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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Fetal size/growth"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 20 febbraio 2023

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1

Harrington, Kevin, and Stuart Campbell. "Fetal size and growth." Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 5, no. 2 (April 1993): 186???194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001703-199304000-00004.

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Kirchengast, Sylvia, and Beda Hartmann. "Association patterns of fetal head dimensions, postcranial body growth and neonatal size." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 77, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2020/1137.

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3

Merialdi, M., L. E. Caulfield, N. Zavaleta, A. Figueroa, K. A. Costigan, F. Dominici, and J. A. Dipietro. "Fetal growth in Peru: comparisons with international fetal size charts and implications for fetal growth assessment." Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 26, no. 2 (July 22, 2005): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.1954.

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4

Spencer, J. A. D., T. C. Chang, S. C. Robson, and S. Gallivan. "Fetal size and growth in Bangladeshi pregnancies." Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 5, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0705.1995.05050313.x.

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5

Frusca, T., S. Parolini, A. Dall'Asta, W. A. Hassan, A. Vitulo, A. Gillett, D. Pasupathy, and C. C. Lees. "Fetal size and growth velocity in chronic hypertension." Pregnancy Hypertension 10 (October 2017): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2017.06.007.

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6

McCarthy, Elizabeth A., and Susan P. Walker. "International fetal growth standards: one size fits all." Lancet 384, no. 9946 (September 2014): 835–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61416-1.

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7

Friedrich, M. J. "International Standards for Newborn Size and Fetal Growth." JAMA 312, no. 15 (October 15, 2014): 1503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.13252.

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8

Keshavarz, Elham, Marjan Rustazade Sheikhyusefi, Ensi Khalili Pouya, Masoumeh Mirzamoradi, Mehdi Khazaei, Yashar Moharamzad, and Morteza Sanei Taheri. "Association Between Fetal Thymus Size and Intrauterine Growth Restriction." Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 38, no. 2 (December 14, 2021): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/87564793211054747.

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Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between reduced fetal thymus size and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). This study was devised to determine the association between thymus size and any abnormal Doppler indices within the fetal umbilical artery (UA), as well as the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Materials and Methods: Forty-six pregnancies between 20 and 38 weeks of gestation with IUGR and 46 normal pregnancies within similar gestational age (GA) range were included. The transverse diameter of fetal thymus was measured. In the IUGR group, the fetal umb

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9

Fulford, A. J. C., S. E. Moore, S. E. Arifeen, L. Å. Persson, L. M. Neufeld, Y. Wagatsuma, and A. M. Prentice. "Disproportionate early fetal growth predicts postnatal thymic size in humans." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 4, no. 3 (March 7, 2013): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174413000044.

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Prenatal events can affect neonatal thymus size and adult immune function. The causal insults are unknown, although fetal nutrient restriction is suspected. We used ultrasound at three time points during pregnancy (14, 19 and 30 weeks) to measure the growth of six fetal dimensions in rural Bangladeshi women participating in the Maternal and Infant Nutrition Interventions, Matlab study. Postnatal ultrasound was used to calculate thymic index (TI) at birth, 2, 6 and 12 m. Of the 3267 women recruited, 2861 participated by providing data at least at one fetal biometry and one TI time point. Patter

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10

Schwartz, Nadav, Mary Sammel, Hayley Quant, Rita Leite, and Samuel Parry. "379: Early placental size helps predict fetal growth restriction." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 208, no. 1 (January 2013): S166—S167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2012.10.544.

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11

Hata, Toshiyuki, and Shu-Yan Dai. "Three-Dimensional Ultrasound in Fetal Size and Growth Assessment." Current Medical Imaging Reviews 4, no. 3 (August 1, 2008): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157340508785294552.

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12

Kind, K. L., J. A. Owens, J. S. Robinson, K. J. Quinn, P. A. Grant, P. E. Walton, R. S. Gilmour, and P. C. Owens. "Effect of restriction of placental growth on expression of IGFs in fetal sheep: relationship to fetal growth, circulating IGFs and binding proteins." Journal of Endocrinology 146, no. 1 (July 1995): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1460023.

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Abstract To determine whether tissue production of the IGFs is altered when fetal growth is retarded, IGF-I and -II mRNAs were measured in tissues of fetal sheep subjected to placental restriction and the relationships between IGF gene expression, circulating IGF protein and fetal growth were examined. The majority of potential placental attachment sites were surgically removed from the uterus of 12 non-pregnant ewes to restrict placental size in a subsequent pregnancy. Blood and tissues were collected at 121 days of gestation (term=150) in 12 fetuses with restricted placental size and eight n

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Sferruzzi-Perri, A. N., J. A. Owens, J. S. Robinson, and C. T. Roberts. "273.Insulin-like growth factor treatment of pregnant guinea pigs during early pregnancy promotes fetal growth." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, no. 9 (2004): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb04abs273.

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Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II is an important regulator of growth in many tissues and is abundantly expressed in the placenta during pregnancy. Gene ablation studies performed in mice have shown that IGF-II deficiency results in both impaired fetal and placental growth, whereas deficiency in IGF-I reduces fetal growth only. Conversely, maternal IGF supplementation in early pregnancy in the guinea pig increases placental and fetal size by mid pregnancy. This study aimed to determine whether these anabolic effects persist into late pregnancy after cessation of treatment. On Day 20 of pregn

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Turner, Steve. "Perinatal Programming of Childhood Asthma: Early Fetal Size, Growth Trajectory during Infancy, and Childhood Asthma Outcomes." Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/962923.

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The “fetal origins hypothesis” or concept of “developmental programming” suggests that faltering fetal growth and subsequent catch-up growth are implicated in the aetiology of cardiovascular disease. Associations between reduced birth weight, rapid postnatal weight gain, and asthma suggest that there are fetal origins to respiratory disease. The present paper first summarises the literature relating birth weight and post natal growth trajectories to asthma outcomes. Second, issues regarding the interpretation of antenatal fetal ultrasound measurements are discussed. Finally, recent reports lin

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Gluckman, P. D., P. C. H. Morel, G. R. Ambler, B. H. Breier, H. T. Blair, and S. N. McCutcheon. "ELEVATING MATERNAL INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-I IN MICE AND RATS ALTERS THE PATTERN OF FETAL GROWTH BY REMOVING MATERNAL CONSTRAINT." Journal of Endocrinology 134, no. 1 (July 1992): R1—R3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.134r001.

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ABSTRACT Fetal growth is normally constrained by maternal factors. This constraint is demonstrated by the usual inverse linear relationship between litter size and mean fetal weight. Cross-breeding experiments between mice of lines selected for high or low plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) levels suggested that elevations in maternal IGF-I abolish (P <0.01) this constraining effect and reverse the usual positive relationship between fetal and placental size in late gestation. This was confirmed by treating mice and rats throughout pregnancy with IGF-I. In normal mice and in low IGF-

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16

Shcherbakova, Elizaveta A., Alexey N. Baranov, Pavel P. Revako, Natalya G. Istomina, and Gennady M. Burenkov. "Fetal growth restriction: ways to the solution of the problem. A literature review." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 71, no. 6 (February 7, 2023): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd61809.

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Fetal growth restriction is a condition that is defined as the inability of a fetus to reach its full genetically determined growth potential. The mechanism underlying the pathogenesis is a placental dysfunction in the form of inadequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus. Clinically, this is reflected by a drop in fetal size percentiles over the course of gestation. Worldwide, fetal growth restriction is a leading cause of stillbirth, neonatal mortality and morbidity in postnatal period. Prenatal identification of fetuses with this pathology significantly reduces the incidence of adv

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17

Ekin, Atalay, Cenk Gezer, Cuneyt Eftal Taner, Ulas Solmaz, Naciye Sinem Gezer, and Mehmet Ozeren. "Prognostic Value of Fetal Thymus Size in Intrauterine Growth Restriction." Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 35, no. 3 (February 9, 2016): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7863/ultra.15.05039.

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18

Miyague, Nelson I., and Alessandro Ghidini. "Effect of fetal growth restriction on ultrasonographically measured cardiac size." Early Human Development 48, no. 1-2 (April 1997): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3782(96)01840-3.

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19

Pedersen, Nina Gros, Francesc Figueras, Karen R. Wøjdemann, Ann Tabor, and Jason Gardosi. "Early Fetal Size and Growth as Predictors of Adverse Outcome." Obstetrics & Gynecology 112, no. 4 (October 2008): 765–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aog.0b013e318187d034.

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20

Shields, Beverley M., Beatrice A. Knight, Anita Hill, Andrew T. Hattersley, and Bijay Vaidya. "Fetal Thyroid Hormone Level at Birth Is Associated with Fetal Growth." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 96, no. 6 (June 1, 2011): E934—E938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2814.

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Context: Thyroid function is known to play an important role in fetal neurological development, but its role in regulating fetal growth is not well established. Overt maternal and fetal thyroid disorders are associated with reduced birth weight. We hypothesized that, even in the absence of overt thyroid dysfunction, maternal and fetal thyroid function influence fetal growth. Aim: In normal, healthy pregnancies, we aimed to assess whether fetal thyroid hormone at birth (as measured in cord blood) is associated with fetal growth. We also aimed to study whether fetal thyroid hormone at birth is a

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21

Ashraf Soliman, Shayma Ahmad, Fawzia Alyafei, Nada Alaaraj, and Nada Soliman. "Maternal, placental, and fetal Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I (IGF-1) and IGF Binding proteins (IGFBPs) in Diabetic pregnancies: Effects on fetal growth and birth size." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 17, no. 2 (February 28, 2023): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.17.2.0251.

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Introduction: During gestation, IGF1 secretion and availability in the maternal blood and at the maternal-fetal interface is mainly regulated by IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP) such as IGFBP-1 synthesized by the decidua. Data about the interaction between maternal, placental, and fetal IGF1/IGFBP in relation to fetal growth and newborn size during diabetic pregnancy (gestational Diabetes (GDM) and Type 1 DM (T1DM) is not clear. Aim of the study and Methods: We reviewed the research papers published in Pubmed, Google scholar, Research gate, and Scopus in the past 20 years on the relationship betwe

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22

Warshaw, Joseph B. "Intrauterine Growth Retardation." Pediatrics In Review 8, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.8.4.107.

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Intrauterine growth retardation can result from a variety of environmental and genetic influences on fetal growth. The sequelae of intrauterine growth retardation resulting from impairment of nutrient flow include low birth weight with sparing of brain growth, polycythemia, and hypoglycemia resulting from decreased storage fuels and defective gluconeogenesis. Available data suggest that the vast majority of nutritionally growthretarded infants have normal postnatal development without significant difference in IQ or neurologic scores from normal infants. The outcome of infants in whom there is

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23

Ashworth, Cheryl J., Margaret O. Nwagwu, and Harry J. McArdle. "Genotype and fetal size affect maternal–fetal amino acid status and fetal endocrinology in Large White×Landrace and Meishan pigs." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 25, no. 2 (2013): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd12024.

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This study compared maternal plasma amino acid concentrations, placental protein secretion in vitro and fetal body composition and plasma amino acid and hormone concentrations in feto–placental units from the smallest and a normally-sized fetus carried by Large White × Landrace or Meishan gilts on Day 100 of pregnancy. Compared with Large White × Landrace, Meishan placental tissue secreted more protein and Meishan fetuses contained relatively more fat and protein, but less moisture. Fetal plasma concentrations of insulin, triiodothryonine, thyroxine and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II were

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24

Lord, Megan G., Sebastian Z. Ramos, Phinnara Has, Kara A. Stoever, David A. Savitz, and Matthew A. Esposito. "Fetal abdominal size and risk of unplanned cesarean in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 226, no. 1 (January 2022): S464—S465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2021.11.771.

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Owen, Philip, Anthony J. Harrold, and Thomas Farrell. "Fetal size and growth velocity in the prediction of intrapartum caesarean section for fetal distress." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 104, no. 4 (April 1997): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1997.tb11496.x.

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Robinson, J., S. Chidzanja, K. Kind, F. Lok, P. Owens, and J. Owens. "Placental control of fetal growth." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 7, no. 3 (1995): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9950333.

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The placenta exerts its effects on the growth of the fetus from the beginning of pregnancy via metabolic and endocrine mechanisms. To achieve this, the placenta exchanges a wide array of nutrients, endocrine signals, cytokines and growth factors with the mother and the fetus. These exchanges modulate or programme fetal growth and development. This review concentrates on the function and structure of the placenta in humans and in animals, and the effects of experimental perturbation of placental size and function on fetal growth. The consequences for fetal growth of varying the abundance of pep

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Henrichs, J., J. J. Schenk, S. J. Roza, M. P. van den Berg, H. G. Schmidt, E. A. P. Steegers, A. Hofman, V. W. V. Jaddoe, F. C. Verhulst, and H. Tiemeier. "Maternal psychological distress and fetal growth trajectories: The Generation R Study." Psychological Medicine 40, no. 4 (August 6, 2009): 633–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291709990894.

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BackgroundPrevious research suggests, though not consistently, that maternal psychological distress during pregnancy leads to adverse birth outcomes. We investigated whether maternal psychological distress affects fetal growth during the period of mid-pregnancy until birth.MethodPregnant women (n=6313) reported levels of psychological distress using the Brief Symptom Inventory (anxious and depressive symptoms) and the Family Assessment Device (family stress) at 20.6 weeks pregnancy and had fetal ultrasound measurements in mid- and late pregnancy. Estimated fetal weight was calculated using hea

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Phillips, David I. W., Michael J. Davies, and Jeffrey S. Robinson. "Fetal Growth and the Fetal Origins Hypothesis in Twins — Problems and Perspectives." Twin Research 4, no. 5 (October 1, 2001): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.4.5.327.

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AbstractAlthough there is substantial evidence from studies of singletons that small size at birth is linked with long-term adverse health effects, until recently little was known as to whether these associations extend to twins. A review of published studies suggests that at present there is little consistent evidence that birthsize in twins is associated with increased morbidity or morality. While, these findings may reflect methodological limitations, it is also argued that they arise as a consequence of the substantially different biology of fetal growth in twins.

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Pölzlberger, Eva, Beda Hartmann, Erich Hafner, Ingrid Stümpflein, and Sylvia Kirchengast. "MATERNAL HEIGHT AND PRE-PREGNANCY WEIGHT STATUS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH FETAL GROWTH PATTERNS AND NEWBORN SIZE." Journal of Biosocial Science 49, no. 3 (October 3, 2016): 392–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932016000493.

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SummaryThe impact of maternal height, pre-pregnancy weight status and gestational weight gain on fetal growth patterns and newborn size was analysed using a dataset of 4261 singleton term births taking place at the Viennese Danube Hospital between 2005 and 2013. Fetal growth patterns were reconstructed from three ultrasound examinations carried out at the 11th/12th, 20th/21th and 32th/33th weeks of gestation. Crown–rump length, biparietal diameter, fronto-occipital diameter, head circumference, abdominal transverse diameter, abdominal anterior–posterior diameter, abdominal circumference and fe

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Veille, J., R. Hanson, M. Sivakoff, H. Hoen, and M. Ben-Ami. "Fetal Cardiac Size in Normal, Intrauterine Growth Retarded, and Diabetic Pregnancies." American Journal of Perinatology 10, no. 04 (July 1993): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-994739.

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O'Gorman, Neil, and Laurent J. Salomon. "Fetal biometry to assess the size and growth of the fetus." Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 49 (May 2018): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2018.02.005.

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Airoldi, J., D. C. Wood, A. Ness, E. Done, V. Berghella, R. J. Librizzi, R. J. Bolognese, and S. Weiner. "P10.27: The size of the ductus venosus in fetal growth restriction." Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 26, no. 4 (September 2005): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.2490.

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Wilson, Roneé E., Hamisu M. Salihu, Maureen W. Groer, Getachew Dagne, Kathleen O’Rourke, and Alfred K. Mbah. "Impact of Maternal Thyroperoxidase Status on Fetal Body and Brain Size." Journal of Thyroid Research 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/872410.

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The obstetric consequences of abnormal thyroid function during pregnancy have been established. Less understood is the influence of maternal thyroid autoantibodies on infant outcomes. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of maternal thyroperoxidase (TPO) status on fetal/infant brain and body growth. Six-hundred thirty-one (631) euthyroid pregnant women were recruited from prenatal clinics in Tampa Bay, Florida, and the surrounding area between November 2007 and December 2010. TPO status was determined during pregnancy and fetal/infant brain and body growth variables were as

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Ashraf Soliman, Noor Hamed, Fawzia Alyafei, Nada Alaaraj, Shayma Ahmad, Maya Itani, and Nada Soliman. "Insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF binding proteins in obese pregnant women and their babies: Potential effects on placental function and fetal growth." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 17, no. 2 (February 28, 2023): 093–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.17.2.0222.

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Introduction: The placenta expresses significant amounts of insulin and IGF1 receptors at distinct locations on both fetal and maternal surfaces. This makes the IGF1 and the insulin receptor accessible to fetal and/or maternal insulin, IGF1 and IGF2. IGFs are involved in the receptor-mediated regulation of placental growth and transport, and placental angiogenesis. Maternal obesity during gestation mediates significant changes in the metabolism of mothers, placentas as well as fetal growth. Objectives: In obese women. the role of the insulin like growth factor system IGFs, IGF receptors, IGF-b

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Heese, Sandra, Kerstin Hammer, Mareike Möllers, Helen A. Köster, Maria K. Falkenberg, Maria Eveslage, Janina Braun, Kathrin Oelmeier de Murcia, Walter Klockenbusch, and Ralf Schmitz. "Adrenal gland size in growth restricted fetuses." Journal of Perinatal Medicine 46, no. 8 (October 25, 2018): 900–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2017-0339.

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Abstract Objective To compare the adrenal gland size of fetal growth restricted (FGR) and normal control fetuses. Study design In this prospective study the adrenal gland size of 63 FGR fetuses and 343 normal controls was measured between 20 and 41 weeks of gestation. The total width and the medulla width were measured in a new standardized transversal plane. The cortex width and a calculated ratio of the total and medulla width (adrenal gland ratio) were compared between both groups. Results The mean cortex width and the adrenal gland ratio in FGR fetuses were higher in comparison to the cont

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Jin, Danyao, Janet Wilson Rich-Edwards, Chunyi Chen, Yue Huang, Yinping Wang, Xiangrong Xu, Jue Liu, et al. "Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Predictive Value of Fetal Growth Measurements by Ultrasonography at 22–24 Weeks: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Medical Records." Nutrients 12, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 3645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123645.

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Early intervention of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is effective in reducing pregnancy disorders. Fetal growth, measured by routine ultrasound scan a few weeks earlier before GDM diagnosis, might be useful to identify women at high risk of GDM. In the study, generalized estimating equations were applied to examine the associations between ultrasonic indicators of abnormal fetal growth at 22–24 weeks and the risk of subsequent GDM diagnosis. Of 44,179 deliveries, 8324 (18.8%) were diagnosed with GDM between 24 and 28 weeks. At 22–24 weeks, fetal head circumference (HC) < 10th, fetal fe

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Halley, Andrew C. "Minimal variation in eutherian brain growth rates during fetal neurogenesis." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1854 (May 10, 2017): 20170219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0219.

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A central question in the evolution of brain development is whether species differ in rates of brain growth during fetal neurogenesis. Studies of neonatal data have found allometric evidence for brain growth rate differences according to physiological variables such as relative metabolism and placental invasiveness, but these findings have not been tested against fetal data directly. Here, we measure rates of exponential brain growth acceleration in 10 eutherian mammals, two marsupials, and two birds. Eutherian brain acceleration exhibits minimal variation relative to body and visceral organ g

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Bale, Laurie K., and Cheryl A. Conover. "Disruption of insulin-like growth factor-II imprinting during embryonic development rescues the dwarf phenotype of mice null for pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A." Journal of Endocrinology 186, no. 2 (August 2005): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.06259.

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Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), an insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP) protease, increases insulin-like growth factor (IGF) activity through cleavage of inhibitory IGFBP-4 and the consequent release of IGF peptide for receptor activation. Mice homozygous for targeted disruption of the PAPP-A gene are born as proportional dwarfs and exhibit retarded bone ossification during fetal development. Phenotype and in vitro data support a model in which decreased IGF-II bioavailability during embryogenesis results in growth retardation and reduction in overall body size. T

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Owens, J. A., K. L. Kind, F. Carbone, J. S. Robinson, and P. C. Owens. "Circulating insulin-like growth factors-I and -II and substrates in fetal sheep following restriction of placental growth." Journal of Endocrinology 140, no. 1 (January 1994): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1400005.

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Abstract To determine the relationship between placental delivery of oxygen and glucose, circulating insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and fetal growth, the effect of variable restriction of placental growth was determined in sheep in late gestation. Arterial blood was obtained via indwelling catheters at 120 and 127 days of gestation, prior to necropsy at 130 days to measure fetal and placental weights. Plasma was acidified and subjected to size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography at pH 2·8 to dissociate and separate IGFs from their binding proteins. The acid-dissociated IGF fra

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Talmor, Alon, Anneleen Daemen, Edile Murdoch, Hannah Missfelder-Lobos, Dirk Timmerman, Tom Bourne, Dino A. Giussani, and Christoph Lees. "Defining the relationship between fetal Doppler indices, abdominal circumference and growth rate in severe fetal growth restriction using functional linear discriminant analysis." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 10, no. 88 (November 6, 2013): 20130376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0376.

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The relationship between Doppler measurements, size and growth rate in fetal growth restriction has not been defined. We used functional linear discriminant analysis (FLDA) to investigate these parameters taking account of the difficulties inherent in exploring relationships between repeated observations from a small number of cases. In 40 fetuses with severe growth restriction, serial abdominal circumference (AC), umbilical, middle cerebral artery (MCA) and ductus venosus Doppler pulsatility index measurements were recorded. In 11 singleton fetuses with normal growth, umbilical artery pulsati

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Jeckel, K. M., A. C. Boyarko, G. J. Bouma, Q. A. Winger, and R. V. Anthony. "Chorionic somatomammotropin impacts early fetal growth and placental gene expression." Journal of Endocrinology 237, no. 3 (June 2018): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-18-0093.

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Abstract (sommario):

Several developmental windows, including placentation, must be negotiated to establish and maintain pregnancy. Impaired placental function can lead to preeclampsia and/or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), resulting in increased infant mortality and morbidity. It has been hypothesized that chorionic somatomammotropin (CSH) plays a significant role in fetal development, potentially by modifying maternal and fetal metabolism. Recently, using lentiviral-mediated in vivo RNA interference in sheep, we demonstrated significant reductions in near-term (135 days of gestation; dGA) fetal and place

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42

Vatnick, I., and A. W. Bell. "Ontogeny of fetal hepatic and placental growth and metabolism in sheep." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 263, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): R619—R623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1992.263.3.r619.

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Ontogeny of fetal hepatic and placental growth and in vitro oxygen consumption (VO2) was investigated in fetal lambs at 75, 100, and 136 days postconception. Fetal hepatic relative weight and placental absolute and relative weights declined during this period. Oxygen consumption per gram dry weight of fetal liver and maternal placenta declined between mid and late gestation while fetal placental VO2 was unchanged. Estimated VO2 of the whole placenta did not change while the estimated total hepatic VO2 increased more than threefold between 75 and 136 days. Total hepatic VO2 was highly correlate

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43

Swanson, A. M., V. Mehta, K. Ofir, M. Rowe, C. Rossi, Y. Ginsberg, H. Griffin, et al. "The use of ultrasound to assess fetal growth in a guinea pig model of fetal growth restriction." Laboratory Animals 51, no. 2 (July 9, 2016): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677216637506.

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Abstract (sommario):

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a common and potentially severe pregnancy complication. Currently there is no treatment available. The guinea pig is an attractive model of human pregnancy as placentation is morphologically very similar between the species. Nutrient restriction of the dam creates growth-restricted fetuses while leaving an intact uteroplacental circulation, vital for evaluating novel therapies for FGR. Growth-restricted fetuses were generated by feeding Dunkin Hartley guinea pig dams 70% of ad libitum intake from four weeks before and throughout pregnancy. The effect of matern

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44

Kitterman, Joseph A. "Physiological factors in fetal lung growth." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 66, no. 8 (August 1, 1988): 1122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y88-184.

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Abstract (sommario):

Adequate pulmonary function at birth depends upon a mature surfactant system and lungs of normal size. Surfactant is controlled primarily by hormonal factors, especially from the hypophysis, adrenal, and thyroid; but these have little influence on fetal lung growth. In contrast, current data indicate that lung growth is determined by the following physical factors that permit the lungs to express their inherent growth potential. (a) Adequate intrathoracic space: lesions that decrease intrathoracic space impede lung growth, apparently by physical compression. (b) Adequate amount of amniotic flu

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45

Bernstein, Ira M., Gregory Mohs, Mark Rucquoi, and Gary J. Badger. "Case for Hybrid “Fetal Growth Curves”: A Populatiori-Based Estimation of Normal Fetal Size Across Gestational Age." Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 5, no. 3 (January 1996): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14767059609025411.

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46

Bernstein, Ira M., Gregory Mohs, Mark Rucquoi, and Gary J. Badger. "Case for hybrid ?fetal growth curves?: A population-based estimation of normal fetal size across gestational age." Journal of Maternal-Fetal Medicine 5, no. 3 (May 1996): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6661(199605/06)5:3<124::aid-mfm5>3.0.co;2-o.

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47

Greenwood, Paul L., Ramona M. Slepetis, and Alan W. Bell. "Influences on fetal and placental weights during mid to late gestation in prolific ewes well nourished throughout pregnancy." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 12, no. 4 (2000): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd00053.

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Abstract (sommario):

This study investigated associations between fetal and placental weights from 85 to 130 days gestation in 49 fetuses from 21 ewes of a prolific genotype used as an experimental model of intrauterine growth retardation. The proportion of variation in fetal weight explained by placental weight increased from zero at 85 days to 91% (residual standard deviation (RSD) = 260 g) at 130 days. Overall, stage of pregnancy plus placental weight accounted for 96% of fetal weight variation (RSD = 212 g). Litter size and number of fetuses per uterine horn also influnced individual fetal weights. Gestational

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48

Murotsuki, J., J. R. Challis, V. K. Han, L. J. Fraher, and R. Gagnon. "Chronic fetal placental embolization and hypoxemia cause hypertension and myocardial hypertrophy in fetal sheep." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 272, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): R201—R207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1997.272.1.r201.

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Abstract (sommario):

To examine the cardiovascular effects on the fetus of an elevated umbilical vascular resistance resulting in fetal hypoxemia, we embolized the fetal side of the placenta in pregnant sheep and measured cardiovascular and hormonal changes and cellular growth in fetal heart. Chronically catheterized fetal sheep were embolized (n = 6) for 21 days between 0.74 and 0.88 of gestation into the descending aorta until arterial oxygen content was decreased by 40-50% of the preembolization value. Control animals (n = 6) received saline only. During embolization, fetuses became chronically hypoxemic (P &lt

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49

Bloomfield, Frank H., Pierre L. van Zijl, Michael K. Bauer, and Jane E. Harding. "A chronic low dose infusion of insulin-like growth factor I alters placental function but does not affect fetal growth." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 14, no. 7 (2002): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd02022.

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Abstract (sommario):

Knowledge of the anabolic effects of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on fetal growth and feto–placental metabolism are derived from studies using large doses of IGF-I. Low doses of enteral IGF-I have trophic effects on the fetal gut, but there are no data on the effects of systemic low doses of IGF-I on fetal growth and feto–placental metabolism. We therefore compared the effects of a chronic infusion of low dose IGF-I (50�μg�day–1, n = 7) with vehicle-infused controls (n = 7) on fetal growth, metabolism and placental transfer capacity in the chronically instrumented late gestation ovine

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50

Reeves, Shane, and Ira Bernstein. "Effects of maternal tobacco-smoke exposure on fetal growth and neonatal size." Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology 3, no. 6 (November 2008): 719–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/17474108.3.6.719.

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