Articoli di riviste sul tema "Favourability principle"

The hierarchy of labour law sources plays an important role in shaping the employment protection afforded by national labour law. This article provides a comparative overview of the global trends in the relation between the different layers of employment regulation. To this end, it considers three cluster of countries, respectively the European coordinated market economies, the liberal market economies and the European post-socialist countries. This analysis will make it possible to identify common patterns of transformation of the hierarchy of sources, indicating the current direction of labour law. Based on the three models, we discuss the following four trends and their interactions: (1) the increasing role of legislation; (2) the decentralization and decline of collective bargaining; (3) the growing importance of individual employment contracts based on waivers; (4) the erosion of the favourability principle by means of clauses allowing less favourable terms of employment. We argue that these parallel changes may lead to a worsening of employment conditions. Sources of Labour Law, Hierarchy, Favour Principle, Statutory Mandatory Rules, Collective Bargaining Decentralisation, Freedom of Contract, Flexibilization

The article addresses the topic of the constitutionalization of international law starting from the reasons why international law began to be introduced into constitutional texts. This was the result of, among other things, the growth of international organizations, the tightening of relations between the various subjects of international law, the promotion of human rights, the desire to prevent the drama of war and, finally, the processes of integration and globalization. The process of incorporating international law into the constitution was also not indifferent to the French Constitution, which provides a number of provisions expressing the principle of favourability (openness) to international law. The article analyzes in detail the position of French doctrine, addressing the subject of the purposive assumptions of the constitutionalist procedure, as well as praxeological assumptions.

This paper seeks to take a look at recent labour law reforms in a number of selected CEE countries, and to examine the manner, in which the equation of standard employment relationship and the dynamics of collective bargaining processes have changed. The 1st section discusses the policy goals as well as drivers of legal changes, which have aff ected and guided recent labour law reforms in the sub-region. External infl uences over shaping of the new policy visions and recovery policies are also examined here. The 2nd section examines recent trends in regulating standard and non-standard employment relationship, as well as the collective agreements as determinants of working conditions and terms of employment. It also analyses the new approaches in the implementation of the guiding principles of collective bargaining, including the autonomy of the parties, and the principle of favourability. Furthermore, the 3rd section seeks to explore what the future looks like by traveling the paths opened by the works of the ILO Global Commission on the Future of Work, with a special focus on the Universal Labour Guarantee. Finally, a number of conclusions are drawn on the basis of the analysed data and policies.

This article analyses the rules on wage coordination and their effectiveness in the Italian two-tier bargaining system. It seeks to cast light on bargaining coordination by starting from the analysis of collective agreements, rather than focusing exclusively on normative and institutional aspects of wage bargaining. Accordingly, the study examines a dataset of 498 company-level collective agreements concluded between 2012–2015 in three sectors – metalworking, food, banking and finance – to analyse wage developments in company-level bargaining. The study considers the extent to which local wage negotiations are consistent with the rules on wage bargaining coordination laid down in economy-wide agreements and national collective labour agreements. Wage coordination rules are generally respected, though a significant number of company-level agreements still provide fixed-rate pay rises in breach of the rule that wage increases at company level should be linked to productivity and other factors relating to the workers’ and/or the firm’s economic performance. Although the violation of wage bargaining rules between national agreements and company-level collective agreements is in line with the favourability principle, it is argued that local negotiations on fixed-rate pay rises could be regarded as a form of uncoordinated decentralization, diminishing the effectiveness of horizontal coordination policies and the normative role of the social partners.

The study analyzes the dimensions of a multiscale questionnaire about ethnic prejudice toward North-Africans in Almería (Spain). The aim was to show the basic components of a scale of traditional prejudice, reliable in our context and useful for future research. Reliability is analyzed through convergence of different groups of items using various multivariate analysis procedures. A high convergence will show the most consistent and reliable dimensions in the measurement of ethnic prejudice, The questionnaire is a combination of several scales: favourability in the stereotype, social distance, principles of equality and politics ofimplementation ofthese principles. Results support the traditional character of the expression of prejudice reflected inthe scales. Two dimensions appear from the analyses: principles of equality (which include the scales of principles and politics and some items of social distance) and confidence in the interpersonal relations with the North-African population (some items of the stereotype scale). We suggest that situations of some degree of intimacy (that could be related with a subtle expression of prejudice) and the politics of limited expulsion and police border control are evaluated by respondents independently of other questions: individuals apparently not prejudiced may show rejection in these items.

The geoecological evaluation of the relief of Pašman Island from the standpoint of its touristic evaluation was conducted on the previously conducted geomorphologic analysis of the island relief. The evaluation was conducted for the needs of specific types of touristic activities (swimming, sunbathing, walking, "škraping") in the sense of its physical favourability, aesthetic value and accessibility.The method of relative relief evaluation was applied, whereby relief was evaluated within four morphographic categories: slopes, peaks, valley bottoms and beds and the coast. According to this method, as the principal restricting factor of tourist evaluation of certain parts of Pašman Island is the problem of inaccessibility, especially on the steeper south-west façade of the island (remoteness, inexistence or lack of arranged paths and wharfs). In accordance therewith, several proposals as possible solutions to the present problem were given (arrangement of paths, informing tourists on possible individual or group walks to certain destinations, organising trips with professional guides).

Adsorption is kinetically time-dependence controlled retention/ release mobility as a natural phenomenon in base and applicable in industry or in science. It is well-studied and modulated by known Langmuir, Temkin, Freundlich, and other models to describe how it occurred and explains kinetic- thermodynamic material behaviour. Linear and/ or non- linear expressions may take place according to the theoretical base of these models to conclude the layer formation, uniformity besides reaction reversibility, and favourability from kinetic- thermodynamic principles. Coefficient of determination (R2) is a mean variation of data or a degree of proper or fitting as mostly used in kinetic and isotherm literatures. In adsorption investigations, experimental physical- chemical conditions and error sources are the main influenced factors, for example, at surface coverage (or inhibition efficiency) in corrosion treatments or adsorption capacity in pollution subject. Linearity variation will govern R2 to predict adsorbate behaviour on adsorbent surface that is highly influenced by concentration, temperature, pH, type of measuring method, physical and chemical structures of the adsorbent and adsorbate, and error sources in each experiment.

The mobility of arsenic in aqueous systems can be controlled by its adsorption onto the surfaces of iron oxide minerals such as cobalt ferrite (Fe2CoO4). In this work, the adsorption energies, geometries, and vibrational properties of the most common form of As(III), arsenous acid (H3AsO3), onto the low-index (001), (110), and (111) surfaces of Fe2CoO4 have been investigated under dry and aqueous conditions using periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The dry and hydroxylated surfaces of Fe2CoO4 steadily followed an order of increasing surface energy, and thus decreasing stability, of (001) < (111) < (110). Consequently, the favourability of H3AsO3 adsorption increased in the same order, favouring the least stable (110) surface. However, by analysis of the equilibrium crystal morphologies, this surface is unlikely to occur naturally. The surfaces were demonstrated to be further stabilised by the introduction of H2O/OH species, which coordinate the surface cations, providing a closer match to the bulk coordination of the surface species. The adsorption complexes of H3AsO3 on the hydroxylated Fe2CoO4 surfaces with the inclusion of explicit solvation molecules are found to be generally more stable than on the dry surfaces, demonstrating the importance of hydrogen-bonded interactions. Inner-sphere complexes involving bonds between the surface cations and molecular O atoms were strongly favoured over outer-sphere complexes. On the dry surfaces, deprotonated bidentate binuclear configurations were most thermodynamically favoured, whereas monodentate mononuclear configurations were typically more prevalent on the hydroxylated surfaces. Vibrational frequencies were analysed to ascertain the stabilities of the different adsorption complexes and to assign the As-O and O-H stretching modes of the adsorbed arsenic species. Our results highlight the importance of cobalt as a potential adsorbent for arsenic contaminated water treatment.

The endemic Pyrenean Desman (Galemys pyrenaicus) is an elusive, rare, and vulnerable species declining over its entire and narrow range (Spain, Portugal, France, and Andorra). The principal set of conservation measures in France is a 5-years National Action Plan based on 25 conservation actions. Priority is given to update its present distribution and develop tools for predictive distribution models. We aim at building the first species distribution model and map for the northern edge of the range of the Desman and confronting the outputs of the model to target conservation efforts in the context of environmental change. Contrasting to former comparable studies, we derive a simpler model emphasizing the importance of factors linked to precipitation and not to the temperature. If temperature is one of the climate change key factors, depicted shrinkage in Desman distribution could be lower or null at the northern (French) edge suggesting thus a major role for this northern population in terms of conservation of the species. Finally, we question the applied issue of temporal and spatial transferability for such environmental favourability models when it is made at the edge of the distribution range.

Researches carrying evidence for various uses and bioactive principles of Agastache spp. are justifying the upscaling into cultivation of these medicinal species. But, hindrances in their cultivation exist due to the insufficient documentation of their biology under field conditions. Because productivity of these medicinal species (herba) is ensured by the combined contribution of plant agronomic traits, these are related to the feasibility of the crop and therefore, can be used as predictors for successful cultivation. The aim of this study was to evaluate comparatively four valuable Agastache species (A. mexicana, A. scrophulariifolia, A. foeniculum) and one cultivar (A. rugosa ‘After Eight’), in order to identify the favourability for cultivation in local conditions (Romania). Based on the structural indicators of plant morphology (plant height, shoot number, leaf number, leaf length and width, inflorescence length, verticillaster number and flower number), registered over the span of two years, were explored relationships and similarities as well as their implications in previsioning the phenotypic potential. The results showed that studied species acclimatized successfully and all agronomic parameters studied increased in values in the second year. The average plant height in second year (2020) was 109.8 cm and average inflorescences length 9.6 cm. Stable positive correlations between inflorescence length with plant height and shoot number were observed, while differences among species became pronounced as plants become established, evidenced by clearer distinction in the second year. Phenotypic potential in the absence of inputs enables the feasibility assessment for medicinal plants introduced for cultivation in new regions.

This paper belongs to the field of communication in the public institution sector. It aims to study the European Union’s media reputation in the leading Spanish outlets in the 2000-2018 period. As the institution has continued to acquire competencies and regulate the activity of Member States, the EU’s communication with its citizens has represented a source of debate inside and outside the institution. In multiple areas of communication, there is a need to bring this supra-institution closer to citizens through more effective communicative policies. The general aim of this paper is to know the EU’s media reputation in Spanish printed press between the years 2000 and 2018. Taking into account the precepts of agenda setting and the principles of media reputation (Capriotti, 2012), a content analysis is carried out to determine the level of media presence and favourability of the institution. This will make it possible to evaluate how the Spanish media present the EU to Spanish citizens, contributing to the formation of public opinion and perception. Due to its long time span, the analysis has been divided into three periods. The first period (Euphoria) goes from 2000 (two years before the implementation of the euro) to the outbreak of the financial crisis in 2007. The second period (Crisis) begins with the global financial crisis of 2008 and ends with the timid beginnings of economic stabilisation in 2014. Finally, the third period (Post-crisis) spans the interval from 2015 to 2018, which sees the eruption and progression of a major social and values crisis in the institution and European society. The general results obtained show that the EU has low visibility in Spanish printed press. In spite of accurate news coverage, in certain periods and years, newsworthy events are not presented to the reader with enough relevance for the news item or institution to gain the notoriety required to be publicly important. In addition, the media favourability in Spain can be considered slightly unfavourable, since the news has an overall negative trend. These results are not consistent with the performance of the institution and the impact it has on the lives of Spanish citizens. A published image that makes it difficult for the institution to create a favourable public sphere and its necessary social legitimacy. According to different authors (Meyer, 1999 and De Vreese, 2003, 2005), the conclusions show that news on the EU fails to interest media outlets, conditioning the EU's visibility and public perception. Regardless of how interested the media may be in the EU, the strategic and communicative role this media plays, when it comes to the level of knowledge that the citizens have about the EU, cannot be ignored. The physical and mental distance of European institutions, as well as their legal, political and structural nature, put media outlets in the position of intermediaries. Thus, the media, as an actor with a voice of its own, is configured as a shaper of opinion, culture, identity and political ideas. In their professional routines, media companies construct determined narratives which bear directly —as the only reality— on citizens’ perception (McCombs and Shaw, 1972; Shaw, 1979). With the majority of Spanish citizens lacking direct experience, the EU’s communication and interaction with the citizens is left in the hands of the media’s financial and ideological profitability. A communicative context which potentially puts the institution’s public relevance, credibility and trustworthiness at risk and, thus, a situation which fosters emotional distance between the EU and Spanish citizens.

ResumenEsta investigación corresponde al campo de la comunicación en el sector de las instituciones públicas. Se estudia la reputación mediática de la Unión Europea (UE) en los principales diarios españoles en el período 2000-2018. A partir de los preceptos de la agenda setting y de los principios de la reputación mediática, se realiza un análisis de contenido para determinar el nivel de presencia y favorabilidad mediática de la institución. Ello permitirá evaluar cómo los medios de comunicación españoles presentan a la UE ante los ciudadanos españoles, contribuyendo a la formación de la opinión y percepción pública. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la UE tiene una baja visibilidad mediática general, ya que a pesar de que la cantidad de noticias publicadas es buena, la relevancia de estas noticias no tiene la suficiente importancia. Además, la favorabilidad mediática en España puede considerarse ligeramente desfavorable, ya que las noticias tienen una tendencia global negativa. Estos resultados no son acordes con el desempeño que realiza la institución y con la incidencia que tiene en la vida de los ciudadanos españoles. Una imagen publicada que dificulta a la institución la creación de una esfera pública favorable y su necesaria legitimidad social.Palabras claves: reputación mediática, visibilidad mediática, favorabilidad mediática, instituciones públicas, comunicación institucional, Unión Europea. AbstractThis paper belongs to the field of communication in the public institution sector. It aims to study the European Union’s media reputation in the leading Spanish outlets in the 2000-2018 period. As the institution has continued to acquire competencies and regulate the activity of Member States, the EU’s communication with its citizens has represented a source of debate inside and outside the institution. In multiple areas of communication, there is a need to bring this supra-institution closer to citizens through more effective communicative policies. The general aim of this paper is to know the EU’s media reputation in Spanish printed press between the years 2000 and 2018. Taking into account the precepts of agenda setting and the principles of media reputation (Capriotti, 2012), a content analysis is carried out to determine the level of media presence and favourability of the institution. This will make it possible to evaluate how the Spanish media present the EU to Spanish citizens, contributing to the formation of public opinion and perception.Due to its long time span, the analysis has been divided into three periods. The first period (Euphoria) goes from 2000 (two years before the implementation of the euro) to the outbreak of the financial crisis in 2007. The second period (Crisis) begins with the global financial crisis of 2008 and ends with the timid beginnings of economic stabilisation in 2014. Finally, the third period (Post-crisis) spans the interval from 2015 to 2018, which sees the eruption and progression of a major social and values crisis in the institution and European society.The general results obtained show that the EU has low visibility in Spanish printed press. In spite of accurate news coverage, in certain periods and years, newsworthy events are not presented to the reader with enough relevance for the news item or institution to gain the notoriety required to be publicly important.In addition, the media favourability in Spain can be considered slightly unfavourable, since the news has an overall negative trend. These results are not consistent with the performance of the institution and the impact it has on the lives of Spanish citizens. A published image that makes it difficult for the institution to create a favourable public sphere and its necessary social legitimacy. According to different authors (Meyer, 1999 and De Vreese, 2003, 2005), the conclusions show that news on the EU fails to interest media outlets, conditioning the EU's visibility and public perception.Regardless of how interested the media may be in the EU, the strategic and communicative role this media plays, when it comes to the level of knowledge that the citizens have about the EU, cannot be ignored. The physical and mental distance of European institutions, as well as their legal, political and structural nature, put media outlets in the position of intermediaries. Thus, the media, as an actor with a voice of its own, is configured as a shaper of opinion, culture, identity and political ideas. In their professional routines, media companies construct determined narratives which bear directly —as the only reality— on citizens’ perception (McCombs and Shaw, 1972; Shaw, 1979).With the majority of Spanish citizens lacking direct experience, the EU’s communication and interaction with the citizens is left in the hands of the media’s financial and ideological profitability. A communicative context which potentially puts the institution’s public relevance, credibility and trustworthiness at risk and, thus, a situation which fosters emotional distance between the EU and Spanish citizens.Keywords: media reputation, media visibility, media favourability, public institutions, institutional communication, European Union.

Elucidating how environmental factors drive plant species distributions and how they affect latitudinal diversity gradients, remain essential questions in ecology and biogeography. In this study we aimed: 1) to investigate the relationships between all three diversity attributes, i.e., taxonomic diversity (TD), functional diversity (FD), and phylogenetic diversity (PD); 2) to quantify the latitudinal variation in these diversity attributes in western Amazonian terra firme forests; and 3) to understand how climatic and edaphic drivers contribute to explaining diversity patterns. We inventoried ca. 15,000 individuals from ca. 1,250 species, and obtained functional trait records for ca. 5,000 woody plant individuals in 50 plots of 0.1 ha located in five terra firme forest sites spread over a latitudinal gradient of 1200 km covering ca. 10°C in latitude in western Amazonia. We calculated all three diversity attributes using Hill numbers: q = 0 (richness), q = 1 (richness weighted by relative abundance), and q = 2 (richness weighted by dominance). Generalized linear mixed models were constructed for each diversity attribute to test the effects of different uncorrelated environmental predictors comprising the temperature seasonality, annual precipitation, soil pH and soil bulk density, as well as accounting for the effect of spatial autocorrelation, i.e., plots aggregated within sites. We confirmed that TD (q = 0, q = 1, and q = 2), FD (q = 0, q = 1, and q = 2), and PD (q = 0) increased monotonically towards the Equator following the latitudinal diversity gradient. The importance of rare species could explain the lack of a pattern for PD (q = 1 and q = 2). Temperature seasonality, which was highly correlated with latitude, and annual precipitation were the main environmental drivers of variations in TD, FD, and PD. All three diversity attributes increased with lower temperature seasonality, higher annual precipitation, and lower soil pH. We confirmed the existence of latitudinal diversity gradients for TD, FD, and PD in hyperdiverse Amazonian terra firme forests. Our results agree well with the predictions of the environmental filtering principle and the favourability hypothesis, even acting in a 10°C latitudinal range within tropical climates.

Abstract Alkaline earth-based half-metallic materials attracted spintronics researchers, owing to their outstanding long spin relaxation time and robustness against spin current leakage. Using first principles calculations, defect induced monolayer magnesium bromide (Mg1-xδxBr2; x = 0.11, 0.22, 0.33) systems have been studied for the first time. Among these systems, Mg0.89δ0.11Br2 showed half-metallic nature that finds application in ultra-fast spintronics. Exfoliation energy (0.12 J/m2) calculation revealed the possibility of exfoliation of the monolayer MgBr2 from its bulk. Phonon dispersion plot confirmed dynamical stability of the free-standing monolayer. The formation energy of Mg vacancy defect (VMg) under Br-rich condition (2 eV) showed, defect-induced favourability. Mg0.89δ0.11Br2 has been found to be in a ferromagnetic ground state with a remarkable large spin-up gap (4.84 eV), which limits spin leakage. In addition, significant magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) per VMg (4.16 meV) has been observed along (100) easy axis direction with a strong ferromagnetic coupling. Electric field modulated electronic structure showed an optimal spin-up gap up to 0.3 V/Å, desirable for the device operation. Robustness of the half-metallicity was confirmed by strain-dependent density of states which is vital during its synthesis and deposition onto a substrate. Hence, from the electronic and magnetic studies, vacancy incorporated monolayer magnesium bromide showed potential applications in spintronics.

Background: Nursing workforce migration is a function of the nursing practice environment and satisfaction with the general situation of their country of practice. There is a need to provide empirical data on the intent to migrate among nurses and satisfaction with the working environment in Nigeria.Purpose: This study assessed migration intention, favorability of practice environment, and level of satisfaction with the Nigerian environment among nurses in a private teaching hospital in Nigeria.Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study recruited participants using a simple random sampling technique. In all, 124 nurses participated in the study. Data was collected using the migration intention questionnaire, nursing practice environment scale, and satisfaction with Nigeria environment questionnaire. All ethical principles were adhered to. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Descriptive statistics (frequency, mean and standard deviation) were used. Results: An overwhelming majority (95.2%) have the intention to migrate to other countries with 63.6% of them already in the migration process. Canada (34.8%) and the United Kingdom (33.9%) were the most sought-after countries. Nurse manager ability, leadership, and support scored highest on the favourability of the nursing practice environment (2.92±0.80) while staffing and resources inadequacy has the lowest score (2.63±0.68). Overall, 75.8% of the nurses describe their practice environment as favourable. Political conflicts and wars are the most dissatisfying areas of Nigeria's environment. Also, the majority 61.3% were dissatisfied with the Nigerian environment.Conclusion: The majority of the nurses who participated in the study are planning to migrate to another country. The majority of the nurses are not satisfied with Nigeria’s environment and they opined that their practice environment is unfavourable. There is a need to make the nursing practice environment more favorable to the nurses.

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe present study aimed to assess the heavy metal concentrations in water from different sampling sites of the Halda River, the only natural breeding ground of Indian major carps.ObjectivesWe have analysed the contamination level and seasonal variations of heavy metals (viz. Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd and Pb). The favourability of the breeding environment was assessed by different contamination indices.MethodsSamples were collected from six sampling sites for four different seasons, and the metal concentrations were determined for water samples using Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer.ResultsThe obtained order of mean concentrations of heavy metals for four seasons was winter > spring > monsoon > pre‐monsoon, and the assessed mean concentrations (mg/L) of heavy metals follow the trend: Fe (9.129) > Pb (0.033) > Zn (0.024) > Cr (0.017) > Cu (0.012) > Cd (0.002). The concentration of Fe was found above the permissible limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO) (Guidelines for Water Quality) and ECR (1997), and the concentrations for Pb were found above the USEPA (2006) limit in all four seasons. Contamination indices (heavy metal pollution Index [HPI] and metal index [MI]) indicate that during winter and monsoon, the river water metal condition is critical (HPI > 100) and the sites are moderately as well as slightly (1< MI <2) affected by the studied heavy metals. Contamination indices, such as contamination factors (Cf), degree of contamination (Cdeg) and the pollution load index (PLI), demonstrate the fact that Fe and Pb remarkably contaminated the studied sampling sites. The Pearson correlation matrix and the principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the studied metals are connected by their sources, which can be geological or anthropogenic.ConclusionUrgent initiatives need to be taken, and effective strategies must be implemented to control the different sources responsible for the entry of heavy metals into the Halda River water.