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Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 18 febbraio 2022

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1

ANDERSON, M. E., D. L. STEIN e H. W. DETRICH. "Additions to the ichthyofauna of the Tristan da Cunha Group, South Atlantic Ocean". Zootaxa 1072, n. 1 (28 ottobre 2005): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1072.1.2.

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Specimens of two, possibly three, rare species of fishes were collected at the Tristan da Cunha Group toward the end of a 2004 South Atlantic cruise (ICEFISH). The dragonet Synchiropus valdiviae (Trunov, 1981), was previously known from only two adult males taken on Walvis Ridge. We collected two adult females and three juveniles, which are described here. The pearlfish Echiodon atopus Anderson, 2005, was recently described from a specimen collected north of Inaccessible Island. It differs from congeners in its high precaudal vertebral count, equivalent dorsal and anal rays anterior to vertebra 31 and other features of the axial skeleton and fins. Lastly, an unusual specimen of the rockfish genus Sebastes taken in a commercial lobster pot represents either a previously unreported variant of S. capensis or an undescribed species. It differs from the typical South Atlantic S. capensis in its coloration and lack of supraocular spines.

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2

Entwistle, N. "Tristan da Cunha". British Dental Journal 196, n. 3 (febbraio 2004): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4810972.

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3

Freshwater, D. Wilson, Sue Scott, Enrico M. Tronchin e Gary W. Saunders. "Reassessment of Tristan da Cunha Gelidium (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta) species". Botanica Marina 63, n. 5 (25 ottobre 2020): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2020-0036.

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AbstractThree endemic species of Gelidium have been described from the remote Tristan da Cunha archipelago. A recent barcode survey of Tristan da Cunha red algae in combination with the clarification of vouchers for previously sequenced specimens has prompted a molecular and morphological reassessment of these species. Analyses of rbcL and COI-5P data indicated that all sequenced Tristan da Cunha specimens represented a single taxon, and furthermore that this genetic group was conspecific with Gelidium micropterum from southern Africa. Morphologically the Tristan da Cunha specimens represented either Gelidium concinnum or Gelidium regulare, and there was a grade of character states between both of these species, as well as G. micropterum. Based on these results the synonymy of G. concinnum and G. regulare under G. micropterum is proposed and an expanded description of G. micropterum provided. None of the studied Tristan da Cunha specimens clearly fit the description of the third endemic species, Gelidium inflexum, and its status could not be determined.

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4

Woodworth, PL. "Wave setup at Tristan da Cunha". African Journal of Marine Science 42, n. 2 (2 aprile 2020): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/1814232x.2020.1776390.

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5

Bourne, W. R. P. "Oil pollution at Tristan da cunha". Marine Pollution Bulletin 18, n. 3 (marzo 1987): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(87)90114-7.

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6

Hänel, Christine, e John Irish. "Introduced Fishmoths identified from South Atlantic Tristan da Cunha Island (Thysanura: Lepismatidae)." Beiträge zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology 59, n. 2 (15 dicembre 2009): 527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.59.2.527-533.

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Zwei weltweit verbreitete Lepismatidae-Arten, die auf der Süd-Atlantischen Insel von Tristan da Cunha gesammelt wurden, sind identifiziert. Damit wird bestätigt das Vertreter der Ordnung Thysanura (Borstenschwänze) dorthin eingeschleppt worden sind. In der Fauna des Archipels Tristan da Cunhas und anderer, weiter südlich liegenden Inseln, sind einheimische Thysanura-Arten nicht bekannt. Im Gegensatz hierzu existieren einige Arten auf den Inseln St. Helena und Ascension. Deren geographische Lage sowie deren politische und soziale Verbindungen zu Tristan da Cunha stehen mit der Ausbreitung im Zusammenhang. Borstenschwänze werden hauptsächlich durch den Handel verbreitet. Im Falle von Tristan da Cunha verstärkt der zunehmende Tourismus die Einschleppung. Um weitere Probleme durch Import fremder Arten zu verhindern, wird der Aufbau eines Quarantänesystems vorgeschlagen, dass für den ankommenden Schiffsverkehr zuständig sein sollte.StichwörterThysanura, Lepismatidae, Lepisma, Ctenolepisma, Fishmoth, Silverfish, Tristan da Cunha, Gough Island, South Atlantic, introduction.

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7

ROBSON, BRAD, TREVOR GLASS, NORMAN GLASS, JAMES GLASS, JERRY GREEN, CLIFTON REPETTO, GRAHAM RODGERS et al. "Revised population estimate and trends for the Endangered Northern Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes moseleyi at Tristan da Cunha". Bird Conservation International 21, n. 4 (6 maggio 2011): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270911000013.

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AbstractAround 80% of the world population of Northern Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes moseleyi is found at Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island in the South Atlantic Ocean, where populations appear to be declining. However, numbers of birds at Middle Island, a small satellite island of Nightingale Island at Tristan Cunha, have not been counted since 1973 when an estimated 100,000 pairs were recorded. Updated population counts were obtained for all four islands at Tristan da Cunha (Tristan, Inaccessible, Nightingale and Middle islands) in 2009 providing a census of the whole island group and the first repeat count of Middle Island. Estimated breeding numbers at these four islands were Tristan 6,700 pairs, Inaccessible 54,000 pairs, Nightingale 25,000 pairs and 83,000 pairs at Middle Island. These counts confirm that Tristan da Cunha is a vitally important site for this ?Endangered? species holding over 65% of the global population and that breeding number have been relatively stable over the last 30 years.

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8

Rocha Júnior, Eduardo R. V., Leila Soares Marques, Fábio Braz Machado e Antonio José Ranalli Nardy. "The Headless Tristan da Cunha Mantle Plume". Revista Brasileira de Geociências 37, n. 4S (1 maggio 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.25249/0375-7536.200737m492110.

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9

Steinfurth, A., S. Oppel, MP Dias, T. Starnes, EJ Pearmain, BJ Dilley, D. Davies et al. "Important marine areas for the conservation of northern rockhopper penguins within the Tristan da Cunha Exclusive Economic Zone". Endangered Species Research 43 (3 dicembre 2020): 409–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr01076.

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The designation of Marine Protected Areas has become an important approach to conserving marine ecosystems that relies on robust information on the spatial distribution of biodiversity. We used GPS tracking data to identify marine Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) for the Endangered northern rockhopper penguin Eudyptes moseleyi within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic. Penguins were tracked throughout their breeding season from 3 of the 4 main islands in the Tristan da Cunha group. Foraging trips remained largely within the EEZ, with the exception of those from Gough Island during the incubation stage. We found substantial variability in trip duration and foraging range among breeding stages and islands, consistent use of areas among years and spatial segregation of the areas used by neighbouring islands. For colonies with no or insufficient tracking data, we defined marine IBAs based on the mean maximum foraging range and merged the areas identified to propose IBAs around the Tristan da Cunha archipelago and Gough Island. The 2 proposed marine IBAs encompass 2% of Tristan da Cunha’s EEZ, and are used by all northern rockhopper penguins breeding in the Tristan da Cunha group, representing ~90% of the global population. Currently, one of the main threats to northern rockhopper penguins within the Tristan da Cunha EEZ is marine pollution from shipping, and the risk of this would be reduced by declaring waters within 50 nautical miles of the coast as ‘areas to be avoided’.

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10

Hänel, Christine, e Adrian C. Pont. "Houseflies of the Tristan da Cunha Islands: new records, including the first for Fannia albitarsis Stein, 1911 (Diptera: Fanniidae, Muscidae)." Beiträge zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology 58, n. 1 (15 luglio 2008): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.58.1.211-222.

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In der Arbeit werden historische und aktuelle Funde von Hausfliegen der Familien Fanniidae und Muscidae auf den Inseln der Tristan da Cunha-Gruppe im Südatlantik zusammengefaßt und diskutiert. Das aktuelle Material wurde 2005 auf den nördlichen Inseln, Tristan da Cunha und Nightingale, gesammelt. Insgesamt sind fünf Arten in vier Gattungen nachgewiesen, einschließlich der Erstnachweise von Fannia albitarsis Stein, 1911 innerhalb des Archipels und von Muscina stabulans (Fallén, 1817) auf der Insel Nightingale. Die korrekte taxonomische Einordnung von Coenosia trina Wiedemann, 1830 wird diskutiert. Auf die offensichtlich starke Verbreitung dieser Art und den möglichen negativen Einfluss auf die heimische Fauna wird ebenfalls hingewiesen.StichwörterDiptera, Muscidae, Fanniidae, Housefly, Lesser Housefly, Stable fly, Tristan da Cunha, Nightingale, Gough, Inaccessible, Island, South Atlantic.

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11

Bond, Alexander L., e Gregory McClelland. "Diet of the introduced Gough Moorhen Gallinula comeri on Tristan da Cunha". Ornis Svecica 31 (13 settembre 2021): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34080/os.v31.23476.

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Gough Moorhens Gallinula comeri were introduced to Tristan da Cunha in the 1950s, and are now numerous in lowland habitat, filling the ecological niche of the extinct Tristan Moorhen G. nesiotis. On their native Gough Island, moorhens have a varied diet, ranging from vegetation and fruits to scavenging and even predatory behaviour. Here, we examined the stomach contents of four birds on Tristan da Cunha to provide insight into their diet. Moorhens mostly ate vegetation, but we also recorded spiders (Arthropoda: Aranea), earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae), remains of introduced rodents (Mus musculus), and anthropogenic debris. As on Gough Island, moorhens on Tristan have a generalist diet, and the impact of ecosystem restoration (and of the moorhens themselves) should be considered.

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12

Dilley, Ben J., Delia Davies, Julian Repetto, George Swain e Peter G. Ryan. "Rats and prions at Tristan da Cunha Island". Ostrich 91, n. 3 (2 luglio 2020): 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2020.1771622.

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13

Best, Peter B., James P. Glass, Peter G. Ryan e Merel L. Dalebout. "Cetacean records from Tristan da Cunha, South Atlantic". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, n. 5 (21 luglio 2009): 1023–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315409000861.

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The cetacean fauna at the Tristan da Cunha archipelago has been assessed from ship-based, aerial and land-based observations from 1983–2000, from strandings on Tristan da Cunha and Inaccessible Island between 1983 and 1995, and from whaling catch data from 1934–1967. Five species (Eubalaena australis, Megaptera novaeangliae, Tasmacetus shepherdi, Globicephala melas and Orcinus orca) have been sighted within the territorial waters of the archipelago, eight species (Balaenoptera physalus, B. borealis, B. acutorostrata/bonaerensis, Physeter macrocephalus, Mesoplodon mirus, M. bowdoini, Delphinus sp. and Lissodelphis peronii) have been seen or taken within 200 nautical miles (360 km) of the group or have been found stranded on its shores, while another two species (Caperea marginata and Lagenorhynchus obscurus) have been recorded close enough to be considered likely to occur within 200 nautical miles. The records of Mesoplodon mirus and M. bowdoini represent significant extensions to their known distribution. Apart from its possible importance as a mid-oceanic nursery area for southern right whales, the waters of the Tristan Archipelago seem to be a concentration area for T. shepherdi, one of the least-known of the world's cetaceans.

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14

Siddall, C. P. "Survey of Inaccessible Island, Tristan da Cunha group". Polar Record 22, n. 140 (maggio 1985): 528–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400005994.

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15

Royle, Stephen A. "The inside world: Tristan da Cunha in 1875". Journal of Historical Geography 23, n. 1 (gennaio 1997): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhge.1996.0038.

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16

Hänel, Christine, e Ricardo L. Palma. "The lice of the Tristan da Cunha Archipelago (Insecta: Phthiraptera)." Beiträge zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology 57, n. 1 (30 giugno 2007): 105–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.57.1.105-133.

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In der Arbeit sind alle bisher in der Literatur erwähnten und fünf neu gesammelte bzw. in Sammlungen nachgewiesene Laus-Arten der Tristan da Cunha Inseln aufgelisted und diskutiert. Die Liste umfasst 54 Laus-Arten aus 21 Gattungen mit ihren Wirten, nämlich 20 Vogel-Arten und einem Säugetier und Angaben zu den vier Hauptinseln. Dabei konnten sechs Funde nur bis zur Art bzw. Unterart bestimmt werden. Die Geschichte der Sammlungen auf dem Archipel und der umgebenden Region ist ebenfalls aufgeführt.StichwörterPhthiraptera, Tristan da Cunha, Nightingale, Inaccessible, Gough, South Atlantic Ocean, seabirds, landbirds.

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17

Hänel, Christine, e Heloise Heyne. "Ticks of the Tristan da Cunha Archipelago (Acarina: Ixodidae: Argasidae)." Beiträge zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology 58, n. 1 (15 luglio 2008): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.58.1.121-134.

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Die vorliegende Arbeit fasst alle bisher in der Literatur erwähnten Funde von Zecken-Arten der Tristan da Cunha Inseln zusammen. Ixodes (Multidentatus) zumpti Arthur, 1960 und dessen Wirt können aufgrund aktueller Untersuchungen erstmals für den Archipel gemeldet werden. Eine aktuelle Liste von 10 Zecken-Arten aus drei Gattungen und zwei Familien und deren Wirte, nämlich fünf Vogel-Arten und vermutlich ein Huftier, ist beigefügt. Weiterhin sind eine summarische Liste der Funde vom Archipel, detaillierte Listen von den Hauptinseln sowie der Verbleib des Materials aufgeführt.StichwörterTicks; Acarina; Ixodidae; Argasidae; ectoparasites; Tristan da Cunha; Nightingale; Inaccessible; Gough; Islands; South Atlantic Ocean; seabirds.

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18

Cuthbert, Richard, Peter G. Ryan, John Cooper e Geoff Hilton. "Demography and Population Trends of the Atlantic Yellow-Nosed Albatross". Condor 105, n. 3 (1 agosto 2003): 439–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/105.3.439.

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Abstract The Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross (Thalassarche chlororhynchos) breeds only at the Tristan da Cunha archipelago and Gough Island in the central South Atlantic Ocean, and is threatened by mortality from longline fisheries operating in the South Atlantic. Demographic data have been collected from two study colonies on Gough Island and Tristan da Cunha for 20 years. Annual variation in the number of breeding birds was strongly correlated between the two islands, and over the whole study period both study populations have trended downward at around 1.2% per year. The number of established breeders on Gough Island has declined more rapidly, and significantly, at an annual rate of 2.3%. Monitoring established breeders may be a sensitive means of detecting population trends. Average breeding success (67–69%) and breeding frequency (66–65%) were very similar on the two islands. On Gough Island immature and adult annual apparent survival averaged 88 ± 3% and 92 ± 1%, respectively, and apparent survival from fledging to age 5 has averaged 31 ± 8%. Apparent adult survival on Tristan da Cunha averaged only 84 ± 2%. Annual survival of Tristan birds was negatively correlated with longline fishing effort in the South Atlantic Ocean. Population modeling predicts annual rates of decrease of 1.5–2.8% on Gough Island and 5.5% on Tristan da Cunha. Comparison with congeners suggests that the observed and predicted decreases are most likely to be caused by low adult and immature survival. The conservation status of Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatrosses should be changed from Near Threatened to Endangered. Demografía y Tendencias Poblacionales del Albatros Thalassarche chlororhynchos Resumen. El albatros Thalassarche chlororhynchos sólo se reproduce en el archipiélago Tristan da Cunha y en la isla Gough en el Océano Atlántico Sur central, y se encuentra amenazado debido a la mortalidad causada por las pesqueras de espinel que operan en el Atlántico Sur. Se colectaron datos demográficos durante 20 años en dos colonias reproductivas en el archipiélago Tristan da Cunha y en la isla Gough. La variación anual en el número de aves reproductivas se correlacionó fuertemente entre las dos islas, y durante todo el período de estudio ambas poblaciones han presentado tendencias de decrecimiento de aproximadamente un 1.2% por año. El número de reproductores establecidos en la isla Gough ha disminuido significativamente y más rápidamente, a una tasa anual de 2.3%. El monitoreo de los reproductores que se establecen puede ser un medio sensible para detectar tendencias poblacionales. El éxito reproductivo promedio (67–69%) y la frecuencia de cría (66–65%) fueron muy similares en ambas islas. En la isla Gough la sobrevivencia aparente de inmaduros y adultos fue en promedio de 88 ± 3% y 92 ± 1%, respectivamente. La sobrevivencia de volantones a la edad de 5 años fue en promedio de 31 ± 8%. La sobrevivencia aparente de adultos en Tristan de Cunha fue en promedio sólo de 84 ± 2%. La sobrevivencia anual de las aves de Tristan se correlacionó negativamente con el esfuerzo de la pesca de espinel en el Océano Atlántico Sur. Los modelos poblacionales predicen tasas de disminución anuales de un 1.5–2.8% en la isla Gough y de un 5.5% en Tristan da Cunha. Comparaciones con congéneres sugieren que las disminuciones observadas y predichas son muy probablemente causadas por la baja sobreviviencia de adultos e inmaduros. La categoría de conservación del albatros T. chlororhynchos debería ser cambiada de “casi amenazada” a “en peligro.”

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CUTHBERT, RICHARD, JOHN COOPER, MARIE-HELENE BURLE, CONRAD J. GLASS, JAMES P. GLASS, SIMON GLASS, TREVOR GLASS et al. "Population trends and conservation status of the Northern Rockhopper PenguinEudyptes moseleyiat Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island". Bird Conservation International 19, n. 1 (marzo 2009): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270908007545.

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SummaryPopulations of the recently split Northern Rockhopper PenguinEudyptes moseleyiare restricted to Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island in the South Atlantic, and Amsterdam and St Paul in the Indian Ocean. The majority of the population is in the Atlantic (> 80%), but population trends at Tristan da Cunha and Gough are uncertain. Early records indicate “millions” of penguins used to occur at Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island. The most recent estimates indicate declines in excess of 90% for both Gough and the main island of Tristan that have occurred over at least 45 and 130 years, respectively. Numbers breeding at Inaccessible and Nightingale islands (TDC) also may have declined since the 1970s, albeit modestly, whereas numbers on Tristan appear stable over the last few decades. Current population estimates are 32,000–65,000 pairs at Gough, 18–27,000 at Inaccessible, 19,500 at Nightingale, and 3,200–4,500 at Tristan. Numbers and trends at Middle Island (TDC) are unknown. Middle Island supported an estimated 100,000 pairs in 1973, and recent observations suggest this colony is being impacted by competition for space with recently recolonising Subantarctic Fur SealsArctocephalus tropicalis. Past human exploitation and the impact of introduced predators may be responsible for the historical decline in numbers at Tristan, but these factors cannot explain the sharp decrease (since the 1950s) at Gough Island. Overall, declines at Gough, Tristan, Nightingale and Inaccessible islands indicate a three-generation decline of > 50%. Taken in combination with recent decreases in Indian Ocean populations, the Northern Rockhopper Penguins is now categorised as globally ‘Endangered’. Determining the causal factors responsible for these recent declines is an urgent priority.

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Holdgate, Martin. "People and wildlife in the Tristan da Cunha islands". South African Medical Journal 106, n. 6 (23 maggio 2016): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/samj.2016.v106i6.10985.

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Jenkins, T., P. Beighton e A. G. Steinberg. "Serogenetic studies on the inhabitants of Tristan da Cunha". Annals of Human Biology 12, n. 4 (gennaio 1985): 363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014468500007891.

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Rurphy, M. K. Swales R. C. "A SPECIMEN OF LARUS PIPIXCAN FROM TRISTAN DA CUNHA". Ibis 107, n. 3 (3 aprile 2008): 394a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1965.tb07320.x.

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Chestnutt, I. G. "Dental health and fluoride supplements on Tristan da Cunha". British Dental Journal 195, n. 3 (agosto 2003): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4810403.

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SÆTHER, OLE A., e TROND ANDERSEN. "Chironomidae from Gough, Nightingale and Tristan da Cunha islands". Zootaxa 2915, n. 1 (13 giugno 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2915.1.1.

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The resurrection of trans-oceanic dispersal is the most striking aspect of a major shift in historical biogeography toward a more even balance between vicariance and dispersal explanations. Molecular dating of lineage divergences favors oceanic dispersal over tectonic vicariance as an explanation for disjunct distributions in a wide variety of taxa. Although many oceanic islands harbor a disproportionately high biodiversity and number of endemic taxa, the chironomid fauna of the South Atlantic islands of Gough, Nightingale and Tristan da Cunha apparently consists of 6 species only: Telmatogeton goughi sp. n. (described as male and female), Limnophyes minimus (Meigen), Smittia sp. (described as female), Thalassosmittia christinae sp. n. (described as female), Clunio jonesi sp. n. (described as male) and Allocladius lusciniolus Sæther et Andersen (described as female). Except for the marine T. goughi and C. jonesi the other species are parthenogenetic. Limnophyes minimus and A. lusciniolus dominate the chironomid fauna. Telmatogeton goughi is close to T. sanctipauli (Schiner). Thalassosmittia christinae differs from T. thalassophila (Bequaert et Goetghebuer) by having hairy eyes and antenna with subapical seta. Clunio jonesi differs from C. africanus and C. gerlachi by having ultimate flagellomere as long as the 4 preceding segments and gonostylus with only 1–2 apical spines. Allocladius lusciniolus differs from other known females of the genus by having 1–5 setae apically on M 1+2 .

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Grichanov, I. Ya. "Systematic notes on Dolichopodidae (Diptera) of Tristan da Cunha". Zoosystematica Rossica 14, n. 1 (18 ottobre 2005): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2005.14.1.171.

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Hänel, Christine, e Jean-Paul Haenni. "First record of a Dung Midge within the South Atlantic island group of Tristan da Cunha (Diptera: Scatopsidae)." Beiträge zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology 57, n. 2 (21 dicembre 2007): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.57.2.397-400.

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Das Vorkommen von Dungmücken (Scatopsidae) auf Inseln der Gruppe Tristan da Cunha im Südatlantik war bisher unbekannt. 2005 wurde Scatopse notata (Linnaeus, 1758) auf der Insel Nightingale gefunden. Das ist der erste Nachweis der Familie auf dem Archipel. Weiterhin ist das auch die erste Meldung dieser Art aus der Afrotropischen Region. In dieser Arbeit informieren wir über das Auffinden von S. notata auf der Insel Nightingale und diskutieren, wie diese Mücke auf die Insel gekommen sein mag.StichwörterDiptera, Scatopsidae, Scatopse, Dung Midge, fly, Tristan da Cunha, Nightingale Island, South Atlantic, introduction.

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Primo, Carmen, e Elsa Vázquez. "Zoogeography of the Antarctic ascidian fauna in relation to the sub-Antarctic and South America". Antarctic Science 19, n. 3 (29 giugno 2007): 321–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102007000521.

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AbstractThis study of the relationships between the Antarctic, sub-Antarctic and South America biogeographical regions used both existing and new data. We constructed a presence/absence matrix of 237 species for 27 biogeographical divisions which included the Amsterdam-Saint Paul and Tristan da Cunha islands. Species and areas were classified using cluster analysis combined with MDS ordination. Six main groups were obtained from the species classification: 1) Amsterdam-Saint Paul, and 2) Tristan da Cunha species, 3) species from the Macquarie Province, 4) species from the sub-Antarctic Region, 5) Antarctic species and species distributed in the cold regions, 6) South American species. The biogeographical components were dominated by the endemic (although it is not as high as in other groups), Antarctic-South America and Southern Hemisphere elements. Except for Amsterdam-Saint Paul, Tristan da Cunha and Bouvet, the areas considered were grouped together with Macquarie being rather related to New Zealand regions. We speculate that the Antarctic Region may have acted as an “evolutionary incubator”, providing a centre of origin for sub-Antarctic and South American ascidians.

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28

Macnae, William. "On a small collection of amphipods from Tristan da Cunha". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 122, n. 4 (20 agosto 2009): 1025–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1953.tb00361.x.

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29

Mathews., G. M. "The Nesting of some Sea-Birds on Tristan da Cunha." Ibis 74, n. 1 (28 giugno 2008): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1932.tb07615.x.

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30

Harwood, K. A. "A SURVEY OF VISUAL DEFECTS ON TRISTAN DA CUNHA, 1984". Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 7, n. 1 (gennaio 1987): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.1987.tb00992.x.

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31

Preece, R. C., K. D. Bennett e J. R. Carter. "The Quaternary Palaeobotany of Inaccessible Island (Tristan da Cunha Group)". Journal of Biogeography 13, n. 1 (gennaio 1986): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2844847.

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32

Soodyall, Himla, Trefor Jenkins, Arindam Mukherjee, Ernette Du Toit, Derek F. Roberts e Mark Stoneking. "The founding mitochondrial DNA lineages of Tristan da Cunha Islanders". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 104, n. 2 (ottobre 1997): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199710)104:2<157::aid-ajpa2>3.0.co;2-w.

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33

Bester, M. N., W. A. Bester, M. Wege, R. A. Schofield e T. A. Glass. "Vagrant leopard seal at Tristan da Cunha Island, South Atlantic". Polar Biology 40, n. 9 (25 febbraio 2017): 1903–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-017-2073-8.

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34

Bester, M. N., P. G. Ryan, W. A. Bester e T. Glass. "Vagrant Antarctic fur seals at the Tristan da Cunha Islands". Polar Biology 37, n. 11 (29 luglio 2014): 1701–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-014-1549-z.

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35

SCHREIER, DANIEL, e PETER TRUDGILL. "The segmental phonology of nineteenth-century Tristan da Cunha English: convergence and local innovation". English Language and Linguistics 10, n. 1 (maggio 2006): 119–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136067430600181x.

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This article looks into convergence processes that involve distinct phonological systems in dialect contact situations, exemplified by the variety of English that developed on Tristan da Cunha, an island in the South Atlantic Ocean. Based on a discussion of the community's social history and an auditory analysis of the segmental phonology of late nineteenth-century Tristan da Cunha English, this article reconstructs the early contact scenario and looks into both phonological convergence and independent innovative mechanisms that accompany new-dialect formation. The data presented here show that dialect contact gives rise to mixing of several inputs (so that ‘new’ dialects draw features from several ancestral varieties), that the interaction of transplanted dialects may also trigger independent, variety-specific mechanisms, and that the interplay of feature retention, input mixing, and local innovation lead to distinctive and (on occasion) endemic varieties of English.

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36

Zamel, Noe. "In Search of the Genes of Asthma on the Island of Tristan da Cunha". Canadian Respiratory Journal 2, n. 1 (1995): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1995/142823.

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Asthma, like several common diseases such as diabetes and atherosclerosis, occurs in families and thus probably has a complex polygenic basis, in which environmental factors also play a role. In trying to elucidate the genetic mechanism, studies of communities characterized by a high level of interbreeding and a high prevalence of asthma should be helpful. One such community has been described in the medical literature, the island of Tristan da Cunha. The University of Toronto Genetics of Asthma Project decided to study this community. It sent a team to the island to construct a geneology, obtain a history of respiratory and allergy symptoms by questionnaire, perform allergy skin testing and methocholine challenge, and obtain blood for white cell genetic studies. The initial results of this study are presented here, together with a historical perspective on the people of Tristan da Cunha.

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37

Ryan, Peter G., Norman Glass e Robert A. Ronconi. "The plants and birds of Stoltenhoff and Middle Islands, Tristan da Cunha". Polar Record 47, n. 1 (29 giugno 2010): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247410000112.

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ABSTRACTFew scientific observations have been made at Middle and Stoltenhoff Islands, small (ca 10 ha) islands off the north coast of Nightingale Island, Tristan da Cunha. We recorded vascular plants and numbers of breeding birds on both islands in December 2009. Despite being smaller and more isolated than Middle Island, Stoltenhoff supported more species of plants, including Cotula moseleyi, previously thought to be endemic to Nightingale Island. Only one alien plant was found, Sonchus oleraceus. Populations of two albatross species apparently have decreased by at least half over the last 40 years, presumably due to mortality at sea. Stoltenhoff probably has the least disturbed habitat in the Tristan group, and strict controls are needed to prevent accidental introductions by anyone going ashore.

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38

Holdgate, Martin. "Obituary". Polar Record 43, n. 4 (ottobre 2007): 383–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247407006791.

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39

Bugoni, Leandro, Liliana C. Naves e Robert W. Furness. "Moult of three Tristan da Cunha seabird species sampled at sea". Antarctic Science 27, n. 3 (21 novembre 2014): 240–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102014000583.

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AbstractPrimary, tail and body moult of three seabirds from Tristan da Cunha archipelago were studied by castnetting offshore south Brazil from February 2006 to August 2007. Timing, duration and synchronization of primary and tail moult are described relative to the annual calendar. Body moult overlapped breeding in Atlantic yellow-nosed albatrosses (Thalassarche chlororhynchos), but tail and primary moult did not. Spectacled petrels (Procellaria conspicillata) had protracted body moult, whereas primary and tail moult were completed by August. We documented onset of primary moult during chick-rearing in spectacled petrels and great shearwaters (Puffinus gravis) of unknown breeding status, and suggest that the south-west Atlantic Ocean holds important numbers of moulting birds of both species during the summer–early autumn. The albatrosses and the spectacled petrels replaced rectrices alternately. Great shearwaters replaced rectrices outward, starting at the central pair. Primary, tail and body moult largely overlap in all three species, suggesting that the metabolic costs of primary moult may not be overly restrictive. Metabolic and nutritional ability to afford simultaneous moult of different feather tracts support the idea that impaired flight caused by wing moult is a strong factor driving no overlap of primary moult and breeding.

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40

McManus, I. C., e M. P. Bryden. "Handedness on Tristan da Cunha: The Genetic Consequences of Social Isolation". International Journal of Psychology 28, n. 6 (dicembre 1993): 831–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207599308246966.

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41

Elliott, H. F. I. "A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE TRISTAN DA CUNHA GROUP." Ibis 99, n. 4 (3 aprile 2008): 545–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1957.tb03049.x.

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42

Matzka, Jürgen, Bjørn-Ove Husøy, Alan Berarducci, David Wright, Lars W. Pedersen, Claudia Stolle, Robin Repetto, Leo Genin, Laszlo Merenyi e Jason J. Green. "The Geomagnetic Observatory on Tristan da Cunha: Setup, Operation and Experiences". Data Science Journal 10 (2011): IAGA151—IAGA158. http://dx.doi.org/10.2481/dsj.iaga-22.

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43

Soodyall, Himla, Almut Nebel, Bharti Morar e Trefor Jenkins. "Genealogy and genes: tracing the founding fathers of Tristan da Cunha". European Journal of Human Genetics 11, n. 9 (26 agosto 2003): 705–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201022.

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44

Chevallier, L., e W. J. Verwoerd. "A dynamic interpretation of Tristan da Cunha volcano, South Atlantic Ocean". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 34, n. 1-2 (dicembre 1987): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(87)90091-6.

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45

Schreier, Daniel. "Dynamic mixing or archaic retention?" Diachronica 19, n. 1 (22 ottobre 2002): 135–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.19.1.05sch.

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Summary This paper discusses the usage of done in shes done send the photographs as a marker of completive aspect in the variety of English spoken on the island of Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic Ocean. The article outlines the various positions scholars have taken with reference to the diachronic status of completive done and discusses the structural properties of the (aux)+ done V construction in Tristan da Cunha English (TdCE). The aim of the analysis is twofold: first, to present a structural and semantic analysis of done as a marker of perfective aspect, with the aim of investigating if TdCE done has taken a different syntactic and semantic trajectory vis-à-vis its use in other varieties; and second, to explain the sociohistorical origins of done in this variety of South Atlantic English. The comparative analysis shows that particularly the structural properties of TdCE done differ significantly from those of other varieties; the diachronic examination shows the complexity of determining the contributions of transplant varieties, mixing of colonial varieties of English, and independent developments that originate in creolisation and/or language contact. Zusammenfassung Der folgende Artikel untersucht den Gebrauch des englischen Partizips done, zum Beispiel in shes done send the photographs, als kompletiven Aspektmarker in einem auf Tristan da Cunha im Südatlantik gesprochenen Dialekt der englischen Sprache. Der Artikel fasst die diversen diachronischen Standpunkte zusammen, zu welchen andere Studien zu diesem Thema gekommen sind, und untersucht die strukturellen Eigenschaften der (aux)+ done V Konstruktion in Tristan da Cunha English (TdCE). Die Analyse hat die folgenden zwei Hauptziele: erstens, die strukturellen und semantischen Charakteristika von done als kompletiven Aspektmarker aufzuzeigen, speziell auf die Frage hin, ob die strukturellen Eigenschaften von TdCE done sich deutlich von anderen Dialekten unterscheiden; und zweitens, die soziohistorischen Ursprünge von done in diesem südatlantischen Dialekt darzulegen. Die Komparative Analyse zeigt, dass sich TdCE done hauptsächlich in seinen strukturellen Eigenschaften von anderen Dialekten unterscheidet. Die diachronische Untersuchung zeigt die Komplexität der Darlegung von individuellen Beiträgen verschiedener exportierter Sprachformen, von der Durchmischung von kolonialen Dialekten der englischen Sprache, und von unabhängigen Entwicklungen, die ihren Ursprung in Kreolisierung und Sprachkontakt haben. Résumé Le présent article examine lusage du participe anglais done, par exemple shes done send the photographs, comme marqueur daspect complétif dans un dialecte anglais parlé sur lÎle de Tristan da Cunha dans lAtlantique Sud. Larticle commence avec un résumé des positions prises par dautres linguistes qui ont travaillé sur cet usage distinct de done; il présente les positions diverses sur le statut diachronique de ce marqueur, et ensuite examine les propriétés structurelles de la construction (aux)+ done V quon trouve dans langlais de Tristan da Cunha (TdCE). Lanalyse vise (1) à présenter un examen structurel et sémantique de done comme marqueur complétif, qui vise surtout à éclairer la question suivante: est-ce que done en TdCE a suivi une trajectoire syntaxique et sémantique différente de done dans dautres dialectes anglais? et (2) à expliquer les origines sociohistoriques de done dans cette variété dAnglais sud-atlantique. Lanalyse comparative montre que ce sont surtout les propriétés structurelles de done en TdCE qui le séparent de ce marqueur dans dautres dialectes; lexamen diachronique démontre la difficulté de déterminer précisément les facteurs qui auraient contribué aux particularités de ce marqueur: les contributions des dialectes transplantés, le mélange de variétés coloniales dAnglais, et des développements indépendants remontant á la créolisation ou au contact entre langues.

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46

Ryan, Peter G., e John Cooper. "Rockhopper penguins and other marine life threatened by driftnet fisheries at Tristan da Cunha". Oryx 25, n. 2 (aprile 1991): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300035109.

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The oriental driftnet fleet, which is responsible for the large-scale mortality of non-target species in the Pacific Ocean, has extended its range to include the South Atlantic Ocean. Relatively little is known about the areas of operation and impacts of driftnetting in the South Atlantic as yet, but it is emerging that driftnetting is equally devastating to the fauna of this ocean. This paper reviews the impact of the driftnet fishery on non-target species in the central South Atlantic Ocean. Several lines of evidence suggest that fishing effort is focused on Tristan da Cunha, apparently resulting in considerable mortality of rockhopper penguins Eudyptes chrysocome and other marine organisms. Britain should take steps to curb this destructive fishing technique in Tristan waters.

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47

Duffy, David L., Katherine A. Siminovitch, Ricardo Zamel, Kenneth R. Chapman, Nicholas G. Martin e Noe Zamel. "Variation at DENND1B and Asthma on the Island of Tristan da Cunha". Twin Research and Human Genetics 22, n. 5 (ottobre 2019): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2019.82.

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AbstractA high prevalence of asthma has been documented among the inhabitants of Tristan da Cunha, an isolated island in the South Atlantic. The population derives from just 28 founders. We performed lung function testing, including methacholine inhalation challenge, allergen skin prick testing, and collected DNA from essentially all of the current island population (269 individuals), and genotyped a panel of 43 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reported as associated with asthma and atopy. We carried out a mixed-model association analysis using the known pedigree. There were 96 individuals diagnosed as asthmatic (36%), and heritability estimates were similar to those from nonisolated population samples (multifactorial threshold model, h2 = 48%). The first component from a genetic principal components analysis using the entire SNP panel was nonlinearly associated with asthma, with the maximum risk to those intermediate to reference (Human Genome Diversity Project) European and African samples means. The single most strongly associated SNP was rs2786098 (p = 5.5 × 10−5), known to regulate the gene DENND1B. This explained approximately one-third of the trait heritability, with an allelic odds ratio for the A allele of 2.6. Among A/A carriers, 10 out of 12 individuals were asthmatic. The rs2786098*A variant was initially reported to decrease the risk of childhood (atopic) asthma in European but slightly increase the risk in African-descended populations, and does significantly alter Th2 cell function. Despite an absence of overall association with this variant in recent asthma genome wide association studies meta-analyses, an effect may exist on the particular genetic background of the Tristan da Cunha population.

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48

Stone, Ian R. "Royal Naval visits to Tristan da Cunha 1852–1904: an annotated list". Polar Record 47, n. 2 (2 dicembre 2010): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224741000029x.

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ABSTRACTFrom 1852 to 1904 the captains of Royal Naval vessels visiting Tristan da Cunha were generally expected to prepare reports on their visits and these were published, usually in British Government papers. These reports constitute a most significant group of primary sources for the history of the island and they also provide information concerning the attitudes of the captains of the vessels to the islanders and their society. An annotated list of these visits is presented.

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49

Stresemann, Erwin. "BIRDS COLLECTED BY CAPT. DUGALD CARMICHAEL ON TRISTAN DA CUNHA 1816-1817." Ibis 95, n. 1 (3 aprile 2008): 146–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1953.tb00678.x.

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50

Váňa, J. "SphenolobopsisR. M. Schust. et N. Kitag. in Africa and Tristan da Cunha". Journal of Bryology 20, n. 2 (gennaio 1998): 521–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/jbr.1998.20.2.521.

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