the WTO framework: economic and political concerns, the intention of negotiators as well as multilingualism. For these key areas set the tone for the characteristics of trade agreements for both the WTO and its members in general. Translators not only serve as bridges in terms of communicating the contents of trade agreements, they also play a key role in carrying the WTO culture across to its members. As such, this thesis considers translators the unsung heroes in the process of cross-cultural communication. Due to the WTO’s hegemony as a central culture in the world trade arena, members need to align their domestic trade regulations to international standards defined by the WTO. Translation therefore goes beyond text-based implications and facilitates this process of bringing domestic standards in line with international standards. This extratextual spillover effect and its impacts are rarely considered by scholars. Thus, this thesis will also touch upon the importance of this spillover effect and how it shapes the outlook of domestic trade policies by using Taiwan as a case study. Understanding the key extratextual analysis that underpins trade agreements, this thesis looks at issues that translators must consider by examining the key extratextual factors and their resulting impacts that are integral to the translation of trade agreements. Scholarly views touch upon translators’ use of lawyer-like interpretation of legal texts. Although translators are not directly involved in the WTO dispute settlement process, principles of interpreting WTO agreements adopted by a panel or the Appellate Body are still worthy of referencing. Accordingly, this thesis examines how the WTO authority has interpreted WTO agreements in practice, and how these interpretations may serve as a guide for translators. Finally, this thesis concludes with a few modest policy recommendations.

This study deals with the representation of traumatic experience in Roman Polanski's oeuvre. I focus particularly on four films: Chinatown (1974), Bitter Moon (1992), Death & the Maiden (1994), and The Pianist (2002). My argument is that in these films, trauma acts not only as a textual (thematic and formal) motif, but also as an extra-textual element that offers insights into the emotional and psychological effects of traumatic experience. Polanski's own traumatic history--beginning with his experience of the Holocaust--makes him a fascinating and tragically fitting candidate for study. By examining Polanski's work from an authorial perspective as well as in relation to various psychoanalytic concepts, I trace the director's signature in the films' portrayal of male and female traumas. Through my analyses, I hope to show that a psychoanalytic auteur study generates an insightful point of entry into the discussion and understanding of Polanski's work.

Following a close reading strategy, the research seeks to discover what the intratextual relations of each selected poem, three by Ingrid Jonker and three by Sylvia Plath, reveal. Flowing from the thematic overlaps that exist between the selected Jonker poems and Plath poems, it explores what similarities or differences in poetic form, the use of poetic devices and content, in other words intratextual relations, can be discovered via a comparison. Given that Jonker and Plath were contemporaries and shared biographical events, and after having considered and compared the intratextual relations of the selected poems, the research seeks to show what similarities or differences can be discovered in the exploration and comparison of the intertextual and extratextual relations of the selected poems. Thus, the thesis’ critical approach includes the close investigation of the structure of each of the selected poems, in order to discover its communication first, before delving into biographical, historical, social, political, and thematic approaches and interpretations. The research reveals that exercises of close reading, with a few exceptions, have not been the main focus in the discussion of either poet’s poetry. In other words, context has, for the most part, been favoured over text and over form. What the research reveals is that there are overlaps in the intratextual, intertextual, and extratextual relations of the selection of poems, but also differences. A comparison of intratextual relations reveals Plath’s formal training in comparison to Jonker’s largely informal training, for example, and that generally Plath was the more disciplined author of the two. The intertextual and extratextual relations of each poem (and how these relations compare) reveal and highlight that the selection of poems is a reflection or sampling of the poets’ ‘own’ voices. It also reveals the development of their maturity as writers and the development of themes across their poetry and collections of poems.
Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
gm2014
Afrikaans
unrestricted

This chapter offers an analysis of the ways in which the language of Sappho’s poems makes use of pragmatic elements that evoke a link to an extratextual world. Through this analysis, the dominant interpretative paradigm is questioned that sees Sappho’s poetry as primarily embedded within a ritual performance context, as well as the alternative reading that explains some of its most salient features as due to strategies enabled by the adoption of writing as a medium of communication. While emphasizing the centrality of performance as a theme and a concern in Sappho’s poems, the chapter shows how the texts often locate themselves outside a proper performative frame, providing a look at ritual from a marginal, personal, and yet powerfully exemplary perspective.

In this chapter I answer possible objections to the theory developed in chapters 3 and 4. Here are the possible objections, stated as questions: 1. The theory seems to work best for the simple consumption of narratives; what about more complex appreciation? 2. Can the theory accommodate both transmission and ritual theories of communication? 3. Can the theory account for distanced narratives and art films, or does it apply only to mainstream screen stories that elicit strong, clear emotions? 4. The theory seems to assume that all screen stories are didactic. Don’t some screen stories avoid didacticism? 5. Does the fact that people have diverse responses to and interpretations of screen stories compromise their supposed rhetorical power? 6. How do extratextual social processes, such as social attunement, work into the rhetorical power of narrative? 7. Does talk of screen stories as persuasive and rhetorical compromise their status as works of art?

This chapter presents an analysis that emphasizes the interpretive possibilities of contestory or ambivalent readings of multiracial narratives. As argued in Chapter 1, only a portion of the moviegoing audience can read Keanu Reeves as a multiracial Asian. Rather than recapitulate viewing habits that render multiraciality irrelevant, using a multiracial perspective to understand The Matrix film series enables a far richer and more rewarding film experience. Understanding Reeves's character Neo as multiracial makes visible the interrelated representations of multiraciality, future utopias, and cyclical time in the film trilogy. The studio marketed the film as a merger of Hong Kong and Hollywood cinema, yet its visual imagery is at odds with its narrative and extratextual portrayal of hybridity. During the same period as the release of the trilogy, Reeves was becoming increasingly visible as an Asian American, due in part to the publicity for the film. His multiraciality, then, was linked to a film narrative that depends upon conflicting depictions of the hybrid body, echoing a larger societal ambivalence about the much-lauded multiracial future.

En este trabajo se analizan dos libros testimoniales sobre las guerras en Colombia, Siguiendo el corte y 7 años secuestrado. Estudiados como memoria, discurso testimonial y narración, se evidencian entre los textos diferencias y puntos de encuentro. Los dos condensan la subjetividad de algunos testigos representativos que, desde diversos lugares de enunciación y ubicaciones temporales, narran su experiencia en medio de diversas guerras. Las obras así analizadas y complementadas con otras referencias testimoniales, periodísticas y académicas, se ubican en otras discusiones “extratextuales” relacionadas con la memoria, el conflicto y la literatura testimonial en Colombia.

Since at least the latter half of the 20th century, scientific theorizing has been marked by a tendency to focus increasingly on the concept of complexity. However, within the field of Translation Studies, we continue to work primarily with non-complex, uni-dimensional models. The relationship between the source text and the target text is commonly established in uni-dimensional terms, that is: either via sense (linguistics, hermeneutics) or via the function or skopos (Skopos theory, functionalism). Terms like equivalence (Nida, Kade) and adequacy (Vermeer) are also based on uni-dimensional models. In the late 1980s, Neubert suggested a two-dimensional approach using the notions of content and purpose to overcome uni-dimensional models. In my paper I would like to present a more complex approach to translation based on semiotics and interpretation philosophy. It consists of two levels: the intratextual level focusing the interrelation of signs (word, sentences, texts) within texts, and the extratextual level focusing the interrelation of signs with extratextual phenomena. Each level is divided into three dimensions. I use the concepts of meaning, function, and information to describe what a translator has to take into account on the intratextual level to be able to elaborate an equivalent target text, i.e. a text that fits into the constraints of a given linguistics settings. In addition to that, I use the concepts of sense, purpose, and form to describe what a translator has to take into consideration on the extratextual level to elaborate an adequate target text, i.e. a text that fits into the constraints of a given translatological setting. Whereas the uni-dimensional arrow just stands for the simple relation between source and target text, this new model establishes a whole translational space between both texts which is able to show the complexity of translational decisions to be taken.

The essays in this book take up various related aspects of Guillaume de Machaut’s legacy, especially as established by his judgment series. The salient features of that legacy include the focus on fame and authorial reputation; and, within this context, there is both the intra- and extratextual self to be contemplated, along with the emergence of an I possessing ontological fullness. The Machaldian poem manifests a shifted cultural understanding that comprehended a poetic machinery, one in which the poet (the real Guillaume) and the poet’s I (his intratextual confection) together modulate the flow of literary, social, and even political power, within the text and sometimes beyond it. The flow is most often realized through the institution of patronage. The dramatizations of the patronage system become integral within a conceptualization of authorship that is nearly modern, not so readily recognizable as medieval. In the work of Machaut and his heirs we find the problematizing of authority, the theatrics of the very notion of judgment, the late medieval dit’s capacity to leave judgment to its reader, as well as the thought-provoking ambivalence of an un-concluded jeu-parti.