Libri sul tema "Fir pre-emphasis"

Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy-specific condition diagnosed by new-onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks’ gestation. The incidence of pre-eclampsia means that it is both the most prevalent cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in pregnancy and the commonest glomerular disease in the world. This chapter outlines the diagnosis and management of pre-eclampsia. Particular emphasis is given to the post-partum disease course as this is when a specialist nephrology opinion may be sought. HELLP (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) syndrome is a variant of severe pre-eclampsia. The most important differential diagnoses of HELLP syndrome are the thrombotic microangiopathies. Pregnancy can act as a trigger for both for new disease and flare of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and haemolytic uraemic syndrome. AKI is a common complication of acute fatty liver of pregnancy. The diagnosis and supportive management of this condition are considered.

This chapter assesses the judicial efficiency of the ICC’s confirmation of charges proceedings. It reviews existing jurisprudence and addresses aspects of the adversarial nature of the proceedings, including disclosure and other procedural issues. It examines the impact of current practice on pre-trial preparation, the conduct of trials, and the overall duration of ICC proceedings. Particular emphasis is placed on the relationship between pre-trial and trial proceedings, including analysis of the post-confirmation modification of legal characterizations (Regulation 55 of the Regulations of the Court) and its importance for the design of the confirmation phase. The chapter concludes that future confirmation hearings and amendments should focus on judicial efficiency and the limited purpose of the hearing, which is submitting charges on trial or denying a confirmation on the basis of a considerably low legal threshold.

This chapter reviews the gradual adoption of Ashʿarism in the pre-modern Islamic west, from its introduction in Ifrīqiyā and parts of central Maghrib by the middle of the tenth century CE, passing through its subsequent propagation to and further development in al-Andalus until its dissemination in the Far Maghrib owing to the joint influence of Ifrīqī and Andalusī theologians. Special emphasis is put in the Almoravids’ contribution to this latter process and the challenges posed by Ibn Tūmart—the leader of the Almohad movement—to the local Mālikī-Ashʿarī establishment.

This chapter examines the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) between states and non-state actors and its implications for international law governing the use of force. It considers whether WMD proliferation and changes in security realities have brought a crisis in international law on the use of force and discusses the use of pre-emptive force for preventing states and non-state actors ‘of concern’ from developing and using WMD. It analyses the shift in the policy positions of the US and other relatively powerful states, from more multilateral and diplomacy-based ‘non-proliferation’ to increased emphasis on proactive and often unilateral or small-coalition-based ‘counterproliferation’. It looks at concerns that several states will be emboldened to apply the doctrine of counterproliferation-oriented pre-emption to their regional conflicts. Finally, it evaluates proposals to reform the provisions and procedures of the UN Charter system for regulating the use of force, including the law on self-defence.

Taking a systematic approach to the main areas of cancer nursing practice, the Oxford Handbook of Cancer Nursing 2^nd edition covers all aspects of cancer care. It guides the user from pre-diagnosis, through treatment, to issues of advanced disease and palliative care. It includes cancer biology, genetics and treatments, as well as new targeted and complementary therapies. It follows a patient-centred approach, with a greater emphasis on survivorship and living with cancer than the previous edition, to reflect changes in prognosis for many different cancers. It is fully updated to follow the current evidence-based research, and takes a multidisciplinary view of the subject.

This chapter examines the nature of Native American societies immediately prior to the advent of sustained contacts with Europeans in the late fifteenth century. Touching on the broad issues of social organization, politics, trade, religion, and identity, the chapter provides a general framework for understanding the uniqueness of indigenous Native American cultures. The precontact Native cultures of North America were far more diverse and complex than any of the theories archaeologists have previously devised to understand them. In addition to the knowledge gained from ever new archaeological investigations of precontact sites in North America, there is ample evidence that an emphasis on scholarly engagement with descendant communities holds the potential to reveal even more about pre- and postcontact Native American experiences.

This chapter critiques ten seminal papers that epitomize the advent and evolution of mitochondrial medicine from the latter half of the last century up until today. These important bodies of work span the pre-molecular and molecular eras, from when diagnostic yield was based on meticulous clinical and biochemical characterization of patients, up until now, with targeted next-generation sequencing revolutionizing our diagnostic approach. The first clinical description of a mitochondrial disorder is reviewed and the subsequent landmark papers that define current clinical and molecular understanding of human diseases caused by inherited disorders of mitochondrial dysfunction are chronicled. The chapter also charts the shift in emphasis from diagnosis to the development of treatments and novel approaches for disease prevention.

This chapter examines the legal mechanisms for mitigating the effect of restrictive licensing provisions used by right holders to regulate the use of functional elements of software, focusing on both negotiable and non-negotiable licences. In particular, it considers the extent to which existing judicial and statutory tools are effective in regulating restrictive licensing provisions in the software industry. The chapter first discusses contract law-based mechanisms, giving emphasis to the implications of whether a transaction is classified as a sale or a licence for the publishers’ ability to restrict third parties from reproducing or appropriating functional features in their software product. It then analyses pre-emption-based mechanisms, as well as competition law-based mechanisms, citing the EU competition law and the US antitrust law.

This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.15 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning negotiations in bad faith. Art 2.1.15 establishes liability for pre-contractual conduct in general terms. It stipulates that a party is free to negotiate and is not liable for failure to reach an agreement. However, a party who negotiates or breaks off negotiations in bad faith is liable for the losses caused to the other party. In particular, it is bad faith for a party to enter into or continue negotiations when intending not to reach an agreement with the other party. This commentary also discusses the consequences of failure to observe the principle of good faith and fair dealing, with particular emphasis on damages and the right to request performance of the obligation to negotiate in good faith, along with exclusion or limitation of liability and burden of proof.

This chapter uses a randomized community development programme in rural Pakistan to assess the impact of citizen engagement on public service delivery and maternal and child health outcomes. The programme had a strong emphasis on organizing women, who also identified health services as a development priority at baseline. At midline, we find that the mobilization effort alone had a significant impact on the performance of village-based health providers. We detect economically large improvements in pregnancy and well-baby visits by female health workers, as well as increased utilization of pre- and post-natal care by pregnant women. In contrast, the quality of supra-village health services did not improve, underscoring the importance of community enforcement and monitoring capacity for improving service delivery.

Methodists and Quakers had a particular interest in pre- and post-Reformation continental Catholic writers of a mystical, spiritual, or quietist tendency, including Thomas à Kempis, Madame Guyon, Fénelon, Antoinette Bourignon, de Molinos, and the lives of Armelle Nicolas, M. de Renty, and Gregory Lopez. This chapter indicates the ways in which knowledge of these Catholic models was disseminated by Pierre Poiret, William Law, John Wesley, and the Quakers Josiah Martin and James and John Gough, among others, and analyses the carefully abridged editions of Catholic works designed for Methodist and Quaker readers. Both Wesley and the Quakers were careful to separate the Catholic writers’ approved emphasis on inward religion and perfection from dangerous Catholic practices, and Wesley warned Methodists against quietism.

Chapter 1 provides entrée to the book’s Mahābhārata subject matter. Among what Freud calls three “classes” of the uncanny, it treats Freud’s handling of castration anxiety and his emphasis on Oedipal themes, but also discusses Freud’s belated handling of the pre-Oedipal, along with his explanations of sources for burial alive, doubles, and ghosts (which he calls “revenants”). It discusses parallels between Freud’s view that “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” and Indian theories of karma and reincarnation. The author argues that the Mahābhārata forges a comparable empire to Freud’s with its own uncanny handling of myth. He also introduces two prominent epic terms that parallel Freud’s understanding of the “uncanny”: māyā, or “illusion,” which is associated especially with Kṛṣṇa, and adbhuta, the “marvelous.”

Kidney transplantation is by far the best therapeutic option for most end-stage renal disease patients. However, there is an increased demand for donor organs worldwide, which cannot be met by the number of currently available organs. Live donation is the key to solving this problem, at least for kidneys. Besides the advantages of better patient and graft survival, short ischaemia times, and pre-emptive transplantation, live donor kidney transplantation offers many creative options to facilitate more transplants, such as paired kidney exchange programmes (or cross-over), unspecified and domino-paired donation. Due to new immunological possibilities, blood group AB0-incompatible transplantation and desensitization prior to transplantation are now a clinical reality. Over the years, the evolution of surgical techniques (from invasive towards minimally-invasive) for live donor nephrectomy has contributed tremendously to the success of the programme. This chapter gives a state-of-the-art overview of kidney donation and transplantation, with an emphasis on surgical aspects.

Many Europeans today perceive immigration as a major problem for society. Some claim that asylum seekers and low-skilled migrants are an economic burden and that ethnic diversity undermines the solidarity necessary for strong welfare states. Above all, a widespread discourse portrays Europe's new found cultural and religious complexity as a challenge to historical models of national identity and citizenship. Such concerns are far from new, but they have grown sharply. The trigger for the perception of a ‘migration crisis’ was the end of the Cold War. This article examines the history of migration, ethnicity, and racism, which has always been closely interwoven with nation-state formation, colonialism, and modernity. The ‘migration crisis’ of the early 1990s reveals itself as just one of several crucial turning points in Europe's migration history. Before discussing such epochal shifts, the article summarises pre-1945 experiences, with emphasis on developments since World War II, and also examines multiculturalism and social cohesion in Europe.

This chapter outlines the extant Arabic translations of Milton’s works, then attends to the ways in which three translators—Maḥmūd, Enani, and Aboud—have translated parts of Paradise Lost into Arabic. Close readings of these three translators’ renderings of key images reveal telling correspondences and differences that bring to light the attention to detail in, and thus specific value of, Enani’s translation. The chapter describes Enani’s use of, for example, pre-Islamic archaisms, Qur’ānic style, and prose rhyme, as translational techniques that portray Milton’s grand style, stylize the poetic prose, and strengthen characterization. Enani’s translation theories—and Issa’s interview with Enani—confirm the translator’s key objectives of conveying the rūḥ [spirit], naghamah [tone], and uslūb [style] of the original. The chapter ends with a reflection on future translations, with particular emphasis on Milton’s shorter poems.

This chapter examines both the absence of ideology and its hesitant return in Kyrgyzstan, with particular emphasis on hopeless situations and the concomitant glimmering of hope. Focusing on the inhabitants of Kokjangak, a destitute former mining town and urban wasteland, it explores how political-economic transformation and urban decline affect the ways people deal with questions of existence; for example, how to survive, what to do, who and what to trust, what to believe. The chapter first provides a (pre-)historic overview of Kokjangak and describes how it turned into one of the poorest settlements in Jalalabad Province after the collapse of the USSR. It shows how the condition of uncertainty in Kokjangak paved the way for an apparent openness to new ideologies, but this openness was coupled with reticence, a curiosity matched with suspicion, all of which resonated with the landscape.

Right ventricular (RV) performance plays an important role in the morbidity and mortality of patients with left ventricular dysfunction, congenital heart disease, and pulmonary hypertension. Assessment of RV size, function, and haemodynamics has been challenging because of its complex geometry. Conventional two-dimensional echocardiography is the modality of choice for assessment of RV function in clinical practice. Recent developments in echocardiography have provided several new techniques for assessment of RV dimensions and function, include tissue Doppler imaging, speckle-tracking imaging, and volumetric three-dimensional imaging. However, specific training, expensive dedicated equipment, and extensive clinical validation are still required. Doppler methods interrogating tricuspid inflow and pulmonary artery flow velocities, which are influenced by changes in pre- and afterload conditions, may not provide robust prognostic information for clinical decision-making. This chapter addresses the role of the various echocardiographic modalities used to assess the RV and pulmonary circulation. Special emphasis has been placed on technical considerations, limitations, and pitfalls of image acquisition and analysis.

This chapter examines early discourses on the relationship between television and the developing black freedom movement, with particular emphasis on optimistic hopes that television could be a progressive tool for African American advancement and racial justice. Unlike radio, early network television appeared to take seriously obligations to present African Americans in respectful ways. In the early 1950s, for example, NBC's politically progressive chief censor worked to eradicate offensive black stereotypes from programming by scrubbing references to “darkies,” images of Stepin Fetchit–style characters. This chapter first considers the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's protest against the Amos 'n' Andy and response to the Beulah radio shows before discussing the role of entertainment television in the pre-civil rights period. It looks at the ABC program The Beulah Show. While Beulah exemplifies early television's initial foray into the arena of race relations and black representation, this chapter argues that it did not give viewers a concept of black and white on equal terms.

Assessment of right ventricular (RV) size, function, and haemodynamics has been challenging because of its unique cavity geometry. Conventional two-dimensional assessment of RV function is often qualitative. Doppler methods involving tricuspid inflow and pulmonary artery flow velocities, which are influenced by changes in pre- and afterload conditions, may not provide robust prognostic information for clinical decision making. Recent advances in echocardiographic assessment of the RV include tissue Doppler imaging, speckle-tracking imaging, and volumetric three-dimensional imaging, but they need specific training, expensive dedicated equipment, and extensive clinical validation. However, assessment of RV function is crucial, especially in patients with signs of right-sided failure and those with congenital or mitral valve diseases. This chapter aims to address the role of the various echocardiographic modalities used to assess RV and pulmonary vascular bed function. Special emphasis has been placed on technical considerations, limitations, and pitfalls of image acquisition and analysis.

Tracts descending from motor control centers in the brainstem and cortex target motor interneurons and in select cases motoneurons. The mechanisms and constraints of postural control are elaborated and the effect of body mass on posture discussed. Feed-forward reflexes that maintain posture during standing and other conditions of self-motion are described. The role of descending tracts in postural control and the pathological posturing is described. Pyramidal (corticospinal and corticobulbar) and extrapyramidal control of body and face movements is contrasted. Special emphasis is placed on cortical regions and tracts involved in deliberate control of facial expression; these pathways are contrasted with mechanisms for generating emotional facial expressions. The signs associated with lesions of either motoneurons or motor control centers are clearly detailed. The mechanisms and presentation of cerebral palsy are described. Finally, understanding how pre-motor cortical regions generate actions is used to introduce apraxia, a disorder of action.

Hegel identified clear deficiencies in Hobbes’s ‘scientific empiricism’, but he admired his logic and emphasis on the subjective power of the will. In Hegel’s characterization of individual self-consciousness the importance of the master/slave relationship owes a great deal to Hobbes. He was, for Hegel, an original perceptive thinker who tried, but ultimately failed, to raise ‘scientific empiricism’ to the level of philosophy. We cannot hold Hegel responsible for the lack of interest and hostility to Hobbes among early British idealists. It was Green’s almost wholly negative assessment that led such thinkers as Bradley and Seth to ignore Hobbes. We find in Bosanquet an altogether more qualitative nuanced assessment. The reassessment by idealism of Hobbes’s contribution culminates in Collingwood’s appreciation that Hobbes’s greatest discovery was that language was not the device by which we communicate pre-existing knowledge, but was prior to it and without which knowledge could never come into existence.

This chapter includes taking a menstrual history, used to predict ovulation and the length of the menstrual cycle, and also as an opportunity to provide health care advice and education for women who are planning a pregnancy. Preconception nutrition is briefly covered with particular emphasis on vulnerable groups such as those with closely spaced pregnancies, adolescent mothers, vegans and vegetarians, those on low incomes, those with pre-existing diseases such as diabetes, those with eating disorders, and those from within ethnic minority groups. If needed, the practitioner can then refer women to professionally qualified nutritionists or dietitians. Lifestyle advice and medical considerations are provided here as healthy adjustments can be suggested to clients before conception to optimize maternal and early fetal health. A non-comprehensive list of some of the more common medical conditions is also provided, allowing for advice on screening or potential adjustments to medications to be organized prior to conception.

This volume investigates the various interactions of people, feelings, and things throughout pre-modern Europe. The subject of materiality has been gaining interest in recent historical inquiry, alongside growing emphasis on the relationships between objects, emotions, and affect in archaeological and sociological research. The historical intersections between materiality and emotions, however, have remained under-theorized, particularly with respect to objects which have continuing resonance over extended periods of time, or across cultural and geographical space. The book addresses this need to develop an appropriate cross-disciplinary theoretical framework for analysing the emotional meanings of objects in European history. It draws together an international group of historians, art historians, curators, and literary scholars working on a variety of cultural, literary, visual, and material sources. Objects considered include books, letters, prosthetics, religious relics, shoes, stone, and textiles, and individual chapters address the ways in which emotions such as despair, fear, grief, hope, love, and wonder become inscribed in and ascribed to these items, producing ‘emotional objects’ of significance and agency.

This is the first complete guide to the collection, processing and storage of wild collected seed. While the main focus is on Australian seeds, the procedures and protocols described within the book are of international standard and apply to users throughout the world. The book provides a basic understanding to seed biology, evolution and morphology, and includes chapters on all aspects of harvesting, processing and storage of seeds. This will enable users to collect, process and store seed more efficiently, thus reducing loss of seed viability during the storage process with potentially huge savings in time, effort and expense in the rehabilitation and restoration industries. With a strong emphasis on the species-rich Western Australian region, Australian Seeds features photographs of more than 1200 species showing clearly their size and shape. Comprehensive seed germination data enables users to know how long to allow for germination times and whether some form of pre-germination treatment is required and what this should be. This is of major importance to horticulturists and agriculturists planning crop and weed control programmes. It will also be a valuable resource to anyone interested in Australian flora.

The Habad school of Hasidism is distinguished today from other hasidic groups by its famous emphasis on outreach, on messianism, and on empowering women. This book provides a critical, thematic study of the movement from its beginnings, showing how its unusual qualities evolved. Topics investigated include the theoretical underpinning of the outreach ethos; the turn towards women in the twentieth century; new attitudes to non-Jews; the role of the individual in the hasidic collective; spiritual contemplation in the context of modernity; the quest for inclusivism in the face of prevailing schismatic processes; messianism in both spiritual and political forms; and the direction of the movement after the passing of its seventh rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, in 1994. Attention is given to many contrasts: pre-modern, modern, and postmodern conceptions of Judaism; the clash between maintaining an enclave and outreach models of Jewish society; particularist and universalist trends; and the subtle interplay of mystical faith and rationality. Some of the chapters are new; others, published in an earlier form, have been updated to take account of recent scholarship. This book presents an in-depth study of an intriguing movement which takes traditional Hasidism beyond modernity.

Foundational Principles of Contract Law is similar to a hornbook—that is, a one-volume treatise on a given legal subject that is intended primarily for law-school students—in length, but differs from a hornbook in two critical respect. First, hornbooks are primarily devoted to setting out the principles and rules of a given legal subject, with some attention to the rationale of those principles and rules, only occasional attention to critiquing those principles and rules, and little or no attention to considering whether those principles and rules should be modified or replaced. In contrast, while Foundational Principles sets out the principles and rules of contract law it places more emphasis on what the principles and rules of contract law should be, based on policy, morality, and experience. A major premise of Foundational Principles is that the best way to grasp contract law is to understand it from a critical perspective as an organic, dynamic subject. When contract law is approached in this way it is much easier to grasp and learn than when it is presented simply as a static collection of principles and rules. Second, Foundational Principles is intended for all members of the profession—law-school students, judges, practicing lawyers, and academics—and more generally for all persons interested in the law, including students in pre-law courses and members of the public.

Based on extensive archival research, the extraordinary stories of ordinary people’s lives in this book explore many facets of young people’s intimacy from meeting to courtship to the many occasions when untimely pregnancies necessitated a range of strategies. These might include marriage but could also be efforts to induce abortions, arrangements for out-of-wedlock delivery, charging the father with custody, leaving the baby with a foundling hospital, or infanticide. Clergy, lawyers, social welfare officials, employers, midwives, wet-nurses, neighbors, family, and friends supported young women and held young men responsible for the reproductive consequences of their sexual activity. These practices of intimacy reframe our understanding of multiple aspects of the Old Regime. Young people’s intimate experiences challenge the belief that disciplining female sexuality was a critical early modern goal of state formation and religious reformation. They suggest rethinking the history of a sexual double standard in local and long contexts, the history of marriage, and the role of law in the politics of communities and institutions. The lives of young people also reshape many more specific debates, for instance, about the history of emotions, infanticide, attitudes to illegitimacy, pre-modern workplaces, and the body. The book reveals the important role of the young people’s working communities, where the norm was local management of intimacy with a heavy emphasis on pastoral care and pragmatic acceptance of the inevitability of out-of-wedlock pregnancy.

Focused preparation for Critical Care Certification is needed to ensure success. The Anesthesiology Critical Care Certification examination in particular provides an objective assessment from the perspective of physicians who have a keen perioperative mindset and skillset, while simultaneously demonstrating comfort in caring for patients from every background and co-morbidity as all such patients frequently eventually require pre-operative or post-operative management. The Anesthesiology Critical Care board review provides Critical Care Examination style stems with an emphasis on being oriented toward Anesthesiology Critical Care certification, though examination preparation for the Internal Medicine (Pulmonary Critical Care), Neurocritical Care and Surgical Critical Care could easily be achieved with this text as part of one’s preparation strategy. The authors provide clinical vignettes with realistic images and values to test one’s diagnostic and critical thinking approach to the perioperative patient. Furthermore, every chapter is authored by a physician board certified in critical care medicine. While most authors are anesthesiologists, our text includes content from intensivists with core training in Surgery and Neurology in order to provide a well-rounded perspective on the cases in this book. Much like ICU rounds, this book is systems based and covers the keywords listed by the American Board of Anesthesiology for certification in Critical Care Medicine. Finally, as each area of content is covered, reference materials are available for the reader to gain further expertise in each topical area. The author’s goal is the impart this text to the reader as a formidable tool for Critical Care Examination Preparation.

Building on the foundation of a one-year introductory course in organic chemistry, Bioorganic Synthesis: An Introduction focuses on organic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of naturally-occurring organic compounds with special emphasis on natural products of pharmacological interest. The book is designed specifically for undergraduate students, rather than as an exhaustive reference work for graduate students or professional researchers and is intended to support undergraduate courses for students majoring in chemistry, biochemistry, biology, pre-medicine, and bioengineering programs who would benefit from a deeper understanding of the chemical logic of reactions carried out in organisms and the origins and uses of the important organic compounds they often produce. The book assumes no prior background in biochemistry and consists of eight chapters: i) a brief review of relevant topics from introductory organic chemistry; ii) presentation of essential organic and biochemical reactions used throughout the book along with a brief introduction to coenzymes; iii) review of basic carbohydrates and the biosynthesis of amino acids; iv) the terpenoid pathway for biosynthesis of all important classes of terpenoids and steroids; v) the acetate pathway for biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, prostaglandins and acetate-derived polyketide natural products; vi) the biosynthesis of the shikimate pathway products derived from aromatic amino acids; vii) an introduction to biosynthesis of major alkaloids and related nitrogenous compounds; and viii) an overview of laboratory organic synthesis as it relates to the challenges faced by synthetic and medicinal chemists who must recreate intricate natural product structures in the laboratory.

Works Righteousness is the first full-length study of the place of practice in ethical theory. It is a critique of the idealism of dominant approaches, an analysis of alternative models in which practice plays a more significant role, and an argument for taking practice seriously both in broad questions about ethical theory and in concrete case studies. The book’s main argument is that what people actually do should be central to ethical theory. Rather than assuming that pre-established moral ideas guide action, ethicists should acknowledge and explore the ways that practices generate values and the mutual shaping between ideas and actions. This argument challenges dominant philosophical and religious theories that assume that ideas are what really matter. Works Righteousness analyses the place of practice in these traditions, showing the links between their emphasis on internal states and simple, linear relationships between ideas, actions, and results. These themes are challenged by alternative models such as pragmatism, Marxism, and religious pacifism, which give practice a larger role and in the process highlight important themes such as the way social structures condition moral ideas and actions, the dangers of thinking about moral problems as polarized dilemmas, and the complex mutual shaping of ideas and actions. A practice-focused approach sheds new light on concrete case studies, underlining the value of attention to people’s concrete experiences and relationships in efforts to analyse and address contemporary problems such as hate speech, euthanasia, and climate change.

The Pleistocene epoch or Ice Age, an extended period of advancing and retreating ice sheets, is characterized by striking climatic oscillations and sea level fluctuations. This age saw the rise and spread of humans and a great extinction of large mammals by the end of the epoch; in fact, the world today is essentially the product of dramatic changes that took place in the Pleistocene. This book, a companion to the author's Pleistocene Amphibians and Reptiles in North America, discusses the Pleistocene amphibians and reptiles in Britain and the European continent eastward through present-day Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, the Yugoslavian republics, and Greece. The book begins with a general discussion of the Pleistocene in Britain and Europe with an emphasis on regional terms used to define Pleistocene chronological events. Next, a look at the pre-Pleistocene herpetofauna of the study area sets the stage for a discussion of Pleistocene herpetofauna. A significant section of the book consists of a "bestiary," a series of annotated taxonomic accounts of Pleistocene herpetological taxa from the region. Following this is the interpretive section, beginning with a discussion of herpetological species as paleoenvironmental indicators and continuing with an analysis of herpetological population adjustments to Pleistocene events in Britain and Europe, and then with a discussion of extinction patterns in the region. Finally, the author compares Pleistocene herpetological events in Europe with those in North America. This volume and its companion together provide an up-to-date and comprehensive review of Pleistocene herpetofaunas across a significant portion of the Northern Hemisphere.

Deification in Russian Religious Thought is a study of the reception of the Eastern Christian (Orthodox) doctrine of deification by Russian religious thinkers of the immediate pre-revolutionary period. Deification is the metaphor that the Greek patristic tradition came to privilege in its articulation of the Christian concept of salvation: to be saved is to be deified, that is, to share in the divine attribute of immortality. The central thesis of this book is that between the revolutions of 1905 and 1917 Russian religious thinkers turned to deification in their search for a response to the imminent destruction of the Russian autocracy (and the social and religious order that supported it), that was commensurate with its perceived apocalyptic significance. Contextual chapters set out the parameters of the Greek patristic understanding of deification and the reception of the idea in nineteenth-century Russian religious culture, literature, and thought. Then, four major works by prominent thinkers of the Russian Religious Renaissance are analysed, demonstrating the salience of the deification theme and exploring the variety of forms of its expression. In these works by Merezhkovsky, Berdiaev, Bulgakov, and Florensky, deification is taken out of its original theological context and applied respectively to politics, creativity, economics, and asceticism: this is presented as a modernist endeavour. Nevertheless their common emphasis on deification as a project, a practice that should deliver the ontological transformation and immortalization of human beings, society, culture, and the material universe, whilst likewise modernist, is also what connects them to deification’s theological source.

This chapter covers the first stage of EU-Mercosur policy relations by focussing on the period of 1985 to 1990. At this stage, policy relations were not institutionalized. Policy relations began in 1985 for several reasons. Firstly, the European Union signed the Treaty of Accession of Spain and Portugal which meant the beginning in terms of a new direction in policy towards Latin America, including the Mercosur countries; this is a clear reflection of the creation of a “commitment” towards Latin America, although at a very low level due to the low “ambition” towards the region. Secondly, in 1985, Mercosur countries also started their own regional integration programme. This stage proved to be key in the development of EU-Mercosur relations because it established a new emphasis on EU policy towards Latin America by establishing channels for communication between the two regions, particularly through the development of the annual EU-Rio Group meetings; without this engagement, the EU and Mercosur would have not developed their relationship, and the fact that it came at this point helps to explain the events of the following stages. By the time Mercosur was officially launched in 1991, the EU was fully aware of the integration movement in South America thanks to these years of European Union-Latin America relations. In relation to the engagement of the European Union towards Mercosur, the conclusion comes from a low “ambition” and “commitment” on the European side. This stage of the policy shows the lowest engagement of the three stages. But this engagement is certainly superior to the pre-Iberian membership era.

This chapter offers an overview of the phenomenological approach to delusions, emphasizing what Karl Jaspers called the "true delusions" of schizophrenia. Phenomenological psychopathology focuses on theexperienceof delusions and the delusional world. Several features of this approach are surveyed, including emphasis on formal qualities of subjective life (e.g., mutations of time, space, causality, self-experience, or sense of reality) and questioning of standard assumptions about delusions as erroneous belief (the traditional doxastic view, or "poor reality-testing" formula). The altered modalities of world-oriented and self-oriented experience that precede and ground delusions in schizophrenia, especially the experiences of revelation that Klaus Conrad termed the outer and innerapophany, are then discussed. The chapter first considers the famous "delusional mood" (feelings of strangeness and tension, and a sense of tantalizing yet ineffable meaning ), then the role of ipseity-disturbance (altered minimal or core self, of the basic, pre-reflective sense of existing as a unified and vitalsubjectof experience). In both cases it is explained how delusions can develop out of these distinctive alterations of perception and feeling. The classic question of the understandability or comprehensibility of schizophrenic delusion, together with the related issues of wish-fulfillment and rationalizing motives are then considered. The chapter addresses the crucial but neglected issue of the felt reality-status of delusions or the delusional world, discussing derealization, "double bookkeeping" (in which the patient experiences delusional reality as existing in a different ontological domain from everyday reality), and "double exposure" (merging of two perspectives on reality, with the potential for confusion this implies). The chapter concludes by discussing delusions typically found in paranoid and affective psychoses, and monothematic delusions found in certain organic conditions.

Prekladaný vysokoškolský učebný text „Bioenergetika“ by mal slúžiť ako úvod do problematiky štúdia v oblasti bioenergetiky. Táto vedná oblast je v súčasnosti vysoko aktuálna, pretože výsledky získané bioenergetickým výskumom v uplynulých rokoch zreteľne ukazujú, že bioenergetické procesy prebiehajúce v živých systémoch neslúžia “len” na transformáciu energie, ale ovplyvňujú aj priebeh procesov ako sú apoptóza, starnutie, vznik a rozvoj mnohých ochorení (predovšetkým neurodegeneratívnych). Tieto skutočnosti jednoznačne naznačujú potrebu existencie kvalitných učebných textov, ktoré by prijateľným spôsobom umožnili študentom získať potrebné informácie a vedomosti v tejto vednej discipline. Z vyššie uvedených dôvodov sme sa rozhodli vytvoriť tieto učebné texty, ktoré sú vo forme desiatich samostatných kapitol, ktoré však na seba prirodzene a logicky nadväzujú. Jedna kapitola predstavuje v podstate jednu prednášku v rámci kurzu Bioenergetiky, ktorý je realizovaný na Prírodovedeckej fakulte Univerzity Pavla Jozefa Šafárika v Košiciach na magisterskom a doktorandskom stupni študijného programu „Biofyzika“. Zároveň tieto texty môžu poslúžiť aj pri výučbe v študijnom predmete Biochémia, ktorý je prednášaný v bakalárskych a magisterských stupňoch študijných programov “Biochémia” resp. “Biofyzika”. Dovoľujeme si vyjadriť presvedčenie, že tieto učebné texty by mohli byť istým spôsobom nápomocné aj vedeckým pracovníkom pracujúcim v oblasti výskumu týkajúcho sa problematiky transformáci energie v biologických organizmoch a fenoménoch spojených s touto transformáciou. V týchto učebných textoch sú postupne uvádzané poznatky týkajúce sa základných konceptov bioenergetiky, mechanizmov procesov ako sú glykolýza a Krebsov cyklus (okrem podrobného a uceleného popis týchto procesov je tu uvedený aj všeobecný náhľad o prepojenosti týchto procesov ako aj ich začlenenie do kompaktného pohľadu na celkový proces transformácie energie v biologických organizmoch), zloženia štruktúry a funkčnosti biologických membrán (táto oblast je nevyhnutná pre lepšie pochopenie poznatkov, ktoré sú uvedené v nasledujúcich kapitolách). V nasledujúcich kapitolách sa učebný text zaoberá popisom štruktúry a funkcie mitochondrií, pričom veľký dôraz je dávaný na popis vlastností a mechanizmov fungovania štyroch komplexov dýchacieho reťazca a ATP-syntázy. Tieto komplexy vytvárajú podmienky pre existenciu “najdôležitejšieho” bioenergetického procesu, oxidatívnej fosforylácie. V záverečných dvoch kapitolách sú uvedené mechanizmy procesov vytvárajúcich fotosyntézu, jej svetlej aj tmavej fázy. Sú tu relevantné informácie o tomto “druhom” najdôležitejšom bioenergetickom procese prebiehajúcom v mnohých biologických organizmoch a poskytujúcom možnosť transformácie enrgie elektromagnetického žiarenia na energiu “ukrytú” v chemických väzbách určitých chemických molekúl. Chceme vyjadriť naše presvedčenie, že predložené učebné texty “Bioenergetika” budú dobrým “pomocníkom a inšpirátorom” pre mnohých študentov, ktorí sa budú chcieť dozvedieť čo najviac o fascinujúcich štruktúrach a mechanizmoch umožňujúcich transformáciu energie v živých systémoch, bez ktorej by nebola možná existencia života ako ho poznáme. Želáme príjemné a podnetné čítanie a štúdium. URL: www.unibook.upjs.sk The textbook "Bioenergetics" should serve as an introduction to the study of bioenergetics. This field of science is currently highly actual, as the results of the bioenergetics research in recent years clearly show that bioenergetics processes in living systems can "serve" not only to transformation of energy, but also affect the course of processes such as apoptosis, aging, origin and development of many diseases (especially neurodegenerative). These facts clearly indicate the need for the existence of quality teaching texts that would allow students to acquire the necessary information and knowledge in this scientific discipline in an acceptable way. For the above mentioned reasons, we decided to create these textbooks, which are in the form of ten chapters, which naturally and logically follow each other. One chapter basically presents one lecture within the course of Bioenergetics, which is realized at the Faculty of Science of the Pavel Jozef Šafárik University in Košice at the master's and doctoral degree of the study program "Biophysics". At the same time, these texts can also be used for teaching in the study subject Biochemistry, which is taught in the bachelor's and master's degree programs of the study programs "Biochemistry" resp. “Biophysics”. We would like to express our conviction that these textbooks could in some way also help researchers working in the field of the energy transformation in biological organisms and the phenomena associated with this transformation. These textbooks present knowledge about the basic concepts of bioenergetics, the mechanisms of processes such as glycolysis and the Krebs cycle (in addition to a detailed and comprehensive description of these processes, there is also a general view of the interconnectedness of these processes and their incorporation into a compact view of the overall energy transformation in biological organisms), the structure and functionality of biological membranes (this area is necessary for a better understanding of the knowledge presented in the following chapters). In the following chapters, the textbook deals with the description of the structure and function of mitochondria, with great emphasis on the properties and mechanisms of functioning of the four complexes of the respiratory chain and ATP-synthase. These complexes create the basis for the existence of the "most important" process in bioenergetics, oxidative phosphorylation. In the final two chapters, the mechanisms of the processes that produce photosynthesis, its light and dark phases, are presented. There is relevant information about this "second" most important bioenergetics process taking place in many biological organisms and providing the possibility of transforming the energy of electromagnetic radiation into energy "hidden" in the chemical bonds of certain chemical molecules. We want to express our conviction that the textbooks "Bioenergetics" will be a good "helper and inspirer" for many students who want to learn as much as possible about the fascinating structures and mechanisms for energy transformation in living systems, without which it would not be possible existence of life as we know it.