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Tesi sul tema "Figure-ground perception"
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1
Adamo, Stephen Hunter. "Semantic Suppression in Figure-Ground Perception and Binocular Rivalry". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146907.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Figure-ground segregation occurs when one of two regions sharing a border is perceived as a shaped entity (a figure) and the other is perceived as a shapeless background to the figure. The mechanism of figure-ground perception is inhibitory competition. Peterson and Skow (2008) showed that a familiar configuration that loses the competition for figural status is not perceived consciously and is suppressed, at least at the level of categorical shape. A remaining question is whether the semantics of the familiar configuration are also accessed and suppressed. The present study investigates this question through binocular rivalry. Binocular rivalry occurs when separate images are simultaneously presented to the left and right eyes. Typically one dominates at any given moment, and awareness alternates back and forth between these two images. The image that is not perceived is suppressed (Wheatstone, 1838). The present experiments investigated how the suppression in figure-ground perception and the suppression in binocular rivalry interact. In one eye, subjects viewed a silhouette that initially dominated because a dynamic, colorful pattern was presented within the confines of the figure. In the other eye, participants viewed a word string either a word that named a familiar configuration or a non-word; the letter string was initially suppressed. Experiment 1 explored whether the time required for the letter string to reach awareness between a silhouette that had a hidden, familiar configuration on the ground side or a silhouette with a novel configuration on the ground. Experiment 2 observed the time required to make a lexical decision once the letter string arrived to awareness. Both experiments failed to yield evidence for an interaction between figure-ground and binocular rivalry suppression. This suggests that during binocular rivalry, a shape suppressed by figure-ground competition fails to interact with a word corresponding to the suppressed shape.
2
Turner, Maureen Cassidy. "The Role of Working Memory in Bistable Figure-Ground Perception". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146696.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
There is a question of what cognitive resources underlie bistable figure-ground alternation. Figure-ground alternation is accomplished via inhibition. Research highlighting the role of inhibition in working memory processes point to the possible involvement of working memory in figure-ground alternation. We examined this issue by asking participants to simultaneously maintain a working memory load and indicate their perceptual reversals of figure-ground stimuli. Two separate types of working memory tasks were used, a verbal (multi-modal) task and a visual task. Concurrent visual working memory load caused perceptual alteration to speed, while verbal working memory load had no significant effect. This implies that working memory space is needed to maintain the current percept, while inhibition keeps the alternate interpretation from coming to dominance.
3
Anderson, John A. E., M. Karl Healey, Lynn Hasher e Mary A. Peterson. "Age-related deficits in inhibition in figure-ground assignment". ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/617415.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We assessed age differences in the ability to resolve competition for figural status in stationary displays using small, enclosed, symmetrical silhouettes that participants classified as depicting "novel'' or "familiar'' shapes. The silhouettes were biased such that the inside was perceived as the shaped figure, and the outside was perceived as a shapeless ground. The critical manipulation was whether a portion of a meaningful object was suggested on the outside of the border of some of the novel silhouettes but not others M(+)Ground and M-Ground novel silhouettes, respectively). This manipulation was intended to induce greater inhibitory competition for figural status from the groundside in M(+)Ground silhouettes than M(-)Ground silhouettes. In previous studies, young adults classified M(+)Ground silhouettes as "novel'' faster than M(-)Ground silhouettes (Trujillo, Allen, Schnyer, & Peterson, 2010), suggesting that young adults may recruit more inhibition to resolve figure-ground when there is more competition. We replicated this effect with young adults in the present study, but older adults showed the opposite pattern and were less accurate in classifying M(+)Ground than M(-)Ground silhouettes. These results extend the evidence for inhibitory deficits in older adults to figure assignment in stationary displays. The (M(+)Ground - M(-)Ground) RT differences were evident in observers' longest responses, consistent with the hypothesis that inhibitory deficits are evident when the need for inhibition is substantial.
4
White, Hannah, Rachel Jubran, Alison Heck, Alyson Chroust e Ramesh S. Bhatt. "The Role of Shape Recognition in Figure/Ground Perception in Infancy". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2729.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this study we sought to determine whether infants, like adults, utilize previous experience to guide figure/ground processing. After familiarization to a shape, 5-month-olds preferentially attended to the side of an ambiguous figure/ground test stimulus corresponding to that shape, suggesting that they were viewing that portion as the figure. Infants’ failure to exhibit this preference in a control condition in which both sides of the test stimulus were displayed as figures indicated that the results in the experimental condition were not due to a preference between two figure shapes. These findings demonstrate for the first time that figure/ground processing in infancy is sensitive to top-down influence. Thus, a critical aspect of figure/ground processing is functional early in life.
5
Lass, Jordan W., Patrick J. Bennett, Mary A. Peterson e Allison B. Sekuler. "Effects of aging on figure-ground perception: Convexity context effects and competition resolution". ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623274.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We examined age-related differences in figure-ground perception by exploring the effect of age on Convexity Context Effects (CCE; Peterson & Salvagio, 2008). Experiment 1, using Peterson and Salvagio's procedure and black and white stimuli consisting of 2 to 8 alternating concave and convex regions, established that older adults exhibited reduced CCEs compared to younger adults. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated that this age difference was found at various stimulus durations and sizes. Experiment 4 compared CCEs obtained with achromatic stimuli, in which the alternating convex and concave regions were each all black or all white, and chromatic stimuli in which the concave regions were homogeneous in color but the convex regions varied in color. We found that the difference between CCEs measured with achromatic and colored stimuli was larger in older than in younger adults. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the senescent visual system is less able to resolve the competition among various perceptual interpretations of the figure-ground relations among stimulus regions.
6
Trujillo, Logan Thomas. "Electrophysiological Correlates of the Influences of Past Experience on Conscious and Unconscious Figure-Ground Perception". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194981.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Figure-ground perception can be modeled as a competitive process with mutual inhibition between shape properties on opposite sides of an edge. This dissertation reports brain-based evidence that such competitive inhibition can be induced by access to preexisting object memory representations during figure assignment. Silhouette stimuli were used in which the balance of properties along an edge biased the inner, bounded, region to be seen as a novel figure. Experimental silhouettes (EXP) suggested familiar objects on their outside edges, which nonetheless appeared as shapeless grounds. Control silhouettes (CON) suggested novel shapes on the outside.In an initial task, human observers categorized masked EXP and CON silhouettes (175 ms exposure) as "novel" versus a third group of silhouettes depicting "familiar" objects on the inside. Signal detection measures verified that observers were unconscious of the familiar shapes within the EXP stimuli. Across three experiments, novel categorizations were highly accurate with shorter RTs for EXP than CON. Event-related potential (ERP) indices of observers' brain activity (Experiments 2 and 3) revealed a Late Potential (~300 ms) to be less positive for EXP than CON, a reduction in neural activity consistent with the presence of greater competitive inhibition for EXP stimuli. After controlling for stimulus confounds (Experiment 3), the P1 ERP (~100 ms) was larger for EXP than CON conditions, perhaps reflecting unconscious access to object memories.In a second task, observers were informed about familiar shapes suggested on the outsides of the EXP silhouettes before viewing masked (Experiments 1 and 2) or unmasked (Experiment 3) EXP and CON silhouettes to report whether they saw familiar shapes on the outside. Experiment 3 observers were more accurate to categorize CON vs. EXP stimuli as novel vs. familiar, with shorter RTs for EXP than CON. Task 2 N170 ERPs (~170 ms) were larger for EXP than CON in Experiments 2 and 3, reflecting the conscious perception of familiar shape in the outsides of EXP silhouettes. LP magnitudes were greater for CON than EXP, although ERP polarity was dependent on the presence/absence of a mask. Task 2 LPs may reflect competitive inhibition or longer processing times for CON stimuli.
7
Cacciamani, Laura M. "Beyond Conscious Object Perception: Processing and Inhibition of the Groundside of a Figure". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/332846.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Object perception is necessary to our understanding of the visual world, yet its neural mechanism remains poorly understood. The goal of this dissertation is to shed light on this mechanism. Current computational models of object perception suggest that regions on opposite sides of a shared border compete, with the winner perceived as the shaped object and the loser as its locally shapeless background (or ground). Recent behavioral work indicates that the result of this competition is suppression of the ground at the level of object shape--a finding not predicted by models. Here, I present three studies that extend this previous research on ground suppression as a mechanism by which object perception is accomplished. I first show that the amount of suppression applied to the ground depends on the amount of competition for object status (Salvagio, Cacciamani, & Peterson, 2012). I then provide the first neural evidence of ground suppression from shape-level competition at both high and low levels of the visual hierarchy, with the latter arising from top-down feedback (Cacciamani, Scalf, & Peterson, submitted). Finally, I show that semantic information pertaining to the ground is accessed prior to the assignment of object status, but unlike shape information, is not suppressed (Cacciamani, Mojica, Sanguinetti, & Peterson, 2014). Together, the three studies that comprise this dissertation demonstrate that ground suppression arising from shape-level competition underlies object perception. This research contradicts traditional theories stating that objects are processed unidirectionally through the visual system in a single feedforward pass; instead, it supports theories of object perception entailing dynamical feedforward and feedback processes.
8
Sanguinetti, Joseph LaCoste. "The Dynamics Of Perceptual Organization In The Human Visual System; Competition In Time". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/333347.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The visual system receives a series of fluctuating light patterns on the retina, yet visual perception is strikingly different from this unorganized and ambiguous input. Thus visual processes must organize the input into coherent units, or objects, and segregate them from others. These processes, collectively called perceptual organization, are fundamental to our ability to perceive and interact with objects in the world. Nevertheless, they are not yet understood, perhaps because serial, hierarchical assumptions that were long held impeded progress. In a series of experiments, this dissertation investigated the mechanisms that contribute to perceptual organization and ultimately to our ability to perceive objects. A new hypothesis is that during the course of object assignment potential objects on either side of a border are accessed on a fast pass of processing and engage in inhibitory competition for object status; the winner is perceived as the object and the loser is suppressed, leading that region to be seen as part of the shapeless background. Previous research suggested that at least shape level representations are accessed on the fast pass of processing before object assignment. In the first series of experiments (Chapter 1), we found that meaning (semantics) is also accessed on the fast pass of processing for regions that are ultimately perceived as shapeless grounds. This finding contradicts traditional feed-forward theories of perception that assumed that meaning is accessed only for figures after object assignment. The experiments in Chapter 2 examine activity in the alpha band of the EEG, which has been used as an index of inhibition. More alpha activity was observed when participants viewed stimuli designed such that there was more competition for figural status from the region ultimately perceived as the ground. The results support the proposal that inhibitory competition occurs during the course of object perception, and these results are the first online measure of competition during figure assignment. The final series of experiments (Chapter 3) investigated how quickly saccadic behaviors that required perceptual organization can be initiated. The experiments show that participants can initiate saccades that are based on perceptual organization approximately 200 ms after stimulus onset, much faster than was assumed on feed-forward models of perception. Collectively, these experiment support models of object perception that involve the mutual interaction and competition of objects properties via feedforward and iterative feedback processing, and the eventual suppression of the losing ground regions before object assignment.
9
Campbell, Elizabeth Marie Salvagio, e Elizabeth Marie Salvagio Campbell. "How do 5.5-month-old Infants Learn to Segment Objects from their Backgrounds?" Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623064.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
How do infants segment objects from the complex visual environment? Investigations of figure-ground perception have been dominated by studies assessing infants' sensitivity to depth and figure cues; few studies have assessed what information infants' use to perceive figures as separate from grounds. Research examining word segmentation suggests that statistical learning might aid segmentation in visual scenes. Despite the numerous studies investigating figure-ground segmentation, none have investigated the role of spatial transitional probabilities as a means for segmentation. To examine this question, we used a habituation/familiarity-preference procedure to assess whether background variability enables 5.5-month-old infants' perception of figures as separate from the background. The results of Experiments 1 and 2 indicated that statistical learning extends to scene segmentation, scene contexts allowed extraction of statistical distribution. Experiment 3 demonstrated that matching the configuration of visual arrays during training and test is essential; mismatched stimuli impede the measurement of segmentation.
10
RAZ, DANNAH GECLEWICZ. "VISUAL PERCEPTION AND INFANT DEVELOPMENT: CAN INFANTS USE CONVEXITY AS A CUE FOR FIGURE/GROUND SEGREGATION". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192206.
Testo completo
11
Barnes, Timothy. "Visual depth perception from texture accretion and deletion: a neural model of figure-ground segregation and occlusion". Thesis, Boston University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/31504.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston UniversityPLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
Freezing is an effective defense strategy for some prey, because their predators rely on visual motion to distinguish objects from their surroundings. An object moving over a background progressively covers (deletes) and uncovers (accretes) background texture while simultaneously producing discontinuities in the optic flow field. These events unambiguously specify kinetic occlusion and can produce a crisp edge, depth perception, and figure-ground segregation between identically textured surfaces -- percepts which all disappear without motion. Given two abutting regions of uniform random texture with different motion velocities, one region will appear to be situated farther away and behind the other (i.e., the ground), if its texture is accreted or deleted at the boundary between the regions, irrespective of region and boundary velocities. Consequently, a region with moving texture appears farther away than a stationary region if the boundary is stationary, but it appears closer (i.e. the figure) if the boundary is moving coherently with the moving texture. The perception of kinetic occlusion requires the detection of an unexpected onset or offset of otherwise predictably moving or stationary contrast patches. A computational model of directional selectivity in visual cells is here extended to also detect motion onsets and offsets. The connectivity of these model cells not only affords the detection of local texture accretion and deletion events but also explains results showing that human reaction times differ for motion onsets versus offsets. These theorized cells are placed into a larger computational model of visual areas V1 and V2 to show how interactions between orientation- and direction-selective cells first create a motion-defined boundary and then signal texture accretion or deletion at that boundary. A weak speed-depth bias brings faster-moving texture regions forward in depth. This is consistent with percepts: the faster of two surfaces appears closer when moving parallel to the resulting emergent boundary between them (shearing motion). Activation of model occlusion detectors tuned to a particular velocity results in the model assigning the adjacent surface with a matching velocity to the far depth. These processes together reproduce human psychophysical reports of depth ordering for a representative set of all kinetic occlusion displays.
2031-01-01
12
Yang, Weilu. "Moments of Absence Phenomenology of Perception in Representing the Absent Moments". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1397737336.
Testo completo
13
Goksun-Yoruk, Tilbe. "The 'Who' and 'Where' of Events: Infants' Processing of Figures and Grounds in Events". Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/100828.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
PsychologyPh.D.
Learning relational terms such as verbs and prepositions is fundamental to language development. To learn relational words, children must first dissect and process dynamic event components, and then uncover how the particular language they are learning encodes these constructs. Building on a new area of research, this dissertation investigated two event components, figure (i.e., the moving entity) and ground (i.e., the stationary setting) that are central to learning relational words. In particular, we examine how English- and Japanese-reared infants process figures and grounds in nonlinguistic events and how language learning interacts with their conceptualization of these constructs. Four studies were designed to probe our questions. Study 1 examined English-reared infants' ability to form nonnative ground categories encoded only in Japanese. For example, "crossing a road," which extends in a line and is bounded, is expressed differently than "crossing a field" that extends in a plane and is unbounded. We found that infants can detect the geometry of the ground and form a nonnative ground category. Study 2 indicated that the path of an action plays a role in construing these categorical ground distinctions such that without the bounded paths infants do not differentiate between grounds. Study 3 demonstrated that even though infants notice figures and grounds in static representations of the dynamic events (even earlier for the ground discrimination), the Japanese categorical ground differentiation no longer emerged. In the last set of studies, we showed that despite the sensitivity to the event structure and categorical ground distinctions in dynamic events by both English- and Japanese-reared infants (Study 4a), only Japanese toddlers retained these categorical distinctions (Study 4b). Overall, these results suggest that 1) infants distinguish between figures and grounds in events with differential attention to static and dynamic displays; 2) before learning much about their native language infants form nonnative event categories; and 3) the process of learning language appears to shift earlier formed categorical boundaries.
Temple University--Theses
14
Chang, Ssu-chien, e 張絲茜. "A Study of figure-ground perception in Chinese typography design". Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50653961867275968705.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
碩士朝陽科技大學
工業設計系碩士班
101
Applying figure-ground perception to Chinese typography design is a way that makes connection between character strokes, and further reverses its perceived hollow/full spatiality. This kind of typography design conveys the meaning of the character, while at the same time brings attractiveness to the design. Figure-ground illustrations that are originally admired for its graphic presentations became more intriguing because of the distinguishing feature of Chinese characters. This paper reviewed cases of Chinese typography design and figure-ground perception, sorted out their correlativity, and generalized several ways of applying figure-ground perception to Chinese typography design. In this paper, we found that “strokes of the characters” and “combination of shape” are the two critical elements of applying figure-ground perception to Chinese typography design. Furthermore, there are four general methods to correlate the two, including “strokes connecting between characters”, “characters deconstructing and surrounding”, “strokes sharing and reversing”, and “perspective stroke contours and reversing”. These methods can be adopted as the basic design concept, and further apply to posters, identification products and T-shirts. While making actual designs, we faced difficulties and limitations of applying figure-ground perception to Chinese typography design. We concluded that the character should be appropriately chosen to carry out the theme; also, the graphic shouldn’t be too complicated to steal the visual focus of the characters; last but not least, the design should be presenting both the full structure of a Chinese character and the idea of figure-ground perception.
15
Kim, Sung-Ho. "Globally inconsistent figure/ground relations induced by a negative part". 2009. http://hdl.rutgers.edu/1782.2/rucore10001600001.ETD.000052253.
Testo completo
16
Hecht, Lauren Nicole Vecera Shaun P. "Temporal processing of figures and grounds". 2009. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/298.
Testo completo
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Kuo, Ying-Miao, e 郭盈妙. "Generating Ambiguous Figure-Ground Images and Pop-up Design via 2D Shape Perception and Analysis". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28hg79.
Testo completo
18
Layton, Oliver W. "Neural models of inter-cortical networks in the primate visual system for navigation, attention, path perception, and static and kinetic figure-ground perception". Thesis, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/15224.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Vision provides the primary means by which many animals distinguish foreground objects from their background and coordinate locomotion through complex environments. The present thesis focuses on mechanisms within the visual system that afford figure-ground segregation and self-motion perception. These processes are modeled as emergent outcomes of dynamical interactions among neural populations in several brain areas. This dissertation specifies and simulates how border-ownership signals emerge in cortex, and how the medial superior temporal area (MSTd) represents path of travel and heading, in the presence of independently moving objects (IMOs).
Neurons in visual cortex that signal border-ownership, the perception that a border belongs to a figure and not its background, have been identified but the underlying mechanisms have been unclear. A model is presented that demonstrates that inter-areal interactions across model visual areas V1-V2-V4 afford border-ownership signals similar to those reported in electrophysiology for visual displays containing figures defined by luminance contrast. Competition between model neurons with different receptive field sizes is crucial for reconciling the occlusion of one object by another. The model is extended to determine border-ownership when object borders are kinetically-defined, and to detect the location and size of shapes, despite the curvature of their boundary contours.
Navigation in the real world requires humans to travel along curved paths. Many perceptual models have been proposed that focus on heading, which specifies the direction of travel along straight paths, but not on path curvature. In primates, MSTd has been implicated in heading perception. A model of V1, medial temporal area (MT), and MSTd is developed herein that demonstrates how MSTd neurons can simultaneously encode path curvature and heading. Human judgments of heading are accurate in rigid environments, but are biased in the presence of IMOs. The model presented here explains the bias through recurrent connectivity in MSTd and avoids the use of differential motion detectors which, although used in existing models to discount the motion of an IMO relative to its background, is not biologically plausible. Reported modulation of the MSTd population due to attention is explained through competitive dynamics between subpopulations responding to bottom-up and top- down signals.
19
Krigolson, Olave Edouard. "Facilitation or interference? the influence of visual cues on the accuracy and control of visually-guided and memory-dependent reaches /". 2003. http://www.oregonpdf.org.
Testo completo
20
Smit, Susanna Margrietha. "Instabilities of visual perception in the 'Bath Series' of Jasper Johns (1983-1988)". Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/12049.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
M.A.University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Humanities (Fine Arts), 2012The ‘Bath Series’ (1983-1988) of Jasper Johns shows the artist’s meditation on his oeuvre of the past thirty years, and the examples of his previous works demonstrate his interest in instabilities of visual perception. The latter are activated when the viewer’s expectation to see conventional representational strategies are destabilized, and figure/ground pictorial space, particularly, becomes ambiguous. This first recorded academic study focusing exclusively on the series as a unit, discovers that figure/ground switching, an ‘Ur-Gestalt’ (Gandelman 1989: 209), appears to be a core energy motivating ambiguous pictorial space in Johns’ art, and constitutes the theoretical component of the research. The practical component is a site specific installation which shows some visual and verbal processes and meditates on the perpetual interaction between the eye and the mind, which is a fundamental concern of Johns (Varnedoe 1996b: 245, 257), as well as of myself. The work invites viewers to experience destabilized conventional visual perceptions and to explore, as Johns said, ‘something new’ (Varnedoe 1996a: 17).